Physics Book - User contributions [en]

Edward L. Norton

2015-12-05T20:52:21Z

Yangkenneth:

Created and Claimed by yyang414 (Yuchen Kenneth Yang). PHYS 2212.

[[File:Edward_Lawry_Norton.jpg|500px|thumb|right| Edward Lawry Norton]]

==Early Years and Career==

Edward Lawry Norton was born in Rockland, Maine on July 28th, 1898. He was known as an American electrical engineer whom the Norton equivalent circuit is named. In his early career, Norton served as a radio operator in the United States Navy between the years of 1917 to 1919. He attended the University of Maine for one year before and for one year after his wartime service, then transferred to MIT in 1920 to obtain his B.S. in electrical engineering in 1922. Afterwards, he began to work at the Western Electric Corporation in New York City, which eventually became Bell Laboratories in 1925. While working for Western Electric, he earned an MA degree in electrical engineering from Columbia University in 1925.

== Publications==

[[File: 18.png|200px|thumb|left |Patients]]

Among Norton's publications include a consistent subject of resistance networks with applications to filter groups—including the Bell System Technical Journal, magnetic fluxmeter in the Bell Laboratories Record and dynamic measurements on electromagnetic devices in the Transactions of the AIEE. Throughout his career, Norton had written ninety-two technical memoranda—however, because of his lack of publications most of the work that Norton preferred were behind the scene. As described in his history in Bell Labs, Norton's reserved nature contradicted his capabilities.

== Application ==

Norton applied his knowledge of circuit analysis to a wide array of fields—after the second World War, he worked extensively with missile guidance controls. On the 11th of November in 1926 in a technical memorandum Design of Finite Networks for uniform Frequency Characteristic Norton quoted, "The illustrative example considered above gives the solution for the ratio of the input to output current, since this seems to be of more practical interest. An electric network usually requires the solution for the case of a constant voltage in series with an output impedance connected to the input of the network. This condition would require the equations of the voltage divided by the current in the load to be treated as above. It is ordinarily easier, however, to make use of a simple theorem which can be easily proved, that the effect of a constant voltage E in series with an impedance Z and the network is the same as a current I=E/Z into a parallel combination of the network and the impedance Z. If, as is usually the case, Z is a pure resistance, the solution of this case reduces to the case treated above for the ratio of the two currents, with the additional complication of a resistance shunted across the input terminals of the network. If Z is not a resistance the method still applies, but here the variation of the input current E/Z must be taken into account."

== Norton's Theorem ==

[[File: Norton_equivelant.png|200px|thumb|left |Norton's Theorem]]

Norton's equivalent circuit has been used to represent any network of linear sources and impedances at a given frequency. Norton never published this result or mentioned it in any of his 18 patents and 3 publications. In Europe, his theorem is known as the Mayer-Norton equivalent. The German telecommunications engineer Hans Ferdinand Mayer published the same result in the same month as Norton's technical memorandum. Norton retired in 1961 and died on January 28, 1983 at the King James Nursing Home in Chatham, New Jersey.

[[File: 3.png|200px|thumb|left |Publications]]

===Further Sources===

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=jWikHrjw5GI

Norton's Theorem Explained

==References==

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edward_Lawry_Norton

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Norton%27s_theorem

http://tcts.fpms.ac.be/cours/1005-01/equiv.pdf

Edward L. Norton

2015-12-05T20:50:26Z

Yangkenneth: /* Application */

Edward L. Norton

2015-12-05T20:50:02Z

Yangkenneth: /* Telegraph */

Created and Claimed by yyang414 (Yuchen Kenneth Yang). PHYS 2212.

[[File:Edward_Lawry_Norton.jpg|500px|thumb|right| Edward Lawry Norton]]

==Early Years and Career==

Edward Lawry Norton was born in Rockland, Maine on July 28th, 1898. He was known as an American electrical engineer whom the Norton equivalent circuit is named. In his early career, Norton served as a radio operator in the United States Navy between the years of 1917 to 1919. He attended the University of Maine for one year before and for one year after his wartime service, then transferred to MIT in 1920 to obtain his B.S. in electrical engineering in 1922. Afterwards, he began to work at the Western Electric Corporation in New York City, which eventually became Bell Laboratories in 1925. While working for Western Electric, he earned an MA degree in electrical engineering from Columbia University in 1925.

== Publications==

[[File: 18.png|200px|thumb|left |Patients]]

Among Norton's publications include a consistent subject of resistance networks with applications to filter groups—including the Bell System Technical Journal, magnetic fluxmeter in the Bell Laboratories Record and dynamic measurements on electromagnetic devices in the Transactions of the AIEE. Throughout his career, Norton had written ninety-two technical memoranda—however, because of his lack of publications most of the work that Norton preferred were behind the scene. As described in his history in Bell Labs, Norton's reserved nature contradicted his capabilities.

== Application ==

Norton applied his knowledge of circuit analysis to a wide array of fields—after the second World War, he worked extensively with missile guidance controls. On the 11th of November in 1926 in a technical memorandum Design of Finite Networks for uniform Frequency Characteristic Norton quoted, ""The illustrative example considered above gives the solution for the ratio of the input to output current, since this seems to be of more practical interest. An electric network usually requires the solution for the case of a constant voltage in series with an output impedance connected to the input of the network. This condition would require the equations of the voltage divided by the current in the load to be treated as above. It is ordinarily easier, however, to make use of a simple theorem which can be easily proved, that the effect of a constant voltage E in series with an impedance Z and the network is the same as a current I=E/Z into a parallel combination of the network and the impedance Z. If, as is usually the case, Z is a pure resistance, the solution of this case reduces to the case treated above for the ratio of the two currents, with the additional complication of a resistance shunted across the input terminals of the network. If Z is not a resistance the method still applies, but here the variation of the input current E/Z must be taken into account."

== Norton's Theorem ==

[[File: Norton_equivelant.png|200px|thumb|left |Norton's Theorem]]

Norton's equivalent circuit has been used to represent any network of linear sources and impedances at a given frequency. Norton never published this result or mentioned it in any of his 18 patents and 3 publications. In Europe, his theorem is known as the Mayer-Norton equivalent. The German telecommunications engineer Hans Ferdinand Mayer published the same result in the same month as Norton's technical memorandum. Norton retired in 1961 and died on January 28, 1983 at the King James Nursing Home in Chatham, New Jersey.

[[File: 3.png|200px|thumb|left |Publications]]

===Further Sources===

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=jWikHrjw5GI

Norton's Theorem Explained

==References==

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edward_Lawry_Norton

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Norton%27s_theorem

http://tcts.fpms.ac.be/cours/1005-01/equiv.pdf

Edward L. Norton

2015-12-05T20:40:41Z

Yangkenneth: /* References */

Created and Claimed by yyang414 (Yuchen Kenneth Yang). PHYS 2212.

[[File:Edward_Lawry_Norton.jpg|500px|thumb|right| Edward Lawry Norton]]

==Early Years and Career==

Edward Lawry Norton was born in Rockland, Maine on July 28th, 1898. He was known as an American electrical engineer whom the Norton equivalent circuit is named. In his early career, Norton served as a radio operator in the United States Navy between the years of 1917 to 1919. He attended the University of Maine for one year before and for one year after his wartime service, then transferred to MIT in 1920 to obtain his B.S. in electrical engineering in 1922. Afterwards, he began to work at the Western Electric Corporation in New York City, which eventually became Bell Laboratories in 1925. While working for Western Electric, he earned an MA degree in electrical engineering from Columbia University in 1925.

== Publications==

[[File: 18.png|200px|thumb|left |Patients]]

Among Norton's publications include a consistent subject of resistance networks with applications to filter groups—including the Bell System Technical Journal, magnetic fluxmeter in the Bell Laboratories Record and dynamic measurements on electromagnetic devices in the Transactions of the AIEE. Throughout his career, Norton had written ninety-two technical memoranda—however, because of his lack of publications most of the work that Norton preferred were behind the scene. As described in his history in Bell Labs, Norton's reserved nature contradicted his capabilities.

== Telegraph ==

He applied his deep knowledge of circuit analysis to many fields, and after World War II he worked on Nike missile guidance systems. On November 11, 1926, he wrote the technical memorandum Design of Finite Networks for Uniform Frequency Characteristic, that contains the following paragraph on page 9:
"The illustrative example considered above gives the solution for the ratio of the input to output current, since this seems to be of more practical interest. An electric network usually requires the solution for the case of a constant voltage in series with an output impedance connected to the input of the network. This condition would require the equations of the voltage divided by the current in the load to be treated as above. It is ordinarily easier, however, to make use of a simple theorem which can be easily proved, that the effect of a constant voltage E in series with an impedance Z and the network is the same as a current I=E/Z into a parallel combination of the network and the impedance Z. If, as is usually the case, Z is a pure resistance, the solution of this case reduces to the case treated above for the ratio of the two currents, with the additional complication of a resistance shunted across the input terminals of the network. If Z is not a resistance the method still applies, but here the variation of the input current E/Z must be taken into account."

Norton was something of a legendary figure in network theory work who turned out a prodigious number of designs armed only with a slide rule and his intuition. Many anecdotes survive. On one occasion T.C. Fry called in his network theory group, which included at that time Bode, Darlington and R.L. Dietzold among others, and told them: "You fellows had better not sign up for any graduate courses or other outside work this coming year because you are going to take over the network design that Ed Norton has been doing single-handed." [A History of Engineering and Science in the Bell System: Transmission Technology (1925-1975), p. 210]

== Norton's Theorem ==

[[File: Norton_equivelant.png|200px|thumb|left |Norton's Theorem]]

Norton's equivalent circuit has been used to represent any network of linear sources and impedances at a given frequency. Norton never published this result or mentioned it in any of his 18 patents and 3 publications. In Europe, his theorem is known as the Mayer-Norton equivalent. The German telecommunications engineer Hans Ferdinand Mayer published the same result in the same month as Norton's technical memorandum. Norton retired in 1961 and died on January 28, 1983 at the King James Nursing Home in Chatham, New Jersey.

[[File: 3.png|200px|thumb|left |Publications]]

===Further Sources===

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=jWikHrjw5GI

Norton's Theorem Explained

==References==

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edward_Lawry_Norton

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Norton%27s_theorem

http://tcts.fpms.ac.be/cours/1005-01/equiv.pdf

Edward L. Norton

2015-12-05T20:35:52Z

Yangkenneth: /* References */

Created and Claimed by yyang414 (Yuchen Kenneth Yang). PHYS 2212.

[[File:Edward_Lawry_Norton.jpg|500px|thumb|right| Edward Lawry Norton]]

==Early Years and Career==

Edward Lawry Norton was born in Rockland, Maine on July 28th, 1898. He was known as an American electrical engineer whom the Norton equivalent circuit is named. In his early career, Norton served as a radio operator in the United States Navy between the years of 1917 to 1919. He attended the University of Maine for one year before and for one year after his wartime service, then transferred to MIT in 1920 to obtain his B.S. in electrical engineering in 1922. Afterwards, he began to work at the Western Electric Corporation in New York City, which eventually became Bell Laboratories in 1925. While working for Western Electric, he earned an MA degree in electrical engineering from Columbia University in 1925.

== Publications==

[[File: 18.png|200px|thumb|left |Patients]]

Among Norton's publications include a consistent subject of resistance networks with applications to filter groups—including the Bell System Technical Journal, magnetic fluxmeter in the Bell Laboratories Record and dynamic measurements on electromagnetic devices in the Transactions of the AIEE. Throughout his career, Norton had written ninety-two technical memoranda—however, because of his lack of publications most of the work that Norton preferred were behind the scene. As described in his history in Bell Labs, Norton's reserved nature contradicted his capabilities.

== Telegraph ==

He applied his deep knowledge of circuit analysis to many fields, and after World War II he worked on Nike missile guidance systems. On November 11, 1926, he wrote the technical memorandum Design of Finite Networks for Uniform Frequency Characteristic, that contains the following paragraph on page 9:
"The illustrative example considered above gives the solution for the ratio of the input to output current, since this seems to be of more practical interest. An electric network usually requires the solution for the case of a constant voltage in series with an output impedance connected to the input of the network. This condition would require the equations of the voltage divided by the current in the load to be treated as above. It is ordinarily easier, however, to make use of a simple theorem which can be easily proved, that the effect of a constant voltage E in series with an impedance Z and the network is the same as a current I=E/Z into a parallel combination of the network and the impedance Z. If, as is usually the case, Z is a pure resistance, the solution of this case reduces to the case treated above for the ratio of the two currents, with the additional complication of a resistance shunted across the input terminals of the network. If Z is not a resistance the method still applies, but here the variation of the input current E/Z must be taken into account."

Norton was something of a legendary figure in network theory work who turned out a prodigious number of designs armed only with a slide rule and his intuition. Many anecdotes survive. On one occasion T.C. Fry called in his network theory group, which included at that time Bode, Darlington and R.L. Dietzold among others, and told them: "You fellows had better not sign up for any graduate courses or other outside work this coming year because you are going to take over the network design that Ed Norton has been doing single-handed." [A History of Engineering and Science in the Bell System: Transmission Technology (1925-1975), p. 210]

== Norton's Theorem ==

[[File: Norton_equivelant.png|200px|thumb|left |Norton's Theorem]]

Norton's equivalent circuit has been used to represent any network of linear sources and impedances at a given frequency. Norton never published this result or mentioned it in any of his 18 patents and 3 publications. In Europe, his theorem is known as the Mayer-Norton equivalent. The German telecommunications engineer Hans Ferdinand Mayer published the same result in the same month as Norton's technical memorandum. Norton retired in 1961 and died on January 28, 1983 at the King James Nursing Home in Chatham, New Jersey.

[[File: 3.png|200px|thumb|left |Publications]]

===Further Sources===

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=jWikHrjw5GI

Norton's Theorem Explained

==References==

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edward_Lawry_Norton

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Norton%27s_theorem

Edward L. Norton

2015-12-05T20:27:35Z

Yangkenneth: /* Publications */

Created and Claimed by yyang414 (Yuchen Kenneth Yang). PHYS 2212.

[[File:Edward_Lawry_Norton.jpg|500px|thumb|right| Edward Lawry Norton]]

==Early Years and Career==

Edward Lawry Norton was born in Rockland, Maine on July 28th, 1898. He was known as an American electrical engineer whom the Norton equivalent circuit is named. In his early career, Norton served as a radio operator in the United States Navy between the years of 1917 to 1919. He attended the University of Maine for one year before and for one year after his wartime service, then transferred to MIT in 1920 to obtain his B.S. in electrical engineering in 1922. Afterwards, he began to work at the Western Electric Corporation in New York City, which eventually became Bell Laboratories in 1925. While working for Western Electric, he earned an MA degree in electrical engineering from Columbia University in 1925.

== Publications==

[[File: 18.png|200px|thumb|left |Patients]]

Among Norton's publications include a consistent subject of resistance networks with applications to filter groups—including the Bell System Technical Journal, magnetic fluxmeter in the Bell Laboratories Record and dynamic measurements on electromagnetic devices in the Transactions of the AIEE. Throughout his career, Norton had written ninety-two technical memoranda—however, because of his lack of publications most of the work that Norton preferred were behind the scene. As described in his history in Bell Labs, Norton's reserved nature contradicted his capabilities.

== Telegraph ==

He applied his deep knowledge of circuit analysis to many fields, and after World War II he worked on Nike missile guidance systems. On November 11, 1926, he wrote the technical memorandum Design of Finite Networks for Uniform Frequency Characteristic, that contains the following paragraph on page 9:
"The illustrative example considered above gives the solution for the ratio of the input to output current, since this seems to be of more practical interest. An electric network usually requires the solution for the case of a constant voltage in series with an output impedance connected to the input of the network. This condition would require the equations of the voltage divided by the current in the load to be treated as above. It is ordinarily easier, however, to make use of a simple theorem which can be easily proved, that the effect of a constant voltage E in series with an impedance Z and the network is the same as a current I=E/Z into a parallel combination of the network and the impedance Z. If, as is usually the case, Z is a pure resistance, the solution of this case reduces to the case treated above for the ratio of the two currents, with the additional complication of a resistance shunted across the input terminals of the network. If Z is not a resistance the method still applies, but here the variation of the input current E/Z must be taken into account."

Norton was something of a legendary figure in network theory work who turned out a prodigious number of designs armed only with a slide rule and his intuition. Many anecdotes survive. On one occasion T.C. Fry called in his network theory group, which included at that time Bode, Darlington and R.L. Dietzold among others, and told them: "You fellows had better not sign up for any graduate courses or other outside work this coming year because you are going to take over the network design that Ed Norton has been doing single-handed." [A History of Engineering and Science in the Bell System: Transmission Technology (1925-1975), p. 210]

== Norton's Theorem ==

[[File: Norton_equivelant.png|200px|thumb|left |Norton's Theorem]]

Norton's equivalent circuit has been used to represent any network of linear sources and impedances at a given frequency. Norton never published this result or mentioned it in any of his 18 patents and 3 publications. In Europe, his theorem is known as the Mayer-Norton equivalent. The German telecommunications engineer Hans Ferdinand Mayer published the same result in the same month as Norton's technical memorandum. Norton retired in 1961 and died on January 28, 1983 at the King James Nursing Home in Chatham, New Jersey.

