http://www.physicsbook.gatech.edu/index.php?action=history&feed=atom&title=Superconducters 2026-04-09T00:01:36Z Revision history for this page on the wiki MediaWiki 1.42.7 http://www.physicsbook.gatech.edu/index.php?title=Superconducters&diff=46499&oldid=prev 2024-11-25T04:41:05Z

<p></p> <table style="background-color: #fff; color: #202122;" data-mw="interface"> <col class="diff-marker" /> <col class="diff-content" /> <col class="diff-marker" /> <col class="diff-content" /> <tr class="diff-title" lang="en"> <td colspan="2" style="background-color: #fff; color: #202122; text-align: center;">← Older revision</td> <td colspan="2" style="background-color: #fff; color: #202122; text-align: center;">Revision as of 00:41, 25 November 2024</td> </tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="diff-lineno" id="mw-diff-left-l20">Line 20:</td> <td colspan="2" class="diff-lineno">Line 20:</td></tr> <tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br></td></tr> <tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>Check out this interactive link to understand how temperature can change the resistance of a copper wire.</div></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>Check out this interactive link to understand how temperature can change the resistance of a copper wire.</div></td></tr> <tr><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="−"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>https://trinket.io/embed/glowscript/db69409a3f79?outputOnly=true&amp;start=result" <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">width="100%</del></div></td><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div> </div></td></tr> <tr><td colspan="2" class="diff-side-deleted"></td><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>https://trinket.io/embed/glowscript/db69409a3f79?outputOnly=true&amp;start=result"</div></td></tr> <tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br></td></tr> <tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br></td></tr> </table>

Jblount36 http://www.physicsbook.gatech.edu/index.php?title=Superconducters&diff=46498&oldid=prev 2024-11-25T04:40:32Z

<p></p> <table style="background-color: #fff; color: #202122;" data-mw="interface"> <col class="diff-marker" /> <col class="diff-content" /> <col class="diff-marker" /> <col class="diff-content" /> <tr class="diff-title" lang="en"> <td colspan="2" style="background-color: #fff; color: #202122; text-align: center;">← Older revision</td> <td colspan="2" style="background-color: #fff; color: #202122; text-align: center;">Revision as of 00:40, 25 November 2024</td> </tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="diff-lineno" id="mw-diff-left-l20">Line 20:</td> <td colspan="2" class="diff-lineno">Line 20:</td></tr> <tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br></td></tr> <tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>Check out this interactive link to understand how temperature can change the resistance of a copper wire.</div></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>Check out this interactive link to understand how temperature can change the resistance of a copper wire.</div></td></tr> <tr><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="−"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">&lt;iframe src="</del>https://trinket.io/embed/glowscript/db69409a3f79?outputOnly=true&amp;start=result" width="100%<del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">" height="356" frameborder="0" marginwidth="0" marginheight="0" allowfullscreen&gt;&lt;/iframe&gt;</del></div></td><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>https://trinket.io/embed/glowscript/db69409a3f79?outputOnly=true&amp;start=result" width="100%</div></td></tr> <tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br></td></tr> <tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br></td></tr> </table>

Jblount36 http://www.physicsbook.gatech.edu/index.php?title=Superconducters&diff=46497&oldid=prev 2024-11-25T04:39:32Z

<p></p> <table style="background-color: #fff; color: #202122;" data-mw="interface"> <col class="diff-marker" /> <col class="diff-content" /> <col class="diff-marker" /> <col class="diff-content" /> <tr class="diff-title" lang="en"> <td colspan="2" style="background-color: #fff; color: #202122; text-align: center;">← Older revision</td> <td colspan="2" style="background-color: #fff; color: #202122; text-align: center;">Revision as of 00:39, 25 November 2024</td> </tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="diff-lineno" id="mw-diff-left-l20">Line 20:</td> <td colspan="2" class="diff-lineno">Line 20:</td></tr> <tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br></td></tr> <tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>Check out this interactive link to understand how temperature can change the resistance of a copper wire.</div></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>Check out this interactive link to understand how temperature can change the resistance of a copper wire.</div></td></tr> <tr><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="−"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">[Check out this interactive simulation](</del>https://<del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">www</del>.<del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">glowscript.org</del>/<del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">#</del>/<del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">user/mcleodblount3/folder/Copper</del>/<del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">program</del>/<del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">Copper)</del></div></td><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">&lt;iframe src="</ins>https://<ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">trinket</ins>.<ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">io</ins>/<ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">embed</ins>/<ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">glowscript</ins>/<ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">db69409a3f79?outputOnly=true&amp;start=result" width="100%" height="356" frameborder="0" marginwidth="0" marginheight="0" allowfullscreen&gt;&lt;</ins>/<ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">iframe&gt;</ins></div></td></tr> <tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br></td></tr> <tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br></td></tr> </table>

