Johannes Diderik van der Waals - Revision history

Shaniaoke10: /* Connectedness */

2015-12-05T18:28:18Z

Connectedness

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	==Connectedness==		==Connectedness==
	~~#How is this topic connected to something that you are interested~~ in?
	~~#How is it connected~~ to ~~your major?~~		Johannes Diderik van der Waals and more importantly, his equation, play a big role in the field of chemistry (my current major). Much of scientists' understanding of chemistry relies on the basis of thermodynamics-the topics which van der Waals focused on throughout most of his scientific career. Chemical thermodynamics focuses on the relationship between heat, work, physical changes of state, and chemical reactions within the parameters outlined by the Laws of Thermodynamics. Chemical thermodynamics can be applied both in a lab setting as well as from a mathematical viewpoint. The van der Waals equation helps us to understand chemical reactions through mathematical application and deepens our understanding of the spontaneity of chemical processes. The equation accounts for the behavior of real gases and liquids through the relationship between pressure, volume, moles, and temperature of a substance.
	~~#Is there an interesting industrial~~ application?

	==References==		==References==

Shaniaoke10: /* Honors */

2015-12-05T18:07:08Z

Honors

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	Van der Waal forces describe both the attractive and repulsive forces between molecules that are neither covalently bonded nor present electrostatic interactions. These forces can be found between atoms, molecules, surfaces, and other intermolecular forces. These molecules bond together because of differing polarities rather than through covalent or ionic bonding.		Van der Waal forces describe both the attractive and repulsive forces between molecules that are neither covalently bonded nor present electrostatic interactions. These forces can be found between atoms, molecules, surfaces, and other intermolecular forces. These molecules bond together because of differing polarities rather than through covalent or ionic bonding.

	===Honors===		===Honors and Distinctions===

	In addition to winning the Nobel Prize in Physics in 1910, van der Waals received many different honors and distinctions. The University of Cambridge awarded him an honorary doctorate. He was an honorary member of three different societies - the Imperial Society of Naturalists of Moscow, the Royal Irish Academy, and the American Philosophical Society, a corresponding member of two academies - the ''Institut de France'' and the Royal Academy of Sciences of Berlin, an associate member of the Royal Academy of Sciences of Belgium, and a foreign member of three societies – the Chemical Society of London, the U.S. National Academy of Sciences, and Rome’s ''Accademia dei Lincei''. In 1875, van der Waals became a member of the Royal Netherlands Academy of Sciences (''Koninklijke Nederlandse Akademie van Wetenschappen'') and assumed the role of secretary from 1896 to 1912.		In addition to winning the Nobel Prize in Physics in 1910, van der Waals received many different honors and distinctions. The University of Cambridge awarded him an honorary doctorate. He was an honorary member of three different societies - the Imperial Society of Naturalists of Moscow, the Royal Irish Academy, and the American Philosophical Society, a corresponding member of two academies - the ''Institut de France'' and the Royal Academy of Sciences of Berlin, an associate member of the Royal Academy of Sciences of Belgium, and a foreign member of three societies – the Chemical Society of London, the U.S. National Academy of Sciences, and Rome’s ''Accademia dei Lincei''. In 1875, van der Waals became a member of the Royal Netherlands Academy of Sciences (''Koninklijke Nederlandse Akademie van Wetenschappen'') and assumed the role of secretary from 1896 to 1912.

Shaniaoke10: /* Van der Waals Equation */

2015-12-05T18:06:10Z

Van der Waals Equation

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	:<math>R = N_A k </math> which is the universal gas constant,		:<math>R = N_A k </math> which is the universal gas constant,

	:and <math>N_A = 6.0222\times10^{23} mol^-</math> (which is Avagadro's constant).		:and <math>N_A = 6.0222\times10^{23} mol^-</math> which is Avagadro's constant.

	The overall equation shows the relationship of four variables of a substance- the pressure of the substance (<math>P</math>), the total volume of the container that holds the substance (<math>V</math>), the amount of moles of a substance (<math>n</math>), and the temperature of the system as a whole (<math>T</math>).		The overall equation shows the relationship of four variables of a substance- the pressure of the substance (<math>P</math>), the total volume of the container that holds the substance (<math>V</math>), the amount of moles of a substance (<math>n</math>), and the temperature of the system as a whole (<math>T</math>).