[[File: 3.png|200px|thumb|left |Publications]]

===Further Sources===

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=jWikHrjw5GI

Norton's Theorem Explained

==References==

http://www.ece.rice.edu/~dhj/norton/

http://eleceng.adelaide.edu.au/about/history/famous-scientists/

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Norton%27s_theorem

Edward L. Norton

2015-12-05T20:25:55Z

Yangkenneth: /* Telegraph */

Created and Claimed by yyang414 (Yuchen Kenneth Yang). PHYS 2212.

[[File:Edward_Lawry_Norton.jpg|500px|thumb|right| Edward Lawry Norton]]

==Early Years and Career==

Edward Lawry Norton was born in Rockland, Maine on July 28th, 1898. He was known as an American electrical engineer whom the Norton equivalent circuit is named. In his early career, Norton served as a radio operator in the United States Navy between the years of 1917 to 1919. He attended the University of Maine for one year before and for one year after his wartime service, then transferred to MIT in 1920 to obtain his B.S. in electrical engineering in 1922. Afterwards, he began to work at the Western Electric Corporation in New York City, which eventually became Bell Laboratories in 1925. While working for Western Electric, he earned an MA degree in electrical engineering from Columbia University in 1925.

== Publications==

[[File: 18.png|200px|thumb|left |Patients]]

Among Norton's publications include a consistent subject of resistance networks with applications to filter groups—including the Bell System Technical Journal, magnetic fluxmeter in the Bell Laboratories Record and dynamic measurements on electromagnetic devices in the Transactions of the AIEE. Throughout his career, Norton had written ninety-two technical memoranda—however, because of his lack of publications most of the work that Norton preferred were behind the scene. As described in his history in Bell Labs, Norton's reserved nature contradicted his capabilities.

== Telegraph ==

He applied his deep knowledge of circuit analysis to many fields, and after World War II he worked on Nike missile guidance systems. On November 11, 1926, he wrote the technical memorandum Design of Finite Networks for Uniform Frequency Characteristic, that contains the following paragraph on page 9:
"The illustrative example considered above gives the solution for the ratio of the input to output current, since this seems to be of more practical interest. An electric network usually requires the solution for the case of a constant voltage in series with an output impedance connected to the input of the network. This condition would require the equations of the voltage divided by the current in the load to be treated as above. It is ordinarily easier, however, to make use of a simple theorem which can be easily proved, that the effect of a constant voltage E in series with an impedance Z and the network is the same as a current I=E/Z into a parallel combination of the network and the impedance Z. If, as is usually the case, Z is a pure resistance, the solution of this case reduces to the case treated above for the ratio of the two currents, with the additional complication of a resistance shunted across the input terminals of the network. If Z is not a resistance the method still applies, but here the variation of the input current E/Z must be taken into account."

Norton was something of a legendary figure in network theory work who turned out a prodigious number of designs armed only with a slide rule and his intuition. Many anecdotes survive. On one occasion T.C. Fry called in his network theory group, which included at that time Bode, Darlington and R.L. Dietzold among others, and told them: "You fellows had better not sign up for any graduate courses or other outside work this coming year because you are going to take over the network design that Ed Norton has been doing single-handed." [A History of Engineering and Science in the Bell System: Transmission Technology (1925-1975), p. 210]

== Norton's Theorem ==

[[File: Norton_equivelant.png|200px|thumb|left |Norton's Theorem]]

Norton's equivalent circuit has been used to represent any network of linear sources and impedances at a given frequency. Norton never published this result or mentioned it in any of his 18 patents and 3 publications. In Europe, his theorem is known as the Mayer-Norton equivalent. The German telecommunications engineer Hans Ferdinand Mayer published the same result in the same month as Norton's technical memorandum. Norton retired in 1961 and died on January 28, 1983 at the King James Nursing Home in Chatham, New Jersey.

[[File: 3.png|200px|thumb|left |Publications]]

===Further Sources===

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=jWikHrjw5GI

Norton's Theorem Explained

==References==

http://www.ece.rice.edu/~dhj/norton/

http://eleceng.adelaide.edu.au/about/history/famous-scientists/

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Norton%27s_theorem

Edward L. Norton

2015-12-05T20:24:56Z

Yangkenneth: /* Norton's Theorem */

Created and Claimed by yyang414 (Yuchen Kenneth Yang). PHYS 2212.

[[File:Edward_Lawry_Norton.jpg|500px|thumb|right| Edward Lawry Norton]]

==Early Years and Career==

Edward Lawry Norton was born in Rockland, Maine on July 28th, 1898. He was known as an American electrical engineer whom the Norton equivalent circuit is named. In his early career, Norton served as a radio operator in the United States Navy between the years of 1917 to 1919. He attended the University of Maine for one year before and for one year after his wartime service, then transferred to MIT in 1920 to obtain his B.S. in electrical engineering in 1922. Afterwards, he began to work at the Western Electric Corporation in New York City, which eventually became Bell Laboratories in 1925. While working for Western Electric, he earned an MA degree in electrical engineering from Columbia University in 1925.

== Publications==

[[File: 18.png|200px|thumb|left |Patients]]

Among Norton's publications include a consistent subject of resistance networks with applications to filter groups—including the Bell System Technical Journal, magnetic fluxmeter in the Bell Laboratories Record and dynamic measurements on electromagnetic devices in the Transactions of the AIEE. Throughout his career, Norton had written ninety-two technical memoranda—however, because of his lack of publications most of the work that Norton preferred were behind the scene. As described in his history in Bell Labs, Norton's reserved nature contradicted his capabilities.

== Telegraph ==

He applied his deep knowledge of circuit analysis to many fields, and after World War II he worked on Nike missile guidance systems. On November 11, 1926, he wrote the technical memorandum Design of Finite Networks for Uniform Frequency Characteristic, that contains the following paragraph on page 9:
"The illustrative example considered above gives the solution for the ratio of the input to output current, since this seems to be of more practical interest. An electric network usually requires the solution for the case of a constant voltage in series with an output impedance connected to the input of the network. This condition would require the equations of the voltage divided by the current in the load to be treated as above. It is ordinarily easier, however, to make use of a simple theorem which can be easily proved, that the effect of a constant voltage E in series with an impedance Z and the network is the same as a current I=E/Z into a parallel combination of the network and the impedance Z. If, as is usually the case, Z is a pure resistance, the solution of this case reduces to the case treated above for the ratio of the two currents, with the additional complication of a resistance shunted across the input terminals of the network. If Z is not a resistance the method still applies, but here the variation of the input current E/Z must be taken into account."

Norton was something of a legendary figure in network theory work who turned out a prodigious number of designs armed only with a slide rule and his intuition. Many anecdotes survive. On one occasion T.C. Fry called in his network theory group, which included at that time Bode, Darlington and R.L. Dietzold among others, and told them: "You fellows had better not sign up for any graduate courses or other outside work this coming year because you are going to take over the network design that Ed Norton has been doing single-handed." [A History of Engineering and Science in the Bell System: Transmission Technology (1925-1975), p. 210]

== Norton's Theorem ==

[[File: Norton_equivelant.png|200px|thumb|left |Norton's Theorem]]

Norton's equivalent circuit has been used to represent any network of linear sources and impedances at a given frequency. Norton never published this result or mentioned it in any of his 18 patents and 3 publications. In Europe, his theorem is known as the Mayer-Norton equivalent. The German telecommunications engineer Hans Ferdinand Mayer published the same result in the same month as Norton's technical memorandum. Norton retired in 1961 and died on January 28, 1983 at the King James Nursing Home in Chatham, New Jersey.

[[File: 3.png|200px|thumb|left |Publications]]

===Further Sources===

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=jWikHrjw5GI

Norton's Theorem Explained

==References==

http://www.ece.rice.edu/~dhj/norton/

http://eleceng.adelaide.edu.au/about/history/famous-scientists/

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Norton%27s_theorem

Edward L. Norton

2015-12-05T20:24:32Z

Yangkenneth: /* Publications */

Created and Claimed by yyang414 (Yuchen Kenneth Yang). PHYS 2212.

[[File:Edward_Lawry_Norton.jpg|500px|thumb|right| Edward Lawry Norton]]

==Early Years and Career==

Edward Lawry Norton was born in Rockland, Maine on July 28th, 1898. He was known as an American electrical engineer whom the Norton equivalent circuit is named. In his early career, Norton served as a radio operator in the United States Navy between the years of 1917 to 1919. He attended the University of Maine for one year before and for one year after his wartime service, then transferred to MIT in 1920 to obtain his B.S. in electrical engineering in 1922. Afterwards, he began to work at the Western Electric Corporation in New York City, which eventually became Bell Laboratories in 1925. While working for Western Electric, he earned an MA degree in electrical engineering from Columbia University in 1925.

== Publications==

[[File: 18.png|200px|thumb|left |Patients]]

Among Norton's publications include a consistent subject of resistance networks with applications to filter groups—including the Bell System Technical Journal, magnetic fluxmeter in the Bell Laboratories Record and dynamic measurements on electromagnetic devices in the Transactions of the AIEE. Throughout his career, Norton had written ninety-two technical memoranda—however, because of his lack of publications most of the work that Norton preferred were behind the scene. As described in his history in Bell Labs, Norton's reserved nature contradicted his capabilities.

== Telegraph ==

He applied his deep knowledge of circuit analysis to many fields, and after World War II he worked on Nike missile guidance systems. On November 11, 1926, he wrote the technical memorandum Design of Finite Networks for Uniform Frequency Characteristic, that contains the following paragraph on page 9:
"The illustrative example considered above gives the solution for the ratio of the input to output current, since this seems to be of more practical interest. An electric network usually requires the solution for the case of a constant voltage in series with an output impedance connected to the input of the network. This condition would require the equations of the voltage divided by the current in the load to be treated as above. It is ordinarily easier, however, to make use of a simple theorem which can be easily proved, that the effect of a constant voltage E in series with an impedance Z and the network is the same as a current I=E/Z into a parallel combination of the network and the impedance Z. If, as is usually the case, Z is a pure resistance, the solution of this case reduces to the case treated above for the ratio of the two currents, with the additional complication of a resistance shunted across the input terminals of the network. If Z is not a resistance the method still applies, but here the variation of the input current E/Z must be taken into account."

Norton was something of a legendary figure in network theory work who turned out a prodigious number of designs armed only with a slide rule and his intuition. Many anecdotes survive. On one occasion T.C. Fry called in his network theory group, which included at that time Bode, Darlington and R.L. Dietzold among others, and told them: "You fellows had better not sign up for any graduate courses or other outside work this coming year because you are going to take over the network design that Ed Norton has been doing single-handed." [A History of Engineering and Science in the Bell System: Transmission Technology (1925-1975), p. 210]

== Norton's Theorem ==

[[File: Norton_equivelant.png|200px|thumb|left |Norton's Theorem]]

Norton's equivalent circuit has been used to represent any network of linear sources and impedances at a given frequency. Norton never published this result or mentioned it in any of his 18 patents and 3 publications. In Europe, his theorem is known as the Mayer-Norton equivalent. The German telecommunications engineer Hans Ferdinand Mayer published the same result in the same month as Norton's technical memorandum. Norton retired in 1961 and died on January 28, 1983 at the King James Nursing Home in Chatham, New Jersey.

===Further Sources===

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=jWikHrjw5GI

Norton's Theorem Explained

==References==

http://www.ece.rice.edu/~dhj/norton/

http://eleceng.adelaide.edu.au/about/history/famous-scientists/

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Norton%27s_theorem

Edward L. Norton

2015-12-05T20:23:37Z

Yangkenneth: /* Telegraph */

Created and Claimed by yyang414 (Yuchen Kenneth Yang). PHYS 2212.

[[File:Edward_Lawry_Norton.jpg|500px|thumb|right| Edward Lawry Norton]]

==Early Years and Career==

Edward Lawry Norton was born in Rockland, Maine on July 28th, 1898. He was known as an American electrical engineer whom the Norton equivalent circuit is named. In his early career, Norton served as a radio operator in the United States Navy between the years of 1917 to 1919. He attended the University of Maine for one year before and for one year after his wartime service, then transferred to MIT in 1920 to obtain his B.S. in electrical engineering in 1922. Afterwards, he began to work at the Western Electric Corporation in New York City, which eventually became Bell Laboratories in 1925. While working for Western Electric, he earned an MA degree in electrical engineering from Columbia University in 1925.

== Publications==

[[File: 18.png|200px|thumb|left |Patients]]

[[File: 3.png|200px|thumb|left |Publications]]

Among Norton's publications include a consistent subject of resistance networks with applications to filter groups—including the Bell System Technical Journal, magnetic fluxmeter in the Bell Laboratories Record and dynamic measurements on electromagnetic devices in the Transactions of the AIEE. Throughout his career, Norton had written ninety-two technical memoranda—however, because of his lack of publications most of the work that Norton preferred were behind the scene. As described in his history in Bell Labs, Norton's reserved nature contradicted his capabilities.

== Telegraph ==

He applied his deep knowledge of circuit analysis to many fields, and after World War II he worked on Nike missile guidance systems. On November 11, 1926, he wrote the technical memorandum Design of Finite Networks for Uniform Frequency Characteristic, that contains the following paragraph on page 9:
"The illustrative example considered above gives the solution for the ratio of the input to output current, since this seems to be of more practical interest. An electric network usually requires the solution for the case of a constant voltage in series with an output impedance connected to the input of the network. This condition would require the equations of the voltage divided by the current in the load to be treated as above. It is ordinarily easier, however, to make use of a simple theorem which can be easily proved, that the effect of a constant voltage E in series with an impedance Z and the network is the same as a current I=E/Z into a parallel combination of the network and the impedance Z. If, as is usually the case, Z is a pure resistance, the solution of this case reduces to the case treated above for the ratio of the two currents, with the additional complication of a resistance shunted across the input terminals of the network. If Z is not a resistance the method still applies, but here the variation of the input current E/Z must be taken into account."

Norton was something of a legendary figure in network theory work who turned out a prodigious number of designs armed only with a slide rule and his intuition. Many anecdotes survive. On one occasion T.C. Fry called in his network theory group, which included at that time Bode, Darlington and R.L. Dietzold among others, and told them: "You fellows had better not sign up for any graduate courses or other outside work this coming year because you are going to take over the network design that Ed Norton has been doing single-handed." [A History of Engineering and Science in the Bell System: Transmission Technology (1925-1975), p. 210]

== Norton's Theorem ==

[[File: Norton_equivelant.png|200px|thumb|left |Norton's Theorem]]

Norton's equivalent circuit has been used to represent any network of linear sources and impedances at a given frequency. Norton never published this result or mentioned it in any of his 18 patents and 3 publications. In Europe, his theorem is known as the Mayer-Norton equivalent. The German telecommunications engineer Hans Ferdinand Mayer published the same result in the same month as Norton's technical memorandum. Norton retired in 1961 and died on January 28, 1983 at the King James Nursing Home in Chatham, New Jersey.

===Further Sources===

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=jWikHrjw5GI

Norton's Theorem Explained

==References==

http://www.ece.rice.edu/~dhj/norton/

http://eleceng.adelaide.edu.au/about/history/famous-scientists/

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Norton%27s_theorem

Edward L. Norton

2015-12-05T20:23:24Z

Yangkenneth: /* Publications */

Created and Claimed by yyang414 (Yuchen Kenneth Yang). PHYS 2212.

[[File:Edward_Lawry_Norton.jpg|500px|thumb|right| Edward Lawry Norton]]

==Early Years and Career==

Edward Lawry Norton was born in Rockland, Maine on July 28th, 1898. He was known as an American electrical engineer whom the Norton equivalent circuit is named. In his early career, Norton served as a radio operator in the United States Navy between the years of 1917 to 1919. He attended the University of Maine for one year before and for one year after his wartime service, then transferred to MIT in 1920 to obtain his B.S. in electrical engineering in 1922. Afterwards, he began to work at the Western Electric Corporation in New York City, which eventually became Bell Laboratories in 1925. While working for Western Electric, he earned an MA degree in electrical engineering from Columbia University in 1925.

== Publications==

[[File: 18.png|200px|thumb|left |Patients]]

[[File: 3.png|200px|thumb|left |Publications]]

Among Norton's publications include a consistent subject of resistance networks with applications to filter groups—including the Bell System Technical Journal, magnetic fluxmeter in the Bell Laboratories Record and dynamic measurements on electromagnetic devices in the Transactions of the AIEE. Throughout his career, Norton had written ninety-two technical memoranda—however, because of his lack of publications most of the work that Norton preferred were behind the scene. As described in his history in Bell Labs, Norton's reserved nature contradicted his capabilities.

