Nuclear Fission - Revision history

Hmelton6: More Format Changes

2021-12-02T09:54:48Z

More Format Changes

← Older revision		Revision as of 05:54, 2 December 2021
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	==Examples==		==Examples==

	>> What is the Q-Value of a Deuterium-Deuterium Fusion Reaction(D(D,n)3-HE)?		What is the Q-Value of a Deuterium-Deuterium Fusion Reaction(D(D,n)3-HE)?
	Lets first evaluate the masses of each atom in amu. This is normally given to you either in a reference sheet or in the problem itself.		Lets first evaluate the masses of each atom in amu. This is normally given to you either in a reference sheet or in the problem itself.
	<math>m(D) = 2.014102 amu</math>		::<math>m(D) = 2.014102 amu</math>
	<math>m(n) = 1.008665 amu</math>		::<math>m(n) = 1.008665 amu</math>
	<math>m(3-He) = 3.0160293 amu</math>		::<math>m(3-He) = 3.0160293 amu</math>

	Now we will use the formula given above to solve for Q. Don't forget to put <math>931.5 MeV/amu</math> in place of c^2.		Now we will use the formula given above to solve for Q. Don't forget to put <math> 931.5 MeV/amu </math> in place of <math> c^2</math>.
	::<math>Q = c^2(2*m(D) - m(n) - m(He)</math>		::<math>Q = c^2(2*m(D) - m(n) - m(He)</math>
	::<math>Q = 931.5 Mev/amu*(2(2.014102 amu) - 1.008665 amu - 3.0160293 amu)</math>		::<math>Q = 931.5 Mev/amu*(2(2.014102 amu) - 1.008665 amu - 3.0160293 amu)</math>
	::<math>Q = 3.2693 MeV</math>		::<math>Q = 3.2693 MeV</math>

Hmelton6: Fixing equation format

2021-12-02T09:49:34Z

Fixing equation format

← Older revision		Revision as of 05:49, 2 December 2021
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	The probability that fission will occur at all is dependent on the Microscopic Cross Section(σ) of fission for the particular atom. The Microscopic Cross Section is the area, in barns, that an interaction can occur. An incident neutron will have to hit the atom within this Cross Section for fission, absorption, scattering, or another interaction to occur. A particular atom has a total cross section that is determined by the equation:		The probability that fission will occur at all is dependent on the Microscopic Cross Section(σ) of fission for the particular atom. The Microscopic Cross Section is the area, in barns, that an interaction can occur. An incident neutron will have to hit the atom within this Cross Section for fission, absorption, scattering, or another interaction to occur. A particular atom has a total cross section that is determined by the equation:

	σt = σs + σi + σγ + σf		:: <math>σt = σs + σi + σγ + σf</math>

	The variables are as follows:		The variables are as follows:
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	If a neutron was to interact with a number of atoms, the resulting cross section of all of the atoms is the Macroscopic Cross Section(Σ). The Macroscopic Cross Section is found by taking the total cross section of the atom and multiply it by the atomic density of whatever volume of atoms you desire to interact with. The formula for the Macroscopic Cross Section is as follows:		If a neutron was to interact with a number of atoms, the resulting cross section of all of the atoms is the Macroscopic Cross Section(Σ). The Macroscopic Cross Section is found by taking the total cross section of the atom and multiply it by the atomic density of whatever volume of atoms you desire to interact with. The formula for the Macroscopic Cross Section is as follows:

	Σ=σ*N		::<math>\Sigma = \sigma * N</math>

	'''Q-Value'''		'''Q-Value'''

	The quantity of energy that is released during a reaction is dependent, at it's core, on the equation E = mc^2. More specifically, the energy gained or lost in a reaction is known as the Q-Value and is found using the equation Q = (Kinetic Energy: initial) - (Kinetic Energy: Final) = c^2(rest mass: initial - rest mass: final).		The quantity of energy that is released during a reaction is dependent, at it's core, on the equation <math>E = mc^2</math>. More specifically, the energy gained or lost in a reaction is known as the Q-Value and is found using the equation:
			::<math>Q = (Kinetic Energy: initial) - (Kinetic Energy: Final) = c^2(rest mass: initial - rest mass: final)</math>

	Therefore, if you had a reaction x + X = Y + y, Q = c^2(m(x) + m(X) - m(Y) - m(y)).		Therefore, if you had a reaction <math>x + X = Y + y, Q = c^2(m(x) + m(X) - m(Y) - m(y))</math>.

	Often, when working with amu(atomic mass units), we can replace c^2 with the equivalent 931.5 MeV/amu.		Often, when working with amu(atomic mass units), we can replace <math>c^2</math> with the equivalent 931.5 MeV/amu.

	===A Computational Model===		===A Computational Model===
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	>> What is the Q-Value of a Deuterium-Deuterium Fusion Reaction(D(D,n)3-HE)?		>> What is the Q-Value of a Deuterium-Deuterium Fusion Reaction(D(D,n)3-HE)?
	Lets first evaluate the masses of each atom in amu. This is normally given to you either in a reference sheet or in the problem itself.		Lets first evaluate the masses of each atom in amu. This is normally given to you either in a reference sheet or in the problem itself.
	m(D) = 2.014102 amu		<math>m(D) = 2.014102 amu</math>
	m(n) = 1.008665 amu		<math>m(n) = 1.008665 amu</math>
	m(3-He) = 3.0160293 amu		<math>m(3-He) = 3.0160293 amu</math>

	Now we will use the formula given above to solve for Q. Don't forget to put 931.5 MeV/amu in place of c^2.		Now we will use the formula given above to solve for Q. Don't forget to put <math>931.5 MeV/amu</math> in place of c^2.
	Q = c^2(2*m(D) - m(n) - m(He)		::<math>Q = c^2(2*m(D) - m(n) - m(He)</math>
	= 931.5 Mev/amu*(2(2.014102 amu) - 1.008665 amu - 3.0160293 amu)		::<math>Q = 931.5 Mev/amu*(2(2.014102 amu) - 1.008665 amu - 3.0160293 amu)</math>
	= 3.2693 MeV		::<math>Q = 3.2693 MeV</math>

Hmelton6 at 09:40, 2 December 2021

2021-12-02T09:40:42Z

← Older revision		Revision as of 05:40, 2 December 2021
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	Soon after the discovery of Hahn and his assistant, in a basement at the University of Chicago, Enrico Fermi and his team developed the first nuclear reactor. Their experiment, being the first chain reaction of a fissile material, took advantage of the use of moderators to slow the neutrons, thus increasing the probability that fission will occur.		Soon after the discovery of Hahn and his assistant, in a basement at the University of Chicago, Enrico Fermi and his team developed the first nuclear reactor. Their experiment, being the first chain reaction of a fissile material, took advantage of the use of moderators to slow the neutrons, thus increasing the probability that fission will occur.

	==Fission Weapons==		===Fission Weapons===
	Nuclear fission's potential to release large amounts of energy was inevitably utilized for the creation of powerful weaponry by atomic scientists. The bombs created by this process are referred to as nuclear bombs. While development of these weapons still persists today, these weapons have been deployed only twice, with both instances occurring during the Second World War.		Nuclear fission's potential to release large amounts of energy was inevitably utilized for the creation of powerful weaponry by atomic scientists. The bombs created by this process are referred to as nuclear bombs. While development of these weapons still persists today, these weapons have been deployed only twice, with both instances occurring during the Second World War.

