Python Syntax - Revision history

Btunctan3 at 18:06, 20 April 2024

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   exception occurred
   continue
 ==Examples==

Btunctan3: /* The Main Idea */

2024-04-20T17:56:16Z

The Main Idea

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	===VPython===		===VPython===
	VPython is an extension of the Python programming language that contains a 3D graphics module called Visual, which allows users to create simple simulations of physics problems. It allows its users to create objects such as spheres and cones and displays these objects in another window. Its primary use is for educational purposes, although it has been used in research before in the past. Although VPython slightly differs from the actual Python programming language, the majority of the functionality remains the same, including all syntax. For the sole purpose of this class, however, it is functionally equivalent to Python, which is why it is imperative to understand the underlying Python language. Most of the labs done this year (which includes any labs requiring the construction of a physics simulation model) will be done using the VPython.		VPython is an extension of the Python programming language that contains a 3D graphics module called Visual, which allows users to create simple simulations of physics problems. It allows its users to create objects such as spheres and cones and displays these objects in another window. Its primary use is for educational purposes, although it has been used in research before in the past. Although VPython slightly differs from the actual Python programming language, the majority of the functionality remains the same, including all syntax. For the sole purpose of this class, however, it is functionally equivalent to Python, which is why it is imperative to understand the underlying Python language. Most of the labs done this year (which includes any labs requiring the construction of a physics simulation model) will be done using the VPython.

			===Glowscript===
			GlowScript is a programming environment for making 3D models and simulations using VPython. Unlike traditional desktop applications, GlowScript runs in the web browser, allowing you to write and run your VPython scripts online without needing to install any software on your computer.

	===Python in Physics===		===Python in Physics===

Btunctan3 at 17:50, 20 April 2024

2024-04-20T17:50:50Z

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	==Connectedness==		=Connectedness=
	As a high-level and syntactically simple language, Python is an excellent choice for the development of complex systems. Proficient knowledge of Python is critical to implementing scientific models, machine learning algorithms, and much more.		As a high-level and syntactically simple language, Python is an excellent choice for the development of complex systems. Proficient knowledge of Python is critical to implementing scientific models, machine learning algorithms, and much more.

	==History==		=History=
	The concept of the Python programming language was developed in the late 1980s. In 1991, Guido van Rossum created the first version of the Python programming language, releasing it with the original intent of code readability (thanks to its use of whitespace and indentation).		The concept of the Python programming language was developed in the late 1980s. In 1991, Guido van Rossum created the first version of the Python programming language, releasing it with the original intent of code readability (thanks to its use of whitespace and indentation).

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	Finally, on January 1st, 2020, Python 2 reached its end-of-life date, no longer officially supported by the Python Software Foundation.		Finally, on January 1st, 2020, Python 2 reached its end-of-life date, no longer officially supported by the Python Software Foundation.

	==See also==		=See also=
	* [http://www.physicsbook.gatech.edu/VPython VPython] describes the basics of VPython and using it to create 3D models		* [http://www.physicsbook.gatech.edu/VPython VPython] describes the basics of VPython and using it to create 3D models
	* The [http://www.physicsbook.gatech.edu/GlowScript GlowScript] wiki page provides detailed instructions for how to use VPython on the GlowScript website		* The [http://www.physicsbook.gatech.edu/GlowScript GlowScript] wiki page provides detailed instructions for how to use VPython on the GlowScript website

	===Further reading===		==Further reading==
	* These [https://wiki.python.org/moin/IntroductoryBooks Introductory Books] are a great resource for beginners looking to learn Python		* These [https://wiki.python.org/moin/IntroductoryBooks Introductory Books] are a great resource for beginners looking to learn Python
	* [https://www.freecodecamp.org/news/what-can-you-do-with-python-the-3-main-applications-518db9a68a78/ What exactly can you do with Python? Here are Python's 3 main applications]: This article provides several examples of industry applications of Python		* [https://www.freecodecamp.org/news/what-can-you-do-with-python-the-3-main-applications-518db9a68a78/ What exactly can you do with Python? Here are Python's 3 main applications]: This article provides several examples of industry applications of Python
	* [https://towardsdatascience.com/how-to-build-your-own-neural-network-from-scratch-in-python-68998a08e4f6 How to build your own Neural Network from scratch in Python] gives a comprehensive guide on applying Python to machine learning		* [https://towardsdatascience.com/how-to-build-your-own-neural-network-from-scratch-in-python-68998a08e4f6 How to build your own Neural Network from scratch in Python] gives a comprehensive guide on applying Python to machine learning