== Telegraph ==

He applied his deep knowledge of circuit analysis to many fields, and after World War II he worked on Nike missile guidance systems. On November 11, 1926, he wrote the technical memorandum Design of Finite Networks for Uniform Frequency Characteristic, that contains the following paragraph on page 9:
"The illustrative example considered above gives the solution for the ratio of the input to output current, since this seems to be of more practical interest. An electric network usually requires the solution for the case of a constant voltage in series with an output impedance connected to the input of the network. This condition would require the equations of the voltage divided by the current in the load to be treated as above. It is ordinarily easier, however, to make use of a simple theorem which can be easily proved, that the effect of a constant voltage E in series with an impedance Z and the network is the same as a current I=E/Z into a parallel combination of the network and the impedance Z. If, as is usually the case, Z is a pure resistance, the solution of this case reduces to the case treated above for the ratio of the two currents, with the additional complication of a resistance shunted across the input terminals of the network. If Z is not a resistance the method still applies, but here the variation of the input current E/Z must be taken into account."

Norton was something of a legendary figure in network theory work who turned out a prodigious number of designs armed only with a slide rule and his intuition. Many anecdotes survive. On one occasion T.C. Fry called in his network theory group, which included at that time Bode, Darlington and R.L. Dietzold among others, and told them: "You fellows had better not sign up for any graduate courses or other outside work this coming year because you are going to take over the network design that Ed Norton has been doing single-handed." [A History of Engineering and Science in the Bell System: Transmission Technology (1925-1975), p. 210]

== Norton's Theorem ==

[[File: Norton_equivelant.png|200px|thumb|left |Norton's Theorem]]

Norton's equivalent circuit has been used to represent any network of linear sources and impedances at a given frequency. Norton never published this result or mentioned it in any of his 18 patents and 3 publications. In Europe, his theorem is known as the Mayer-Norton equivalent. The German telecommunications engineer Hans Ferdinand Mayer published the same result in the same month as Norton's technical memorandum. Norton retired in 1961 and died on January 28, 1983 at the King James Nursing Home in Chatham, New Jersey.

===Further Sources===

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=jWikHrjw5GI

Norton's Theorem Explained

==References==

http://www.ece.rice.edu/~dhj/norton/

http://eleceng.adelaide.edu.au/about/history/famous-scientists/

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Norton%27s_theorem

Edward L. Norton

2015-12-05T20:23:04Z

Yangkenneth: /* Telegraph */

Created and Claimed by yyang414 (Yuchen Kenneth Yang). PHYS 2212.

[[File:Edward_Lawry_Norton.jpg|500px|thumb|right| Edward Lawry Norton]]

==Early Years and Career==

Edward Lawry Norton was born in Rockland, Maine on July 28th, 1898. He was known as an American electrical engineer whom the Norton equivalent circuit is named. In his early career, Norton served as a radio operator in the United States Navy between the years of 1917 to 1919. He attended the University of Maine for one year before and for one year after his wartime service, then transferred to MIT in 1920 to obtain his B.S. in electrical engineering in 1922. Afterwards, he began to work at the Western Electric Corporation in New York City, which eventually became Bell Laboratories in 1925. While working for Western Electric, he earned an MA degree in electrical engineering from Columbia University in 1925.

== Publications==

[[File: 18.png|200px|thumb|left |Patients]]

[[File: 3.png|200px|thumb|left |Publications]]

Among Norton's publications include a consistent subject of resistance networks with applications to filter groups—including the Bell System Technical Journal, magnetic fluxmeter in the Bell Laboratories Record and dynamic measurements on electromagnetic devices in the Transactions of the AIEE. Throughout his career, Norton had written ninety-two technical memoranda—however, because of his lack of publications most of the work that Norton preferred were behind the scene. As described in his history in Bell Labs, Norton's reserved nature contradicted his capabilities.

== Telegraph ==

He applied his deep knowledge of circuit analysis to many fields, and after World War II he worked on Nike missile guidance systems. On November 11, 1926, he wrote the technical memorandum Design of Finite Networks for Uniform Frequency Characteristic, that contains the following paragraph on page 9:
"The illustrative example considered above gives the solution for the ratio of the input to output current, since this seems to be of more practical interest. An electric network usually requires the solution for the case of a constant voltage in series with an output impedance connected to the input of the network. This condition would require the equations of the voltage divided by the current in the load to be treated as above. It is ordinarily easier, however, to make use of a simple theorem which can be easily proved, that the effect of a constant voltage E in series with an impedance Z and the network is the same as a current I=E/Z into a parallel combination of the network and the impedance Z. If, as is usually the case, Z is a pure resistance, the solution of this case reduces to the case treated above for the ratio of the two currents, with the additional complication of a resistance shunted across the input terminals of the network. If Z is not a resistance the method still applies, but here the variation of the input current E/Z must be taken into account."

Norton was something of a legendary figure in network theory work who turned out a prodigious number of designs armed only with a slide rule and his intuition. Many anecdotes survive. On one occasion T.C. Fry called in his network theory group, which included at that time Bode, Darlington and R.L. Dietzold among others, and told them: "You fellows had better not sign up for any graduate courses or other outside work this coming year because you are going to take over the network design that Ed Norton has been doing single-handed." [A History of Engineering and Science in the Bell System: Transmission Technology (1925-1975), p. 210]

== Norton's Theorem ==

[[File: Norton_equivelant.png|200px|thumb|left |Norton's Theorem]]

Norton's equivalent circuit has been used to represent any network of linear sources and impedances at a given frequency. Norton never published this result or mentioned it in any of his 18 patents and 3 publications. In Europe, his theorem is known as the Mayer-Norton equivalent. The German telecommunications engineer Hans Ferdinand Mayer published the same result in the same month as Norton's technical memorandum. Norton retired in 1961 and died on January 28, 1983 at the King James Nursing Home in Chatham, New Jersey.

===Further Sources===

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=jWikHrjw5GI

Norton's Theorem Explained

==References==

http://www.ece.rice.edu/~dhj/norton/

http://eleceng.adelaide.edu.au/about/history/famous-scientists/

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Norton%27s_theorem

Edward L. Norton

2015-12-05T20:22:29Z

Yangkenneth: /* Publications */

Created and Claimed by yyang414 (Yuchen Kenneth Yang). PHYS 2212.

[[File:Edward_Lawry_Norton.jpg|500px|thumb|right| Edward Lawry Norton]]

==Early Years and Career==

Edward Lawry Norton was born in Rockland, Maine on July 28th, 1898. He was known as an American electrical engineer whom the Norton equivalent circuit is named. In his early career, Norton served as a radio operator in the United States Navy between the years of 1917 to 1919. He attended the University of Maine for one year before and for one year after his wartime service, then transferred to MIT in 1920 to obtain his B.S. in electrical engineering in 1922. Afterwards, he began to work at the Western Electric Corporation in New York City, which eventually became Bell Laboratories in 1925. While working for Western Electric, he earned an MA degree in electrical engineering from Columbia University in 1925.

== Publications==

[[File: 18.png|200px|thumb|left |Patients]]

[[File: 3.png|200px|thumb|left |Publications]]

Among Norton's publications include a consistent subject of resistance networks with applications to filter groups—including the Bell System Technical Journal, magnetic fluxmeter in the Bell Laboratories Record and dynamic measurements on electromagnetic devices in the Transactions of the AIEE. Throughout his career, Norton had written ninety-two technical memoranda—however, because of his lack of publications most of the work that Norton preferred were behind the scene. As described in his history in Bell Labs, Norton's reserved nature contradicted his capabilities.

== Telegraph ==

He applied his deep knowledge of circuit analysis to many fields, and after World War II he worked on Nike missile guidance systems. On November 11, 1926, he wrote the technical memorandum Design of Finite Networks for Uniform Frequency Characteristic, that contains the following paragraph on page 9:
"The illustrative example considered above gives the solution for the ratio of the input to output current, since this seems to be of more practical interest. An electric network usually requires the solution for the case of a constant voltage in series with an output impedance connected to the input of the network. This condition would require the equations of the voltage divided by the current in the load to be treated as above. It is ordinarily easier, however, to make use of a simple theorem which can be easily proved, that the effect of a constant voltage E in series with an impedance Z and the network is the same as a current I=E/Z into a parallel combination of the network and the impedance Z. If, as is usually the case, Z is a pure resistance, the solution of this case reduces to the case treated above for the ratio of the two currents, with the additional complication of a resistance shunted across the input terminals of the network. If Z is not a resistance the method still applies, but here the variation of the input current E/Z must be taken into account."

Norton was something of a legendary figure in network theory work who turned out a prodigious number of designs armed only with a slide rule and his intuition. Many anecdotes survive. On one occasion T.C. Fry called in his network theory group, which included at that time Bode, Darlington and R.L. Dietzold among others, and told them: "You fellows had better not sign up for any graduate courses or other outside work this coming year because you are going to take over the network design that Ed Norton has been doing single-handed." [A History of Engineering and Science in the Bell System: Transmission Technology (1925-1975), p. 210]

== Norton's Theorem ==

[[File: Norton_equivelant.png|200px|thumb|left |Norton's Theorem]]

Norton's equivalent circuit has been used to represent any network of linear sources and impedances at a given frequency. Norton never published this result or mentioned it in any of his 18 patents and 3 publications. In Europe, his theorem is known as the Mayer-Norton equivalent. The German telecommunications engineer Hans Ferdinand Mayer published the same result in the same month as Norton's technical memorandum. Norton retired in 1961 and died on January 28, 1983 at the King James Nursing Home in Chatham, New Jersey.

===Further Sources===

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=jWikHrjw5GI

Norton's Theorem Explained

==References==

http://www.ece.rice.edu/~dhj/norton/

http://eleceng.adelaide.edu.au/about/history/famous-scientists/

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Norton%27s_theorem

Edward L. Norton

2015-12-05T20:21:29Z

Yangkenneth: /* Publications */

Created and Claimed by yyang414 (Yuchen Kenneth Yang). PHYS 2212.

[[File:Edward_Lawry_Norton.jpg|500px|thumb|right| Edward Lawry Norton]]

==Early Years and Career==

Edward Lawry Norton was born in Rockland, Maine on July 28th, 1898. He was known as an American electrical engineer whom the Norton equivalent circuit is named. In his early career, Norton served as a radio operator in the United States Navy between the years of 1917 to 1919. He attended the University of Maine for one year before and for one year after his wartime service, then transferred to MIT in 1920 to obtain his B.S. in electrical engineering in 1922. Afterwards, he began to work at the Western Electric Corporation in New York City, which eventually became Bell Laboratories in 1925. While working for Western Electric, he earned an MA degree in electrical engineering from Columbia University in 1925.

== Publications==

Among Norton's publications include a consistent subject of resistance networks with applications to filter groups—including the Bell System Technical Journal, magnetic fluxmeter in the Bell Laboratories Record and dynamic measurements on electromagnetic devices in the Transactions of the AIEE. Throughout his career, Norton had written ninety-two technical memoranda—however, because of his lack of publications most of the work that Norton preferred were behind the scene. As described in his history in Bell Labs, Norton's reserved nature contradicted his capabilities.

[[File: 18.png|200px|thumb|left |Norton's Theorem]]

[[File: 3.png|200px|thumb|left |Norton's Theorem]]

== Telegraph ==

He applied his deep knowledge of circuit analysis to many fields, and after World War II he worked on Nike missile guidance systems. On November 11, 1926, he wrote the technical memorandum Design of Finite Networks for Uniform Frequency Characteristic, that contains the following paragraph on page 9:
"The illustrative example considered above gives the solution for the ratio of the input to output current, since this seems to be of more practical interest. An electric network usually requires the solution for the case of a constant voltage in series with an output impedance connected to the input of the network. This condition would require the equations of the voltage divided by the current in the load to be treated as above. It is ordinarily easier, however, to make use of a simple theorem which can be easily proved, that the effect of a constant voltage E in series with an impedance Z and the network is the same as a current I=E/Z into a parallel combination of the network and the impedance Z. If, as is usually the case, Z is a pure resistance, the solution of this case reduces to the case treated above for the ratio of the two currents, with the additional complication of a resistance shunted across the input terminals of the network. If Z is not a resistance the method still applies, but here the variation of the input current E/Z must be taken into account."

Norton was something of a legendary figure in network theory work who turned out a prodigious number of designs armed only with a slide rule and his intuition. Many anecdotes survive. On one occasion T.C. Fry called in his network theory group, which included at that time Bode, Darlington and R.L. Dietzold among others, and told them: "You fellows had better not sign up for any graduate courses or other outside work this coming year because you are going to take over the network design that Ed Norton has been doing single-handed." [A History of Engineering and Science in the Bell System: Transmission Technology (1925-1975), p. 210]

== Norton's Theorem ==

[[File: Norton_equivelant.png|200px|thumb|left |Norton's Theorem]]

Norton's equivalent circuit has been used to represent any network of linear sources and impedances at a given frequency. Norton never published this result or mentioned it in any of his 18 patents and 3 publications. In Europe, his theorem is known as the Mayer-Norton equivalent. The German telecommunications engineer Hans Ferdinand Mayer published the same result in the same month as Norton's technical memorandum. Norton retired in 1961 and died on January 28, 1983 at the King James Nursing Home in Chatham, New Jersey.

===Further Sources===

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=jWikHrjw5GI

Norton's Theorem Explained

==References==

http://www.ece.rice.edu/~dhj/norton/

http://eleceng.adelaide.edu.au/about/history/famous-scientists/

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Norton%27s_theorem

File:18.png

2015-12-05T20:20:36Z

Yangkenneth:

File:3.png

2015-12-05T20:20:19Z

Yangkenneth:

Edward L. Norton

2015-12-05T20:13:52Z

Yangkenneth: /* Norton's Theorem */

Created and Claimed by yyang414 (Yuchen Kenneth Yang). PHYS 2212.

[[File:Edward_Lawry_Norton.jpg|500px|thumb|right| Edward Lawry Norton]]

==Early Years and Career==

Edward Lawry Norton was born in Rockland, Maine on July 28th, 1898. He was known as an American electrical engineer whom the Norton equivalent circuit is named. In his early career, Norton served as a radio operator in the United States Navy between the years of 1917 to 1919. He attended the University of Maine for one year before and for one year after his wartime service, then transferred to MIT in 1920 to obtain his B.S. in electrical engineering in 1922. Afterwards, he began to work at the Western Electric Corporation in New York City, which eventually became Bell Laboratories in 1925. While working for Western Electric, he earned an MA degree in electrical engineering from Columbia University in 1925.

== Publications==

Among Norton's publications include a consistent subject of resistance networks with applications to filter groups—including the Bell System Technical Journal, magnetic fluxmeter in the Bell Laboratories Record and dynamic measurements on electromagnetic devices in the Transactions of the AIEE. Throughout his career, Norton had written ninety-two technical memoranda—however, because of his lack of publications most of the work that Norton preferred were behind the scene. As described in his history in Bell Labs, Norton's reserved nature contradicted his capabilities.

== Telegraph ==

He applied his deep knowledge of circuit analysis to many fields, and after World War II he worked on Nike missile guidance systems. On November 11, 1926, he wrote the technical memorandum Design of Finite Networks for Uniform Frequency Characteristic, that contains the following paragraph on page 9:
"The illustrative example considered above gives the solution for the ratio of the input to output current, since this seems to be of more practical interest. An electric network usually requires the solution for the case of a constant voltage in series with an output impedance connected to the input of the network. This condition would require the equations of the voltage divided by the current in the load to be treated as above. It is ordinarily easier, however, to make use of a simple theorem which can be easily proved, that the effect of a constant voltage E in series with an impedance Z and the network is the same as a current I=E/Z into a parallel combination of the network and the impedance Z. If, as is usually the case, Z is a pure resistance, the solution of this case reduces to the case treated above for the ratio of the two currents, with the additional complication of a resistance shunted across the input terminals of the network. If Z is not a resistance the method still applies, but here the variation of the input current E/Z must be taken into account."

Norton was something of a legendary figure in network theory work who turned out a prodigious number of designs armed only with a slide rule and his intuition. Many anecdotes survive. On one occasion T.C. Fry called in his network theory group, which included at that time Bode, Darlington and R.L. Dietzold among others, and told them: "You fellows had better not sign up for any graduate courses or other outside work this coming year because you are going to take over the network design that Ed Norton has been doing single-handed." [A History of Engineering and Science in the Bell System: Transmission Technology (1925-1975), p. 210]

== Norton's Theorem ==

[[File: Norton_equivelant.png|200px|thumb|left |Norton's Theorem]]

Norton's equivalent circuit has been used to represent any network of linear sources and impedances at a given frequency. Norton never published this result or mentioned it in any of his 18 patents and 3 publications. In Europe, his theorem is known as the Mayer-Norton equivalent. The German telecommunications engineer Hans Ferdinand Mayer published the same result in the same month as Norton's technical memorandum. Norton retired in 1961 and died on January 28, 1983 at the King James Nursing Home in Chatham, New Jersey.