Jblount36 http://www.physicsbook.gatech.edu/index.php?title=Superconducters&diff=46496&oldid=prev 2024-11-25T04:36:59Z

<p></p> <table style="background-color: #fff; color: #202122;" data-mw="interface"> <col class="diff-marker" /> <col class="diff-content" /> <col class="diff-marker" /> <col class="diff-content" /> <tr class="diff-title" lang="en"> <td colspan="2" style="background-color: #fff; color: #202122; text-align: center;">← Older revision</td> <td colspan="2" style="background-color: #fff; color: #202122; text-align: center;">Revision as of 00:36, 25 November 2024</td> </tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="diff-lineno" id="mw-diff-left-l20">Line 20:</td> <td colspan="2" class="diff-lineno">Line 20:</td></tr> <tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br></td></tr> <tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>Check out this interactive link to understand how temperature can change the resistance of a copper wire.</div></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>Check out this interactive link to understand how temperature can change the resistance of a copper wire.</div></td></tr> <tr><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="−"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">&lt;iframe src="</del>https://www.glowscript.org/#/user/<del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">mcleodblount321</del>/folder/Copper/program/Copper<del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">" </del></div></td><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">[Check out this interactive simulation](</ins>https://www.glowscript.org/#/user/<ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">mcleodblount3</ins>/folder/Copper/program/Copper<ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">)</ins></div></td></tr> <tr><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="−"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">        width="800" </del></div></td><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div> </div></td></tr> <tr><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="−"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">        height="600" </del></div></td><td colspan="2" class="diff-side-added"></td></tr> <tr><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="−"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">        style="border: none;"&gt;</del></div></td><td colspan="2" class="diff-side-added"></td></tr> <tr><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="−"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">&lt;/iframe&gt;</del></div></td><td colspan="2" class="diff-side-added"></td></tr> <tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br></td></tr> <tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br></td></tr> </table>

Jblount36 http://www.physicsbook.gatech.edu/index.php?title=Superconducters&diff=46495&oldid=prev 2024-11-25T04:35:32Z

