Charged Conductor and Charged Insulator - Revision history

Sydney: /* History */

2020-05-11T17:49:38Z

History

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	==History==		==History==
			(should be completed by a student)

	==See also==		==See also==

Sydney: /* The Main Idea */

2020-05-04T00:20:09Z

The Main Idea

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	[[File:Inschargedist.gif\|center\|375]]		[[File:Inschargedist.gif\|center\|375]]

			===A Mathematical Model===

			===A Computational Model===

	==Examples==		==Examples==

Sydney: /* See also */

2020-05-04T00:18:36Z

Sydney: /* Connectedness */

2020-05-04T00:17:24Z

Connectedness

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	While insulators are not useful for transferring charge, they do serve a critical role in electrostatic experiments and demonstrations. Conductive objects are often mounted upon insulating objects. This arrangement of a conductor on top of an insulator prevents charge from being transferred from the conductive object to its surroundings.		While insulators are not useful for transferring charge, they do serve a critical role in electrostatic experiments and demonstrations. Conductive objects are often mounted upon insulating objects. This arrangement of a conductor on top of an insulator prevents charge from being transferred from the conductive object to its surroundings.

			==History==

	==See also==		==See also==

Sydney at 00:16, 4 May 2020

2020-05-04T00:16:17Z

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	Claimed by Amanda Barber Spring 2018		Claimed by Amanda Barber Spring 2018

	~~==Introduction==~~

	Okay – so we know that '''charged particles''' exist out there (shout out to those positrons and electrons for being “lit” when they annihilate) and that objects can either be negatively charged, positively charged, or neutral depending on the ratio of charged particles that object has. For example, if I happen to observe some random thing in nature that has 5 protons and 4 electrons – that thing has a net charge of +1. But what we haven’t really explored '''''how something''''' (like a '''conductor''' or an '''insulator''') '''''becomes positively, negatively, or neutrally charged''''' or '''''what happens when something becomes charged'''''. Guess what? That’s what this wiki is about! And by the time you’ve finished reading this, you should have a better understanding of how one can become “charged up” (in the context of E&M physics, not in the context of 6 Gawd Drizzy Drake preparing to release the hottest diss track of the decade in response to “twitter-finger” beef initiated by former rapper Meek Mill in the Summer of 2015).		Okay – so we know that '''charged particles''' exist out there (shout out to those positrons and electrons for being “lit” when they annihilate) and that objects can either be negatively charged, positively charged, or neutral depending on the ratio of charged particles that object has. For example, if I happen to observe some random thing in nature that has 5 protons and 4 electrons – that thing has a net charge of +1. But what we haven’t really explored '''''how something''''' (like a '''conductor''' or an '''insulator''') '''''becomes positively, negatively, or neutrally charged''''' or '''''what happens when something becomes charged'''''. Guess what? That’s what this wiki is about! And by the time you’ve finished reading this, you should have a better understanding of how one can become “charged up” (in the context of E&M physics, not in the context of 6 Gawd Drizzy Drake preparing to release the hottest diss track of the decade in response to “twitter-finger” beef initiated by former rapper Meek Mill in the Summer of 2015).
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	Okay, so remember in that short description above when I bolded and italicized the phrase “how something can become positively, negatively, or neutrally charged”? The processes by which this can occur are called '''charging''' and '''discharging'''. The definitions are simple: charging – how an object becomes positively or negatively charged; discharging – how a positively or negatively charged object becomes neutral. What happens to an object as a result of charging or discharging depends on the nature of that object and whether or not the object is a conductor or an insulator. All materials are made of atoms that contain positive and negative charges (protons and electrons). While all materials contain these two basic units, the charge distribution patterns change depending on the microscopic behavior of the atom's movement in an electric field. These differences have created two distinct classes of materials: conductors and insulators. This article will explore the differences between a charged conductor and a charged insulator. But before we go further into the specifics regarding conductors and insulators, let us further discuss the means by which charging can occur: '''conduction''' and '''induction'''. Both processes involve objects becoming charged by exchanging, gaining, or losing mobile charged particles. In most examples, objects will become charged by gaining or losing electrons, but that is not always the case – other mobile charged particles can contribute to an objects net charge, such as mobile potassium or sodium ions.		Okay, so remember in that short description above when I bolded and italicized the phrase “how something can become positively, negatively, or neutrally charged”? The processes by which this can occur are called '''charging''' and '''discharging'''. The definitions are simple: charging – how an object becomes positively or negatively charged; discharging – how a positively or negatively charged object becomes neutral. What happens to an object as a result of charging or discharging depends on the nature of that object and whether or not the object is a conductor or an insulator. All materials are made of atoms that contain positive and negative charges (protons and electrons). While all materials contain these two basic units, the charge distribution patterns change depending on the microscopic behavior of the atom's movement in an electric field. These differences have created two distinct classes of materials: conductors and insulators. This article will explore the differences between a charged conductor and a charged insulator. But before we go further into the specifics regarding conductors and insulators, let us further discuss the means by which charging can occur: '''conduction''' and '''induction'''. Both processes involve objects becoming charged by exchanging, gaining, or losing mobile charged particles. In most examples, objects will become charged by gaining or losing electrons, but that is not always the case – other mobile charged particles can contribute to an objects net charge, such as mobile potassium or sodium ions.