Shaniaoke10: /* Scientific Contribution */

2015-12-05T18:04:47Z

Scientific Contribution

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	In 1880, van der Waals formulated the Law of Corresponding States which demonstrated that the van der Waals equation of state can be applied to any substance using a simple equation that relates the pressure, volume, and temperature of said substance. This law was used by other scientists in many experiments-some of which led to the liquefaction of hydrogen and helium.		In 1880, van der Waals formulated the Law of Corresponding States which demonstrated that the van der Waals equation of state can be applied to any substance using a simple equation that relates the pressure, volume, and temperature of said substance. This law was used by other scientists in many experiments-some of which led to the liquefaction of hydrogen and helium.

	Ten years later, van der Waals published Theory of Binary Solutions in which he related his equation of state ~~with~~ the Second Law of Thermodynamics. He referenced the form of the Second Law proposed by J. Willard Gibbs and was able to produce a graphical depiction of his equation of state using Ψ. This idea was previously used by Gibbs to represent the most amount of work needed to return a thermodynamic system to equilibrium (Gibbs free energy).		Ten years later, van der Waals published ''Theory of Binary Solutions'' in which he related his equation of state to the Second Law of Thermodynamics. He referenced the form of the Second Law proposed by J. Willard Gibbs and was able to produce a graphical depiction of his equation of state using Ψ. This idea was previously used by Gibbs to represent the most amount of work needed to return a thermodynamic system to equilibrium (Gibbs free energy).

	In 1893, van der Waals added to the theory of capillary action from a basic thermodynamic perspective. Since the idea of molecules and what is now known as Brownian motion were still not universally accepted, van der Waals’ take on capillarity was a somewhat controversial topic at that time.		In 1893, van der Waals added to the theory of capillary action from a basic thermodynamic perspective. Since the idea of molecules and what is now known as Brownian motion were still not universally accepted, van der Waals’ take on capillarity was a somewhat controversial topic at that time.

Shaniaoke10: /* Education */

2015-12-04T07:01:04Z

Education

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	Even though he was not qualified to attend the University of Leiden due to his lack of early education in classical languages, van der Waals attended math, physics, and astronomy lectures in 1862. Fortunately, the University of Leiden implemented a program that allowed other students to take up to four courses a year.		Even though he was not qualified to attend the University of Leiden due to his lack of early education in classical languages, van der Waals attended math, physics, and astronomy lectures in 1862. Fortunately, the University of Leiden implemented a program that allowed other students to take up to four courses a year.

	The following year, the Dutch government started "Hogere Burgerschools" (HBS) which were secondary school education programs for children of higher middle class families. Still the head teacher of an elementary school, van der Waals made every effort to become a HBS teacher by spending the subsequent two years studying during his spare time in order to prepare for the required exams. Finally, in 1865, van der Waals was given a physics teacher position at a HBS in Deventer and then transferred to a HBS in The Hague a year later. Because of close proximity, this new position allowed him to continue his courses at the University of Leiden.		The following year, the Dutch government started ''Hogere Burgerschools'' (HBS) which were secondary school education programs for children of higher middle class families. Still the head teacher of an elementary school, van der Waals made every effort to become a HBS teacher by spending the subsequent two years studying during his spare time in order to prepare for the required exams. Finally, in 1865, van der Waals was given a physics teacher position at a HBS in Deventer and then transferred to a HBS in The Hague a year later. Because of close proximity, this new position allowed him to continue his courses at the University of Leiden.

	===Later Years===		===Later Years===

Shaniaoke10: /* Honors */

2015-12-04T07:00:00Z

Honors

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	===Honors===		===Honors===

			In addition to winning the Nobel Prize in Physics in 1910, van der Waals received many different honors and distinctions. The University of Cambridge awarded him an honorary doctorate. He was an honorary member of three different societies - the Imperial Society of Naturalists of Moscow, the Royal Irish Academy, and the American Philosophical Society, a corresponding member of two academies - the ''Institut de France'' and the Royal Academy of Sciences of Berlin, an associate member of the Royal Academy of Sciences of Belgium, and a foreign member of three societies – the Chemical Society of London, the U.S. National Academy of Sciences, and Rome’s ''Accademia dei Lincei''. In 1875, van der Waals became a member of the Royal Netherlands Academy of Sciences (''Koninklijke Nederlandse Akademie van Wetenschappen'') and assumed the role of secretary from 1896 to 1912.

