Philipp Lenard - Revision history

Vbalayan3: /* References */

2015-12-04T20:19:44Z

References

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	==References==		==References==

	1. ~~https~~://en.~~wikipedia~~.org/~~wiki~~/~~Rings_of_Saturn#Maxwell_Gap_and_Ringlet~~		1. http://www.nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/physics/laureates/1905/lenard-bio.html

	2. http://~~www~~.~~clerkmaxwellfoundation.org~~/~~html/who_was_maxwell~~-~~.html~~		2. http://theconversation.com/when-science-gets-ugly-the-story-of-philipp-lenard-and-albert-einstein-43165

	3. http://www.~~biography~~.com/~~people~~/~~james~~-c-~~maxwell~~-~~9403463#saturns~~-~~rings~~		3. http://www.rawstory.com/2015/06/when-science-gets-ugly-the-story-of-philipp-lenard-and-albert-einstein/

	4. ~~http~~://~~rsta~~.~~royalsocietypublishing~~.~~org~~/~~content~~/~~366/1871/1717~~		4. hhttp://www.britannica.com/biography/Philipp-Lenard

	5. http://~~rsta~~.~~royalsocietypublishing~~.~~org~~/~~content~~/~~366~~/~~1871~~/~~1849~~		5. http://www.nndb.com/people/441/000099144/

	7. http://~~inthemindseyedyslexicrenaissance~~.~~blogspot~~.~~com/2009~~/08/~~thinking-in-pictures-einstein-and~~.html		7. http://www.einstein-website.de/biographies/lenard_content.html

	[[Category:Notable Scientists]]		[[Category:Notable Scientists]]

Vbalayan3 at 20:17, 4 December 2015

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 Lenard's strong belief and proposition for German physics led him to looking at all other physicists and their theories with great skepticism, especially Albert Einstein. His book, ''Great Men in Science, a History of scientific progress'' clearly showed his dislike for certain scientists. He even used to refer to Einstein as the "Jewish fraud" of relativity.
-[[File:swastika4.jpg|thumb|]]
+[[File:Swastika4.jpg]]
 ==References==

Vbalayan3 at 20:16, 4 December 2015

2015-12-04T20:16:34Z

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	[[File:cathode.jpg\|thumb\|A Crooke's tube. The cathode rays travel in straight lines from the cathode (shown on the left) and strike the wall of the tube (shown on the right), which then makes it glow by fluorescence.]]		[[File:cathode.jpg\|thumb\|A Crooke's tube. The cathode rays travel in straight lines from the cathode (shown on the left) and strike the wall of the tube (shown on the right), which then makes it glow by fluorescence.]]

	===Meteorological ~~findings~~===		===Meteorological Findings===

	Lenard was the first person to study the separation of electric charges that accompanies the aerodynamic break up of droplets of water. This is known as "spray electrification", "the waterfall effect", or the "Lenard effect". Lenard conducted studies that explored the size and shape distributions of raindrops. To do this, he constructed a wind tunnel in which water droplets of different sizes cold be held stationary for a short period of time. This helped him recognize that large raindrops are not tear-drop shaped, but are shaped more like a burger bun.		Lenard was the first person to study the separation of electric charges that accompanies the aerodynamic break up of droplets of water. This is known as "spray electrification", "the waterfall effect", or the "Lenard effect". Lenard conducted studies that explored the size and shape distributions of raindrops. To do this, he constructed a wind tunnel in which water droplets of different sizes cold be held stationary for a short period of time. This helped him recognize that large raindrops are not tear-drop shaped, but are shaped more like a burger bun.
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	[[File:Lenard-e.gi.jpg\|thumb\| A water droplet forms an electric double layer. ]]		[[File:Lenard-e.gi.jpg\|thumb\| A water droplet forms an electric double layer. ]]