	===External links===		==External links==
	* For a more comprehensive guide with getting Python set up, go to [https://www.python.org/about/gettingstarted/ https://www.python.org/about/gettingstarted/]		* For a more comprehensive guide with getting Python set up, go to [https://www.python.org/about/gettingstarted/ https://www.python.org/about/gettingstarted/]
	* The [https://pypi.org/ Python Package Index] (PyPI) is a repository of community-created Python software packages that can be easily installed and used with Python code		* The [https://pypi.org/ Python Package Index] (PyPI) is a repository of community-created Python software packages that can be easily installed and used with Python code

Btunctan3 at 17:50, 20 April 2024

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 This nested for-loop goes through every element of both of the lists and gives each snack to each student.
 ==Functions==
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   exception occurred
   continue
 ==Connectedness==

Btunctan3 at 17:49, 20 April 2024

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 [https://trinket.io/embed/glowscript/7615a48c5f?start=result GlowScript Simulation]
-In this section, we will analyze some of the objects utilized by VPython. Each object is more or less self-explanatory with equally clear fields within.
+==Functions==
 Functions are code blocks that take in an input and execute some code. They help you organize your code and reduce repetition.
@@ Line 611: / Line 523: @@
 In this example, <code>product</code> stores the return value of the function mult(x, y).
-===Error Handling===
+==Error Handling==
 "Ask for forgiveness, not permission". The try and except statement handles exceptions. Exceptions are errors that happen when you run a program. Sometimes, we want to execute code when an error occurs, and for this, we can use a try and except statement to solve the problems.
-====Exceptions====
+===Exceptions===
 Python has built-in exceptions such as the <code>FileNotFoundError</code>, <code>ImportError</code>, and <code>ZeroDivisionError</code>, If an exception occurs, one of the exceptions will be thrown. Developers will need to deal with the exceptions thrown or the program will crash. This is when the <code>try-catch</code> block is used.
 Here is a sample structure of the <code>try-except</code> block:

Btunctan3: /* Operators */

2024-04-20T17:43:09Z

Operators

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	This will be frequently used in physics simulation models, as variables often needed to be updated in this format.		This will be frequently used in physics simulation models, as variables often needed to be updated in this format.

			===String Concatenation===
			Strings of text can be combined using the <code>+</code> operator.
			a = "hello "
			b = "world"
			c = a + b # combines to "hello world"

			Note that text containing numbers will not be added together. Instead, they will be attached.
			a = "5"
			b = "1"
			c = a + b # combines to "51", not "6"

	===Comparison===		===Comparison===

Btunctan3: /* Exceptions */

2024-04-20T17:37:09Z

Exceptions

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	except Exception:		except Exception:
	<handle the exception>		<handle the exception>
	~~'''~~try~~'''~~: the code that may have an exceptions. If an exception is raised, this block of code immediately terminates and jumps straight into the except block		<code>try</code>: the code that may have an exceptions. If an exception is raised, this block of code immediately terminates and jumps straight into the except block

	~~'''~~except~~'''~~:this block of code executes only if the try block raises an exception. It cannot be on its own and requires a try block before it.		<code>except</code>: this block of code executes only if the try block raises an exception. It cannot be on its own and requires a try block before it.

	~~'''~~else~~'''~~: this block is only executed if no exceptions are raised in the try block.		<code>else</code>: this block is only executed if no exceptions are raised in the try block.

	~~'''~~finally~~'''~~: the code in this block is always executed at the end whether the try block raises an exception or not.		<code>finally</code>: the code in this block is always executed at the end whether the try block raises an exception or not.
	Here is an example code:		Here is some example code:

	def fail():		def fail():
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	finally:		finally:
	print("continue")		print("continue")
	The output of this code is:		The output of this code is as follows:
	exception occurred		exception occurred
	continue		continue

Btunctan3: /* Data and Operatons */

2024-04-20T17:35:42Z

Data and Operatons

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	Functions are code blocks that take in an input and execute some code. They help you organize your code and reduce repetition.		Functions are code blocks that take in an input and execute some code. They help you organize your code and reduce repetition.

	~~====Functions====~~
	A simple example of a function is:		A simple example of a function is:
	def currentYear():		def currentYear():
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	In this example, <code>product</code> stores the return value of the function mult(x, y).		In this example, <code>product</code> stores the return value of the function mult(x, y).

	===~~Lists===~~		===Error Handling===
	~~List is a collection that can hold many variables. Lists can hold all kinds of variables such as integers, floats, characters, texts, and more.~~		"Ask for forgiveness, not permission". The try and except statement handles exceptions. Exceptions are errors that happen when you run a program. Sometimes, we want to execute code when an error occurs, and for this, we can use a try and except statement to solve the problems.

