Ernest Lawrence - Revision history

Tkaniff3: /* Manhattan Project */

2015-12-06T04:53:07Z

Manhattan Project

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	===Manhattan Project===		===Manhattan Project===
	As one of the nation's most prominent American nuclear physicists, Ernest Lawrence became involved in many military projects that started due to the outbreak of World War II. Some of these included further developooing the cavity magnertron and also helping at underwater sound labs to develop technology to detect submarines. However, his most important work came in his contributions to the Manhattan Project. Lawrence and his colleagues used the 60inch cyclotron to create new isotopes of uranium and plutonium. Plutonium's discovery was kept secret until after the war was over because it turned out that the isotope plutonoum-239 could undergo nuclear fission and be used to make atomic bombs. Lawrence began separating these isotopes using a mass spectrometer which as a technique developed by Oliphant. He converted his 37inch cyclotron into a mass spectrometer and during the Manhattan Project, Lawrence's Radiation Laboratory was responsible for the development of the electromagnetic uranium enrichment process that was used in the atomic bombs made at the Los Alamos Laboratory in New Mexico.		As one of the nation's most prominent American nuclear physicists, Ernest Lawrence became involved in many military projects that started due to the outbreak of World War II. Some of these included further developooing the cavity magnertron and also helping at underwater sound labs to develop technology to detect submarines. However, his most important work came in his contributions to the Manhattan Project. Lawrence and his colleagues used the 60inch cyclotron to create new isotopes of uranium and plutonium. Plutonium's discovery was kept secret until after the war was over because it turned out that the isotope plutonoum-239 could undergo nuclear fission and be used to make atomic bombs. Lawrence began separating these isotopes using a mass spectrometer which as a technique developed by Oliphant. He converted his 37inch cyclotron into a mass spectrometer and during the Manhattan Project, Lawrence's Radiation Laboratory was responsible for the development of the electromagnetic uranium enrichment process that was used in the atomic bombs made at the Los Alamos Laboratory in New Mexico. Lawrence was a major contributor to the development of the atomic bomb through the Manhattan Project. As a result of this, after the war in 1958, President Eisenhower asked Lawrence to travel to Geneva Switzerland to negotiate a partial nuclear test ban with the Soviet Union.

	==Awards==		==Awards==

Tkaniff3: /* Scientific Contributions */

2015-12-06T04:47:35Z

Scientific Contributions

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	Lawrence made many versions of the cyclotron at his time at Berkeley. The first one was 5 inches in diameter but the sizes grew to 11, 27, and 60 inched in diameter at his Berkeley lab. The largest modern circular accelerator is currently at CERN in Geneva, Switzerland and has a circumference of 17 miles. In 1939 Lawrence won the Nobel Prize in Physics for his invention of the cyclotron.		Lawrence made many versions of the cyclotron at his time at Berkeley. The first one was 5 inches in diameter but the sizes grew to 11, 27, and 60 inched in diameter at his Berkeley lab. The largest modern circular accelerator is currently at CERN in Geneva, Switzerland and has a circumference of 17 miles. In 1939 Lawrence won the Nobel Prize in Physics for his invention of the cyclotron.

			===Manhattan Project===
			As one of the nation's most prominent American nuclear physicists, Ernest Lawrence became involved in many military projects that started due to the outbreak of World War II. Some of these included further developooing the cavity magnertron and also helping at underwater sound labs to develop technology to detect submarines. However, his most important work came in his contributions to the Manhattan Project. Lawrence and his colleagues used the 60inch cyclotron to create new isotopes of uranium and plutonium. Plutonium's discovery was kept secret until after the war was over because it turned out that the isotope plutonoum-239 could undergo nuclear fission and be used to make atomic bombs. Lawrence began separating these isotopes using a mass spectrometer which as a technique developed by Oliphant. He converted his 37inch cyclotron into a mass spectrometer and during the Manhattan Project, Lawrence's Radiation Laboratory was responsible for the development of the electromagnetic uranium enrichment process that was used in the atomic bombs made at the Los Alamos Laboratory in New Mexico.