	===~~Equations~~===		===Awards===

	~~In a paper titled ''A dynamical theory~~ of ~~the electromagnetic field'', Maxwell strove to make his theories more mathematical and less analogical. His four equations that resulted from this are as follows.~~		Royal Society Rumford Medal- 1896
			Italian Society of Sciences Matteucci Medal- 1896
			French Academy of Sciences Prix La Caze- 1897
			Franklin Institute Franklin Medal- 1932
			Nobel Prize for Physics- 1905

	~~1. Gauss' law for electricity: <math> \oint \overrightarrow{E} \bullet d \overrightarrow{A}~~ = ~~\frac{q} {\epsilon_0}</math>~~		=="Deutsche Physik"==

	2. ~~Gauss~~' ~~law~~ for ~~magnetism: <math> \oint \overrightarrow{B} \bullet d \overrightarrow{A} = 0</math>~~		Lenard was known as a strong German nationalist. He had a strong distaste for "English Physics" because he believed that it stole its ideas from Germany. He was a strong proponent and a member of the National Social Party. Lenard served as the Chief of Aryan physics under Adolf Hilter.
			Lenard's strong belief and proposition for German physics led him to looking at all other physicists and their theories with great skepticism, especially Albert Einstein. His book, ''Great Men in Science, a History of scientific progress'' clearly showed his dislike for certain scientists. He even used to refer to Einstein as the "Jewish fraud" of relativity.

	~~3. Faraday's law of induction: <math> \oint \overrightarrow{E} \bullet \overrightarrow{d s} = -\frac{d \Phi} {dt} </math>~~		[[File:swastika4.jpg\|thumb\|]]

	4. Ampere's law: <math> \oint \overrightarrow{B} \bullet \overrightarrow{d s} = \mu_0i + \frac{1} {c^2} \frac{\partial} {\partial t} \int \overrightarrow{E} \bullet d \overrightarrow{A}</math>

	~~==Use by Other Scientists==~~

	~~Albert Einstein once said "The special theory of relativity owes its origins to Maxwell's equations of the electromagnetic field."~~[~~http~~:~~//www.clerkmaxwellfoundation.org/html/who_was_maxwell-~~.~~html~~] ~~Einstein was said to have a picture of Maxwell on his wall in his study. [http://inthemindseyedyslexicrenaissance.blogspot.com/2009/08/thinking-in-pictures-einstein-and.html~~]

	== See also ==		== See also ==

Vbalayan3 at 18:07, 4 December 2015

2015-12-04T18:07:51Z

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	Lenard was the first person to study the separation of electric charges that accompanies the aerodynamic break up of droplets of water. This is known as "spray electrification", "the waterfall effect", or the "Lenard effect". Lenard conducted studies that explored the size and shape distributions of raindrops. To do this, he constructed a wind tunnel in which water droplets of different sizes cold be held stationary for a short period of time. This helped him recognize that large raindrops are not tear-drop shaped, but are shaped more like a burger bun.		Lenard was the first person to study the separation of electric charges that accompanies the aerodynamic break up of droplets of water. This is known as "spray electrification", "the waterfall effect", or the "Lenard effect". Lenard conducted studies that explored the size and shape distributions of raindrops. To do this, he constructed a wind tunnel in which water droplets of different sizes cold be held stationary for a short period of time. This helped him recognize that large raindrops are not tear-drop shaped, but are shaped more like a burger bun.

	[[File:~~lenard~~-e.gi.jpg\|thumb\| A water droplet forms an electric double layer. ]]		[[File:Lenard-e.gi.jpg\|thumb\| A water droplet forms an electric double layer. ]]

	===Equations===		===Equations===

Vbalayan3 at 18:06, 4 December 2015

2015-12-04T18:06:41Z

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	Lenard was the first person to study the separation of electric charges that accompanies the aerodynamic break up of droplets of water. This is known as "spray electrification", "the waterfall effect", or the "Lenard effect". Lenard conducted studies that explored the size and shape distributions of raindrops. To do this, he constructed a wind tunnel in which water droplets of different sizes cold be held stationary for a short period of time. This helped him recognize that large raindrops are not tear-drop shaped, but are shaped more like a burger bun.		Lenard was the first person to study the separation of electric charges that accompanies the aerodynamic break up of droplets of water. This is known as "spray electrification", "the waterfall effect", or the "Lenard effect". Lenard conducted studies that explored the size and shape distributions of raindrops. To do this, he constructed a wind tunnel in which water droplets of different sizes cold be held stationary for a short period of time. This helped him recognize that large raindrops are not tear-drop shaped, but are shaped more like a burger bun.

