Kinds of Matter - Revision history

Mshikhalieva3 at 03:56, 29 April 2026

2026-04-29T03:56:45Z

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	===Solids===		===Solids===
	~~Solids are a class of matter that retain their~~ shape and size ~~even when not confined by a container and occupy a specific volume~~. ~~They~~ are ~~difficult to deform because~~ they are ~~resistant~~ to ~~changes in shape~~ or ~~volume. The molecules in a solid are generally packed together as much as possible to the extent that the repulsive forces between the molecules allow~~.
	When a solid is heated ~~or when energy is transferred to a solid~~, ~~the~~ molecules gain ~~kinetic~~ energy and ~~eventually overcome the intermolecular forces of attraction that hold them in place~~. ~~If enough kinetic energy is gained, the~~ solid ~~enters~~ a ~~phase change where the~~ solid can ~~become~~ a gas ~~or a liquid~~.		A solid keeps its own shape and size. The molecules are packed tightly and can only vibrate in place - they cannot move around freely. This is why solids are hard to compress or bend.

			When a solid is heated enough, its molecules gain energy and break free. The solid then melts into a liquid. Ice melts at 0 degrees Celsius. A solid can also skip the liquid phase and turn directly into a gas - this is called sublimation. Dry ice (solid CO2) does this at room temperature.

	[[File:solid1.png\|thumb\|Visualization of the molecular arrangement of a solid.]]		[[File:solid1.png\|thumb\|Visualization of the molecular arrangement of a solid.]]
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	===Liquid===		===Liquid===
	Liquid is a phase of matter that can flow, change its shape, and take the shape of its container that it is placed within. Liquids are not easily compressed and maintain a relatively fixed volume. Liquids are made up of molecules that are close together like a solid but lack a defined arrangement as a result of weaker intermolecular forces of attraction. The molecules are able to vibrate, move, and slide past each other in a liquid, which is what allows for changes in shape.

			A liquid flows and takes the shape of its container, but keeps a fixed volume. Molecules in a liquid are close together but can slide past each other, which is why liquids can pour.

			Liquids stay together because of cohesive forces - attractions between molecules of the same substance. When a liquid gains enough energy, it turns into a gas. This is called evaporation. Water boils at 100 degrees Celsius.
	[[File:liquid.png\|thumb\|Molecular arrangement of a liquid.]]		[[File:liquid.png\|thumb\|Molecular arrangement of a liquid.]]



	While particles of gas bounce everywhere and disperse, liquids remain together due to intermolecular forces called cohesive (sticky) forces that act to pull the molecules together. These attractive forces exist between molecules of the same substance and resist separation of a liquid. The liquid can overcome these cohesive forces when the weight (force applied) reaches a certain point.		While particles of gas bounce everywhere and disperse, liquids remain together due to intermolecular forces called cohesive (sticky) forces that act to pull the molecules together. These attractive forces exist between molecules of the same substance and resist separation of a liquid. The liquid can overcome these cohesive forces when the weight (force applied) reaches a certain point.
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	===Gas===		===Gas===
	A gas is a sample of matter that has no definitive shape much like a liquid, but expand to occupy the entire available volume. The molecules in the gaseous state move freely among each other and packed more loosely than the molecules of the same substance in the solid or liquid state. This state of matter is what exists between the liquid and plasma phase, and is usually invisible to the human eye due to the large separation between the molecules. Gases have looser intermolecular bonds than liquids and solids and these bonds exist due to electrostatic interactions between the gas particles where like-charged areas repel and opposite-charged areas attract.

	~~When energy is taken~~ out ~~of a gaseous phase~~, ~~the molecules lose kinetic energy~~ and ~~stop colliding as much~~. ~~The process in which~~ a gas ~~becomes~~ a liquid is called condensation ~~and occurs at the same temperature as the boiling point~~. A gas can directly ~~turn~~ into ~~a solid through a process called deposition. An example of this is when CO2 in air sometimes freezes to directly become~~ a solid, skipping ~~over~~ the liquid phase.		A gas has no fixed shape or volume - it spreads out to fill any container. Gas molecules move freely and are far apart from each other. Examples include oxygen, helium, and water vapor.

			When a gas loses energy, it can turn into a liquid. This is called condensation. A gas can also turn directly into a solid, skipping the liquid phase - this is called deposition.