===Further Sources===

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=jWikHrjw5GI

Norton's Theorem Explained

==References==

http://www.ece.rice.edu/~dhj/norton/

http://eleceng.adelaide.edu.au/about/history/famous-scientists/

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Norton%27s_theorem

Edward L. Norton

2015-12-05T20:12:21Z

Yangkenneth: /* Telegraph */

Created and Claimed by yyang414 (Yuchen Kenneth Yang). PHYS 2212.

[[File:Edward_Lawry_Norton.jpg|500px|thumb|right| Edward Lawry Norton]]

==Early Years and Career==

Edward Lawry Norton was born in Rockland, Maine on July 28th, 1898. He was known as an American electrical engineer whom the Norton equivalent circuit is named. In his early career, Norton served as a radio operator in the United States Navy between the years of 1917 to 1919. He attended the University of Maine for one year before and for one year after his wartime service, then transferred to MIT in 1920 to obtain his B.S. in electrical engineering in 1922. Afterwards, he began to work at the Western Electric Corporation in New York City, which eventually became Bell Laboratories in 1925. While working for Western Electric, he earned an MA degree in electrical engineering from Columbia University in 1925.

== Publications==

Among Norton's publications include a consistent subject of resistance networks with applications to filter groups—including the Bell System Technical Journal, magnetic fluxmeter in the Bell Laboratories Record and dynamic measurements on electromagnetic devices in the Transactions of the AIEE. Throughout his career, Norton had written ninety-two technical memoranda—however, because of his lack of publications most of the work that Norton preferred were behind the scene. As described in his history in Bell Labs, Norton's reserved nature contradicted his capabilities.

== Telegraph ==

He applied his deep knowledge of circuit analysis to many fields, and after World War II he worked on Nike missile guidance systems. On November 11, 1926, he wrote the technical memorandum Design of Finite Networks for Uniform Frequency Characteristic, that contains the following paragraph on page 9:
"The illustrative example considered above gives the solution for the ratio of the input to output current, since this seems to be of more practical interest. An electric network usually requires the solution for the case of a constant voltage in series with an output impedance connected to the input of the network. This condition would require the equations of the voltage divided by the current in the load to be treated as above. It is ordinarily easier, however, to make use of a simple theorem which can be easily proved, that the effect of a constant voltage E in series with an impedance Z and the network is the same as a current I=E/Z into a parallel combination of the network and the impedance Z. If, as is usually the case, Z is a pure resistance, the solution of this case reduces to the case treated above for the ratio of the two currents, with the additional complication of a resistance shunted across the input terminals of the network. If Z is not a resistance the method still applies, but here the variation of the input current E/Z must be taken into account."

Norton was something of a legendary figure in network theory work who turned out a prodigious number of designs armed only with a slide rule and his intuition. Many anecdotes survive. On one occasion T.C. Fry called in his network theory group, which included at that time Bode, Darlington and R.L. Dietzold among others, and told them: "You fellows had better not sign up for any graduate courses or other outside work this coming year because you are going to take over the network design that Ed Norton has been doing single-handed." [A History of Engineering and Science in the Bell System: Transmission Technology (1925-1975), p. 210]

== Norton's Theorem ==

[[File: Norton_equivelant.png|200px|thumb|left |Norton's Theorem]]

This paragraph clearly defines what is now known as the Norton equivalent circuit in the United States. Norton never published this result or mentioned it in any of his 18 patents and 3 publications. In Europe, it is known as the Mayer-Norton equivalent. The German telecommunications engineer Hans Ferdinand Mayer published the same result in the same month as Norton's technical memorandum. Norton retired in 1961 and died on January 28, 1983 at the King James Nursing Home in Chatham, New Jersey.

===Further sources===

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=jWikHrjw5GI

Norton's Theorem

==References==

http://www.ece.rice.edu/~dhj/norton/

http://eleceng.adelaide.edu.au/about/history/famous-scientists/

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Norton%27s_theorem

Edward L. Norton

2015-12-05T20:11:13Z

Yangkenneth: /* Norton's Theorem */

Edward L. Norton

2015-12-05T20:11:05Z

Yangkenneth: /* Electrodynamics and Missile Guidance Systems */

Edward L. Norton

2015-12-05T20:10:14Z

Yangkenneth: /* Magnetic Maps and Electrodynamics */

Created and Claimed by yyang414 (Yuchen Kenneth Yang). PHYS 2212.

[[File:Edward_Lawry_Norton.jpg|500px|thumb|right| Edward Lawry Norton]]

==Early Years and Career==

Edward Lawry Norton was born in Rockland, Maine on July 28th, 1898. He was known as an American electrical engineer whom the Norton equivalent circuit is named. In his early career, Norton served as a radio operator in the United States Navy between the years of 1917 to 1919. He attended the University of Maine for one year before and for one year after his wartime service, then transferred to MIT in 1920 to obtain his B.S. in electrical engineering in 1922. Afterwards, he began to work at the Western Electric Corporation in New York City, which eventually became Bell Laboratories in 1925. While working for Western Electric, he earned an MA degree in electrical engineering from Columbia University in 1925.

== Publications==

Among Norton's publications include a consistent subject of resistance networks with applications to filter groups—including the Bell System Technical Journal, magnetic fluxmeter in the Bell Laboratories Record and dynamic measurements on electromagnetic devices in the Transactions of the AIEE. Throughout his career, Norton had written ninety-two technical memoranda—however, because of his lack of publications most of the work that Norton preferred were behind the scene. As described in his history in Bell Labs, Norton's reserved nature contradicted his capabilities.

== Telegraph ==
Norton was something of a legendary figure in network theory work who turned out a prodigious number of designs armed only with a slide rule and his intuition. Many anecdotes survive. On one occasion T.C. Fry called in his network theory group, which included at that time Bode, Darlington and R.L. Dietzold among others, and told them: "You fellows had better not sign up for any graduate courses or other outside work this coming year because you are going to take over the network design that Ed Norton has been doing single-handed." [A History of Engineering and Science in the Bell System: Transmission Technology (1925-1975), p. 210]

== Electrodynamics and Missile Guidance Systems ==

He applied his deep knowledge of circuit analysis to many fields, and after World War II he worked on Nike missile guidance systems. On November 11, 1926, he wrote the technical memorandum Design of Finite Networks for Uniform Frequency Characteristic, that contains the following paragraph on page 9:
"The illustrative example considered above gives the solution for the ratio of the input to output current, since this seems to be of more practical interest. An electric network usually requires the solution for the case of a constant voltage in series with an output impedance connected to the input of the network. This condition would require the equations of the voltage divided by the current in the load to be treated as above. It is ordinarily easier, however, to make use of a simple theorem which can be easily proved, that the effect of a constant voltage E in series with an impedance Z and the network is the same as a current I=E/Z into a parallel combination of the network and the impedance Z. If, as is usually the case, Z is a pure resistance, the solution of this case reduces to the case treated above for the ratio of the two currents, with the additional complication of a resistance shunted across the input terminals of the network. If Z is not a resistance the method still applies, but here the variation of the input current E/Z must be taken into account."

[[File: Norton_equivelant.png|200px|thumb|left |Norton's Theorem]]

This paragraph clearly defines what is now known as the Norton equivalent circuit in the United States. Norton never published this result or mentioned it in any of his 18 patents and 3 publications. In Europe, it is known as the Mayer-Norton equivalent. The German telecommunications engineer Hans Ferdinand Mayer published the same result in the same month as Norton's technical memorandum. Norton retired in 1961 and died on January 28, 1983 at the King James Nursing Home in Chatham, New Jersey.

===Further sources===

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=jWikHrjw5GI

Norton's Theorem

==References==

http://www.ece.rice.edu/~dhj/norton/

http://eleceng.adelaide.edu.au/about/history/famous-scientists/

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Norton%27s_theorem

Edward L. Norton

2015-12-05T20:06:04Z

Yangkenneth: /* Publications and Research */

Created and Claimed by yyang414 (Yuchen Kenneth Yang). PHYS 2212.

[[File:Edward_Lawry_Norton.jpg|500px|thumb|right| Edward Lawry Norton]]

==Early Years and Career==

Edward Lawry Norton was born in Rockland, Maine on July 28th, 1898. He was known as an American electrical engineer whom the Norton equivalent circuit is named. In his early career, Norton served as a radio operator in the United States Navy between the years of 1917 to 1919. He attended the University of Maine for one year before and for one year after his wartime service, then transferred to MIT in 1920 to obtain his B.S. in electrical engineering in 1922. Afterwards, he began to work at the Western Electric Corporation in New York City, which eventually became Bell Laboratories in 1925. While working for Western Electric, he earned an MA degree in electrical engineering from Columbia University in 1925.

== Publications==

Among Norton's publications include a consistent subject of resistance networks with applications to filter groups—including the Bell System Technical Journal, magnetic fluxmeter in the Bell Laboratories Record and dynamic measurements on electromagnetic devices in the Transactions of the AIEE. Throughout his career, Norton had written ninety-two technical memoranda—however, because of his lack of publications most of the work that Norton preferred were behind the scene. As described in his history in Bell Labs, Norton's reserved nature contradicted his capabilities.

== Telegraph ==
Norton was something of a legendary figure in network theory work who turned out a prodigious number of designs armed only with a slide rule and his intuition. Many anecdotes survive. On one occasion T.C. Fry called in his network theory group, which included at that time Bode, Darlington and R.L. Dietzold among others, and told them: "You fellows had better not sign up for any graduate courses or other outside work this coming year because you are going to take over the network design that Ed Norton has been doing single-handed." [A History of Engineering and Science in the Bell System: Transmission Technology (1925-1975), p. 210]

== Magnetic Maps and Electrodynamics ==

He applied his deep knowledge of circuit analysis to many fields, and after World War II he worked on Nike missile guidance systems. On November 11, 1926, he wrote the technical memorandum Design of Finite Networks for Uniform Frequency Characteristic, that contains the following paragraph on page 9:
"The illustrative example considered above gives the solution for the ratio of the input to output current, since this seems to be of more practical interest. An electric network usually requires the solution for the case of a constant voltage in series with an output impedance connected to the input of the network. This condition would require the equations of the voltage divided by the current in the load to be treated as above. It is ordinarily easier, however, to make use of a simple theorem which can be easily proved, that the effect of a constant voltage E in series with an impedance Z and the network is the same as a current I=E/Z into a parallel combination of the network and the impedance Z. If, as is usually the case, Z is a pure resistance, the solution of this case reduces to the case treated above for the ratio of the two currents, with the additional complication of a resistance shunted across the input terminals of the network. If Z is not a resistance the method still applies, but here the variation of the input current E/Z must be taken into account."

[[File: Norton_equivelant.png|200px|thumb|left |Norton's Theorem]]

This paragraph clearly defines what is now known as the Norton equivalent circuit in the United States. Norton never published this result or mentioned it in any of his 18 patents and 3 publications. In Europe, it is known as the Mayer-Norton equivalent. The German telecommunications engineer Hans Ferdinand Mayer published the same result in the same month as Norton's technical memorandum. Norton retired in 1961 and died on January 28, 1983 at the King James Nursing Home in Chatham, New Jersey.

===Further sources===

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=cFKONUBBHQw

The World’s First Transatlantic Telegraph Cable

==References==

http://www.ece.rice.edu/~dhj/norton/

http://eleceng.adelaide.edu.au/about/history/famous-scientists/

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Norton%27s_theorem

Edward L. Norton

2015-12-05T20:01:55Z

Yangkenneth: /* Establishment */

Created and Claimed by yyang414 (Yuchen Kenneth Yang). PHYS 2212.

[[File:Edward_Lawry_Norton.jpg|500px|thumb|right| Edward Lawry Norton]]

==Early Years and Career==

Edward Lawry Norton was born in Rockland, Maine on July 28th, 1898. He was known as an American electrical engineer whom the Norton equivalent circuit is named. In his early career, Norton served as a radio operator in the United States Navy between the years of 1917 to 1919. He attended the University of Maine for one year before and for one year after his wartime service, then transferred to MIT in 1920 to obtain his B.S. in electrical engineering in 1922. Afterwards, he began to work at the Western Electric Corporation in New York City, which eventually became Bell Laboratories in 1925. While working for Western Electric, he earned an MA degree in electrical engineering from Columbia University in 1925.

== Publications and Research ==

Among his publications are constant resistance networks with applications to filter groups in the Bell System Technical Journal, magnetic fluxmeter in the Bell Laboratories Record and dynamic measurements on electromagnetic devices in the Transactions of the AIEE. Norton wrote 92 technical memoranda (TMs in Bell Laboratories parlance). Because of Norton's lack of publications, it appears that Norton preferred working behind the scenes. As described in the history of Bell Labs, "this reticence belied his capabilities."

== Telegraph ==
Norton was something of a legendary figure in network theory work who turned out a prodigious number of designs armed only with a slide rule and his intuition. Many anecdotes survive. On one occasion T.C. Fry called in his network theory group, which included at that time Bode, Darlington and R.L. Dietzold among others, and told them: "You fellows had better not sign up for any graduate courses or other outside work this coming year because you are going to take over the network design that Ed Norton has been doing single-handed." [A History of Engineering and Science in the Bell System: Transmission Technology (1925-1975), p. 210]

== Magnetic Maps and Electrodynamics ==

He applied his deep knowledge of circuit analysis to many fields, and after World War II he worked on Nike missile guidance systems. On November 11, 1926, he wrote the technical memorandum Design of Finite Networks for Uniform Frequency Characteristic, that contains the following paragraph on page 9:
"The illustrative example considered above gives the solution for the ratio of the input to output current, since this seems to be of more practical interest. An electric network usually requires the solution for the case of a constant voltage in series with an output impedance connected to the input of the network. This condition would require the equations of the voltage divided by the current in the load to be treated as above. It is ordinarily easier, however, to make use of a simple theorem which can be easily proved, that the effect of a constant voltage E in series with an impedance Z and the network is the same as a current I=E/Z into a parallel combination of the network and the impedance Z. If, as is usually the case, Z is a pure resistance, the solution of this case reduces to the case treated above for the ratio of the two currents, with the additional complication of a resistance shunted across the input terminals of the network. If Z is not a resistance the method still applies, but here the variation of the input current E/Z must be taken into account."

[[File: Norton_equivelant.png|200px|thumb|left |Norton's Theorem]]

This paragraph clearly defines what is now known as the Norton equivalent circuit in the United States. Norton never published this result or mentioned it in any of his 18 patents and 3 publications. In Europe, it is known as the Mayer-Norton equivalent. The German telecommunications engineer Hans Ferdinand Mayer published the same result in the same month as Norton's technical memorandum. Norton retired in 1961 and died on January 28, 1983 at the King James Nursing Home in Chatham, New Jersey.

===Further sources===

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=cFKONUBBHQw

The World’s First Transatlantic Telegraph Cable

==References==

http://www.ece.rice.edu/~dhj/norton/

http://eleceng.adelaide.edu.au/about/history/famous-scientists/

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Norton%27s_theorem

Edward L. Norton

2015-12-05T19:58:28Z

Yangkenneth: /* References */

Created and Claimed by yyang414 (Yuchen Kenneth Yang). PHYS 2212.

[[File:Edward_Lawry_Norton.jpg|500px|thumb|right| Edward Lawry Norton]]

==Early Years and Career==

Edward Lawry Norton was born in Rockland, Maine on July 28th, 1898. He was known as an American electrical engineer whom the Norton equivalent circuit is named. In his early career, Norton served as a radio operator in the United States Navy between the years of 1917 to 1919. He attended the University of Maine for one year before and for one year after his wartime service, then transferred to MIT in 1920 to obtain his B.S. in electrical engineering in 1922. Afterwards, he began to work at the Western Electric Corporation in New York City, which eventually became Bell Laboratories in 1925. While working for Western Electric, he earned an MA degree in electrical engineering from Columbia University in 1925.

== Establishment ==

Among his publications are constant resistance networks with applications to filter groups in the Bell System Technical Journal, magnetic fluxmeter in the Bell Laboratories Record and dynamic measurements on electromagnetic devices in the Transactions of the AIEE. Norton wrote 92 technical memoranda (TMs in Bell Laboratories parlance). Because of Norton's lack of publications, it appears that Norton preferred working behind the scenes. As described in the history of Bell Labs, "this reticence belied his capabilities."

== Telegraph ==
Norton was something of a legendary figure in network theory work who turned out a prodigious number of designs armed only with a slide rule and his intuition. Many anecdotes survive. On one occasion T.C. Fry called in his network theory group, which included at that time Bode, Darlington and R.L. Dietzold among others, and told them: "You fellows had better not sign up for any graduate courses or other outside work this coming year because you are going to take over the network design that Ed Norton has been doing single-handed." [A History of Engineering and Science in the Bell System: Transmission Technology (1925-1975), p. 210]

== Magnetic Maps and Electrodynamics ==

He applied his deep knowledge of circuit analysis to many fields, and after World War II he worked on Nike missile guidance systems. On November 11, 1926, he wrote the technical memorandum Design of Finite Networks for Uniform Frequency Characteristic, that contains the following paragraph on page 9:
"The illustrative example considered above gives the solution for the ratio of the input to output current, since this seems to be of more practical interest. An electric network usually requires the solution for the case of a constant voltage in series with an output impedance connected to the input of the network. This condition would require the equations of the voltage divided by the current in the load to be treated as above. It is ordinarily easier, however, to make use of a simple theorem which can be easily proved, that the effect of a constant voltage E in series with an impedance Z and the network is the same as a current I=E/Z into a parallel combination of the network and the impedance Z. If, as is usually the case, Z is a pure resistance, the solution of this case reduces to the case treated above for the ratio of the two currents, with the additional complication of a resistance shunted across the input terminals of the network. If Z is not a resistance the method still applies, but here the variation of the input current E/Z must be taken into account."

[[File: Norton_equivelant.png|200px|thumb|left |Norton's Theorem]]

This paragraph clearly defines what is now known as the Norton equivalent circuit in the United States. Norton never published this result or mentioned it in any of his 18 patents and 3 publications. In Europe, it is known as the Mayer-Norton equivalent. The German telecommunications engineer Hans Ferdinand Mayer published the same result in the same month as Norton's technical memorandum. Norton retired in 1961 and died on January 28, 1983 at the King James Nursing Home in Chatham, New Jersey.

===Further sources===

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=cFKONUBBHQw

The World’s First Transatlantic Telegraph Cable

==References==

http://www.ece.rice.edu/~dhj/norton/

http://eleceng.adelaide.edu.au/about/history/famous-scientists/

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Norton%27s_theorem

Edward L. Norton

2015-12-05T19:57:58Z

Yangkenneth: /* Early Years and Career */

Created and Claimed by yyang414 (Yuchen Kenneth Yang). PHYS 2212.

[[File:Edward_Lawry_Norton.jpg|500px|thumb|right| Edward Lawry Norton]]

==Early Years and Career==

Edward Lawry Norton was born in Rockland, Maine on July 28th, 1898. He was known as an American electrical engineer whom the Norton equivalent circuit is named. In his early career, Norton served as a radio operator in the United States Navy between the years of 1917 to 1919. He attended the University of Maine for one year before and for one year after his wartime service, then transferred to MIT in 1920 to obtain his B.S. in electrical engineering in 1922. Afterwards, he began to work at the Western Electric Corporation in New York City, which eventually became Bell Laboratories in 1925. While working for Western Electric, he earned an MA degree in electrical engineering from Columbia University in 1925.

== Establishment ==

Among his publications are constant resistance networks with applications to filter groups in the Bell System Technical Journal, magnetic fluxmeter in the Bell Laboratories Record and dynamic measurements on electromagnetic devices in the Transactions of the AIEE. Norton wrote 92 technical memoranda (TMs in Bell Laboratories parlance). Because of Norton's lack of publications, it appears that Norton preferred working behind the scenes. As described in the history of Bell Labs, "this reticence belied his capabilities."

== Telegraph ==
Norton was something of a legendary figure in network theory work who turned out a prodigious number of designs armed only with a slide rule and his intuition. Many anecdotes survive. On one occasion T.C. Fry called in his network theory group, which included at that time Bode, Darlington and R.L. Dietzold among others, and told them: "You fellows had better not sign up for any graduate courses or other outside work this coming year because you are going to take over the network design that Ed Norton has been doing single-handed." [A History of Engineering and Science in the Bell System: Transmission Technology (1925-1975), p. 210]

== Magnetic Maps and Electrodynamics ==

He applied his deep knowledge of circuit analysis to many fields, and after World War II he worked on Nike missile guidance systems. On November 11, 1926, he wrote the technical memorandum Design of Finite Networks for Uniform Frequency Characteristic, that contains the following paragraph on page 9:
"The illustrative example considered above gives the solution for the ratio of the input to output current, since this seems to be of more practical interest. An electric network usually requires the solution for the case of a constant voltage in series with an output impedance connected to the input of the network. This condition would require the equations of the voltage divided by the current in the load to be treated as above. It is ordinarily easier, however, to make use of a simple theorem which can be easily proved, that the effect of a constant voltage E in series with an impedance Z and the network is the same as a current I=E/Z into a parallel combination of the network and the impedance Z. If, as is usually the case, Z is a pure resistance, the solution of this case reduces to the case treated above for the ratio of the two currents, with the additional complication of a resistance shunted across the input terminals of the network. If Z is not a resistance the method still applies, but here the variation of the input current E/Z must be taken into account."

[[File: Norton_equivelant.png|200px|thumb|left |Norton's Theorem]]

This paragraph clearly defines what is now known as the Norton equivalent circuit in the United States. Norton never published this result or mentioned it in any of his 18 patents and 3 publications. In Europe, it is known as the Mayer-Norton equivalent. The German telecommunications engineer Hans Ferdinand Mayer published the same result in the same month as Norton's technical memorandum. Norton retired in 1961 and died on January 28, 1983 at the King James Nursing Home in Chatham, New Jersey.

===Further sources===

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=cFKONUBBHQw

The World’s First Transatlantic Telegraph Cable

==References==

http://www.ece.rice.edu/~dhj/norton/

http://eleceng.adelaide.edu.au/about/history/famous-scientists/

Edward L. Norton

2015-12-05T19:50:32Z

Yangkenneth: /* Magnetic Maps and Electrodynamics */

Created and Claimed by yyang414 (Yuchen Kenneth Yang). PHYS 2212.

[[File:Edward_Lawry_Norton.jpg|500px|thumb|right| Edward Lawry Norton]]

==Early Years and Career==

Edward Lawry Norton (b. Rockland, Maine, USA, 28th July 1898, d. Chatham, New Jersey, USA, 28th January 1983) was an American electrical engineer for whom the Norton equivalent circuit is named.

Norton served as a radio operator in the U.S Navy between 1917 and 1919. He attended the University of Maine for one year before and for one year after his wartime service, then transferred to MIT in 1920, receiving his BS degree in electrical engineering in 1922. He started work in 1922 at the Western Electric Corporation in New York City, which eventually became Bell Laboratories in 1925. While working for Western Electric, he earned an MA degree in electrical engineering from Columbia University in 1925.

== Establishment ==

Among his publications are constant resistance networks with applications to filter groups in the Bell System Technical Journal, magnetic fluxmeter in the Bell Laboratories Record and dynamic measurements on electromagnetic devices in the Transactions of the AIEE. Norton wrote 92 technical memoranda (TMs in Bell Laboratories parlance). Because of Norton's lack of publications, it appears that Norton preferred working behind the scenes. As described in the history of Bell Labs, "this reticence belied his capabilities."

== Telegraph ==
Norton was something of a legendary figure in network theory work who turned out a prodigious number of designs armed only with a slide rule and his intuition. Many anecdotes survive. On one occasion T.C. Fry called in his network theory group, which included at that time Bode, Darlington and R.L. Dietzold among others, and told them: "You fellows had better not sign up for any graduate courses or other outside work this coming year because you are going to take over the network design that Ed Norton has been doing single-handed." [A History of Engineering and Science in the Bell System: Transmission Technology (1925-1975), p. 210]

== Magnetic Maps and Electrodynamics ==

He applied his deep knowledge of circuit analysis to many fields, and after World War II he worked on Nike missile guidance systems. On November 11, 1926, he wrote the technical memorandum Design of Finite Networks for Uniform Frequency Characteristic, that contains the following paragraph on page 9:
"The illustrative example considered above gives the solution for the ratio of the input to output current, since this seems to be of more practical interest. An electric network usually requires the solution for the case of a constant voltage in series with an output impedance connected to the input of the network. This condition would require the equations of the voltage divided by the current in the load to be treated as above. It is ordinarily easier, however, to make use of a simple theorem which can be easily proved, that the effect of a constant voltage E in series with an impedance Z and the network is the same as a current I=E/Z into a parallel combination of the network and the impedance Z. If, as is usually the case, Z is a pure resistance, the solution of this case reduces to the case treated above for the ratio of the two currents, with the additional complication of a resistance shunted across the input terminals of the network. If Z is not a resistance the method still applies, but here the variation of the input current E/Z must be taken into account."

[[File: Norton_equivelant.png|200px|thumb|left |Norton's Theorem]]

This paragraph clearly defines what is now known as the Norton equivalent circuit in the United States. Norton never published this result or mentioned it in any of his 18 patents and 3 publications. In Europe, it is known as the Mayer-Norton equivalent. The German telecommunications engineer Hans Ferdinand Mayer published the same result in the same month as Norton's technical memorandum. Norton retired in 1961 and died on January 28, 1983 at the King James Nursing Home in Chatham, New Jersey.

===Further sources===

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=cFKONUBBHQw

The World’s First Transatlantic Telegraph Cable

==References==

http://www.ece.rice.edu/~dhj/norton/

http://eleceng.adelaide.edu.au/about/history/famous-scientists/

File:Norton equivelant.png

2015-12-05T19:49:19Z

Yangkenneth:

Edward L. Norton

2015-12-05T19:42:36Z

Yangkenneth: /* References */

Created and Claimed by yyang414 (Yuchen Kenneth Yang). PHYS 2212.

[[File:Edward_Lawry_Norton.jpg|500px|thumb|right| Edward Lawry Norton]]

==Early Years and Career==

Edward Lawry Norton (b. Rockland, Maine, USA, 28th July 1898, d. Chatham, New Jersey, USA, 28th January 1983) was an American electrical engineer for whom the Norton equivalent circuit is named.

Norton served as a radio operator in the U.S Navy between 1917 and 1919. He attended the University of Maine for one year before and for one year after his wartime service, then transferred to MIT in 1920, receiving his BS degree in electrical engineering in 1922. He started work in 1922 at the Western Electric Corporation in New York City, which eventually became Bell Laboratories in 1925. While working for Western Electric, he earned an MA degree in electrical engineering from Columbia University in 1925.

== Establishment ==

Among his publications are constant resistance networks with applications to filter groups in the Bell System Technical Journal, magnetic fluxmeter in the Bell Laboratories Record and dynamic measurements on electromagnetic devices in the Transactions of the AIEE. Norton wrote 92 technical memoranda (TMs in Bell Laboratories parlance). Because of Norton's lack of publications, it appears that Norton preferred working behind the scenes. As described in the history of Bell Labs, "this reticence belied his capabilities."

== Telegraph ==
Norton was something of a legendary figure in network theory work who turned out a prodigious number of designs armed only with a slide rule and his intuition. Many anecdotes survive. On one occasion T.C. Fry called in his network theory group, which included at that time Bode, Darlington and R.L. Dietzold among others, and told them: "You fellows had better not sign up for any graduate courses or other outside work this coming year because you are going to take over the network design that Ed Norton has been doing single-handed." [A History of Engineering and Science in the Bell System: Transmission Technology (1925-1975), p. 210]

== Magnetic Maps and Electrodynamics ==

He applied his deep knowledge of circuit analysis to many fields, and after World War II he worked on Nike missile guidance systems. On November 11, 1926, he wrote the technical memorandum Design of Finite Networks for Uniform Frequency Characteristic, that contains the following paragraph on page 9:
"The illustrative example considered above gives the solution for the ratio of the input to output current, since this seems to be of more practical interest. An electric network usually requires the solution for the case of a constant voltage in series with an output impedance connected to the input of the network. This condition would require the equations of the voltage divided by the current in the load to be treated as above. It is ordinarily easier, however, to make use of a simple theorem which can be easily proved, that the effect of a constant voltage E in series with an impedance Z and the network is the same as a current I=E/Z into a parallel combination of the network and the impedance Z. If, as is usually the case, Z is a pure resistance, the solution of this case reduces to the case treated above for the ratio of the two currents, with the additional complication of a resistance shunted across the input terminals of the network. If Z is not a resistance the method still applies, but here the variation of the input current E/Z must be taken into account."

[[File:WeberFormula.jpg|200px|thumb|left |Weber Theory Force Formula]]

This paragraph clearly defines what is now known as the Norton equivalent circuit in the United States. Norton never published this result or mentioned it in any of his 18 patents and 3 publications. In Europe, it is known as the Mayer-Norton equivalent. The German telecommunications engineer Hans Ferdinand Mayer published the same result in the same month as Norton's technical memorandum. Norton retired in 1961 and died on January 28, 1983 at the King James Nursing Home in Chatham, New Jersey.

===Further sources===

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=cFKONUBBHQw

The World’s First Transatlantic Telegraph Cable

==References==

http://www.ece.rice.edu/~dhj/norton/

http://eleceng.adelaide.edu.au/about/history/famous-scientists/

Edward L. Norton

2015-12-05T19:42:28Z

Yangkenneth: /* References */

Created and Claimed by yyang414 (Yuchen Kenneth Yang). PHYS 2212.

[[File:Edward_Lawry_Norton.jpg|500px|thumb|right| Edward Lawry Norton]]

==Early Years and Career==

Edward Lawry Norton (b. Rockland, Maine, USA, 28th July 1898, d. Chatham, New Jersey, USA, 28th January 1983) was an American electrical engineer for whom the Norton equivalent circuit is named.

Norton served as a radio operator in the U.S Navy between 1917 and 1919. He attended the University of Maine for one year before and for one year after his wartime service, then transferred to MIT in 1920, receiving his BS degree in electrical engineering in 1922. He started work in 1922 at the Western Electric Corporation in New York City, which eventually became Bell Laboratories in 1925. While working for Western Electric, he earned an MA degree in electrical engineering from Columbia University in 1925.

== Establishment ==

Among his publications are constant resistance networks with applications to filter groups in the Bell System Technical Journal, magnetic fluxmeter in the Bell Laboratories Record and dynamic measurements on electromagnetic devices in the Transactions of the AIEE. Norton wrote 92 technical memoranda (TMs in Bell Laboratories parlance). Because of Norton's lack of publications, it appears that Norton preferred working behind the scenes. As described in the history of Bell Labs, "this reticence belied his capabilities."

== Telegraph ==
Norton was something of a legendary figure in network theory work who turned out a prodigious number of designs armed only with a slide rule and his intuition. Many anecdotes survive. On one occasion T.C. Fry called in his network theory group, which included at that time Bode, Darlington and R.L. Dietzold among others, and told them: "You fellows had better not sign up for any graduate courses or other outside work this coming year because you are going to take over the network design that Ed Norton has been doing single-handed." [A History of Engineering and Science in the Bell System: Transmission Technology (1925-1975), p. 210]

== Magnetic Maps and Electrodynamics ==

He applied his deep knowledge of circuit analysis to many fields, and after World War II he worked on Nike missile guidance systems. On November 11, 1926, he wrote the technical memorandum Design of Finite Networks for Uniform Frequency Characteristic, that contains the following paragraph on page 9:
"The illustrative example considered above gives the solution for the ratio of the input to output current, since this seems to be of more practical interest. An electric network usually requires the solution for the case of a constant voltage in series with an output impedance connected to the input of the network. This condition would require the equations of the voltage divided by the current in the load to be treated as above. It is ordinarily easier, however, to make use of a simple theorem which can be easily proved, that the effect of a constant voltage E in series with an impedance Z and the network is the same as a current I=E/Z into a parallel combination of the network and the impedance Z. If, as is usually the case, Z is a pure resistance, the solution of this case reduces to the case treated above for the ratio of the two currents, with the additional complication of a resistance shunted across the input terminals of the network. If Z is not a resistance the method still applies, but here the variation of the input current E/Z must be taken into account."

[[File:WeberFormula.jpg|200px|thumb|left |Weber Theory Force Formula]]

This paragraph clearly defines what is now known as the Norton equivalent circuit in the United States. Norton never published this result or mentioned it in any of his 18 patents and 3 publications. In Europe, it is known as the Mayer-Norton equivalent. The German telecommunications engineer Hans Ferdinand Mayer published the same result in the same month as Norton's technical memorandum. Norton retired in 1961 and died on January 28, 1983 at the King James Nursing Home in Chatham, New Jersey.

===Further sources===

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=cFKONUBBHQw

The World’s First Transatlantic Telegraph Cable

==References==

http://www.ece.rice.edu/~dhj/norton/
http://eleceng.adelaide.edu.au/about/history/famous-scientists/

Edward L. Norton

2015-12-05T19:39:14Z

Yangkenneth:

Created and Claimed by yyang414 (Yuchen Kenneth Yang). PHYS 2212.