	==Charging by Conduction==		'''Charging by Conduction'''

	Okay, so y’all remember that example in lecture where the professor kept pulling tape apart? And the lab that followed up afterwards? That’s what charging by induction is all about! (No worries if you don’t remember or if you haven’t gotten to that part of the course yet – I’m not gonna leave you hanging and just assume you know and/or remember what that was all about. I gotcha back homie! Checkout this link: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=O7siDnbEuko		Okay, so y’all remember that example in lecture where the professor kept pulling tape apart? And the lab that followed up afterwards? That’s what charging by induction is all about! (No worries if you don’t remember or if you haven’t gotten to that part of the course yet – I’m not gonna leave you hanging and just assume you know and/or remember what that was all about. I gotcha back homie! Checkout this link: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=O7siDnbEuko
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	As illustrated in the pulling tape exercise, charging by conduction is all about '''making contact in order to transfer charged particles'''. When the two strips of tape are quickly ripped apart, mobile charged particles (electrons) are transferred from one strip of tape to the other – leaving one strip positively charged and the other strip negatively charged. What mobile charged particles are transferred (such as electrons) and where those mobile charged particles go depends on chemical makeup of the materials involved in the process of charging by conduction. For example, when one is charging by conduction with plastic and wool – the plastic gains electrons to become negatively charged. But when one is charging by conduction using plastic and silk, the plastic loses electrons to become positively charged.		As illustrated in the pulling tape exercise, charging by conduction is all about '''making contact in order to transfer charged particles'''. When the two strips of tape are quickly ripped apart, mobile charged particles (electrons) are transferred from one strip of tape to the other – leaving one strip positively charged and the other strip negatively charged. What mobile charged particles are transferred (such as electrons) and where those mobile charged particles go depends on chemical makeup of the materials involved in the process of charging by conduction. For example, when one is charging by conduction with plastic and wool – the plastic gains electrons to become negatively charged. But when one is charging by conduction using plastic and silk, the plastic loses electrons to become positively charged.

	==Charging by Induction==		'''Charging by Induction'''

	Charging by induction is all about '''using a charged object to separate mobile charged particles between two other neutral objects in contact with one another'''. First, the two neutral objects are in physical contact with each other outside the presence of the charged object. Next, the two objects are subject to the presence of a charged object, causing mobile charged particles to separate among the two connected objects, resulting in excess charge building up on the opposing surfaces of the two connected objects. Then, the two connected objects are separated while still subject to the presence of the charged object. Finally, the separated objects removed from the presence of the charged object and the excess charges distribute across the entire surfaces of each object, resulting in what were initially two neutral objects now being charged.		Charging by induction is all about '''using a charged object to separate mobile charged particles between two other neutral objects in contact with one another'''. First, the two neutral objects are in physical contact with each other outside the presence of the charged object. Next, the two objects are subject to the presence of a charged object, causing mobile charged particles to separate among the two connected objects, resulting in excess charge building up on the opposing surfaces of the two connected objects. Then, the two connected objects are separated while still subject to the presence of the charged object. Finally, the separated objects removed from the presence of the charged object and the excess charges distribute across the entire surfaces of each object, resulting in what were initially two neutral objects now being charged.
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	[[File:Inductiontransfer.gif]]		[[File:Inductiontransfer.gif]]

	==Discharging==		'''Discharging'''

	Discharging is the opposite of charging: the process by which charged objects lose their excess charge and become neutral. There are a number of ways in which charged objects can discharge. For example, charged tape can be discharged by water in the surrounding environment (over time) or by using your finger and touching the tape. When we touch charged tape, our bodies act as electrical grounds. An electrical ground is huge pool of charged particles that remains neutral when small amounts of charged particles are added or taken away		Discharging is the opposite of charging: the process by which charged objects lose their excess charge and become neutral. There are a number of ways in which charged objects can discharge. For example, charged tape can be discharged by water in the surrounding environment (over time) or by using your finger and touching the tape. When we touch charged tape, our bodies act as electrical grounds. An electrical ground is huge pool of charged particles that remains neutral when small amounts of charged particles are added or taken away
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	[[File:05172.png]]		[[File:05172.png]]

	==Charging Insulators==		'''Charging Insulators'''

	[[File:Insulator and conductor.png\|thumb\|Charging an insulator vs charging a conductor from http://p3server.pa.msu.edu/coursewiki/doku.php?id=184_notes:charging_discharging]]		[[File:Insulator and conductor.png\|thumb\|Charging an insulator vs charging a conductor from http://p3server.pa.msu.edu/coursewiki/doku.php?id=184_notes:charging_discharging]]
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	https://phet.colorado.edu/en/simulation/balloons-and-static-electricity		https://phet.colorado.edu/en/simulation/balloons-and-static-electricity

	==Charging Conductors==		'''Charging Conductors'''

	When conductors are charged by conduction, the excess charges distribute evenly across the entire surface of the conductor over time since conductors enable charged particles to move freely. While the inside electric field remains zero. This all happens because of Coulomb's Law. It insists that charges lay as far away from each other as atom-ly (you get it? like human-ly) possible. If you charge a conductor, the conductor becomes charged with whatever type of charged was used. i.e. i charge a metal ball with a negative charge, thus the ball becomes negatively charged.		When conductors are charged by conduction, the excess charges distribute evenly across the entire surface of the conductor over time since conductors enable charged particles to move freely. While the inside electric field remains zero. This all happens because of Coulomb's Law. It insists that charges lay as far away from each other as atom-ly (you get it? like human-ly) possible. If you charge a conductor, the conductor becomes charged with whatever type of charged was used. i.e. i charge a metal ball with a negative charge, thus the ball becomes negatively charged.

Sydney: /* References */

2020-05-04T00:14:33Z

References

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	==References==		==References==
	*[http://www.physicsclassroom.com/class/estatics/Lesson-1/Conductors-and-Insulators http://www.physicsclassroom.com/class/estatics/Lesson-1/Conductors-and-Insulators]		*[http://www.physicsclassroom.com/class/estatics/Lesson-1/Conductors-and-Insulators http://www.physicsclassroom.com/class/estatics/Lesson-1/Conductors-and-Insulators]
	*[http://www.schoolphysics.co.uk/age16-19/Electricity%20and%20magnetism/Electrostatics/text/Electric_charge_distribution/index.html]		*http://www.schoolphysics.co.uk/age16-19/Electricity%20and%20magnetism/Electrostatics/text/Electric_charge_distribution/index.html
	*http://p3server.pa.msu.edu/coursewiki/doku.php?id=184_notes:charging_discharging		*http://p3server.pa.msu.edu/coursewiki/doku.php?id=184_notes:charging_discharging
	*http://avatar.wikia.com/wiki/Specialized_bending_techniques		*http://avatar.wikia.com/wiki/Specialized_bending_techniques
	*http://www.srh.noaa.gov/jetstream/lightning/lightning.html		*http://www.srh.noaa.gov/jetstream/lightning/lightning.html

Sydney: /* References */

2020-05-04T00:13:59Z

References

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	==References==		==References==
	[http://www.physicsclassroom.com/class/estatics/Lesson-1/Conductors-and-Insulators http://www.physicsclassroom.com/class/estatics/Lesson-1/Conductors-and-Insulators]		*[http://www.physicsclassroom.com/class/estatics/Lesson-1/Conductors-and-Insulators http://www.physicsclassroom.com/class/estatics/Lesson-1/Conductors-and-Insulators]
			*[http://www.schoolphysics.co.uk/age16-19/Electricity%20and%20magnetism/Electrostatics/text/Electric_charge_distribution/index.html]
	[~~http://www.schoolphysics.co.uk/age16-19/Electricity%20and%20magnetism/Electrostatics/text/Electric_charge_distribution/index.html~~ http://www.schoolphysics.co.uk/age16-19/Electricity%20and%20magnetism/Electrostatics/text/Electric_charge_distribution/index.html]		*http://p3server.pa.msu.edu/coursewiki/doku.php?id=184_notes:charging_discharging
			*http://avatar.wikia.com/wiki/Specialized_bending_techniques
	http://p3server.pa.msu.edu/coursewiki/doku.php?id=184_notes:charging_discharging		*http://www.srh.noaa.gov/jetstream/lightning/lightning.html
	http://avatar.wikia.com/wiki/Specialized_bending_techniques
	http://www.srh.noaa.gov/jetstream/lightning/lightning.html