	===Plasma===		===Plasma===

Mshikhalieva3 at 03:50, 29 April 2026

2026-04-29T03:50:40Z

← Older revision		Revision as of 23:50, 28 April 2026
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	==The Main Idea==		==The Main Idea==

	No matter how how big or small the matter, physics can be applied to all objects. States of matter are differentiated or determined by significant changes that occur due to the alteration of an important property such as specific heat capacity, pressure, or temperature. Specific heat capacity is the heat required to raise the temperature of a unit mass by a given amount (usually by one degree). Pressure is a continuous physical force exerted on or against an object and temperature is the degree of heat present in a substance or object. In different states of matter, things only move from one phase to another through physical means and not chemical where the same chemical properties of the substance is the same.

	~~All matter~~ is made ~~of atoms or molecules. To understand the properties~~ of matter ~~around us we look at atomic properties and interactions~~. ~~Atomic interactions~~ can ~~be attributed to the attractive and repulsive forces due to the~~ different ~~parts of an atom which~~ are~~: protons~~, ~~electrons~~, and ~~neutrons~~. ~~Protons are positively charged particles~~, ~~electrons~~ are ~~negative,~~ and ~~neutrons~~ have ~~no charge~~. ~~Protons and neutrons make up~~ a small, dense center called a nucleus. Around the nucleus are electrons~~, whose~~ negative ~~forces are attracted to the positive center~~.		Matter is any substance that has mass and takes up space. Everything around us is made of matter. Matter can exist in different states, also called phases. The four common states are solid, liquid, gas, and plasma. A fifth rare state is the Bose-Einstein condensate.

			Matter moves from one state to another through physical changes, not chemical ones. The substance stays the same - only how its molecules are arranged and how much energy they have changes. These changes are caused by temperature or pressure.

			All matter is made of atoms. Each atom has a small dense center called a nucleus, made of protons (positive charge) and neutrons (no charge). Around the nucleus are electrons (negative charge).

	===Solids===		===Solids===
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	Anything that has mass is made up of matter-- it is essential to almost everything that exists in the universe. The different kinds of matter are important to understanding how physics can be applied to everyday life. It helps connect the misunderstood atomic and subatomic level to something that everyone can understand. More advanced physics will correlate atomic bonds to springs, a juxtaposition that helps explain a complex interaction with a simple explanation.		Anything that has mass is made up of matter-- it is essential to almost everything that exists in the universe. The different kinds of matter are important to understanding how physics can be applied to everyday life. It helps connect the misunderstood atomic and subatomic level to something that everyone can understand. More advanced physics will correlate atomic bonds to springs, a juxtaposition that helps explain a complex interaction with a simple explanation.

	[[File:~~States~~-of-matter.jpg\|~~left~~\|~~thumb\|400px~~\|The change in between matters.]]		[[File:states-of-matter.jpg\|frame\|right\|The change in between matters.]]

	==History==		==History==

Mshikhalieva3 at 03:28, 29 April 2026

2026-04-29T03:28:55Z

← Older revision		Revision as of 23:28, 28 April 2026
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	Anything that has mass is made up of matter-- it is essential to almost everything that exists in the universe. The different kinds of matter are important to understanding how physics can be applied to everyday life. It helps connect the misunderstood atomic and subatomic level to something that everyone can understand. More advanced physics will correlate atomic bonds to springs, a juxtaposition that helps explain a complex interaction with a simple explanation.		Anything that has mass is made up of matter-- it is essential to almost everything that exists in the universe. The different kinds of matter are important to understanding how physics can be applied to everyday life. It helps connect the misunderstood atomic and subatomic level to something that everyone can understand. More advanced physics will correlate atomic bonds to springs, a juxtaposition that helps explain a complex interaction with a simple explanation.

	[[File:~~states~~-of-matter.jpg\|left\|thumb\|The change in between matters.]]		[[File:States-of-matter.jpg\|left\|thumb\|400px\|The change in between matters.]]

	==History==		==History==

Mshikhalieva3 at 03:23, 29 April 2026

2026-04-29T03:23:44Z

← Older revision		Revision as of 23:23, 28 April 2026
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	Anything that has mass is made up of matter-- it is essential to almost everything that exists in the universe. The different kinds of matter are important to understanding how physics can be applied to everyday life. It helps connect the misunderstood atomic and subatomic level to something that everyone can understand. More advanced physics will correlate atomic bonds to springs, a juxtaposition that helps explain a complex interaction with a simple explanation.		Anything that has mass is made up of matter-- it is essential to almost everything that exists in the universe. The different kinds of matter are important to understanding how physics can be applied to everyday life. It helps connect the misunderstood atomic and subatomic level to something that everyone can understand. More advanced physics will correlate atomic bonds to springs, a juxtaposition that helps explain a complex interaction with a simple explanation.