	==Awards==		==Awards==

Tkaniff3: /* References */

2015-12-06T04:11:22Z

References

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	==References==		==References==
	en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ernest_Lawrence#Early_life		en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ernest_Lawrence#Early_life

	www.nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/physics/laureates/1939/lawrence-bio.html		www.nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/physics/laureates/1939/lawrence-bio.html

	www2.lbl.gov/Science-Articles/Archive/early-years.html		www2.lbl.gov/Science-Articles/Archive/early-years.html

	upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/b/be/27-inch_cyclotron.		upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/b/be/27-inch_cyclotron.

	www2.lbl.gov/images/PID/Lawrence.gif		www2.lbl.gov/images/PID/Lawrence.gif

	static.sfdict.com/dictstatic/dictionary/graphics/ahsd/jpg/AScyclot.jpg		static.sfdict.com/dictstatic/dictionary/graphics/ahsd/jpg/AScyclot.jpg

Tkaniff3: /* References */

2015-12-06T04:11:08Z

References

← Older revision		Revision as of 00:11, 6 December 2015
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	==References==		==References==
			en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ernest_Lawrence#Early_life
			www.nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/physics/laureates/1939/lawrence-bio.html
			www2.lbl.gov/Science-Articles/Archive/early-years.html
			upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/b/be/27-inch_cyclotron.
			www2.lbl.gov/images/PID/Lawrence.gif
			static.sfdict.com/dictstatic/dictionary/graphics/ahsd/jpg/AScyclot.jpg

Tkaniff3: /* External links */

2015-12-06T04:08:43Z

External links

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	==References==		==References==

	~~===External links===~~

Tkaniff3: /* Awards */

2015-12-06T04:08:09Z

Awards

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	==Awards==		==Awards==
	- Hughes Medal (1937)		- Hughes Medal (1937)

	- Elliott Cresson Medal (1937)		- Elliott Cresson Medal (1937)

	- Comstock Prize in Physics (1938)		- Comstock Prize in Physics (1938)

	- Nobel Prize in Physics (1939)		- Nobel Prize in Physics (1939)

	- Duddell Medal and Prize (1940)		- Duddell Medal and Prize (1940)

	- Holley Medal (1942)		- Holley Medal (1942)

	- Medal for Merit (1946)		- Medal for Merit (1946)

	- Officer de la Legion d'Honneur (1948)		- Officer de la Legion d'Honneur (1948)

	- William Procter Prize (1951)		- William Procter Prize (1951)

	- Faraday Medal (1952)		- Faraday Medal (1952)

	- Enrico Fermi Award (1957)		- Enrico Fermi Award (1957)

	- Sylvanus Thayer Award (1958)		- Sylvanus Thayer Award (1958)

Tkaniff3 at 04:07, 6 December 2015

2015-12-06T04:07:29Z

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 Lawrence made many versions of the cyclotron at his time at Berkeley. The first one was 5 inches in diameter but the sizes grew to 11, 27, and 60 inched in diameter at his Berkeley lab. The largest modern circular accelerator is currently at CERN in Geneva, Switzerland and has a circumference of 17 miles. In 1939 Lawrence won the Nobel Prize in Physics for his invention of the cyclotron.
 ==References==
 ===External links===

Tkaniff3: /* Cyclotron */

2015-12-06T04:05:56Z

Cyclotron

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	The idea for the cyclotron began when Lawrence read an article by Rolf Wideroe that had a model for an accelerator that was still linear, but had increasingly longer electrodes to increase the speed of the particle. He then applied this idea to a circular chamber. The cyclotron is two semicircle metal chambers called dees that are placed in a very strong magnetic field. Near the center of the cyclotron there is a source of slow protons and a slit in each dee. Inside the metal dees the electric field is zero, however when it exits one dee it receives a boost in energy from the potential difference between the two dees and increases speed. While the particle is in one of the dees, the electric field is reversed, this reversing the potential difference between the dees so that the particle receives another boost when it crosses the gap. This increase in speed causes the particle to take a path with a larger radius every time it enters a new dee. The particle continues this spiral pattern and continues to accelerate until it reaches the opening at the edge and shoots the proton at the nucleus of an atom.		The idea for the cyclotron began when Lawrence read an article by Rolf Wideroe that had a model for an accelerator that was still linear, but had increasingly longer electrodes to increase the speed of the particle. He then applied this idea to a circular chamber. The cyclotron is two semicircle metal chambers called dees that are placed in a very strong magnetic field. Near the center of the cyclotron there is a source of slow protons and a slit in each dee. Inside the metal dees the electric field is zero, however when it exits one dee it receives a boost in energy from the potential difference between the two dees and increases speed. While the particle is in one of the dees, the electric field is reversed, this reversing the potential difference between the dees so that the particle receives another boost when it crosses the gap. This increase in speed causes the particle to take a path with a larger radius every time it enters a new dee. The particle continues this spiral pattern and continues to accelerate until it reaches the opening at the edge and shoots the proton at the nucleus of an atom.