Sydney: /* Examples */

2020-05-04T00:03:28Z

Examples

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	==Examples==		==Examples==
	[[File:Screen Shot 2018-04-08 at 4.16.06 PM.png]]		[[File:Screen Shot 2018-04-08 at 4.16.06 PM.png\|300 px]]
	[[File:Screen Shot 2018-04-08 at 4.27.27 PM.png]]		[[File:Screen Shot 2018-04-08 at 4.27.27 PM.png\|300 px]]
	[[File:Screen Shot 2018-04-08 at 4.34.27 PM.png]]		[[File:Screen Shot 2018-04-08 at 4.34.27 PM.png\|300 px]]

	===Example Problem===		===Example Problem===
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	A neutral metal sphere enters a capacitor, as shown. Show the charge distribution on the sphere. If the sphere was instead made of plastic, show the the charge distribution.		A neutral metal sphere enters a capacitor, as shown. Show the charge distribution on the sphere. If the sphere was instead made of plastic, show the the charge distribution.

	[[File:Screen Shot 2018-04-08 at 4.37.07 PM.png]]		[[File:Screen Shot 2018-04-08 at 4.37.07 PM.png\|300 px]]

	===Solution===		===Solution===
	[[File:Screen Shot 2018-04-08 at 4.38.17 PM.png]]		For a metal sphere:
	[[File:Screen Shot 2018-04-08 at 4.39.59 PM.png]]
			[[File:Screen Shot 2018-04-08 at 4.38.17 PM.png\|300 px]]

			Since metals are conductors, there are mobile electrons within the sphere that are free to move about the sphere when they feel the electrostatic force from the capacitor.

			For a plastic sphere:

			[[File:Screen Shot 2018-04-08 at 4.39.59 PM.png\|300 px]]

			Plastic is an insulator, so the individual molecules will become polarized due to the capacitor and become dipoles.

	==Connectedness==		==Connectedness==

Sydney: /* Charging Conductors */

2020-05-03T23:54:29Z

Charging Conductors

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	Remember how I kept using the word “object” when describing the neutral things needed in explaining charging by induction? Yea, so those objects are always going to be conductors. So charging by induction is always charging conductors by induction.		Remember how I kept using the word “object” when describing the neutral things needed in explaining charging by induction? Yea, so those objects are always going to be conductors. So charging by induction is always charging conductors by induction.

	[[File:Inschargedist.gif]]		[[File:Inschargedist.gif\|center\|375]]

	==Examples==		==Examples==

Sydney: /* Charging Insulators */

2020-05-03T23:44:10Z

Charging Insulators

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	==Charging Insulators==		==Charging Insulators==

			[[File:Insulator and conductor.png\|thumb\|Charging an insulator vs charging a conductor from http://p3server.pa.msu.edu/coursewiki/doku.php?id=184_notes:charging_discharging]]

	Insulators can only be charged by conduction. When an insulator is charged by conduction, the charged particles remain at the initial point of contact throughout time until the insulator is discharged.		Insulators can only be charged by conduction. When an insulator is charged by conduction, the charged particles remain at the initial point of contact throughout time until the insulator is discharged.

	~~[[File:Insulator and conductor.png\|thumb\|Charging an insulator vs charging a conductor from http://p3server.pa.msu.edu/coursewiki/doku.php?id=184_notes:charging_discharging]]~~

	When a charged object enters the immediate region of an insulator, the result is polarization of the atoms and molecules within the insulator as seen in the example ~~below~~ (only while in the presence of that charged object). Since insulators impede the movement of charged particles, two insulators cannot be charged by induction in the presence of a charged object.		When a charged object enters the immediate region of an insulator, the result is polarization of the atoms and molecules within the insulator as seen in the example to the right (only while in the presence of that charged object). Since insulators impede the movement of charged particles, two insulators cannot be charged by induction in the presence of a charged object.

	Here’s a neat little simulator to see how an insulator (a balloon) can become charged by conduction and see what happens afterwards:		Here’s a neat little simulator to see how an insulator (a balloon) can become charged by conduction and see what happens afterwards:

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	==See also==		==See also==

			===Further Reading===
	*[http://www.physicsbook.gatech.edu/Charge_Transfer Charge Transfer]		*[http://www.physicsbook.gatech.edu/Charge_Transfer Charge Transfer]
	*[http://www.physicsbook.gatech.edu/Insulators Insulators]		*[http://www.physicsbook.gatech.edu/Insulators Insulators]
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	===External links===		===External links===
	[http://www.schoolphysics.co.uk/age16-19/Electricity%20and%20magnetism/Electrostatics/text/Electric_charge_distribution/index.html Explanation of why charge concentrates at a point on a conductor]		*[http://www.schoolphysics.co.uk/age16-19/Electricity%20and%20magnetism/Electrostatics/text/Electric_charge_distribution/index.html Explanation of why charge concentrates at a point on a conductor]

	==References==		==References==