Ductility - Revision history

Idumitriu3 at 21:51, 14 April 2024

2024-04-14T21:51:02Z

← Older revision		Revision as of 17:51, 14 April 2024
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	Edited by ~~Ryan Lundqvist~~ (~~Fall 2023~~)		Edited by Irene Dumitriu (Spring 2024)
	==The Main Idea==		==The Main Idea==

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	Metals like aluminum, gold, silver, and copper have a face-centered cubic crystal lattice structure, and most do not experience a shift from ductile to brittle behavior. Other metals, like iron, chromium, and tungsten, have a body-centered cubic crystal structure and experience a sharp shift in ductility. [7]		Metals like aluminum, gold, silver, and copper have a face-centered cubic crystal lattice structure, and most do not experience a shift from ductile to brittle behavior. Other metals, like iron, chromium, and tungsten, have a body-centered cubic crystal structure and experience a sharp shift in ductility. [7]


	On the other hand, plastics can also experience variation in ductility through being categorized as a thermoplastic or thermoset. A thermoplastic is a polymer that upon heating becomes moldable and when cooled regains its rigidity through solidifying. Thermoplastics can further be categorized as either amorphous or semicrystalline. In amorphous polymers, the polymer chains are randomly arranged with no long-range ordering and are described as glassy. While in the semicrystalline state, the polymer contains both amorphous and crystalline regions. These crystalline regions involve tightly packed and ordered polymer chains. The molecular differences between these two types of thermoplastics can impact the ductility. For example in amorphous thermoplastics, the ductility is mainly determined by the polymer chain mobility where the chains can glide past each other to accommodate for deformation before fracturing. In semicrystalline materials, the crystalline regions, as they are are ordered in specific directions, allow for easier chain gliding and provide reinforcement to the material. In addition to thermoplastics, thermosets are another polymer category in which the polymer chains are held together by crosslinks. Due to these crosslinks, thermosets tend to be less ductile materials as these linkages don’t allow the material to experience the same amount of percent elongation in comparison to thermoplastics. Therefore, like metals, plastics also experience variation in ductility due to molecular arrangements and morphology.		On the other hand, plastics can also experience variation in ductility through being categorized as a thermoplastic or thermoset. A thermoplastic is a polymer that upon heating becomes moldable and when cooled regains its rigidity through solidifying. Thermoplastics can further be categorized as either amorphous or semicrystalline. In amorphous polymers, the polymer chains are randomly arranged with no long-range ordering and are described as glassy. While in the semicrystalline state, the polymer contains both amorphous and crystalline regions. These crystalline regions involve tightly packed and ordered polymer chains. The molecular differences between these two types of thermoplastics can impact the ductility. For example in amorphous thermoplastics, the ductility is mainly determined by the polymer chain mobility where the chains can glide past each other to accommodate for deformation before fracturing. In semicrystalline materials, the crystalline regions, as they are are ordered in specific directions, allow for easier chain gliding and provide reinforcement to the material. In addition to thermoplastics, thermosets are another polymer category in which the polymer chains are held together by crosslinks. Due to these crosslinks, thermosets tend to be less ductile materials as these linkages don’t allow the material to experience the same amount of percent elongation in comparison to thermoplastics. Therefore, like metals, plastics also experience variation in ductility due to molecular arrangements and morphology.

Idumitriu3: /* The Main Idea */

2024-04-14T21:50:03Z

The Main Idea

← Older revision		Revision as of 17:50, 14 April 2024
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	Metals like aluminum, gold, silver, and copper have a face-centered cubic crystal lattice structure, and most do not experience a shift from ductile to brittle behavior. Other metals, like iron, chromium, and tungsten, have a body-centered cubic crystal structure and experience a sharp shift in ductility. [7]		Metals like aluminum, gold, silver, and copper have a face-centered cubic crystal lattice structure, and most do not experience a shift from ductile to brittle behavior. Other metals, like iron, chromium, and tungsten, have a body-centered cubic crystal structure and experience a sharp shift in ductility. [7]

			On the other hand, plastics can also experience variation in ductility through being categorized as a thermoplastic or thermoset. A thermoplastic is a polymer that upon heating becomes moldable and when cooled regains its rigidity through solidifying. Thermoplastics can further be categorized as either amorphous or semicrystalline. In amorphous polymers, the polymer chains are randomly arranged with no long-range ordering and are described as glassy. While in the semicrystalline state, the polymer contains both amorphous and crystalline regions. These crystalline regions involve tightly packed and ordered polymer chains. The molecular differences between these two types of thermoplastics can impact the ductility. For example in amorphous thermoplastics, the ductility is mainly determined by the polymer chain mobility where the chains can glide past each other to accommodate for deformation before fracturing. In semicrystalline materials, the crystalline regions, as they are are ordered in specific directions, allow for easier chain gliding and provide reinforcement to the material. In addition to thermoplastics, thermosets are another polymer category in which the polymer chains are held together by crosslinks. Due to these crosslinks, thermosets tend to be less ductile materials as these linkages don’t allow the material to experience the same amount of percent elongation in comparison to thermoplastics. Therefore, like metals, plastics also experience variation in ductility due to molecular arrangements and morphology.

Rlundqvist: /* A Computational Model */

2023-12-06T23:15:30Z

A Computational Model

← Older revision		Revision as of 19:15, 6 December 2023
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	[[File:Schematic Diagram of Necking.png\|thumb\|Schematic Diagram of Necking]]		[[File:Schematic Diagram of Necking.png\|thumb\|Schematic Diagram of Necking]]

	[[File:Lundqvist ductility.png\|glowscriptductility~~\|100px\|Image: 100 pixels~~]]		[[File:Lundqvist ductility.png\|glowscriptductility]]

	==Connectedness==		==Connectedness==

Rlundqvist: /* A Computational Model */

2023-12-06T23:15:03Z

A Computational Model

← Older revision		Revision as of 19:15, 6 December 2023
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	[[File:Schematic Diagram of Necking.png\|thumb\|Schematic Diagram of Necking]]		[[File:Schematic Diagram of Necking.png\|thumb\|Schematic Diagram of Necking]]

	[[File:Lundqvist ductility.png\|glowscriptductility]]		[[File:Lundqvist ductility.png\|glowscriptductility\|100px\|Image: 100 pixels]]

	==Connectedness==		==Connectedness==

Rlundqvist: /* A Mathematical Model */

2023-12-06T23:13:56Z

A Mathematical Model

← Older revision		Revision as of 19:13, 6 December 2023
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	Mathematically, ductility can be defined as the fracture strain, or the tensile strain along one axis that causes a fracture to occur. Fractures range from brittle fractures (Fig. 1) to fully ductile fractures (Fig. 2), resulting in very different physical appearances associated with the different types. This can be modeled on a stress/strain curve (https://www.nde-ed.org/EducationResources/CommunityCollege/Materials/Graphics/Mechanical/Brittle-Ductile.gif) showing where fracture occurs along the graph.		Mathematically, ductility can be defined as the fracture strain, or the tensile strain along one axis that causes a fracture to occur. Fractures range from brittle fractures (Fig. 1) to fully ductile fractures (Fig. 2), resulting in very different physical appearances associated with the different types. This can be modeled on a stress/strain curve (https://www.nde-ed.org/EducationResources/CommunityCollege/Materials/Graphics/Mechanical/Brittle-Ductile.gif) showing where fracture occurs along the graph.

	Quantitatively being able to measure ductility is important with regards to comparing ductility between different materials. Ductility can be measured through two main methods: percent elongation and percent reduction of area[5]. The formulas can be found below: (http://www.engineersedge.com/material_science/ductility.htm)		Quantitatively being able to measure ductility is important with regards to comparing ductility between different materials. Ductility can be measured through two main methods: percent elongation and percent reduction of area[5]. The formulas can be found below: (http://www.engineersedge.com/material_science/ductility.htm)[2]

	Percent Elongation = (Final Gage Length - Initial Gage Length) / Initial Gage Length		Percent Elongation = (Final Gage Length - Initial Gage Length) / Initial Gage Length

Rlundqvist: /* A Mathematical Model */

2023-12-06T23:13:25Z

A Mathematical Model

← Older revision		Revision as of 19:13, 6 December 2023
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	Percent Reduction of Area = (Area of Original Cross Section - Minimum Final Area) / Area of Original Cross Section		Percent Reduction of Area = (Area of Original Cross Section - Minimum Final Area) / Area of Original Cross Section
	<math> \% Area \ Reduction = \frac{Decrease \ in \ Area}{Original \ Area} </math>		<math> \% Area \ Reduction = \frac{Decrease \ in \ Area}{Original \ Area} </math>
	~~[2]~~

	===A Computational Model===		===A Computational Model===

Rlundqvist: /* A Mathematical Model */

2023-12-06T23:12:45Z

A Mathematical Model

← Older revision		Revision as of 19:12, 6 December 2023
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	Percent Reduction of Area = (Area of Original Cross Section - Minimum Final Area) / Area of Original Cross Section		Percent Reduction of Area = (Area of Original Cross Section - Minimum Final Area) / Area of Original Cross Section
	<math> \% Area \ Reduction = \frac{Decrease \ in \ Area}{Original \ Area} </math>		<math> \% Area \ Reduction = \frac{Decrease \ in \ Area}{Original \ Area} </math>
			[2]