	~~===Early Versions===~~
	The first and only atom bombs to be deployed were both developed in the mid-1900s. These weapons were given the nicknames of "Little Boy" and "Fat Man". While both American-made, these two weapons were distinct from each other in both their chosen "nuclear fuel" and their overall design concept. While there are several elements that can undergo nuclear fission, the most commonly used are Uranium-235 and Plutonium-239. These uranium and plutonium isotopes were the chosen fuel of the Little Boy and Fat Man bombs respectively. To detonate, in both cases, the nuclear mass within the bomb would have to reach a point of critical mass. Reaching critical mass effectively required unique approaches for the different elements.		The first and only atom bombs to be deployed were both developed in the mid-1900s. These weapons were given the nicknames of "Little Boy" and "Fat Man". While both American-made, these two weapons were distinct from each other in both their chosen "nuclear fuel" and their overall design concept. While there are several elements that can undergo nuclear fission, the most commonly used are Uranium-235 and Plutonium-239. These uranium and plutonium isotopes were the chosen fuel of the Little Boy and Fat Man bombs respectively. To detonate, in both cases, the nuclear mass within the bomb would have to reach a point of critical mass. Reaching critical mass effectively required unique approaches for the different elements.

Hmelton6: Early Fission Weapon info added

2021-12-02T09:33:06Z

Early Fission Weapon info added

← Older revision		Revision as of 05:33, 2 December 2021
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	Soon after the discovery of Hahn and his assistant, in a basement at the University of Chicago, Enrico Fermi and his team developed the first nuclear reactor. Their experiment, being the first chain reaction of a fissile material, took advantage of the use of moderators to slow the neutrons, thus increasing the probability that fission will occur.		Soon after the discovery of Hahn and his assistant, in a basement at the University of Chicago, Enrico Fermi and his team developed the first nuclear reactor. Their experiment, being the first chain reaction of a fissile material, took advantage of the use of moderators to slow the neutrons, thus increasing the probability that fission will occur.

			==Fission Weapons==
			Nuclear fission's potential to release large amounts of energy was inevitably utilized for the creation of powerful weaponry by atomic scientists. The bombs created by this process are referred to as nuclear bombs. While development of these weapons still persists today, these weapons have been deployed only twice, with both instances occurring during the Second World War.

			===Early Versions===
			The first and only atom bombs to be deployed were both developed in the mid-1900s. These weapons were given the nicknames of "Little Boy" and "Fat Man". While both American-made, these two weapons were distinct from each other in both their chosen "nuclear fuel" and their overall design concept. While there are several elements that can undergo nuclear fission, the most commonly used are Uranium-235 and Plutonium-239. These uranium and plutonium isotopes were the chosen fuel of the Little Boy and Fat Man bombs respectively. To detonate, in both cases, the nuclear mass within the bomb would have to reach a point of critical mass. Reaching critical mass effectively required unique approaches for the different elements.

			For the Uraninum-235 to reach critical mass in the Little Boy bomb, a collision method was used. The process involved two smaller amounts of Uranium-235, initially set apart from each other. To then reach critical mass, one set of Uranium-235 was fired at the other, setting off a chain-reaction. The reason why this approach couldn't be used for the Plutonium-239-based Fat Man bomb was due to the higher fission rate of the Plutonium-239. The collision method was unable to combine the masses quickly enough. Instead, scientists relied on the proportional relationship between density and mass, mass being the product of density and volume. In the Fat Man bomb, explosives were placed around the Plutonium-239 to allow for rapid compression.

	== See also ==		== See also ==

Hmelton6 at 06:34, 2 December 2021

2021-12-02T06:34:53Z

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	~~This topic is claimed~~ by ~~qmurphy3 NO3 Schatz. Edited by William Walter~~(~~Spring 2017~~).		'''Claimed by Harrison Melton (Fall 2021).
			'''
	Nuclear fission is the process of splitting up an atom into multiple parts. This occurs spontaneously in the form of radioactive decay or artificially with the inclusion of neutrons into an environment of fissionable matter.		Nuclear fission is the process of splitting up an atom into multiple parts. This occurs spontaneously in the form of radioactive decay or artificially with the inclusion of neutrons into an environment of fissionable matter.
	==The Main Idea==		==The Main Idea==

Wwalter3: /* Examples */

2017-04-10T03:32:58Z

Examples

← Older revision		Revision as of 23:32, 9 April 2017
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	Nuclear power plants like these are found in various countries all over the globe. They work by heating water to boiling with nuclear fission. The water turns to steam and turns turbines, generating electricity.		Nuclear power plants like these are found in various countries all over the globe. They work by heating water to boiling with nuclear fission. The water turns to steam and turns turbines, generating electricity.