[[File:Edward_Lawry_Norton.jpg|500px|thumb|right| Edward Lawry Norton]]

==Early Years and Career==

Edward Lawry Norton (b. Rockland, Maine, USA, 28th July 1898, d. Chatham, New Jersey, USA, 28th January 1983) was an American electrical engineer for whom the Norton equivalent circuit is named.

Norton served as a radio operator in the U.S Navy between 1917 and 1919. He attended the University of Maine for one year before and for one year after his wartime service, then transferred to MIT in 1920, receiving his BS degree in electrical engineering in 1922. He started work in 1922 at the Western Electric Corporation in New York City, which eventually became Bell Laboratories in 1925. While working for Western Electric, he earned an MA degree in electrical engineering from Columbia University in 1925.

== Establishment ==

Among his publications are constant resistance networks with applications to filter groups in the Bell System Technical Journal, magnetic fluxmeter in the Bell Laboratories Record and dynamic measurements on electromagnetic devices in the Transactions of the AIEE. Norton wrote 92 technical memoranda (TMs in Bell Laboratories parlance). Because of Norton's lack of publications, it appears that Norton preferred working behind the scenes. As described in the history of Bell Labs, "this reticence belied his capabilities."

== Telegraph ==
Norton was something of a legendary figure in network theory work who turned out a prodigious number of designs armed only with a slide rule and his intuition. Many anecdotes survive. On one occasion T.C. Fry called in his network theory group, which included at that time Bode, Darlington and R.L. Dietzold among others, and told them: "You fellows had better not sign up for any graduate courses or other outside work this coming year because you are going to take over the network design that Ed Norton has been doing single-handed." [A History of Engineering and Science in the Bell System: Transmission Technology (1925-1975), p. 210]

== Magnetic Maps and Electrodynamics ==

He applied his deep knowledge of circuit analysis to many fields, and after World War II he worked on Nike missile guidance systems. On November 11, 1926, he wrote the technical memorandum Design of Finite Networks for Uniform Frequency Characteristic, that contains the following paragraph on page 9:
"The illustrative example considered above gives the solution for the ratio of the input to output current, since this seems to be of more practical interest. An electric network usually requires the solution for the case of a constant voltage in series with an output impedance connected to the input of the network. This condition would require the equations of the voltage divided by the current in the load to be treated as above. It is ordinarily easier, however, to make use of a simple theorem which can be easily proved, that the effect of a constant voltage E in series with an impedance Z and the network is the same as a current I=E/Z into a parallel combination of the network and the impedance Z. If, as is usually the case, Z is a pure resistance, the solution of this case reduces to the case treated above for the ratio of the two currents, with the additional complication of a resistance shunted across the input terminals of the network. If Z is not a resistance the method still applies, but here the variation of the input current E/Z must be taken into account."

[[File:WeberFormula.jpg|200px|thumb|left |Weber Theory Force Formula]]

This paragraph clearly defines what is now known as the Norton equivalent circuit in the United States. Norton never published this result or mentioned it in any of his 18 patents and 3 publications. In Europe, it is known as the Mayer-Norton equivalent. The German telecommunications engineer Hans Ferdinand Mayer published the same result in the same month as Norton's technical memorandum. Norton retired in 1961 and died on January 28, 1983 at the King James Nursing Home in Chatham, New Jersey.

===Further sources===

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=cFKONUBBHQw

The World’s First Transatlantic Telegraph Cable

==References==

http://www.britannica.com/biography/Wilhelm-Eduard-Weber

http://www.thefamouspeople.com/profiles/wilhelm-weber-551.php

Edward L. Norton

2015-12-05T19:27:11Z

Yangkenneth:

Created and Claimed by yyang414 (Yuchen Kenneth Yang). PHYS 2212.

Edward Lawry Norton (b. Rockland, Maine, USA, 28th July 1898, d. Chatham, New Jersey, USA, 28th January 1983) was an American electrical engineer for whom the Norton equivalent circuit is named.

Norton served as a radio operator in the U.S Navy between 1917 and 1919. He attended the University of Maine for one year before and for one year after his wartime service, then transferred to MIT in 1920, receiving his BS degree in electrical engineering in 1922. He started work in 1922 at the Western Electric Corporation in New York City, which eventually became Bell Laboratories in 1925. While working for Western Electric, he earned an MA degree in electrical engineering from Columbia University in 1925.

Among his publications are constant resistance networks with applications to filter groups in the Bell System Technical Journal, magnetic fluxmeter in the Bell Laboratories Record and dynamic measurements on electromagnetic devices in the Transactions of the AIEE. Norton wrote 92 technical memoranda (TMs in Bell Laboratories parlance). Because of Norton's lack of publications, it appears that Norton preferred working behind the scenes. As described in the history of Bell Labs, "this reticence belied his capabilities."

Norton was something of a legendary figure in network theory work who turned out a prodigious number of designs armed only with a slide rule and his intuition. Many anecdotes survive. On one occasion T.C. Fry called in his network theory group, which included at that time Bode, Darlington and R.L. Dietzold among others, and told them: "You fellows had better not sign up for any graduate courses or other outside work this coming year because you are going to take over the network design that Ed Norton has been doing single-handed." [A History of Engineering and Science in the Bell System: Transmission Technology (1925-1975), p. 210]

He applied his deep knowledge of circuit analysis to many fields, and after World War II he worked on Nike missile guidance systems. On November 11, 1926, he wrote the technical memorandum Design of Finite Networks for Uniform Frequency Characteristic, that contains the following paragraph on page 9:
"The illustrative example considered above gives the solution for the ratio of the input to output current, since this seems to be of more practical interest. An electric network usually requires the solution for the case of a constant voltage in series with an output impedance connected to the input of the network. This condition would require the equations of the voltage divided by the current in the load to be treated as above. It is ordinarily easier, however, to make use of a simple theorem which can be easily proved, that the effect of a constant voltage E in series with an impedance Z and the network is the same as a current I=E/Z into a parallel combination of the network and the impedance Z. If, as is usually the case, Z is a pure resistance, the solution of this case reduces to the case treated above for the ratio of the two currents, with the additional complication of a resistance shunted across the input terminals of the network. If Z is not a resistance the method still applies, but here the variation of the input current E/Z must be taken into account."

This paragraph clearly defines what is now known as the Norton equivalent circuit in the United States. Norton never published this result or mentioned it in any of his 18 patents and 3 publications. In Europe, it is known as the Mayer-Norton equivalent. The German telecommunications engineer Hans Ferdinand Mayer published the same result in the same month as Norton's technical memorandum. Norton retired in 1961 and died on January 28, 1983 at the King James Nursing Home in Chatham, New Jersey.

Wilhelm Eduard Weber was a German physicist who discovered theories about magnetic flux, electrodynamics and magnetic maps.

[[File:Edward_Lawry_Norton.jpg|500px|thumb|right| Edward Lawry Norton]]

==Early Years and Career==

Wilhelm Eduard Weber (1804-1891) was a German physicist born in Wittenberg who was the second of three brothers. Weber received his PhD from the University of Halle in natural philosophy and then was hired by the University of Gottingen to be a professor of physics at the age of 27. Weber always believed that physics could never be taught by simply speaking about it, applications to daily life were necessary. Therefore, he always encouraged his students to experiment themselves in the college laboratory. Weber collaborated with many scientists throughout his career. In 1859, he received the Copley Medal for his work with magnetic maps. He holds the honor of the SI unit of magnetic flux being named after him, which led to further electromagnetic discoveries.

== Establishment ==

During his time at the University of Halle, he collaborated with his brother Ernst Weber and published works on organ pipes and coupled oscillators. Afterwards, they wrote a book on Wave Theory and Fluidity. This contained a detailed account of the experimental investigations on surface waves in liquids, and on sound and light waves.

== Telegraph ==
Once hired by the University of Gottingen, Wilhelm Weber began his collaboration with Carl Friedrich Gauss. Together, they initiated a network of magnetic observatories and correlate the resulting measurements. In 1833, they developed the first electromagnetic telegraph, which functioned as a battery-operated telegraph line that was 9,000 meters long stretching from the physics laboratory to the astronomical observatory. Later, it was modified to use induced currents rather than battery power.

== Magnetic Maps and Electrodynamics ==
Perhaps one of Weber’s more notable accomplishments, collaborated with Carl Freidrich Gauss and Carl Wolfgang Benjamin Goldschmidt, was the Atlas of Geomagnetism: According to the Elements and Theory of Design that eventually gave rise to the institutionalization of magnetic observatories.

In 1856, Weber had become the director of the astronomical observatory and began research with Rudolph Kohlrausch to determine the ratio between the electrodynamic and electrostatic units of charge. This led to Weber’s research on electric oscillations, which played a huge role in Weber’s development of his theory of electrodynamics. This theory helped James Clerk Maxwell’s theory that light is an electromagnetic wave.
Even though this theory is not mentioned/taught anymore, it states that Coloumb’s law is velocity dependent.

[[File:WeberFormula.jpg|200px|thumb|left |Weber Theory Force Formula]]

This theory can be derived from potential energy and can be used to drive Ampere’s Law and Faraday’s law. In this law, all particles regardless of size and mass will follow Newton’s third law. While Maxwell’s equations incorporates conservation of particle momentum and particle angular momentum.

The collaboration between Weber and Kohlrausch led to the first use of the letter ‘c’ to denote the speed of light. In 1864, Weber published a book: Electrodynamic Proportional Measures containing a system of absolute measurements for electric currents, which eventually led to the SI unit for electric flux to be named after Weber (Wb).

===Further sources===

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=cFKONUBBHQw

The World’s First Transatlantic Telegraph Cable

==References==

http://www.britannica.com/biography/Wilhelm-Eduard-Weber

http://www.thefamouspeople.com/profiles/wilhelm-weber-551.php

Edward L. Norton

2015-12-05T19:26:28Z

Yangkenneth:

Created and Claimed by yyang414 (Yuchen Kenneth Yang). PHYS 2212.

Edward Lawry Norton (b. Rockland, Maine, USA, 28th July 1898, d. Chatham, New Jersey, USA, 28th January 1983) was an American electrical engineer for whom the Norton equivalent circuit is named.

Norton served as a radio operator in the U.S Navy between 1917 and 1919. He attended the University of Maine for one year before and for one year after his wartime service, then transferred to MIT in 1920, receiving his BS degree in electrical engineering in 1922. He started work in 1922 at the Western Electric Corporation in New York City, which eventually became Bell Laboratories in 1925. While working for Western Electric, he earned an MA degree in electrical engineering from Columbia University in 1925.

Among his publications are constant resistance networks with applications to filter groups in the Bell System Technical Journal, magnetic fluxmeter in the Bell Laboratories Record and dynamic measurements on electromagnetic devices in the Transactions of the AIEE. Norton wrote 92 technical memoranda (TMs in Bell Laboratories parlance). Because of Norton's lack of publications, it appears that Norton preferred working behind the scenes. As described in the history of Bell Labs, "this reticence belied his capabilities."

Norton was something of a legendary figure in network theory work who turned out a prodigious number of designs armed only with a slide rule and his intuition. Many anecdotes survive. On one occasion T.C. Fry called in his network theory group, which included at that time Bode, Darlington and R.L. Dietzold among others, and told them: "You fellows had better not sign up for any graduate courses or other outside work this coming year because you are going to take over the network design that Ed Norton has been doing single-handed." [A History of Engineering and Science in the Bell System: Transmission Technology (1925-1975), p. 210]

He applied his deep knowledge of circuit analysis to many fields, and after World War II he worked on Nike missile guidance systems. On November 11, 1926, he wrote the technical memorandum Design of Finite Networks for Uniform Frequency Characteristic, that contains the following paragraph on page 9:
"The illustrative example considered above gives the solution for the ratio of the input to output current, since this seems to be of more practical interest. An electric network usually requires the solution for the case of a constant voltage in series with an output impedance connected to the input of the network. This condition would require the equations of the voltage divided by the current in the load to be treated as above. It is ordinarily easier, however, to make use of a simple theorem which can be easily proved, that the effect of a constant voltage E in series with an impedance Z and the network is the same as a current I=E/Z into a parallel combination of the network and the impedance Z. If, as is usually the case, Z is a pure resistance, the solution of this case reduces to the case treated above for the ratio of the two currents, with the additional complication of a resistance shunted across the input terminals of the network. If Z is not a resistance the method still applies, but here the variation of the input current E/Z must be taken into account."

This paragraph clearly defines what is now known as the Norton equivalent circuit in the United States. Norton never published this result or mentioned it in any of his 18 patents and 3 publications. In Europe, it is known as the Mayer-Norton equivalent. The German telecommunications engineer Hans Ferdinand Mayer published the same result in the same month as Norton's technical memorandum. Norton retired in 1961 and died on January 28, 1983 at the King James Nursing Home in Chatham, New Jersey.

Wilhelm Eduard Weber was a German physicist who discovered theories about magnetic flux, electrodynamics and magnetic maps.

[[File:Edward_Lawry_Norton.jpg
|500px|thumb|right| Edward Lawry Norton]]

==Early Years and Career==

Wilhelm Eduard Weber (1804-1891) was a German physicist born in Wittenberg who was the second of three brothers. Weber received his PhD from the University of Halle in natural philosophy and then was hired by the University of Gottingen to be a professor of physics at the age of 27. Weber always believed that physics could never be taught by simply speaking about it, applications to daily life were necessary. Therefore, he always encouraged his students to experiment themselves in the college laboratory. Weber collaborated with many scientists throughout his career. In 1859, he received the Copley Medal for his work with magnetic maps. He holds the honor of the SI unit of magnetic flux being named after him, which led to further electromagnetic discoveries.

== Establishment ==

During his time at the University of Halle, he collaborated with his brother Ernst Weber and published works on organ pipes and coupled oscillators. Afterwards, they wrote a book on Wave Theory and Fluidity. This contained a detailed account of the experimental investigations on surface waves in liquids, and on sound and light waves.

== Telegraph ==
Once hired by the University of Gottingen, Wilhelm Weber began his collaboration with Carl Friedrich Gauss. Together, they initiated a network of magnetic observatories and correlate the resulting measurements. In 1833, they developed the first electromagnetic telegraph, which functioned as a battery-operated telegraph line that was 9,000 meters long stretching from the physics laboratory to the astronomical observatory. Later, it was modified to use induced currents rather than battery power.

== Magnetic Maps and Electrodynamics ==
Perhaps one of Weber’s more notable accomplishments, collaborated with Carl Freidrich Gauss and Carl Wolfgang Benjamin Goldschmidt, was the Atlas of Geomagnetism: According to the Elements and Theory of Design that eventually gave rise to the institutionalization of magnetic observatories.

In 1856, Weber had become the director of the astronomical observatory and began research with Rudolph Kohlrausch to determine the ratio between the electrodynamic and electrostatic units of charge. This led to Weber’s research on electric oscillations, which played a huge role in Weber’s development of his theory of electrodynamics. This theory helped James Clerk Maxwell’s theory that light is an electromagnetic wave.
Even though this theory is not mentioned/taught anymore, it states that Coloumb’s law is velocity dependent.

[[File:WeberFormula.jpg|200px|thumb|left |Weber Theory Force Formula]]

This theory can be derived from potential energy and can be used to drive Ampere’s Law and Faraday’s law. In this law, all particles regardless of size and mass will follow Newton’s third law. While Maxwell’s equations incorporates conservation of particle momentum and particle angular momentum.

The collaboration between Weber and Kohlrausch led to the first use of the letter ‘c’ to denote the speed of light. In 1864, Weber published a book: Electrodynamic Proportional Measures containing a system of absolute measurements for electric currents, which eventually led to the SI unit for electric flux to be named after Weber (Wb).

===Further sources===

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=cFKONUBBHQw

The World’s First Transatlantic Telegraph Cable

==References==

http://www.britannica.com/biography/Wilhelm-Eduard-Weber

http://www.thefamouspeople.com/profiles/wilhelm-weber-551.php

File:Edward Lawry Norton.jpg

2015-12-05T19:25:18Z

Yangkenneth:

Edward L. Norton

2015-12-05T19:24:27Z

Yangkenneth:

Created and Claimed by yyang414 (Yuchen Kenneth Yang). PHYS 2212.

Edward Lawry Norton (b. Rockland, Maine, USA, 28th July 1898, d. Chatham, New Jersey, USA, 28th January 1983) was an American electrical engineer for whom the Norton equivalent circuit is named.

Norton served as a radio operator in the U.S Navy between 1917 and 1919. He attended the University of Maine for one year before and for one year after his wartime service, then transferred to MIT in 1920, receiving his BS degree in electrical engineering in 1922. He started work in 1922 at the Western Electric Corporation in New York City, which eventually became Bell Laboratories in 1925. While working for Western Electric, he earned an MA degree in electrical engineering from Columbia University in 1925.