	===A Computational Model===		===A Computational Model===

Rlundqvist: /* A Mathematical Model */

2023-12-06T23:11:45Z

A Mathematical Model

← Older revision		Revision as of 19:11, 6 December 2023
Line 24:		Line 24:
	Mathematically, ductility can be defined as the fracture strain, or the tensile strain along one axis that causes a fracture to occur. Fractures range from brittle fractures (Fig. 1) to fully ductile fractures (Fig. 2), resulting in very different physical appearances associated with the different types. This can be modeled on a stress/strain curve (https://www.nde-ed.org/EducationResources/CommunityCollege/Materials/Graphics/Mechanical/Brittle-Ductile.gif) showing where fracture occurs along the graph.		Mathematically, ductility can be defined as the fracture strain, or the tensile strain along one axis that causes a fracture to occur. Fractures range from brittle fractures (Fig. 1) to fully ductile fractures (Fig. 2), resulting in very different physical appearances associated with the different types. This can be modeled on a stress/strain curve (https://www.nde-ed.org/EducationResources/CommunityCollege/Materials/Graphics/Mechanical/Brittle-Ductile.gif) showing where fracture occurs along the graph.

	Quantitatively being able to measure ductility is important with regards to comparing ductility between different materials. Ductility can be measured through two main methods: percent elongation and percent reduction of area[5]. The formulas can be found below: (http://www.engineersedge.com/material_science/ductility.htm)~~[2]~~		Quantitatively being able to measure ductility is important with regards to comparing ductility between different materials. Ductility can be measured through two main methods: percent elongation and percent reduction of area[5]. The formulas can be found below: (http://www.engineersedge.com/material_science/ductility.htm)

	Percent Elongation = (Final Gage Length - Initial Gage Length) / Initial Gage Length		Percent Elongation = (Final Gage Length - Initial Gage Length) / Initial Gage Length

Rlundqvist: /* A Mathematical Model */

2023-12-06T23:10:47Z

A Mathematical Model

← Older revision		Revision as of 19:10, 6 December 2023
Line 24:		Line 24:
	Mathematically, ductility can be defined as the fracture strain, or the tensile strain along one axis that causes a fracture to occur. Fractures range from brittle fractures (Fig. 1) to fully ductile fractures (Fig. 2), resulting in very different physical appearances associated with the different types. This can be modeled on a stress/strain curve (https://www.nde-ed.org/EducationResources/CommunityCollege/Materials/Graphics/Mechanical/Brittle-Ductile.gif) showing where fracture occurs along the graph.		Mathematically, ductility can be defined as the fracture strain, or the tensile strain along one axis that causes a fracture to occur. Fractures range from brittle fractures (Fig. 1) to fully ductile fractures (Fig. 2), resulting in very different physical appearances associated with the different types. This can be modeled on a stress/strain curve (https://www.nde-ed.org/EducationResources/CommunityCollege/Materials/Graphics/Mechanical/Brittle-Ductile.gif) showing where fracture occurs along the graph.

	Quantitatively being able to measure ductility is important with regards to comparing ductility between different materials. Ductility can be measured through two main methods: percent elongation and percent reduction of area[5]. The formulas can be found below: (http://www.engineersedge.com/material_science/ductility.htm)		Quantitatively being able to measure ductility is important with regards to comparing ductility between different materials. Ductility can be measured through two main methods: percent elongation and percent reduction of area[5]. The formulas can be found below: (http://www.engineersedge.com/material_science/ductility.htm)[2]

	Percent Elongation = (Final Gage Length - Initial Gage Length) / Initial Gage Length		Percent Elongation = (Final Gage Length - Initial Gage Length) / Initial Gage Length
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	Percent Reduction of Area = (Area of Original Cross Section - Minimum Final Area) / Area of Original Cross Section		Percent Reduction of Area = (Area of Original Cross Section - Minimum Final Area) / Area of Original Cross Section
	<math> \% Area \ Reduction = \frac{Decrease \ in \ Area}{Original \ Area} </math>		<math> \% Area \ Reduction = \frac{Decrease \ in \ Area}{Original \ Area} </math>
	~~[2]~~

	===A Computational Model===		===A Computational Model===

Rlundqvist: /* A Mathematical Model */

2023-12-06T23:10:17Z

A Mathematical Model

← Older revision		Revision as of 19:10, 6 December 2023
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	Percent Elongation = (Final Gage Length - Initial Gage Length) / Initial Gage Length		Percent Elongation = (Final Gage Length - Initial Gage Length) / Initial Gage Length

	<math>\ \% elongation = \frac{L_f - L_o}{L_o} \cdot 100 <math>\		<math>\% elongation = \frac{L_f - L_o}{L_o} \cdot 100 </math>

	Percent Reduction of Area = (Area of Original Cross Section - Minimum Final Area) / Area of Original Cross Section		Percent Reduction of Area = (Area of Original Cross Section - Minimum Final Area) / Area of Original Cross Section
	<math>\ \% Area \ Reduction = \frac{Decrease \ in \ Area}{Original \ Area} <math>\		<math> \% Area \ Reduction = \frac{Decrease \ in \ Area}{Original \ Area} </math>
	[2]		[2]