	[[File:NuclearPowerPlant2.png]]		[[File:NuclearPowerPlant2.png]]


	Below is a diagram illustrating a BWR(Boiling Water Reactor) and how they generate electricity with nuclear fission and water.		Below is a diagram illustrating a BWR(Boiling Water Reactor) and how they generate electricity with nuclear fission and water.


	[[File:BoilingWaterReactor.gif]]		[[File:BoilingWaterReactor.gif]]


	Below is a diagram illustrating a PWR(Pressurized Water Reactor) and how they generate electricity with nuclear fission and water.		Below is a diagram illustrating a PWR(Pressurized Water Reactor) and how they generate electricity with nuclear fission and water.


	[[File:Pressurized Water Reactor.jpg]]		[[File:Pressurized Water Reactor.jpg]]

Wwalter3: /* Examples */

2017-04-10T03:32:33Z

Examples

← Older revision		Revision as of 23:32, 9 April 2017
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	[[File:BoilingWaterReactor.gif]]		[[File:BoilingWaterReactor.gif]]

			Below is a diagram illustrating a PWR(Pressurized Water Reactor) and how they generate electricity with nuclear fission and water.

	[[File:Pressurized Water Reactor.jpg]]		[[File:Pressurized Water Reactor.jpg]]

Wwalter3: /* Examples */

2017-04-10T03:31:46Z

Examples

← Older revision		Revision as of 23:31, 9 April 2017
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	Now we will use the formula given above to solve for Q. Don't forget to put 931.5 MeV/amu in place of c^2.		Now we will use the formula given above to solve for Q. Don't forget to put 931.5 MeV/amu in place of c^2.
	Q = c^2(2*m(D) - m(n) - m(He)		Q = c^2(2*m(D) - m(n) - m(He)
	= 931.~~5Mev~~/amu(2(2.014102 amu) - 1.008665 amu - 3.0160293 amu)		= 931.5 Mev/amu*(2(2.014102 amu) - 1.008665 amu - 3.0160293 amu)
	= 3.2693 MeV		= 3.2693 MeV

Wwalter3 at 03:31, 10 April 2017

2017-04-10T03:31:05Z

← Older revision		Revision as of 23:31, 9 April 2017
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	This topic is claimed by qmurphy3 NO3 Schatz. Edited by William Walter(Spring 2017).		This topic is claimed by qmurphy3 NO3 Schatz. Edited by William Walter(Spring 2017).

