Sinusoidal Electromagnetic Radiaton

Made and claimed by Ida De Vierno

The Main Idea

Being able to mathematically relate the speed, wavelength and period of a sinusoidal electromagnetic wave. Understanding how radiation emitted is affected by a charge moving sinusoidally.

Electromagnetic Radiation

When a charge initially begins accelerating, it will take time before we can observe this change in field. When we are close to the point charge, we can see the field of a moving charge whereas further away we see the field of a stationary charge. Between these two areas, is the stretched field lines in the shell which is what we know as electromagnetic radiation. When a charge experiences momentary acceleration, it emits only a brief pulse of radiation. This differs from when the charge is moved sinusoidally as the charge will emit continuous radiation.

Charge Moving Sinusoidally

Sinusoidal is a mathematic curve that describes a smooth repetitive oscillation (think the sin curve). Thus a sinusoidal acceleration takes place when the charge is moving in any oscillatory manner. The stretched field lines that were discusses early are thus continuously varying and sinusoidal. Eectromagnetic radiation occurs only at the frequency of oscillation.

When a charge is moved sinusoidally, we can find the position of charge by
[math]\displaystyle{ y=ymax\sin(wt) }[/math]
where [math]\displaystyle{ w }[/math] is the angular frequency in radians per second.

Will the electromagnetic radiation emitted is sinusoidal?

Yes. This can be proven by differentiating position to find velocity before differentiating again to find the acceleration. This sinusoidal acceleration is what causes the sinusoidal electromagnetic radiation.
[math]\displaystyle{ v_y=\frac{dy}{dt}=wymax\cos(wt) }[/math]

[math]\displaystyle{ a_y=\frac{dv_y}{dt}=-w^2ymax\sin(wt) }[/math]

Amplitude

Amplitude is the height of the maximum peak during oscillation. As seen from the diagram, we only measure the distance from the x axis and do not include the area below the axis. The amplitude is also the maximum magnitude of the electric field.

Period

The sinusoidal motion results in waves that continually repeat, much like the sin curve. The period measures the amount of time it takes to complete one repeated cycle. As seen in the diagram, one cycle begins at 1 second and ends at 5 seconds. Thus the period of this graph would be four seconds.

Frequency

Frequency measures the number of oscillations in a given time. It is therefore the inverse of the period and its unit is either seconds inverse or Hertz. Frequency is also related to angular frequent w in radians per second by
[math]\displaystyle{ f=\frac{w}{2pi}=\frac{1}{T} }[/math].

Wavelength

Wavelength is used to describe sinusoidal electromagnetic radiation. The wavelength is the distance between the 2 maximum points and thus is calculated by using speed of light and frequency.
wavelength[math]\displaystyle{ =cT }[/math] and [math]\displaystyle{ T=\frac{1}{f} }[/math]
Electromagnetic radiation of different wavelengths have different names such as x-ray or microwaves. Radiation with certain wavelengths also possess certain qualities such as wavelengths of 400nm to 700nm are known as visible light as they can be seen by the human eye.

Speed

Speed of propagation of electromagnetic wave can be measured in two different ways.

The first way is by following the maximum amplitude (the peak of the oscillation). You will notice that it travels one wavelength in a period. Thus speed of crest is wavelength over period.
Another way is by timing the arrival of the radiative electric field, which would be distance over change of time.

These two ways of calculating speed will give you a constant answer in a vacuum. However discrepancies can occur in space when light wave has to travel through water, glass or even air.

Polarized Radiation

Polarization refers to the orientation of electric field, in which it can be aligned only along one axis. Radiation can also be unpolarized as in the case of natural light due to the charges oscillating along different directions.

Electromagnetic Spectrum

Electromagnetic spectrum is the range of all types of electromagnetic radiation, according to frequency and wavelength. The image shows how different things are categorized based on wavelength.

A Computational Model

Visit the link to below to observe how amplitude and frequency affects sinusoidal waves and the direction of speed. https://phet.colorado.edu/sims/radiating-charge/radiating-charge_en.html

Examples

Calculate the wavelength of a radio which has 1380 kiloHertz.

First convert kilohertz to Hertz by [math]\displaystyle{ 1380*1000=1380000 }[/math] Secondly wavelength is speed of light over frequency so [math]\displaystyle{ \frac{3e8}{1380000}=217.39m }[/math]

Connectedness

Is there an interesting industrial application?

Understanding electromagnetic radiation and being able to calculate wavelength and frequency is needed in the areas of communication such as the television and the radio. Knowing the fundamentals has resulted in the development of technology for sending speech and music through the airwaves.

History

Electromagnetic waves was first discovered in the nineteenth century when an unexpected correlation between electric phenomena and velocity of light was found. James Maxwell who founded the Maxwell equation not only realized that electric field and magnetic field cover together form electromagnetic wave but that changing magnetic field will cause a change in electric field. In 1887, using Maxwell's theories, Heinrich Hertz produced waves and also found methods to detect these ways. Using two rods to serve as receivers and a spark gap to act as the antennae. Every time a wave was picked up, it would create a spark. By doing this, Hertz proved that signals had the properties of electromagnetic waves. The unit for frequency was thus named after him.

http://physics.tutorvista.com/waves/wave-frequency.html http://www.scienceclarified.com/everyday/Real-Life-Physics-Vol-3-Biology-Vol-1/Electromagnetic-Spectrum-Real-life-applications.html http://www.pstcc.edu/departments/natural_behavioral_sciences/Web%20Physics/Chapter016.htm