	[[File:states-of-matter.jpg]]		[[File:states-of-matter.jpg\|left\|thumb\|The change in between matters.]]

	==History==		==History==

Mshikhalieva3 at 03:17, 29 April 2026

2026-04-29T03:17:31Z

← Older revision		Revision as of 23:17, 28 April 2026
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	===Liquid===		===Liquid===
	Examples: water~~, wine~~, coffee, blood, rubbing alcohol		Examples: water, coffee, blood, rubbing alcohol

	[[File:water.png\|frameless]]		[[File:water.png\|frameless]]
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	Anything that has mass is made up of matter-- it is essential to almost everything that exists in the universe. The different kinds of matter are important to understanding how physics can be applied to everyday life. It helps connect the misunderstood atomic and subatomic level to something that everyone can understand. More advanced physics will correlate atomic bonds to springs, a juxtaposition that helps explain a complex interaction with a simple explanation.		Anything that has mass is made up of matter-- it is essential to almost everything that exists in the universe. The different kinds of matter are important to understanding how physics can be applied to everyday life. It helps connect the misunderstood atomic and subatomic level to something that everyone can understand. More advanced physics will correlate atomic bonds to springs, a juxtaposition that helps explain a complex interaction with a simple explanation.

			[[File:states-of-matter.jpg]]

	==History==		==History==

Mshikhalieva3 at 22:21, 28 April 2026

2026-04-28T22:21:15Z

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	Claimed by ~~Kristen Sparks~~		Claimed by Mumina Shikhalieva (editing in progress)

	'''Claimed by ~~Pranusha Atuluru~~ (~~Fall 16~~)'''		'''Claimed by Mumina Shikhalieva (Spring 2026)'''

	This topic covers the Different Kinds of Matter.		This topic covers the Different Kinds of Matter.

Bbreer6: /* History */

2019-06-01T19:38:49Z

History

← Older revision		Revision as of 15:38, 1 June 2019
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	==History==		==History==

	The first theories on atomic and subatomic particles began with J. J. Thompson in 1897, when he discovered electrons. An idea made the scientific community realize that atoms were not the smallest particles of matter. Then in 1909 Ernest Rutherford started experimenting with gold and alpha particles, and experiment ~~that~~ lead to the discovery of nuclei.		The first theories on atomic and subatomic particles began with J. J. Thompson in 1897, when he discovered electrons. An idea made the scientific community realize that atoms were not the smallest particles of matter. Then, in 1909, Ernest Rutherford started experimenting with gold and alpha particles, and this experiment lead to the discovery of nuclei, further developing the atomic theory.

	These fundamental discoveries lead to the deep understanding of the atomic world that scientists have today. Without them the properties of matter and physics would be a grayer area of science.		These fundamental discoveries lead to the deep understanding of the atomic world that scientists have today. Without them, the properties of matter and physics would be a grayer area of science.

	== See also ==		== See also ==

Bbreer6: /* Plasma */

2019-06-01T19:36:30Z

Plasma

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	There are two ways by which a gas can be converted into plasma: 1) either from a huge voltage difference between two points, or 2) exposing it to extremely high temperatures. Heating matter to high temperatures or exposing it to a huge voltage difference causes electrons to leave the atoms, resulting in the presence of free electrons. These free floating charged particles contributes to plasma being electrically conductive.		There are two ways by which a gas can be converted into plasma: 1) either from a huge voltage difference between two points, or 2) exposing it to extremely high temperatures. Heating matter to high temperatures or exposing it to a huge voltage difference causes electrons to leave the atoms, resulting in the presence of free electrons. These free floating charged particles contributes to plasma being electrically conductive.

	One of the prime examples of plasma is the solar wind that bombards planets and moons in the Solar System. In the Jovian system, bombarding solar wind, also referred to as ambient thermal plasma, results in local ~~inhomogeities~~ in the electromagnetic fields surrounding icy moons. These local perturbations have resulted in an induced dipole field in some of these icy moons, notably Europa and Callisto. The maintenance of these induced dipoles suggests the presence of an electrically-conducting subsurface ocean. These discoveries would not have been possible without the use of plasma detection and analysis, as well as the properties of plasmas themselves!		One of the prime examples of plasma is the solar wind that bombards planets and moons in the Solar System. In the Jovian system, bombarding solar wind, also referred to as ambient thermal plasma, results in local inhomogeneities in the electromagnetic fields surrounding icy moons. These local perturbations have resulted in an induced dipole field in some of these icy moons, notably Europa and Callisto. The maintenance of these induced dipoles suggests the presence of an electrically-conducting subsurface ocean. These discoveries would not have been possible without the use of plasma detection and analysis, as well as the properties of plasmas themselves!