	Nuclear fission is the process of splitting up an atom into multiple parts. This occurs spontaneously in the form of radioactive decay.		Nuclear fission is the process of splitting up an atom into multiple parts. This occurs spontaneously in the form of radioactive decay or artificially with the inclusion of neutrons into an environment of fissionable matter.
	==The Main Idea==		==The Main Idea==
	Nuclear fission is the process of the nucleus of an atom splitting into multiple smaller parts and, in doing so, releasing a quantity of energy. This process can happen naturally in the form of radioactive decay or in a nuclear reaction. Nuclear fission by radioactive decay is a natural process whereby a nucleus that is very big and unstable spontaneously breaks apart into two or three smaller nuclei and emitting particles such as neurons and gamma radiation in the process. Radioactive decay is very uncommon amongst most large molecules but does happen naturally for Uranium-235 and Plutonium-239, both of which are isotopes. Uranium-235 fissions when gains extra neurons that trigger its decay. The two substituents that form from the split atom have a mass that is about one tenth of one percent less mass than that of the original atom. Nuclear fission by nuclear reaction occurs when one nucleus collides with either another nucleus or a particle causing the nucleus to break apart into other smaller nuclei and releasing particles and gamma radiation. This can cause chain reactions whereby particles emitted when one nucleus fissions go on to collide with other nuclei and cause them to fission which releases more particles that go on to collide with even more nuclei. Nuclear fission reactions are typically managed to produce a standard and controlled reaction (such as the process to produce electricity) but when it is not managed it results in a dangerous and uncontrollable release of energy (such as the atomic bomb).		Nuclear fission is the process of the nucleus of an atom splitting into multiple smaller parts and, in doing so, releasing a quantity of energy. This process can happen naturally in the form of radioactive decay or in a nuclear reaction. Nuclear fission by radioactive decay is a natural process whereby a nucleus that is very big and unstable spontaneously breaks apart into two or three smaller nuclei and emitting particles such as neurons and gamma radiation in the process. Radioactive decay is very uncommon amongst most large molecules but does happen naturally for Uranium-235 and Plutonium-239, both of which are isotopes. Uranium-235 fissions when gains extra neurons that trigger its decay. The two substituents that form from the split atom have a mass that is about one tenth of one percent less mass than that of the original atom. Nuclear fission by nuclear reaction occurs when one nucleus collides with either another nucleus or a particle causing the nucleus to break apart into other smaller nuclei and releasing particles and gamma radiation. This can cause chain reactions whereby particles emitted when one nucleus fissions go on to collide with other nuclei and cause them to fission which releases more particles that go on to collide with even more nuclei. Nuclear fission reactions are typically managed to produce a standard and controlled reaction (such as the process to produce electricity) but when it is not managed it results in a dangerous and uncontrollable release of energy (such as the atomic bomb).

Wwalter3: /* References */

2017-04-10T02:39:45Z

References

← Older revision		Revision as of 22:39, 9 April 2017
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	==References==		==References==
	Chabay, Ruth W., and Bruce A. Sherwood. "Chapter 10: Collisions." Matter & Interactions. Fourth Edition ed. Wiley, 2015. 261. Print.		Chabay, Ruth W., and Bruce A. Sherwood. "Chapter 10: Collisions." Matter & Interactions. Fourth Edition ed. Wiley, 2015. 261. Print.
	http://hyperphysics.phy-astr.gsu.edu/hbase/nucene/fission.html		http://hyperphysics.phy-astr.gsu.edu/hbase/nucene/fission.html
	http://ieer.org/resource/factsheets/basics-nuclear-physics-fission/		http://ieer.org/resource/factsheets/basics-nuclear-physics-fission/
	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nuclear_fission		https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nuclear_fission
	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Otto_Hahn		https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Otto_Hahn
	http://chemed.chem.purdue.edu/genchem/topicreview/bp/ch23/fission.php		http://chemed.chem.purdue.edu/genchem/topicreview/bp/ch23/fission.php
	https://www.aps.org/publications/apsnews/200712/physicshistory.cfm		https://www.aps.org/publications/apsnews/200712/physicshistory.cfm
	https://www.iaea.org/newscenter/news/pioneering-nuclear-science-discovery-nuclear-fission		https://www.iaea.org/newscenter/news/pioneering-nuclear-science-discovery-nuclear-fission

	http://www.world-nuclear.org/		http://www.world-nuclear.org/
	http://www.nuclear-power.net/nuclear-power/reactor-physics/nuclear-engineering-fundamentals/neutron-nuclear-reactions/atomic-number-density/		http://www.nuclear-power.net/nuclear-power/reactor-physics/nuclear-engineering-fundamentals/neutron-nuclear-reactions/atomic-number-density/

	[[Category:Which Category did you place this in?]]		[[Category:Which Category did you place this in?]]