	Lawrence made many versions of the cyclotron at his time at Berkeley. The first one was 5 inches in diameter but the sizes grew to 11, 27, and 60 inched in diameter at his Berkeley lab. The largest modern circular accelerator is currently at CERN in Geneva, Switzerland and has a circumference of 17 miles.		Lawrence made many versions of the cyclotron at his time at Berkeley. The first one was 5 inches in diameter but the sizes grew to 11, 27, and 60 inched in diameter at his Berkeley lab. The largest modern circular accelerator is currently at CERN in Geneva, Switzerland and has a circumference of 17 miles. In 1939 Lawrence won the Nobel Prize in Physics for his invention of the cyclotron.

	==References==		==References==

	===External links===		===External links===

Tkaniff3: /* Cyclotron */

2015-12-06T04:00:09Z

Cyclotron

← Older revision		Revision as of 00:00, 6 December 2015
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	The idea for the cyclotron began when Lawrence read an article by Rolf Wideroe that had a model for an accelerator that was still linear, but had increasingly longer electrodes to increase the speed of the particle. He then applied this idea to a circular chamber. The cyclotron is two semicircle metal chambers called dees that are placed in a very strong magnetic field. Near the center of the cyclotron there is a source of slow protons and a slit in each dee. Inside the metal dees the electric field is zero, however when it exits one dee it receives a boost in energy from the potential difference between the two dees and increases speed. While the particle is in one of the dees, the electric field is reversed, this reversing the potential difference between the dees so that the particle receives another boost when it crosses the gap. This increase in speed causes the particle to take a path with a larger radius every time it enters a new dee. The particle continues this spiral pattern and continues to accelerate until it reaches the opening at the edge and shoots the proton at the nucleus of an atom.		The idea for the cyclotron began when Lawrence read an article by Rolf Wideroe that had a model for an accelerator that was still linear, but had increasingly longer electrodes to increase the speed of the particle. He then applied this idea to a circular chamber. The cyclotron is two semicircle metal chambers called dees that are placed in a very strong magnetic field. Near the center of the cyclotron there is a source of slow protons and a slit in each dee. Inside the metal dees the electric field is zero, however when it exits one dee it receives a boost in energy from the potential difference between the two dees and increases speed. While the particle is in one of the dees, the electric field is reversed, this reversing the potential difference between the dees so that the particle receives another boost when it crosses the gap. This increase in speed causes the particle to take a path with a larger radius every time it enters a new dee. The particle continues this spiral pattern and continues to accelerate until it reaches the opening at the edge and shoots the proton at the nucleus of an atom.

	Lawrence made many versions of the cyclotron at his time at Berkeley. The first one was 5 inches in diameter but the sizes grew to 11, 27, and 60 inched in diameter at his Berkeley lab. The largest modern circular accelerator is is currently at CERN in Geneva, Switzerland has a circumference of 17 miles.		Lawrence made many versions of the cyclotron at his time at Berkeley. The first one was 5 inches in diameter but the sizes grew to 11, 27, and 60 inched in diameter at his Berkeley lab. The largest modern circular accelerator is currently at CERN in Geneva, Switzerland and has a circumference of 17 miles.


	==References==		==References==

	===External links===		===External links===

Tkaniff3 at 03:58, 6 December 2015

2015-12-06T03:58:18Z

← Older revision		Revision as of 23:58, 5 December 2015
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	Lawrence made many versions of the cyclotron at his time at Berkeley. The first one was 5 inches in diameter but the sizes grew to 11, 27, and 60 inched in diameter at his Berkeley lab. The largest modern circular accelerator is is currently at CERN in Geneva, Switzerland has a circumference of 17 miles.		Lawrence made many versions of the cyclotron at his time at Berkeley. The first one was 5 inches in diameter but the sizes grew to 11, 27, and 60 inched in diameter at his Berkeley lab. The largest modern circular accelerator is is currently at CERN in Geneva, Switzerland has a circumference of 17 miles.

	~~==Interesting Facts==~~



	~~== See also ==~~