Among his publications are constant resistance networks with applications to filter groups in the Bell System Technical Journal, magnetic fluxmeter in the Bell Laboratories Record and dynamic measurements on electromagnetic devices in the Transactions of the AIEE. Norton wrote 92 technical memoranda (TMs in Bell Laboratories parlance). Because of Norton's lack of publications, it appears that Norton preferred working behind the scenes. As described in the history of Bell Labs, "this reticence belied his capabilities."

Norton was something of a legendary figure in network theory work who turned out a prodigious number of designs armed only with a slide rule and his intuition. Many anecdotes survive. On one occasion T.C. Fry called in his network theory group, which included at that time Bode, Darlington and R.L. Dietzold among others, and told them: "You fellows had better not sign up for any graduate courses or other outside work this coming year because you are going to take over the network design that Ed Norton has been doing single-handed." [A History of Engineering and Science in the Bell System: Transmission Technology (1925-1975), p. 210]

He applied his deep knowledge of circuit analysis to many fields, and after World War II he worked on Nike missile guidance systems. On November 11, 1926, he wrote the technical memorandum Design of Finite Networks for Uniform Frequency Characteristic, that contains the following paragraph on page 9:
"The illustrative example considered above gives the solution for the ratio of the input to output current, since this seems to be of more practical interest. An electric network usually requires the solution for the case of a constant voltage in series with an output impedance connected to the input of the network. This condition would require the equations of the voltage divided by the current in the load to be treated as above. It is ordinarily easier, however, to make use of a simple theorem which can be easily proved, that the effect of a constant voltage E in series with an impedance Z and the network is the same as a current I=E/Z into a parallel combination of the network and the impedance Z. If, as is usually the case, Z is a pure resistance, the solution of this case reduces to the case treated above for the ratio of the two currents, with the additional complication of a resistance shunted across the input terminals of the network. If Z is not a resistance the method still applies, but here the variation of the input current E/Z must be taken into account."

This paragraph clearly defines what is now known as the Norton equivalent circuit in the United States. Norton never published this result or mentioned it in any of his 18 patents and 3 publications. In Europe, it is known as the Mayer-Norton equivalent. The German telecommunications engineer Hans Ferdinand Mayer published the same result in the same month as Norton's technical memorandum. Norton retired in 1961 and died on January 28, 1983 at the King James Nursing Home in Chatham, New Jersey.

Wilhelm Eduard Weber was a German physicist who discovered theories about magnetic flux, electrodynamics and magnetic maps.

[[File:/Edward_Lawry_Norton.jpg
|500px|thumb|right| Edward Lawry Norton]]

==Early Years and Career==

Wilhelm Eduard Weber (1804-1891) was a German physicist born in Wittenberg who was the second of three brothers. Weber received his PhD from the University of Halle in natural philosophy and then was hired by the University of Gottingen to be a professor of physics at the age of 27. Weber always believed that physics could never be taught by simply speaking about it, applications to daily life were necessary. Therefore, he always encouraged his students to experiment themselves in the college laboratory. Weber collaborated with many scientists throughout his career. In 1859, he received the Copley Medal for his work with magnetic maps. He holds the honor of the SI unit of magnetic flux being named after him, which led to further electromagnetic discoveries.

== Establishment ==

During his time at the University of Halle, he collaborated with his brother Ernst Weber and published works on organ pipes and coupled oscillators. Afterwards, they wrote a book on Wave Theory and Fluidity. This contained a detailed account of the experimental investigations on surface waves in liquids, and on sound and light waves.

== Telegraph ==
Once hired by the University of Gottingen, Wilhelm Weber began his collaboration with Carl Friedrich Gauss. Together, they initiated a network of magnetic observatories and correlate the resulting measurements. In 1833, they developed the first electromagnetic telegraph, which functioned as a battery-operated telegraph line that was 9,000 meters long stretching from the physics laboratory to the astronomical observatory. Later, it was modified to use induced currents rather than battery power.

== Magnetic Maps and Electrodynamics ==
Perhaps one of Weber’s more notable accomplishments, collaborated with Carl Freidrich Gauss and Carl Wolfgang Benjamin Goldschmidt, was the Atlas of Geomagnetism: According to the Elements and Theory of Design that eventually gave rise to the institutionalization of magnetic observatories.

In 1856, Weber had become the director of the astronomical observatory and began research with Rudolph Kohlrausch to determine the ratio between the electrodynamic and electrostatic units of charge. This led to Weber’s research on electric oscillations, which played a huge role in Weber’s development of his theory of electrodynamics. This theory helped James Clerk Maxwell’s theory that light is an electromagnetic wave.
Even though this theory is not mentioned/taught anymore, it states that Coloumb’s law is velocity dependent.

[[File:WeberFormula.jpg|200px|thumb|left |Weber Theory Force Formula]]

This theory can be derived from potential energy and can be used to drive Ampere’s Law and Faraday’s law. In this law, all particles regardless of size and mass will follow Newton’s third law. While Maxwell’s equations incorporates conservation of particle momentum and particle angular momentum.

The collaboration between Weber and Kohlrausch led to the first use of the letter ‘c’ to denote the speed of light. In 1864, Weber published a book: Electrodynamic Proportional Measures containing a system of absolute measurements for electric currents, which eventually led to the SI unit for electric flux to be named after Weber (Wb).

===Further sources===

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=cFKONUBBHQw

The World’s First Transatlantic Telegraph Cable

==References==

http://www.britannica.com/biography/Wilhelm-Eduard-Weber

http://www.thefamouspeople.com/profiles/wilhelm-weber-551.php

Edward L. Norton

2015-12-05T19:23:58Z

Yangkenneth: Created page with "Created and Claimed by yyang414 (Yuchen Kenneth Yang). PHYS 2212. Edward Lawry Norton (b. Rockland, Maine, USA, 28th July 1898, d. Chatham, New Jersey, USA, 28th January..."

Created and Claimed by yyang414 (Yuchen Kenneth Yang). PHYS 2212.

Edward Lawry Norton (b. Rockland, Maine, USA, 28th July 1898, d. Chatham, New Jersey, USA, 28th January 1983) was an American electrical engineer for whom the Norton equivalent circuit is named.

Norton served as a radio operator in the U.S Navy between 1917 and 1919. He attended the University of Maine for one year before and for one year after his wartime service, then transferred to MIT in 1920, receiving his BS degree in electrical engineering in 1922. He started work in 1922 at the Western Electric Corporation in New York City, which eventually became Bell Laboratories in 1925. While working for Western Electric, he earned an MA degree in electrical engineering from Columbia University in 1925.

Among his publications are constant resistance networks with applications to filter groups in the Bell System Technical Journal, magnetic fluxmeter in the Bell Laboratories Record and dynamic measurements on electromagnetic devices in the Transactions of the AIEE. Norton wrote 92 technical memoranda (TMs in Bell Laboratories parlance). Because of Norton's lack of publications, it appears that Norton preferred working behind the scenes. As described in the history of Bell Labs, "this reticence belied his capabilities."

Norton was something of a legendary figure in network theory work who turned out a prodigious number of designs armed only with a slide rule and his intuition. Many anecdotes survive. On one occasion T.C. Fry called in his network theory group, which included at that time Bode, Darlington and R.L. Dietzold among others, and told them: "You fellows had better not sign up for any graduate courses or other outside work this coming year because you are going to take over the network design that Ed Norton has been doing single-handed." [A History of Engineering and Science in the Bell System: Transmission Technology (1925-1975), p. 210]

He applied his deep knowledge of circuit analysis to many fields, and after World War II he worked on Nike missile guidance systems. On November 11, 1926, he wrote the technical memorandum Design of Finite Networks for Uniform Frequency Characteristic, that contains the following paragraph on page 9:
"The illustrative example considered above gives the solution for the ratio of the input to output current, since this seems to be of more practical interest. An electric network usually requires the solution for the case of a constant voltage in series with an output impedance connected to the input of the network. This condition would require the equations of the voltage divided by the current in the load to be treated as above. It is ordinarily easier, however, to make use of a simple theorem which can be easily proved, that the effect of a constant voltage E in series with an impedance Z and the network is the same as a current I=E/Z into a parallel combination of the network and the impedance Z. If, as is usually the case, Z is a pure resistance, the solution of this case reduces to the case treated above for the ratio of the two currents, with the additional complication of a resistance shunted across the input terminals of the network. If Z is not a resistance the method still applies, but here the variation of the input current E/Z must be taken into account."

This paragraph clearly defines what is now known as the Norton equivalent circuit in the United States. Norton never published this result or mentioned it in any of his 18 patents and 3 publications. In Europe, it is known as the Mayer-Norton equivalent. The German telecommunications engineer Hans Ferdinand Mayer published the same result in the same month as Norton's technical memorandum. Norton retired in 1961 and died on January 28, 1983 at the King James Nursing Home in Chatham, New Jersey.

Wilhelm Eduard Weber was a German physicist who discovered theories about magnetic flux, electrodynamics and magnetic maps.

[[File:/Users/kennethyang/Desktop/Edward_Lawry_Norton.jpg
|500px|thumb|right| Edward Lawry Norton]]

==Early Years and Career==

Wilhelm Eduard Weber (1804-1891) was a German physicist born in Wittenberg who was the second of three brothers. Weber received his PhD from the University of Halle in natural philosophy and then was hired by the University of Gottingen to be a professor of physics at the age of 27. Weber always believed that physics could never be taught by simply speaking about it, applications to daily life were necessary. Therefore, he always encouraged his students to experiment themselves in the college laboratory. Weber collaborated with many scientists throughout his career. In 1859, he received the Copley Medal for his work with magnetic maps. He holds the honor of the SI unit of magnetic flux being named after him, which led to further electromagnetic discoveries.

== Establishment ==

During his time at the University of Halle, he collaborated with his brother Ernst Weber and published works on organ pipes and coupled oscillators. Afterwards, they wrote a book on Wave Theory and Fluidity. This contained a detailed account of the experimental investigations on surface waves in liquids, and on sound and light waves.

== Telegraph ==
Once hired by the University of Gottingen, Wilhelm Weber began his collaboration with Carl Friedrich Gauss. Together, they initiated a network of magnetic observatories and correlate the resulting measurements. In 1833, they developed the first electromagnetic telegraph, which functioned as a battery-operated telegraph line that was 9,000 meters long stretching from the physics laboratory to the astronomical observatory. Later, it was modified to use induced currents rather than battery power.

== Magnetic Maps and Electrodynamics ==
Perhaps one of Weber’s more notable accomplishments, collaborated with Carl Freidrich Gauss and Carl Wolfgang Benjamin Goldschmidt, was the Atlas of Geomagnetism: According to the Elements and Theory of Design that eventually gave rise to the institutionalization of magnetic observatories.

In 1856, Weber had become the director of the astronomical observatory and began research with Rudolph Kohlrausch to determine the ratio between the electrodynamic and electrostatic units of charge. This led to Weber’s research on electric oscillations, which played a huge role in Weber’s development of his theory of electrodynamics. This theory helped James Clerk Maxwell’s theory that light is an electromagnetic wave.
Even though this theory is not mentioned/taught anymore, it states that Coloumb’s law is velocity dependent.

[[File:WeberFormula.jpg|200px|thumb|left |Weber Theory Force Formula]]

This theory can be derived from potential energy and can be used to drive Ampere’s Law and Faraday’s law. In this law, all particles regardless of size and mass will follow Newton’s third law. While Maxwell’s equations incorporates conservation of particle momentum and particle angular momentum.

The collaboration between Weber and Kohlrausch led to the first use of the letter ‘c’ to denote the speed of light. In 1864, Weber published a book: Electrodynamic Proportional Measures containing a system of absolute measurements for electric currents, which eventually led to the SI unit for electric flux to be named after Weber (Wb).

===Further sources===

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=cFKONUBBHQw

The World’s First Transatlantic Telegraph Cable

==References==

http://www.britannica.com/biography/Wilhelm-Eduard-Weber

http://www.thefamouspeople.com/profiles/wilhelm-weber-551.php

Main Page

2015-12-05T19:18:48Z

Yangkenneth: /* Notable Scientists */

__NOTOC__
Welcome to the Georgia Tech Wiki for Intro Physics. This resources was created so that students can contribute and curate content to help those with limited or no access to a textbook. When reading this website, please correct any errors you may come across. If you read something that isn't clear, please consider revising it!

Looking to make a contribution?
#Pick a specific topic from intro physics
#Add that topic, as a link to a new page, under the appropriate category listed below by editing this page.
#Copy and paste the default [[Template]] into your new page and start editing.

Please remember that this is not a textbook and you are not limited to expressing your ideas with only text and equations. Whenever possible embed: pictures, videos, diagrams, simulations, computational models (e.g. Glowscript), and whatever content you think makes learning physics easier for other students.

== Source Material ==
All of the content added to this resource must be in the public domain or similar free resource. If you are unsure about a source, contact the original author for permission. That said, there is a surprisingly large amount of introductory physics content scattered across the web. Here is an incomplete list of intro physics resources (please update as needed).
* A physics resource written by experts for an expert audience [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:Physics Physics Portal]
* A wiki book on modern physics [https://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Modern_Physics Modern Physics Wiki]
* The MIT open courseware for intro physics [http://ocw.mit.edu/resources/res-8-002-a-wikitextbook-for-introductory-mechanics-fall-2009/index.htm MITOCW Wiki]
* An online concept map of intro physics [http://hyperphysics.phy-astr.gsu.edu/hbase/hph.html HyperPhysics]
* Interactive physics simulations [https://phet.colorado.edu/en/simulations/category/physics PhET]
* OpenStax algebra based intro physics textbook [https://openstaxcollege.org/textbooks/college-physics College Physics]
* The Open Source Physics project is a collection of online physics resources [http://www.opensourcephysics.org/ OSP]
* A resource guide compiled by the [http://www.aapt.org/ AAPT] for educators [http://www.compadre.org/ ComPADRE]

== Organizing Categories ==
These are the broad, overarching categories, that we cover in two semester of introductory physics. You can add subcategories or make a new category as needed. A single topic should direct readers to a page in one of these catagories.

<div class="toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">
===Interactions===
<div class="mw-collapsible-content">
*[[Kinds of Matter]]
**[[Ball and Spring Model of Matter]]
*[[Detecting Interactions]]
*[[Escape Velocity]]
*[[Fundamental Interactions]]
*[[Determinism]]
*[[System & Surroundings]]
*[[Free Body Diagram]]
*[[Newton's First Law of Motion]]
*[[Newton's Second Law of Motion]]
*[[Newton's Third Law of Motion]]
*[[Gravitational Force]]
*[[Electric Force]]
*[[Conservation of Energy]]
*[[Conservation of Charge]]
*[[Terminal Speed]]
*[[Simple Harmonic Motion]]
*[[Speed and Velocity]]
*[[Electric Polarization]]
*[[Perpetual Freefall (Orbit)]]
*[[2-Dimensional Motion]]
*[[Center of Mass]]
*[[Reaction Time]]
*[[Time Dilation]]
</div>
</div>

<div class="toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">

===Modeling with VPython===
<div class="mw-collapsible-content">
*[[VPython]]
*[[VPython basics]]
*[[VPython Common Errors and Troubleshooting]]
*[[VPython Functions]]
*[[VPython Lists]]
*[[VPython Multithreading]]
</div>
</div>

<div class="toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">

===Theory===
<div class="mw-collapsible-content">
*[[Einstein's Theory of Special Relativity]]
*[[Einstein's Theory of General Relativity]]
*[[Quantum Theory]]
*[[Maxwell's Electromagnetic Theory]]
*[[Atomic Theory]]
*[[String Theory]]
*[[Elementary Particles and Particle Physics Theory]]
*[[Law of Gravitation]]
</div>
</div>