	~~====Empty List====~~
	~~An empty list is a list that contains nothing. We initiate a list by creating an object and letting it equals to a set of empty brackets.~~
	~~list = []~~

	~~====Define List====~~
	~~Other than an empty list, you can create a list that contains numbers:~~
	~~list = [1,2,3,4,5]~~
	~~Or a list that contains characters or strings:~~
	~~list = ['A','B','C']~~
	To access a certain element in the list, you will need to know the index of the character. The index start with 0 and continues to add up. For example, if we need to access <code>B</code> in the second list, you will write this:
	~~char = list[1]~~
	~~print(char)~~

	~~====Add to a List====~~
	~~You can create an empty list and add to it. The print statement will result in [1, 2, 3].~~
	~~list = []~~
	~~list.append(1)~~
	~~list.append(2)~~
	~~list.append(3)~~
	~~print(list)~~

	~~====Accessing a List====~~
	~~You can access a list using indexing. Python begins indexing from 0. The print statement will result in 1.~~
	~~list = [1, 2, 3]~~
	~~print(list[0])~~

	~~===Try and Except~~===
	"Ask for forgiveness, not permission". The try and except statement handles exceptions. Exceptions are ~~error~~ that ~~happens~~ when you run a program. ~~Python~~, ~~unlike other languages that will tell you what the errors are, will just terminate~~ when an error occurs~~. This is bad for the developer because you don't know where to start fixing the error~~ and ~~it is also bad~~ for ~~the user because he or she can no longer use the program. Therefore, instead of letting the program immediately stops~~, we can use a try and except statement to solve the problems.

	====Exceptions====		====Exceptions====
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	except Exception:		except Exception:
	<handle the exception>		<handle the exception>
	'''try''': the code that ~~needs to catch~~ exceptions. If an exception is raised, this block of code immediately terminates and jumps straight into the except block		'''try''': the code that may have an exceptions. If an exception is raised, this block of code immediately terminates and jumps straight into the except block

	'''except''':this block of code executes only if the try block raises an exception. It cannot be on its on and requires a try block before it.		'''except''':this block of code executes only if the try block raises an exception. It cannot be on its own and requires a try block before it.

	'''else''': this block is only executed if no exceptions are raised in the try block.		'''else''': this block is only executed if no exceptions are raised in the try block.
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	'''finally''': the code in this block is always executed at the end whether the try block raises an exception or not.		'''finally''': the code in this block is always executed at the end whether the try block raises an exception or not.
	Here is an example code:		Here is an example code:

	def fail():		def fail():
	1 / 0 #this raises an exception because a number cannot divide by 0		1 / 0 # this raises an exception because a number cannot divide by 0
	try:		try:
	fail()		fail()
	except ZeroDivisionError:		except ZeroDivisionError:
	print("~~exception occurred~~")		print("cannout divide by 0")
	finally:		finally:
	print("continue")		print("continue")

Btunctan3: /* Iterable Data Types */

2024-04-20T17:32:42Z

Iterable Data Types

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	list_list[0][0] # 1		list_list[0][0] # 1
	list_list[2][2] # 9		list_list[2][2] # 9

			Since lists are mutable, they can be updated without having to reassign the list.

			num_list = []
			num_list.append(1)
			num_list.append(2)
			num_list.append(3)
			print(num_list) # [1, 2, 3]


	'''Tuple'''		'''Tuple'''

	Like lists, tuples are also used to store multiple items in a single variable. However, unlike lists, tuples are immutable, meaning that they cannot be changed once created. Tuples are created using ~~parantheses~~. A comma is necessary in the creation of a tuple. Therefore, to create one item, you have to add a comma after the item, otherwise, Python will not recognize it as a tuple.		Like lists, tuples are also used to store multiple items in a single variable. However, unlike lists, tuples are immutable, meaning that they cannot be changed once created. Tuples are created using parentheses. A comma is necessary in the creation of a tuple. Therefore, to create one item, you have to add a comma after the item, otherwise, Python will not recognize it as a tuple.

	Examples of tuples are:		Examples of tuples are:

Btunctan3: /* Nested Loops */

2024-04-20T17:30:36Z

Nested Loops

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	students = ["Sam","Joe","Fred"]		students = ["Sam","Joe","Fred"]
	snacks = ["cookies","chips","candy"]		snacks = ["cookies","chips","candy"]

	for student in students:		for student in students:
	for snack in snacks:		for snack in snacks: