Gyroscopes

An explanation by Ansley Marks

A gyroscope is a device containing a wheel or disk that is free to rotate about its own axis independent of a change in direction of the axis itself. Since the spinning wheel persists in maintaining its plane of rotation, a gyroscopic effect can be observed.

The Main Idea

Although insignificant looking and seemingly uninteresting when still, gyroscopes become a fascinating device when in motion and can be explained using the angular momentum principle. Gyroscopes come in all different forms with varying parts. The main component of a gyroscope is a spinning wheel or a disk mounted on an axle. Typically gyroscopes contain a suspended rotor inside three rings called gimbals. In order to ensure that little torque is applied to the inside rotor, the gimbals are mounted on high quality bearing surfaces, allowing free movement of the spinning wheel in the middle. These types of gyroscopes with multiple gimbals are useful for stabilization because the wheels can change direction without affecting the inner rotor. If the spinning axle of a gyroscope is placed on a support, then a complex motion can be observed. The motion of a gyroscope will be modeled and explained further on in this page.

A Mathematical Model

When the spinning axis of a gyroscope is placed on a support, a gyroscopic effect is observed. The gyroscope bobs up and down--nutation--and rotates about the support--precession. For the sake of simplifying the mathematical equations for a gyroscope's motion, nutation (the upwards and downwards movement of the rotor) will be ignored. We will only look at the precession motion of the gyroscope.

A gyroscope processing in the x,z plane with the y-axis positioned upwards along the vertical support.

To start off with, the gyroscope's rotor rotates about its own axis with an angular velocity of ω and has a moment of inertia I. Thus, the rotational angular momentum of the rotor can be modeled as:

Lrot,r = Iω

Where the rotational angular momentum points horizontal to the rotor.

The Lrot,r will always change direction as the rotor rotates about the support. The rotor processes about the support with an angular velocity Ω, which is constant in magnitude and direction.

If Ω is known, then the velocity of the center of mass of the rotor device can be derived using the following relationship:

Ω = Vcm/r

Where r is equal to the distance from the support to the center of mass of the rotor device. The linear momentum of the gyroscope is then ΩP.

A view of the gyroscope from the side with all the forces labeled.

Since the rotor is processing about the support, there must be a perpendicular force f exerted by the support such that ΩP = f, where P is equal to M(Ωr). Thus, f = Mr[math]\displaystyle{ Ω^2 }[/math].

There is also a translational angular momentum of the rotor processing about the support. This can be modeled by finding the magnitude of the position vector crossed with the momentum.

Lsupport = |R x P |

A Computational Model

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Gyroscopes

Contents

The Main Idea

A Mathematical Model

A Computational Model

Examples

Simple

Middling

Difficult

Connectedness

History

See also

Further reading

External links

References

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