Solenoid Applications

A solenoid is a tightly-wound coil of wire, with its length being substantially greater than its diameter. When an electric current runs through the solenoid, it exerts a uniform magnetic field from the center of the coil. Solenoids have a wide range of applications in the modern world, as the magnetic field which is created by the electric current can be turned on or off, and can be strengthened or weakened by adjusting the electric current. From car doors to medical equipment, solenoids are a common part of our everyday lives.

By Ryan Reed

The Main Idea

Solenoids can be found in electric locking mechanisms, medical equipment, cars, air conditioning systems, and numerous other devices. But first it is imperative that one understands how a solenoid produces a magnetic field in order to comprehend their usage in everyday life.

A Mathematical Model

The formula for the magnetic field of a solenoid is as follows:

[math]\displaystyle{ B = \mu_0 \frac{N I}{l}. }[/math] where N is the number of turns in the coil, [math]\displaystyle{ \mu_0 }[/math] is the magnetic constant, [math]\displaystyle{ I }[/math] is the electric current, and [math]\displaystyle{ l }[/math] is the length of the solenoid.

In order to determine the direction of the magnetic field generated by a solenoid, simply use the right hand rule: curl you fingers in the direction of the current, and the direction that your thumb is pointing is the direction of the magnetic field.

Types of Solenoids

Linear Electromechanical Solenoids

In linear solenoids, a coil is wrapped around a cylindrical tube. Within the cylindrical tube is an actuator that is free to move in and out of the coil's body. Linear solenoids, like other solenoids with industrial applications, convert electrical energy to mechanical energy by creating motion through pushing or pulling. This is accomplished when the magnetic field generated by running a current through the coil creates an attraction between the "plunger"(actuator) and the middle of the coil. When the plunger is pushed back, it compresses a spring within the solenoid. Thus, when the electric current ceases, the spring pushes the plunger in a linear motion, as there is no longer a magnetic force holding the actuator in place. This motion is known as the "Stroke" of the solenoid. This push-pull action can be applied to numerous industrial applications, such as locking doors and opening/closing valves (see:Solenoid Valves).

Rotary Solenoids

Instead of converting electric energy into linear motion, rotary solenoids convert electric energy into angular/rotational motion. This is achieved by connecting the solenoid to a magnetic disk. When the coil is energized, the magnetic field that the solenoid generates is repelled by the magnetic poles within the disk, thus creating a rotational motion. Rotary Solenoids also have multiple applications including vending machines, automobiles, and controlling the flow of fluid.

Solenoid Valves

Solenoid valves are routinely seen in industrial applications. They control the flow of fluid through the valve by the use of a solenoid. Pneumatic solenoid valves control the flow of air to pneumatic systems, while hydraulic solenoid valves control the flow of hydraulic fluid in hydraulic machinery.

Typical Solenoid Valve Uses by Industry:

http://www.gouldvalve.com/wp-content/uploads/2009/05/typical-uses-pages-1-3.pdf

Applications

Automobiles

Solenoids serve a wide variety of uses in modern cars. Automatic door lock systems would not be possible without solenoids. Starter solenoids, an integral part of a car's automatic starting system, aid in starting a car's engine when the key is turned. Most commonly, solenoids are used in automatic gearbox drive selectors, which prevent cars from switching to "drive" without first applying the brake pedal.

Locking Mechanisms

Solenoids are commonly used in electric locks to control locking mechanisms in doors, hotel locks, turnstiles, car doors, vending machines, etc. The applicability for solenoids in locking systems is endless.

Medical Field

Solenoids are frequently utilized in medical equipment. Solenoid valves are often used to control the rate of fluid in numerous machines, such as dialysis devices and dosing applications(blood flow through tubes). Solenoids are also used blood monitoring equipment. Because of their accuracy and durability, solenoids are a perfect fit in the medical industry.

Railway/Locomotives

The Railway industry also supplies solenoids with copious implementations. They are used in braking systems to stop locomotives. Solenoids can help ventilate and heat railway cars. They also can be used for automatic doors, toilets, turnstiles, and steps. Like automobiles, locomotives can use solenoids to their full potential.

Solenoid valves and pressure regulators for the railway industry:

https://www.parker.com/literature/Korea/Country/Solenoid%20valves%20and%20pressure%20regulators%20for%20the%20railway%20industry.pdf

Circuit Breakers

Solenoids are also used in circuit breakers, which are electrical switches that detect faults in electric circuits and interrupt electrical flow. Circuit breakers protect electrical circuits from damage and are a pivotal part of any modern electrical system.

Connectedness

When we study physics in the classroom, the majority of it is from a theoretical perspective. We calculate electric and magnetic forces and fields, but at times it seems as if it is all just substance. However, it is applying the theory to real world applications which makes physics such an engaging and fascinating topic. Theory, such as the magnetic field of a solenoid, can be utilized in real world equipment and scenarios, as laid out in this page. The possibilities are endless, and it is so captivating and rewarding to see the material that we have learned in class come to fruition through industrial applications. Most engineers will encounter a solenoid at some point in their career, and we will all think back to physics 2 when we were calculating magnetic fields of solenoids when we do.

History

French physicist André-Marie Ampère coined the term "Solenoid" in the 1820's when describing a helical coil. This most likely came in combination with his discovery of Ampere's Law, which helps describe the magnetic field produced by a solenoid. Since then, various types of solenoids have been invented. Rotary solenoids were invented by George H. Leland in 1944 to provide a more reliable release mechanism for air dropped bombs, as linear solenoids had been experiencing issues with bomb releases. [1] [2] Solenoid valves were first created and manufactured in 1910 by the ASCO Valve Company. [3] Their valves allowed the flow of air, water, gas, oil, and steam to be controlled with precision through the use of solenoids, a technology which is still commonly seen today.

http://www.bachofen.ch/fr/schalttechnik/ProdukteF_Composants/Befehlsgeraete_Schalter_Mikroschalter/Johnson_Electric_LEDEX_Solenoids_EN_2014.pdf

http://www.google.com/patents/US2430940

http://www.ascovalve.com/Applications/AboutAsco/History.aspx