	[[File:~~droplets~~.jpg\|thumb\| A water droplet forms an electric double layer. ]]		[[File:lenard-e.gi.jpg\|thumb\| A water droplet forms an electric double layer. ]]

	===Equations===		===Equations===

Vbalayan3 at 18:04, 4 December 2015

2015-12-04T18:04:11Z

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	Lenard was the first person to study the separation of electric charges that accompanies the aerodynamic break up of droplets of water. This is known as "spray electrification", "the waterfall effect", or the "Lenard effect". Lenard conducted studies that explored the size and shape distributions of raindrops. To do this, he constructed a wind tunnel in which water droplets of different sizes cold be held stationary for a short period of time. This helped him recognize that large raindrops are not tear-drop shaped, but are shaped more like a burger bun.		Lenard was the first person to study the separation of electric charges that accompanies the aerodynamic break up of droplets of water. This is known as "spray electrification", "the waterfall effect", or the "Lenard effect". Lenard conducted studies that explored the size and shape distributions of raindrops. To do this, he constructed a wind tunnel in which water droplets of different sizes cold be held stationary for a short period of time. This helped him recognize that large raindrops are not tear-drop shaped, but are shaped more like a burger bun.

	[[File:~~droplet~~.jpg\|thumb\| A water droplet forms an electric double layer. ]]		[[File:droplets.jpg\|thumb\| A water droplet forms an electric double layer. ]]

	===Equations===		===Equations===

Vbalayan3 at 18:01, 4 December 2015

2015-12-04T18:01:13Z

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	Lenard was the first person to study the separation of electric charges that accompanies the aerodynamic break up of droplets of water. This is known as "spray electrification", "the waterfall effect", or the "Lenard effect". Lenard conducted studies that explored the size and shape distributions of raindrops. To do this, he constructed a wind tunnel in which water droplets of different sizes cold be held stationary for a short period of time. This helped him recognize that large raindrops are not tear-drop shaped, but are shaped more like a burger bun.		Lenard was the first person to study the separation of electric charges that accompanies the aerodynamic break up of droplets of water. This is known as "spray electrification", "the waterfall effect", or the "Lenard effect". Lenard conducted studies that explored the size and shape distributions of raindrops. To do this, he constructed a wind tunnel in which water droplets of different sizes cold be held stationary for a short period of time. This helped him recognize that large raindrops are not tear-drop shaped, but are shaped more like a burger bun.

	[[File:droplet ~~copy~~.jpg\|thumb\| A water droplet forms an electric double layer. ]]		[[File:droplet.jpg\|thumb\| A water droplet forms an electric double layer. ]]

	===Equations===		===Equations===

Vbalayan3 at 18:00, 4 December 2015

2015-12-04T18:00:35Z

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	Lenard was the first person to study the separation of electric charges that accompanies the aerodynamic break up of droplets of water. This is known as "spray electrification", "the waterfall effect", or the "Lenard effect". Lenard conducted studies that explored the size and shape distributions of raindrops. To do this, he constructed a wind tunnel in which water droplets of different sizes cold be held stationary for a short period of time. This helped him recognize that large raindrops are not tear-drop shaped, but are shaped more like a burger bun.		Lenard was the first person to study the separation of electric charges that accompanies the aerodynamic break up of droplets of water. This is known as "spray electrification", "the waterfall effect", or the "Lenard effect". Lenard conducted studies that explored the size and shape distributions of raindrops. To do this, he constructed a wind tunnel in which water droplets of different sizes cold be held stationary for a short period of time. This helped him recognize that large raindrops are not tear-drop shaped, but are shaped more like a burger bun.