<p></p> <table style="background-color: #fff; color: #202122;" data-mw="interface"> <col class="diff-marker" /> <col class="diff-content" /> <col class="diff-marker" /> <col class="diff-content" /> <tr class="diff-title" lang="en"> <td colspan="2" style="background-color: #fff; color: #202122; text-align: center;">← Older revision</td> <td colspan="2" style="background-color: #fff; color: #202122; text-align: center;">Revision as of 00:35, 25 November 2024</td> </tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="diff-lineno" id="mw-diff-left-l18">Line 18:</td> <td colspan="2" class="diff-lineno">Line 18:</td></tr> <tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br></td></tr> <tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>Electrical resistance can be thought of as similar to water flowing through a pipe and encountering obstacles. Just as larger pipes allow water to flow more easily, a thicker wire can carry more current. However, eliminating electrical resistance is for more complex. In a conductor, electrons flow through a lattice of metal ions on their way to their &quot;endpoint.&quot; The ease in which these electrons flow is determined by the conductor&#039;s resistance, which depends on how well the ions &quot;hold on&quot; to the electrons. Different metallic lattice structures interact with electrons in unique ways, causing variations in the resistance of various materials. In nature, electrons lose energy due to collisions with these metal ions, however, in a superconductor, these collisions are completely eliminated. In a lab setting, this phenomenon typically occurs around temperatures close to absolute zero.</div></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>Electrical resistance can be thought of as similar to water flowing through a pipe and encountering obstacles. Just as larger pipes allow water to flow more easily, a thicker wire can carry more current. However, eliminating electrical resistance is for more complex. In a conductor, electrons flow through a lattice of metal ions on their way to their &quot;endpoint.&quot; The ease in which these electrons flow is determined by the conductor&#039;s resistance, which depends on how well the ions &quot;hold on&quot; to the electrons. Different metallic lattice structures interact with electrons in unique ways, causing variations in the resistance of various materials. In nature, electrons lose energy due to collisions with these metal ions, however, in a superconductor, these collisions are completely eliminated. In a lab setting, this phenomenon typically occurs around temperatures close to absolute zero.</div></td></tr> <tr><td colspan="2" class="diff-side-deleted"></td><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;"></ins></div></td></tr> <tr><td colspan="2" class="diff-side-deleted"></td><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">Check out this interactive link to understand how temperature can change the resistance of a copper wire.</ins></div></td></tr> <tr><td colspan="2" class="diff-side-deleted"></td><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">&lt;iframe src="https://www.glowscript.org/#/user/mcleodblount321/folder/Copper/program/Copper" </ins></div></td></tr> <tr><td colspan="2" class="diff-side-deleted"></td><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">        width="800" </ins></div></td></tr> <tr><td colspan="2" class="diff-side-deleted"></td><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">        height="600" </ins></div></td></tr> <tr><td colspan="2" class="diff-side-deleted"></td><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">        style="border: none;"&gt;</ins></div></td></tr> <tr><td colspan="2" class="diff-side-deleted"></td><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">&lt;/iframe&gt;</ins></div></td></tr> <tr><td colspan="2" class="diff-side-deleted"></td><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;"></ins></div></td></tr> <tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br></td></tr> <tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>== Resistance and Quasiparticles ==</div></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>== Resistance and Quasiparticles ==</div></td></tr> </table>

Jblount36 http://www.physicsbook.gatech.edu/index.php?title=Superconducters&diff=46492&oldid=prev 2024-11-25T04:13:59Z

<p></p> <table style="background-color: #fff; color: #202122;" data-mw="interface"> <col class="diff-marker" /> <col class="diff-content" /> <col class="diff-marker" /> <col class="diff-content" /> <tr class="diff-title" lang="en"> <td colspan="2" style="background-color: #fff; color: #202122; text-align: center;">← Older revision</td> <td colspan="2" style="background-color: #fff; color: #202122; text-align: center;">Revision as of 00:13, 25 November 2024</td> </tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="diff-lineno" id="mw-diff-left-l25">Line 25:</td> <td colspan="2" class="diff-lineno">Line 25:</td></tr> <tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>In some cases, atoms within a material&#039;s lattice vibrate. For example, when a soundwave passes through an object, it causes the atoms to oscillate in a predictable manner. These oscillations can also be described as Quasiparticles referred to as &#039;&#039;&#039;Phonons&#039;&#039;&#039;. Phonons behave similarly to photons as they both travel at the speed of the force they materialize (i.e. Photons travel at the speed of light, via electromagnetic force). Another way of viewing phonons is as a representation of heat. The random motions of atoms within a material, which we perceive as &quot;heat&quot;, are also just randomized oscillations of atoms through a material. Phonons are closely related to thermal properties of a material, as they manifest the transfer of heat through vibrational energy.</div></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>In some cases, atoms within a material&#039;s lattice vibrate. For example, when a soundwave passes through an object, it causes the atoms to oscillate in a predictable manner. These oscillations can also be described as Quasiparticles referred to as &#039;&#039;&#039;Phonons&#039;&#039;&#039;. Phonons behave similarly to photons as they both travel at the speed of the force they materialize (i.e. Photons travel at the speed of light, via electromagnetic force). Another way of viewing phonons is as a representation of heat. The random motions of atoms within a material, which we perceive as &quot;heat&quot;, are also just randomized oscillations of atoms through a material. Phonons are closely related to thermal properties of a material, as they manifest the transfer of heat through vibrational energy.</div></td></tr> <tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br></td></tr> <tr><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="−"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>[[<del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">Media</del>:quasiparticle.png]]</div></td><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>[[<ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">File</ins>:quasiparticle.png]]</div></td></tr> <tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br></td></tr> <tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>Photo credit: https://www2.physics.ox.ac.uk/sites/default/files/page/2020/07/13/karenonowskauniq2-2020-47125.pdf</div></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>Photo credit: https://www2.physics.ox.ac.uk/sites/default/files/page/2020/07/13/karenonowskauniq2-2020-47125.pdf</div></td></tr> </table>

Jblount36 http://www.physicsbook.gatech.edu/index.php?title=Superconducters&diff=46491&oldid=prev 2024-11-25T04:12:11Z

<p></p> <table style="background-color: #fff; color: #202122;" data-mw="interface"> <col class="diff-marker" /> <col class="diff-content" /> <col class="diff-marker" /> <col class="diff-content" /> <tr class="diff-title" lang="en"> <td colspan="2" style="background-color: #fff; color: #202122; text-align: center;">← Older revision</td> <td colspan="2" style="background-color: #fff; color: #202122; text-align: center;">Revision as of 00:12, 25 November 2024</td> </tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="diff-lineno" id="mw-diff-left-l29">Line 29:</td> <td colspan="2" class="diff-lineno">Line 29:</td></tr> <tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>Photo credit: https://www2.physics.ox.ac.uk/sites/default/files/page/2020/07/13/karenonowskauniq2-2020-47125.pdf</div></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>Photo credit: https://www2.physics.ox.ac.uk/sites/default/files/page/2020/07/13/karenonowskauniq2-2020-47125.pdf</div></td></tr> <tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br></td></tr> <tr><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="−"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>Metals create lattices similar to <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">our </del>silicon <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">lattice in which they act as conductors through the fact they </del>do not use <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">up </del>all <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">of </del>their valence electrons <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">in </del>bonding<del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">, leaving </del>electrons <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">that can flow </del>freely<del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">. However, the phonons of heat traveling </del>through the lattice <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">add up </del>to the random <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">jiggling </del>of atoms <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">which prevents </del>freely <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">moving </del>electrons <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">from attaining a smooth and streamlined </del>flow<del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">. This is what is known as </del>resistance. <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">However</del>, <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">the goal is </del>not <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">to reduce phonons to completely out of the picture</del>. <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">Rather</del>, <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">it is possible for the phonons of heat to act as carriers of </del>a quasi-force which can bind electrons together<del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">. In incredibly cold conditions</del>, <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">the phonons induced by the attraction of nuclei to an electron moving through the lattice can be a dominant vibrational mode of the lattice. Thus, a stream of electrons in a given direction will produce a resonance in the vibrational modes of the lattice effectively binding the electrons to each other. The bounding of two electrons to each other in this manner </del>is <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">another quasi-particle called </del>a <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">cooper-</del>pair. <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">The cooper-</del>pairs <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">can </del>all occupy the lowest energy state <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">as </del>they do not have <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">enough </del>energy to excite new <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">phonons</del>, <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">thus </del>they do not. This mechanism allows <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">them </del>to stream through the lattice with zero resistance.</div></td><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>Metals create lattices similar to silicon<ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">, however metals </ins>do not use all their valence electrons <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">for </ins>bonding<ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">. This leaves room for </ins>electrons <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">to move </ins>freely through the lattice<ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">, allowing metals </ins>to <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">act as conductors. However, </ins>the <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">naturally occurring </ins>random <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">vibrations </ins>of atoms <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">in these lattices, also known as phonons, disrupt how </ins>freely <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">these </ins>electrons <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">can </ins>flow<ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">, resulting in </ins>resistance. <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">Interestingly</ins>, <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">phonons do </ins>not <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">always act as obstacles</ins>. <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">under extremely cold conditions</ins>, <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">they facilitate </ins>a quasi-force which can bind electrons together, <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">creating what </ins>is <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">known as </ins>a <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">"Cooper </ins>pair<ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">"</ins>. <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">Cooper </ins>pairs all <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">move collectively and </ins>occupy the lowest energy <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">quantum </ins>state<ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">. Because </ins>they do not have <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">sufficient </ins>energy to excite new <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">protons</ins>, they do not <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">experience scattering as in typical conductors</ins>. This mechanism allows <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">Cooper pairs </ins>to stream through the lattice with zero <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">resistance, also known as superconductivity. Through this phenomenon, electrons achieve a perfectly efficient energy flow, unimpeded by </ins>resistance.</div></td></tr> <tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br></td></tr> <tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>== About Superconductors ==</div></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>== About Superconductors ==</div></td></tr> </table>

Jblount36 http://www.physicsbook.gatech.edu/index.php?title=Superconducters&diff=46490&oldid=prev 2024-11-25T04:01:28Z

<p></p> <table style="background-color: #fff; color: #202122;" data-mw="interface"> <col class="diff-marker" /> <col class="diff-content" /> <col class="diff-marker" /> <col class="diff-content" /> <tr class="diff-title" lang="en"> <td colspan="2" style="background-color: #fff; color: #202122; text-align: center;">← Older revision</td> <td colspan="2" style="background-color: #fff; color: #202122; text-align: center;">Revision as of 00:01, 25 November 2024</td> </tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="diff-lineno" id="mw-diff-left-l15">Line 15:</td> <td colspan="2" class="diff-lineno">Line 15:</td></tr> <tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>== Introduction to Resistance==</div></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>== Introduction to Resistance==</div></td></tr> <tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br></td></tr> <tr><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="−"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>Electric resistance is a property of all metals and conductors except superconductors. <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">As an example, electric resistance </del>is the reason <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">your devices get hot </del>after <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">long periods of </del>use<del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">, </del>and <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">the reason </del>why they <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">wear out this </del>is caused by resistance <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">of </del>the <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">wire that </del>the current <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">is trying to pass </del>through. <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">In broad terms</del>, resistance measures how difficult it is for electrons to pass through <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">the wire</del>. <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">In </del>a <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">sense, resistance saps out energy </del>from <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">what would otherwise be a </del>perfect <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">system</del>.  </div></td><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>Electric resistance is a property of all metals and conductors except superconductors. <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">It </ins>is the reason <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">an electrical device heats up </ins>after <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">prolonged </ins>use and why they <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">deteriorate over prolonged use. This heat </ins>is caused by <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">the </ins>resistance <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">in </ins>the <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">wires as </ins>the <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">electrical </ins>current <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">flows </ins>through <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">them</ins>. <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">Broadly speaking</ins>, resistance measures how difficult it is for electrons to pass through <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">a conductor</ins>. <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">Resistance dissipates energy as heat, preventing </ins>a <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">system </ins>from perfect <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">energy efficiency</ins>.</div></td></tr> <tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br></td></tr> <tr><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="−"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">It's easy to think about electric </del>resistance <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">in the same way </del>as <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">you would </del>water flowing through a pipe and <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">the </del>obstacles <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">it might meet</del>. <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">We know that a larger wire will produce a larger flow of current in the same way that a </del>larger <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">pipe would </del>allow water to <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">pass through </del>more <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">quickly than water through </del>a <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">smaller pipe but</del>, <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">it is not as easy to get rid of </del>electrical resistance <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">as it sounds</del>. In a conductor <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">and current situation</del>, electrons flow <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">between </del>metal ions to their endpoint. <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">How well they </del>"<del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">hold on" to </del>these electrons is <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">a measure of their </del>resistance<del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">. Depending </del>on the <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">material that this is made up off, the metal </del>ions <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">will </del>hold <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">onto </del>the electrons <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">differently and cause them to flow through at a different rate</del>. <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">It is observed </del>in nature <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">that </del>electrons <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">get distracted on the way to the end of the wire and </del>lose energy, <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">but</del>, in a superconductor, <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">this loss of potential </del>eliminated <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">and the electrons are able to march from start to finish without losing any energy</del>. In a lab setting, this <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">process is maintained </del>around temperatures <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">of </del>absolute zero.</div></td><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">Electrical </ins>resistance <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">can be thought of </ins>as <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">similar to </ins>water flowing through a pipe and <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">encountering </ins>obstacles. <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">Just as </ins>larger <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">pipes </ins>allow water to <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">flow </ins>more <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">easily, </ins>a <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">thicker wire can carry more current. However</ins>, <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">eliminating </ins>electrical resistance <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">is for more complex</ins>. In a conductor, electrons flow <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">through a lattice of </ins>metal ions <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">on their way </ins>to their <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">"</ins>endpoint." <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">The ease in which </ins>these electrons <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">flow </ins>is <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">determined by the conductor's </ins>resistance<ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">, which depends </ins>on <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">how well </ins>the ions <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">"</ins>hold <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">on" to </ins>the electrons. <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">Different metallic lattice structures interact with electrons in unique ways, causing variations </ins>in <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">the resistance of various materials. In </ins>nature<ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">, </ins>electrons lose energy <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">due to collisions with these metal ions</ins>, <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">however</ins>, in a superconductor, <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">these collisions are completely </ins>eliminated. In a lab setting, this <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">phenomenon typically occurs </ins>around temperatures <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">close to </ins>absolute zero.</div></td></tr> <tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br></td></tr> <tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>== Resistance and Quasiparticles ==</div></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>== Resistance and Quasiparticles ==</div></td></tr> <tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br></td></tr> <tr><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="−"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>To understand '''Quasiparticles''', <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">it is best to take </del>a <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">look at an assembly </del>of Silicon atoms. Silicon has 4 valence electrons in its outermost shell <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">and thus needs 4 more </del>to <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">become stable. Thus we can bond this silicon atom </del>with <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">4 more </del>silicon atoms<del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">. It is possible to create </del>a lattice <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">of pure silicon which is stable</del>. <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">This would mean our </del>electrons are <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">locked </del>in place. <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">Let's assume </del>an electron <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">from this lattice is knocked </del>free <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">by a photon of enough discrete energy</del>. <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">There would then be </del>a <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">whole </del>where <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">that </del>electron <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">was, allowing for </del>electrons to <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">move resulting </del>in the <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">whole moving throughout </del>the lattice. This <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">moving whole </del>would be referred to as a '''Quasi-electron'''.  </div></td><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>To understand '''Quasiparticles''', <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">consider </ins>a <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">lattice </ins>of Silicon atoms. Silicon has 4 valence electrons in its outermost shell<ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">, which allows it </ins>to <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">form covalent </ins>with <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">other </ins>silicon atoms<ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">, creating </ins>a <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">stable, silicon </ins>lattice. <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">In this lattice, </ins>electrons are <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">tightly bound and typically remain </ins>in place. <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">Now, imagine a photon strikes the lattice with sufficient energy and knocks </ins>an electron free. <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">This creates </ins>a <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">"hole" </ins>where <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">this </ins>electron <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">used to be. As </ins>electrons <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">move </ins>to <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">fill this "hole" </ins>in the <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">lattice, the "hole" would appear to move like a bubble through </ins>the lattice <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">structure</ins>. This <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">"movement" </ins>would be referred to as a '''Quasi-electron'''.  </div></td></tr> <tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br></td></tr> <tr><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="−"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">However</del>, <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">there is a case in which the </del>atoms <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">in </del>a material lattice vibrate. <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">Imagine </del>a soundwave <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">pushing </del>through an object, <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">causing </del>the atoms to oscillate. These oscillations <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">are </del>also Quasiparticles referred to as '''Phonons'''<del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">, and </del>behave similarly to photons as they both travel at the speed of the force they materialize (i.e. Photons travel at the speed of light, via electromagnetic force). Another way of viewing phonons is as heat <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">because the </del>random motions of atoms <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">in </del>a <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">particle </del>which <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">demark </del>"heat", are also just randomized oscillations of atoms through a <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">particle</del>.  </div></td><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">In some cases</ins>, atoms <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">within </ins>a material<ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">'s </ins>lattice vibrate. <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">For example, when </ins>a soundwave <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">passes </ins>through an object, <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">it causes </ins>the atoms to oscillate <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">in a predictable manner</ins>. These oscillations <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">can </ins>also <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">be described as </ins>Quasiparticles referred to as '''Phonons'''<ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">. Phonons </ins>behave similarly to photons as they both travel at the speed of the force they materialize (i.e. Photons travel at the speed of light, via electromagnetic force). Another way of viewing phonons is as <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">a representation of </ins>heat<ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">. The </ins>random motions of atoms <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">within </ins>a <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">material, </ins>which <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">we perceive as </ins>"heat", are also just randomized oscillations of atoms through a <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">material. Phonons are closely related to thermal properties of a material, as they manifest the transfer of heat through vibrational energy</ins>.</div></td></tr> <tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br></td></tr> <tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>[[Media:quasiparticle.png]]</div></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>[[Media:quasiparticle.png]]</div></td></tr> </table>

Jblount36 http://www.physicsbook.gatech.edu/index.php?title=Superconducters&diff=46489&oldid=prev 2024-11-25T03:29:37Z

<p></p> <table style="background-color: #fff; color: #202122;" data-mw="interface"> <col class="diff-marker" /> <col class="diff-content" /> <col class="diff-marker" /> <col class="diff-content" /> <tr class="diff-title" lang="en"> <td colspan="2" style="background-color: #fff; color: #202122; text-align: center;">← Older revision</td> <td colspan="2" style="background-color: #fff; color: #202122; text-align: center;">Revision as of 23:29, 24 November 2024</td> </tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="diff-lineno" id="mw-diff-left-l1">Line 1:</td> <td colspan="2" class="diff-lineno">Line 1:</td></tr> <tr><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="−"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>Continued by <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">Ian C. Hamlett </del>(Fall <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">2023</del>), previous authors are listed below:</div></td><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>Continued by <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">John Blount </ins>(Fall <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">2024</ins>), previous authors are listed below:</div></td></tr> <tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br></td></tr> <tr><td colspan="2" class="diff-side-deleted"></td><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">Ian C. Hamlett</ins></div></td></tr> <tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>Amethyst Massaquoi,</div></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>Amethyst Massaquoi,</div></td></tr> <tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>Ian Sabastian,  </div></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>Ian Sabastian,  </div></td></tr> <tr><td colspan="2" class="diff-lineno" id="mw-diff-left-l6">Line 6:</td> <td colspan="2" class="diff-lineno">Line 7:</td></tr> <tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br></td></tr> <tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br></td></tr> <tr><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="−"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>== What are <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">Superconducters </del>==</div></td><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>== What are <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">Superconductors </ins>==</div></td></tr> <tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br></td></tr> <tr><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="−"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>Superconductors are materials that can conduct electricity <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">(or current) </del>with <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">little </del>potential energy loss <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">of electric current due to their magnified electric </del>resistance. <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">Superconductivity is a </del>unique <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">phenomenon based on </del>the <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">chemical structure and properties of a given </del>material. Superconductors have <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">many other </del>practical applications such as <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">radiation detection</del>, particle <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">acceleration</del>, and <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">levitation</del>. <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">Superconductors are becoming a popular point of </del>research <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">as </del>the <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">physics and mechanics behind </del>superconductors <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">is important for radiation detection </del>and <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">optimization of scintillators</del>.</div></td><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>Superconductors are <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">special </ins>materials that can conduct electricity with <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">no </ins>potential energy loss<ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">, as they exhibit no electrical </ins>resistance <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">when cooled below a certain temperature</ins>. <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">This phenomenon, known as superconductivity, comes from </ins>unique <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">formations called "Cooper Pairs," which cause electrons to pair up and move in sync with </ins>the material<ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">'s natural lattice vibrations</ins>.  </div></td></tr> <tr><td colspan="2" class="diff-side-deleted"></td><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div> </div></td></tr> <tr><td colspan="2" class="diff-side-deleted"></td><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>Superconductors have <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">a wide range of </ins>practical applications such as <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">creating magnetic fields for Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) machines</ins>, particle <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">accelerators</ins>, and <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">even long-range power transmission</ins>. <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">As </ins>research <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">continues into </ins>the <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">field of </ins>superconductors<ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">, scientists are driving innovations in industrial </ins>and <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">scientific fields to improve our daily lives</ins>.</div></td></tr> <tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>   </div></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>   </div></td></tr> <tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>== Introduction to Resistance==</div></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>== Introduction to Resistance==</div></td></tr> </table>