	===Bose-Einstein Condensate===		===Bose-Einstein Condensate===

Bbreer6: /* Plasma */

2019-06-01T19:35:54Z

Plasma

← Older revision		Revision as of 15:35, 1 June 2019
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	There are two ways by which a gas can be converted into plasma: 1) either from a huge voltage difference between two points, or 2) exposing it to extremely high temperatures. Heating matter to high temperatures or exposing it to a huge voltage difference causes electrons to leave the atoms, resulting in the presence of free electrons. These free floating charged particles contributes to plasma being electrically conductive.		There are two ways by which a gas can be converted into plasma: 1) either from a huge voltage difference between two points, or 2) exposing it to extremely high temperatures. Heating matter to high temperatures or exposing it to a huge voltage difference causes electrons to leave the atoms, resulting in the presence of free electrons. These free floating charged particles contributes to plasma being electrically conductive.

			One of the prime examples of plasma is the solar wind that bombards planets and moons in the Solar System. In the Jovian system, bombarding solar wind, also referred to as ambient thermal plasma, results in local inhomogeities in the electromagnetic fields surrounding icy moons. These local perturbations have resulted in an induced dipole field in some of these icy moons, notably Europa and Callisto. The maintenance of these induced dipoles suggests the presence of an electrically-conducting subsurface ocean. These discoveries would not have been possible without the use of plasma detection and analysis, as well as the properties of plasmas themselves!

	===Bose-Einstein Condensate===		===Bose-Einstein Condensate===

Bbreer6: /* Liquid */

2019-06-01T19:28:22Z

Liquid

← Older revision		Revision as of 15:28, 1 June 2019
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	===Liquid===		===Liquid===
	Liquid is a phase of matter that can flow, change its shape, and ~~eventually~~ take the shape of ~~the~~ container that it is placed within. ~~It is~~ not ~~very compressible~~ and ~~maintains~~ a relatively fixed volume. Liquids are made up of molecules that are close together like a solid, but ~~they do not have~~ a defined arrangement. The molecules are able to vibrate, move and slide past each other in a liquid, which is what allows for changes in shape.		Liquid is a phase of matter that can flow, change its shape, and take the shape of its container that it is placed within. Liquids are not easily compressed and maintain a relatively fixed volume. Liquids are made up of molecules that are close together like a solid but lack a defined arrangement as a result of weaker intermolecular forces of attraction. The molecules are able to vibrate, move, and slide past each other in a liquid, which is what allows for changes in shape.

	[[File:liquid.png\|thumb\|~~This is how the molecules are arranged in~~ a liquid.]]		[[File:liquid.png\|thumb\|Molecular arrangement of a liquid.]]

	~~Gases~~ bounce everywhere and ~~spread out but many~~ liquids ~~want to stick~~ together due to intermolecular forces called cohesive (sticky) forces that act to pull the molecules together. These attractive forces exist between molecules of the same substance and resist separation of a liquid. The liquid can overcome these cohesive forces when the weight reaches a certain point.		While particles of gas bounce everywhere and disperse, liquids remain together due to intermolecular forces called cohesive (sticky) forces that act to pull the molecules together. These attractive forces exist between molecules of the same substance and resist separation of a liquid. The liquid can overcome these cohesive forces when the weight (force applied) reaches a certain point.

	When a liquid, the molecules ~~within it~~ gain kinetic energy much like the molecules in a solid. When the molecules gain enough energy, the liquid is able to phase change into a gas through a process called evaporation. The temperature at which a liquid becomes a gas is called boiling point. For example, the boiling point of liquid water is 100 degrees Celsius.		When in a liquid phase, the molecules gain kinetic energy much like the molecules in a solid. When the molecules gain enough energy, the liquid is able to phase change into a gas through a process called evaporation. The temperature at which a liquid becomes a gas is called the boiling point. For example, the boiling point of liquid water is 100 degrees Celsius.

	===Gas===		===Gas===