	[[File:droplet.~~gif~~\|thumb\| A water droplet forms an electric double layer. ]]		[[File:droplet copy.jpg\|thumb\| A water droplet forms an electric double layer. ]]

	===Equations===		===Equations===

Vbalayan3 at 17:58, 4 December 2015

2015-12-04T17:58:33Z

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	[[File:cathode.jpg\|thumb\|A Crooke's tube. The cathode rays travel in straight lines from the cathode (shown on the left) and strike the wall of the tube (shown on the right), which then makes it glow by fluorescence.]]		[[File:cathode.jpg\|thumb\|A Crooke's tube. The cathode rays travel in straight lines from the cathode (shown on the left) and strike the wall of the tube (shown on the right), which then makes it glow by fluorescence.]]

	===~~ElectroMagnetism~~===		===Meteorological findings===

	In the ~~19th century,~~ the ~~connection between electricity and magnets was studied fervently by European scientists after~~ the ~~work~~ of ~~Hans Christian Oersted~~, ~~Jean-Baptiste Biot and Félix Savart highlighted this connection. All of these scientists provided support for Maxwell's work~~, ~~but [[Michael Faraday]] provided~~ the ~~most inspiration for Maxwell in his~~ studies. ~~However~~, ~~Maxwell differed from Faraday~~ in that ~~he looked at the mathematical aspect of his research in addition to the physical aspects~~.		Lenard was the first person to study the separation of electric charges that accompanies the aerodynamic break up of droplets of water. This is known as "spray electrification", "the waterfall effect", or the "Lenard effect". Lenard conducted studies that explored the size and shape distributions of raindrops. To do this, he constructed a wind tunnel in which water droplets of different sizes cold be held stationary for a short period of time. This helped him recognize that large raindrops are not tear-drop shaped, but are shaped more like a burger bun.

	Maxwell's first step towards his electromagnetic theory was in his paper ''On Faraday's lines of force'' (1864), in which he proposed the idea of an incompressible fluid, the flow lines of which could represent the electric or magnetic field or current flow [~~http~~://rsta.royalsocietypublishing.org/content/366/1871/1849]. Here he explained that, in the case of electric fields, sources of the flow lines were positive charges and sinks were negative charges. In his subsequent paper, Maxwell introduced the idea of vortices, small, elastic objects that occupy space and have a small mass. Using this idea, he was able to derive Ampère's circuital law and to provide an explanation of Faraday's law of induction. In his model, these vortices were able to move in a conductor, but not in a dielectric (insulator). However, in a dielectric, the vortices can shift slightly due to an electric ~~field~~.		[[File:droplet.gif\|thumb\| A water droplet forms an electric double layer. ]]

	===Equations===		===Equations===

Vbalayan3 at 17:50, 4 December 2015

2015-12-04T17:50:36Z

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	Lenard actually ended up being a skeptic of Einstein's theories. However, he never went against Einstein's explanation of the photoelectric effect.		Lenard actually ended up being a skeptic of Einstein's theories. However, he never went against Einstein's explanation of the photoelectric effect.

	[[File:cathode.jpg\|thumb\|A Crooke's tube. The cathode rays travel in straight lines from the cathode (shown on the left) and strike the wall of the tube (shown on the right), which then makes it glow by fluorescence~~. [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rings_of_Saturn#Maxwell_Gap_and_Ringlet]~~.]]		[[File:cathode.jpg\|thumb\|A Crooke's tube. The cathode rays travel in straight lines from the cathode (shown on the left) and strike the wall of the tube (shown on the right), which then makes it glow by fluorescence.]]

	===ElectroMagnetism===		===ElectroMagnetism===