Jblount36 http://www.physicsbook.gatech.edu/index.php?title=Superconducters&diff=42072&oldid=prev 2023-11-27T00:45:18Z

<p><span dir="auto"><span class="autocomment">Resistance and Quasiparticles</span></span></p> <table style="background-color: #fff; color: #202122;" data-mw="interface"> <col class="diff-marker" /> <col class="diff-content" /> <col class="diff-marker" /> <col class="diff-content" /> <tr class="diff-title" lang="en"> <td colspan="2" style="background-color: #fff; color: #202122; text-align: center;">← Older revision</td> <td colspan="2" style="background-color: #fff; color: #202122; text-align: center;">Revision as of 20:45, 26 November 2023</td> </tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="diff-lineno" id="mw-diff-left-l23">Line 23:</td> <td colspan="2" class="diff-lineno">Line 23:</td></tr> <tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br></td></tr> <tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>[[Media:quasiparticle.png]]</div></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>[[Media:quasiparticle.png]]</div></td></tr> <tr><td colspan="2" class="diff-side-deleted"></td><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;"></ins></div></td></tr> <tr><td colspan="2" class="diff-side-deleted"></td><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">Photo credit: https://www2.physics.ox.ac.uk/sites/default/files/page/2020/07/13/karenonowskauniq2-2020-47125.pdf</ins></div></td></tr> <tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br></td></tr> <tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>Metals create lattices similar to our silicon lattice in which they act as conductors through the fact they do not use up all of their valence electrons in bonding, leaving electrons that can flow freely. However, the phonons of heat traveling through the lattice add up to the random jiggling of atoms which prevents freely moving electrons from attaining a smooth and streamlined flow. This is what is known as resistance. However, the goal is not to reduce phonons to completely out of the picture. Rather, it is possible for the phonons of heat to act as carriers of a quasi-force which can bind electrons together. In incredibly cold conditions, the phonons induced by the attraction of nuclei to an electron moving through the lattice can be a dominant vibrational mode of the lattice. Thus, a stream of electrons in a given direction will produce a resonance in the vibrational modes of the lattice effectively binding the electrons to each other. The bounding of two electrons to each other in this manner is another quasi-particle called a cooper-pair. The cooper-pairs can all occupy the lowest energy state as they do not have enough energy to excite new phonons, thus they do not. This mechanism allows them to stream through the lattice with zero resistance.</div></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>Metals create lattices similar to our silicon lattice in which they act as conductors through the fact they do not use up all of their valence electrons in bonding, leaving electrons that can flow freely. However, the phonons of heat traveling through the lattice add up to the random jiggling of atoms which prevents freely moving electrons from attaining a smooth and streamlined flow. This is what is known as resistance. However, the goal is not to reduce phonons to completely out of the picture. Rather, it is possible for the phonons of heat to act as carriers of a quasi-force which can bind electrons together. In incredibly cold conditions, the phonons induced by the attraction of nuclei to an electron moving through the lattice can be a dominant vibrational mode of the lattice. Thus, a stream of electrons in a given direction will produce a resonance in the vibrational modes of the lattice effectively binding the electrons to each other. The bounding of two electrons to each other in this manner is another quasi-particle called a cooper-pair. The cooper-pairs can all occupy the lowest energy state as they do not have enough energy to excite new phonons, thus they do not. This mechanism allows them to stream through the lattice with zero resistance.</div></td></tr> </table>

Ihamlett3