	==Connectedness==		==Connectedness==

Shaniaoke10: /* See also */

2015-12-04T06:45:54Z

Shaniaoke10: /* Scientific Contribution */

2015-12-04T06:30:34Z

Scientific Contribution

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	==Scientific Contribution==		==Scientific Contribution==

	~~[[File:van-der-waals-3.jpg\|250px\|thumb\|right\|Commemorative medal displaying Johannes Diederik van der Waals’ profile]]~~		Van der Waals’ main focus was thermodynamics and was influenced by Rudolf Clausius' 1857 treatise (''On the Kind of Motion which We Call Heat'') and later by the writings of James Clerk Maxwell, Ludwig Boltzmann, and Willard Gibbs. Van der Waals’ 1873 dissertation (''On the Continuity of the Liquid and Gaseous State'') that outlined the idea of condensation and critical temperatures made waves in the field of physics and was widely recognized. In this same thesis, he derived what we now know as the van der Waals equation of state. His work on the topic allows us to understand how and why the liquid and the gas phases of a substance are able to continuously merge into each other due to their similarities.
			[[File:van-der-waals-3.jpg\|250px\|thumb\|right\|Commemorative medal displaying Johannes Diederik van der Waals’ profile]] In order to derive his equation of state, van der Waals had to assume that molecules existed (an idea disputed at the time), that they have a finite size, and that they display forces of attraction. Although elementary in nature, intermolecular forces were first proposed by van der Waals and are now occasionally referred to as van der Waals force.
	Van der Waals’ main focus was thermodynamics and was influenced by Rudolf Clausius' 1857 treatise (''On the Kind of Motion which We Call Heat'') and later by the writings of James Clerk Maxwell, Ludwig Boltzmann, and Willard Gibbs. Van der Waals’ 1873 dissertation (''On the Continuity of the Liquid and Gaseous State'') that outlined the idea of condensation and critical temperatures made waves in the field of physics and was widely recognized. In this same thesis, he derived what we now know as the van der Waals equation of state. His work on the topic allows us to understand how and why the liquid and the gas phases of a substance are able to continuously merge into each other due to their similarities. In order to derive his equation of state, van der Waals had to assume that molecules existed (an idea disputed at the time), that they have a finite size, and that they display forces of attraction. Although elementary in nature, intermolecular forces were first proposed by van der Waals and are now occasionally referred to as van der Waals force.

	In 1880, van der Waals formulated the Law of Corresponding States which demonstrated that the van der Waals equation of state can be applied to any substance using a simple equation that relates the pressure, volume, and temperature of said substance. This law was used by other scientists in many experiments-some of which led to the liquefaction of hydrogen and helium.		In 1880, van der Waals formulated the Law of Corresponding States which demonstrated that the van der Waals equation of state can be applied to any substance using a simple equation that relates the pressure, volume, and temperature of said substance. This law was used by other scientists in many experiments-some of which led to the liquefaction of hydrogen and helium.

Shaniaoke10 at 06:19, 4 December 2015

2015-12-04T06:19:04Z

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	'''Johannes Diderik van der Waals''' was a Dutch theoretical physicist known for his work on thermodynamics. He is associated with the van der Waals equation, van der Waals forces between stable molecules, and van der Waals radii.		'''Johannes Diderik van der Waals''' was a Dutch theoretical physicist known for his work on thermodynamics. He is associated with the van der Waals equation, van der Waals forces between stable molecules, and van der Waals radii.

	[[File:Van-der-waals.jpg\|1000px\|thumb\|right\|~~Van~~ der Waals in his later years]]		[[File:Van-der-waals.jpg\|1000px\|thumb\|right\|Johannes Diderik van der Waals in his later years]]

	==Biography==		==Biography==

Shaniaoke10: /* Biography */

2015-12-04T06:18:20Z

Biography

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	===Later Years===		===Later Years===

			[[File:van-der-waals-2.jpg\|250px\|thumb\|right\|Johannes Diederik van der Waals (right) with Dutch physicist and Nobel laureate Heike Kamerlingh Onnes (left)]]

	Just before assuming his position at the HBS in Deventer, van der Waals married Anna Magdalena Smit. They had three daughters and one son who followed in his father’s footsteps.		Just before assuming his position at the HBS in Deventer, van der Waals married Anna Magdalena Smit. They had three daughters and one son who followed in his father’s footsteps.

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 #How is it connected to your major?
 #Is there an interesting industrial application?
 ==References==