Josiah Willard Gibbs

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Personal Life

Early Life

Josiah Willard Gibbs was born to Josiah Gibbs Sr. and Mary Anna Van Cleve on February 11, 1839 in New Haven, Connecticut. As a child he lived a relatively privileged life with his four older sisters. Education was encouraged in his family as not only was his father a professor at Yale, but also had one relative who held a position as president of Harvard and another relative who was the first president of Princeton. His classmates at The Hopkins School, a small private school in New Haven, often described him as quiet and "intellectually absorbed." His fragile pulmonary and overall health likely contributed to his introverted demeanor as it prevented him from interacting with his peers.

Later Life

Gibbs continued his pursuit of education when he matriculated to Yale when he was only 15 years old (in 1854). There, he began to pursue engineering research while also receiving numerous awards for his exceptional academic performance in Latin and Mathematics. After successfully completing his undergraduate career, Gibbs continued with graduate studies at Yale. In 1863, at the age of 19, Josiah Willard Gibbs became the first American to receive a doctorate in engineering. It is evident that his academic accomplishments were made possible through his intellect and work ethic, but it is worth noting that his health problems prevented him from serving in the Civil War and allowed him to focus on his studies.

Several years after finishing his graduate work and completing three years as a tutor at Yale, Josiah Willard Gibbs journeyed to Europe with his sisters where he attended lectures on mathematics and physics. After his three years abroad, Gibbs returned to America with a more european view of science. This was one of the reasons that despite his future scientific work, notoriety came very slowly, if at all, in the United States.

Gibbs became a pioneer in another aspect of academia when in 1871, he became the first professor of Mathematical Physics in the United States. Due to his financial security from his inheritance from his parents, he taught without pay for nine years at Yale.

During his remaining years, Josiah Willard Gibbs maintained his reclusive lifestyle. Not only did he never marry, but he also remained living in his childhood home with his older sister and her husband. Despite a few vacations to the Adirondacks and New Hampshire, Gibbs spent the rest of his life in New Haven either working at Yale or in his home. He died April 28th 1903 from acute intestinal obstruction.

Scientific _______

Early Scientific Career

Despite his intellect, Josiah Willard Gibbs did not attract much attention in the scientific community for several reasons. One of these being that American colleges at the time did not encourage research, another being academia focused more on "practical" questions rather than theoretical ones. Additionally, his writings were esoteric in a unique sense; chemists found his papers to be to mathematical, while mathematicians found them to be too scientific.

However, due to his theoretical capabilities, he was able to develop one of his most prominent achievements. By analyzing James Watt's steam engine governor and analyzing its equilibrium, he bagan to develop an equation to calculate and quantify the equilibriums of chemical processes. (This will be discussed in further detail shortly).

Scientific Contributions

As mentioned before, his brilliance in the scientific field was unfortunately not appreciated at the time.

Significance of Gibbs' Scientific Contributions

Gibbs' contributions forever changed the way the world looks at and studies science and laid the groundwork for many future scientists' discoveries/theories.

Due to his works in thermodynamics, much of physical chemistry was changed into a deductive science rather than solely an empirical one.

-“chief scientific papers appeared in Transactions of Conneticut Academy of Arts and Sciences” however were not read because not very accessible “*believed starting point for analyzing a system was its state of equilibrium which he noted was characterized by the maximum of the system’s entropy*” -was the first one to derive a differential equation relating temperature T, entropy S, energy U, pressure P, volumeV (dU=TdS-Pdv) -his equation added to the realm of thermodynamics other variables such as elastic and surface phenomenon, changes of phase, and much more -“phase rule” -realized that some of his findings had already been discovered before, but aimed to make a more simple approach -began to become more known as a “defender” of vector notation which is now the standard -wipespread use in physics -replaced quaternions that were previously used -much easier to use in physics

-although well liked by friends, US scientists didn’t give him much attention as American Science was more focused on practical questions than his theoretical work -praiseworthy that he didn’t really care that the scientific did not appreciate his works. He knew the significance of his findings and “was content to let posterity appraise him” -his works paved the way for many of Albert Einsteins later discoveries -from 1876-1878, while working on principles of thermodynamics, discovered concept of chemical potential -Introduced concept of free energy (gibbs free energy) which related tendency of physical/chemical system to simultaneously lower its energy and increase disorder spontaneously -able to calculate free energy—how fast reaction will occur

patented design for railway break