<div class="toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">

===Notable Scientists===
<div class="mw-collapsible-content">
*[[Alexei Alexeyevich Abrikosov]]
*[[Christian Doppler]]
*[[Albert Einstein]]
*[[Ernest Rutherford]]
*[[Joseph Henry]]
*[[Michael Faraday]]
*[[J.J. Thomson]]
*[[James Maxwell]]
*[[Robert Hooke]]
*[[Carl Friedrich Gauss]]
*[[Nikola Tesla]]
*[[Andre Marie Ampere]]
*[[Sir Isaac Newton]]
*[[J. Robert Oppenheimer]]
*[[Oliver Heaviside]]
*[[Rosalind Franklin]]
*[[Enrico Fermi]]
*[[Robert J. Van de Graaff]]
*[[Charles de Coulomb]]
*[[Hans Christian Ørsted]]
*[[Philo Farnsworth]]
*[[Niels Bohr]]
*[[Georg Ohm]]
*[[Galileo Galilei]]
*[[Gustav Kirchhoff]]
*[[Max Planck]]
*[[Heinrich Hertz]]
*[[Edwin Hall]]
*[[James Watt]]
*[[Count Alessandro Volta]]
*[[Josiah Willard Gibbs]]
*[[Richard Phillips Feynman]]
*[[Sir David Brewster]]
*[[Daniel Bernoulli]]
*[[William Thomson]]
*[[Leonhard Euler]]
*[[Robert Fox Bacher]]
*[[Stephen Hawking]]
*[[Amedeo Avogadro]]
*[[Wilhelm Conrad Roentgen]]
*[[Pierre Laplace]]
*[[Thomas Edison]]
*[[Hendrik Lorentz]]
*[[Jean-Baptiste Biot]]
*[[Lise Meitner]]
*[[Lisa Randall]]
*[[Felix Savart]]
*[[Heinrich Lenz]]
*[[Max Born]]
*[[Archimedes]]
*[[Jean Baptiste Biot]]
*[[Carl Sagan]]
*[[Eugene Wigner]]
*[[Marie Curie]]
*[[Pierre Curie]]
*[[Werner Heisenberg]]
*[[Johannes Diderik van der Waals]]
*[[Louis de Broglie]]
*[[Aristotle]]
*[[Émilie du Châtelet]]
*[[Blaise Pascal]]
*[[Benjamin Franklin]]
*[[James Chadwick]]
*[[Henry Cavendish]]
*[[Thomas Young]]
*[[James Prescott Joule]]
*[[John Bardeen]]
*[[Leo Baekeland]]
*[[Alhazen]]
*[[Willebrord Snell]]
*[[Fritz Walther Meissner]]
*[[Johannes Kepler]]
*[[Johann Wilhelm Ritter]]
*[[Philipp Lenard]]
*[[Robert A. Millikan]]
*[[Joseph Louis Gay-Lussac]]
*[[Guglielmo Marconi]]
*[[William Lawrence Bragg]]
*[[Robert Goddard]]
*[[Léon Foucault]]
*[[Henri Poincaré]]
*[[Steven Weinberg]]
*[[Arthur Compton]]
*[[Pythagoras of Samos]]
*[[Subrahmanyan Chandrasekhar]]
*[[Wilhelm Eduard Weber]]
*[[Edmond Becquerel]]
*[[Joseph Rotblat]]
*[[Carl David Anderson]]
*[[Hermann von Helmholtz]]
*[[Nicolas Leonard Sadi Carnot]]
*[[Wallace Carothers]]
*[[David J. Wineland]]
*[[Rudolf Clausius]]
*[[Edward L. Norton]]

</div>
</div>

<div class="toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">

===Properties of Matter===
<div class="mw-collapsible-content">
*[[Mass]]
*[[Velocity]]
*[[Relative Velocity]]
*[[Density]]
*[[Charge]]
*[[Spin]]
*[[SI Units]]
*[[Heat Capacity]]
*[[Specific Heat]]
*[[Wavelength]]
*[[Conductivity]]
*[[Malleability]]
*[[Weight]]
*[[Boiling Point]]
*[[Melting Point]]
*[[Inertia]]
*[[Non-Newtonian Fluids]]
*[[Ferrofluids]]
*[[Color]]
*[[Temperature]]
</div>
</div>

<div class="toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">

===Contact Interactions===
<div class="mw-collapsible-content">
* [[Young's Modulus]]
* [[Friction]]
* [[Tension]]
* [[Hooke's Law]]
*[[Centripetal Force and Curving Motion]]
*[[Compression or Normal Force]]
* [[Length and Stiffness of an Interatomic Bond]]
* [[Speed of Sound in a Solid]]
* [[Iterative Prediction of Spring-Mass System]]
</div>
</div>

<div class="toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">

===Momentum===
<div class="mw-collapsible-content">
* [[Vectors]]
* [[Kinematics]]
* [[Conservation of Momentum]]
* [[Predicting Change in multiple dimensions]]
* [[Derivation of the Momentum Principle]]
* [[Momentum Principle]]
* [[Impulse Momentum]]
* [[Curving Motion]]
* [[Projectile Motion]]
* [[Multi-particle Analysis of Momentum]]
* [[Iterative Prediction]]
* [[Analytical Prediction]]
* [[Newton's Laws and Linear Momentum]]
* [[Net Force]]
* [[Center of Mass]]
* [[Momentum at High Speeds]]
* [[Change in Momentum in Time for Curving Motion]]
* [[Momentum with respect to external Forces]]
</div>
</div>

<div class="toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">

===Angular Momentum===
<div class="mw-collapsible-content">
* [[The Moments of Inertia]]
* [[Moment of Inertia for a cylinder]]
* [[Rotation]]
* [[Torque]]
* [[Systems with Zero Torque]]
* [[Systems with Nonzero Torque]]
* [[Torque vs Work]]
* [[Angular Impulse]]
* [[Right Hand Rule]]
* [[Angular Velocity]]
* [[Predicting the Position of a Rotating System]]
* [[Translational Angular Momentum]]
* [[The Angular Momentum Principle]]
* [[Angular Momentum of Multiparticle Systems]]
* [[Rotational Angular Momentum]]
* [[Total Angular Momentum]]
* [[Gyroscopes]]
* [[Angular Momentum Compared to Linear Momentum]]

</div>
</div>

<div class="toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">

===Energy===
<div class="mw-collapsible-content">
*[[The Photoelectric Effect]]
*[[Photons]]
*[[The Energy Principle]]
*[[Predicting Change]]
*[[Rest Mass Energy]]
*[[Kinetic Energy]]
*[[Potential Energy]]
**[[Potential Energy for a Magnetic Dipole]]
**[[Potential Energy of a Multiparticle System]]
*[[Work]]
**[[Work Done By A Nonconstant Force]]
*[[Work and Energy for an Extended System]]
*[[Thermal Energy]]
*[[Conservation of Energy]]
*[[Electric Potential]]
*[[Energy Transfer due to a Temperature Difference]]
*[[Gravitational Potential Energy]]
*[[Point Particle Systems]]
*[[Real Systems]]
*[[Spring Potential Energy]]
**[[Ball and Spring Model]]
*[[Internal Energy]]
**[[Potential Energy of a Pair of Neutral Atoms]]
*[[Translational, Rotational and Vibrational Energy]]
*[[Franck-Hertz Experiment]]
*[[Power (Mechanical)]]
*[[Transformation of Energy]]

*[[Energy Graphs]]
**[[Energy graphs and the Bohr model]]
*[[Air Resistance]]
*[[Electronic Energy Levels]]
*[[Second Law of Thermodynamics and Entropy]]
*[[Specific Heat Capacity]]
*[[The Maxwell-Boltzmann Distribution]]
*[[Electronic Energy Levels and Photons]]
*[[Energy Density]]
*[[Bohr Model]]
*[[Quantized energy levels]]
**[[Spontaneous Photon Emission]]
*[[Path Independence of Electric Potential]]
</div>
</div>

<div class="toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">

===Collisions===
<div class="mw-collapsible-content">
*[[Collisions]]
Collisions are events that happen very frequently in our day-to-day world. In the realm of Physics, a collision is defined as any sort of process in which before and after a short time interval there is little interaction, but during that short time interval there are large interactions. When looking at collisions, it is first important to understand two very important principles: the Momentum Principle and the Energy Principle. Both principles serve use when talking of collisions because they provide a way in which to analyze these collisions. Collisions themselves can be categorized into 3 main different types: elastic collisions, inelastic collisions, maximally inelastic collisions. All 3 collisions will get touched on in more detail further on.
*[[Elastic Collisions]]
A collision is deemed "elastic" when the internal energy of the objects in the system does not change (in other words, change in internal energy equals 0). Because in an elastic collision no kinetic energy is converted over to internal energy, in any elastic collision Kfinal always equals Kinitial.
*[[Inelastic Collisions]]
A collision is said to be "inelastic" when it is not elastic; therefore, an inelastic collision is an interaction in which some change in internal energy occurs between the colliding objects (in other words, change in internal energy does not equal 0). Examples of such changes that occur between colliding objects include, but are not limited to, things like they get hot, or they vibrate/rotate, or they deform. Because some of the kinetic energy is converted to internal energy during an inelastic collision, Kfinal does not equal Kinitial.
*[[Maximally Inelastic Collision]]
*[[Head-on Collision of Equal Masses]]
*[[Head-on Collision of Unequal Masses]]
*[[Frame of Reference]]
*[[Scattering: Collisions in 2D and 3D]]
*[[Rutherford Experiment and Atomic Collisions]]
*[[Coefficient of Restitution]]
*[[testing123]]
</div>
</div>

<div class="toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">

===Fields===
<div class="mw-collapsible-content">
* [[Electric Field]] of a
** [[Point Charge]]
** [[Electric Dipole]]
** [[Capacitor]]
** [[Charged Rod]]
** [[Charged Ring]]
** [[Charged Disk]]
** [[Charged Spherical Shell]]
** [[Charged Cylinder]]
** [[Charge Density]]
**[[A Solid Sphere Charged Throughout Its Volume]]
*[[Superposition Principle]]
*[[Electric Potential]]
**[[Potential Difference Path Independence]]
**[[Potential Difference in a Uniform Field]]
**[[Potential Difference of point charge in a non-Uniform Field]]
**[[Potential Difference at One Location]]
**[[Sign of Potential Difference]]
**[[Potential Difference in an Insulator]]
**[[Energy Density and Electric Field]]
** [[Systems of Charged Objects]]
*[[Electric Force]]
*[[Polarization]]
**[[Polarization of an Atom]]
*[[Charge Motion in Metals]]
*[[Charge Transfer]]
*[[Magnetic Field]]
**[[Right-Hand Rule]]
**[[Direction of Magnetic Field]]
**[[Magnetic Field of a Long Straight Wire]]
**[[Magnetic Field of a Loop]]
**[[Magnetic Field of a Solenoid]]
**[[Bar Magnet]]
**[[Magnetic Dipole Moment]]
***[[Stern-Gerlach Experiment]]
**[[Magnetic Torque]]
**[[Magnetic Force]]
**[[Earth's Magnetic Field]]
**[[Atomic Structure of Magnets]]
*[[Combining Electric and Magnetic Forces]]
**[[Hall Effect]]
**[[Lorentz Force]]
**[[Biot-Savart Law]]
**[[Biot-Savart Law for Currents]]
**[[Integration Techniques for Magnetic Field]]
**[[Sparks in Air]]
**[[Motional Emf]]
**[[Detecting a Magnetic Field]]
**[[Moving Point Charge]]
**[[Non-Coulomb Electric Field]]
**[[Motors and Generators]]
**[[Solenoid Applications]]
</div>
</div>

<div class="toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">

===Simple Circuits===
<div class="mw-collapsible-content">
*[[Components]]
*[[Steady State]]
*[[Non Steady State]]
*[[Charging and Discharging a Capacitor]]
*[[Thin and Thick Wires]]
*[[Node Rule]]
*[[Loop Rule]]
*[[Resistivity]]
*[[Power in a circuit]]
*[[Ammeters,Voltmeters,Ohmmeters]]
*[[Current]]
**[[AC]]
*[[Ohm's Law]]
*[[Series Circuits]]
*[[Parallel Circuits]]
*[[RC]]
*[[AC vs DC]]
*[[Charge in a RC Circuit]]
*[[Current in a RC circuit]]
*[[Circular Loop of Wire]]
*[[Current in a RL Circuit]]
*[[RL Circuit]]
*[[Feedback]]
*[[Transformers (Circuits)]]
*[[Resistors and Conductivity]]
*[[Semiconductor Devices]]
</div>
</div>

<div class="toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">

===Maxwell's Equations===
<div class="mw-collapsible-content">
*[[Gauss's Flux Theorem]]
**[[Electric Fields]]
***[[Examples of Flux Through Surfaces and Objects]]
**[[Magnetic Fields]]
*[[Ampere's Law]]
**[[Magnetic Field of Coaxial Cable Using Ampere's Law]]
**[[Magnetic Field of a Long Thick Wire Using Ampere's Law]]
**[[Magnetic Field of a Toroid Using Ampere's Law]]
*[[Faraday's Law]]
**[[Curly Electric Fields]]
**[[Inductance]]
***[[Transformers (Physics)]]
***[[Energy Density]]
**[[Lenz's Law]]
***[[Lenz Effect and the Jumping Ring]]
**[[Lenz's Rule]]
**[[Motional Emf using Faraday's Law]]
*[[Ampere-Maxwell Law]]
*[[Superconductors]]
**[[Meissner effect]]
</div>
</div>

<div class="toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">

===Radiation===
<div class="mw-collapsible-content">
*[[Producing a Radiative Electric Field]]
*[[Sinusoidal Electromagnetic Radiaton]]
*[[Lenses]]
*[[Energy and Momentum Analysis in Radiation]]
**[[Poynting Vector]]
*[[Electromagnetic Propagation]]
**[[Wavelength and Frequency]]
*[[Snell's Law]]
*[[Effects of Radiation on Matter]]
*[[Light Propagation Through a Medium]]
*[[Light Scaterring: Why is the Sky Blue]]
*[[Light Refraction: Bending of light]]
*[[Cherenkov Radiation]]
*[[Rayleigh Effect]]
</div>
</div>
<div class="toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">

===Sound===
<div class="mw-collapsible-content">
*[[Doppler Effect]]
*[[Nature, Behavior, and Properties of Sound]]
*[[Speed of Sound]]
*[[Resonance]]
*[[Sound Barrier]]
*[[Sound Rarefaction]]
</div>
</div>
<div class="toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">

===Waves===
<div class="mw-collapsible-content">
*[[Bragg's Law]]
*[[Multisource Interference: Diffraction]]
*[[Standing waves]]
*[[Gravitational waves]]
*[[Plasma waves]]
*[[Wave-Particle Duality]]
*[[Electromagnetic Spectrum]]
*[[Color Light Wave]]
*[[Mechanical Waves]]
*[[Pendulum Motion]]
*[[Transverse and Longitudinal Waves]]
*[[Planck's Relation]]
</div>
</div>
<div class="toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">

===Real Life Applications of Electromagnetic Principles===
<div class="mw-collapsible-content">
*[[Electromagnetic Junkyard Cranes]]
*[[Maglev Trains]]
*[[Spark Plugs]]
*[[Metal Detectors]]
*[[Speakers]]
*[[Radios]]
*[[Ampullae of Lorenzini]]
*[[Electrocytes]]
*[[Generator]]
*[[Measuring Water Level]]
*[[Cyclotron]]
*[[Railgun]]
*[[Magnetic Resonance Imaging]]

</div>
</div>

<div class="toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">

===Optics===
<div class="mw-collapsible-content">
*[[Mirrors]]
*[[Refraction]]
*[[Quantum Properties of Light]]
*[[Lasers]]

</div>
</div>

== Resources ==
* Commonly used wiki commands [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:Cheatsheet Wiki Cheatsheet]
* A guide to representing equations in math mode [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:Displaying_a_formula Wiki Math Mode]
* A page to keep track of all the physics [[Constants]]
* A page for review of [[Vectors]] and vector operations

Main Page

2015-12-05T19:05:10Z

Yangkenneth: /* Notable Scientists */

__NOTOC__
Welcome to the Georgia Tech Wiki for Intro Physics. This resources was created so that students can contribute and curate content to help those with limited or no access to a textbook. When reading this website, please correct any errors you may come across. If you read something that isn't clear, please consider revising it!

Looking to make a contribution?
#Pick a specific topic from intro physics
#Add that topic, as a link to a new page, under the appropriate category listed below by editing this page.
#Copy and paste the default [[Template]] into your new page and start editing.

Please remember that this is not a textbook and you are not limited to expressing your ideas with only text and equations. Whenever possible embed: pictures, videos, diagrams, simulations, computational models (e.g. Glowscript), and whatever content you think makes learning physics easier for other students.

== Source Material ==
All of the content added to this resource must be in the public domain or similar free resource. If you are unsure about a source, contact the original author for permission. That said, there is a surprisingly large amount of introductory physics content scattered across the web. Here is an incomplete list of intro physics resources (please update as needed).
* A physics resource written by experts for an expert audience [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:Physics Physics Portal]
* A wiki book on modern physics [https://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Modern_Physics Modern Physics Wiki]
* The MIT open courseware for intro physics [http://ocw.mit.edu/resources/res-8-002-a-wikitextbook-for-introductory-mechanics-fall-2009/index.htm MITOCW Wiki]
* An online concept map of intro physics [http://hyperphysics.phy-astr.gsu.edu/hbase/hph.html HyperPhysics]
* Interactive physics simulations [https://phet.colorado.edu/en/simulations/category/physics PhET]
* OpenStax algebra based intro physics textbook [https://openstaxcollege.org/textbooks/college-physics College Physics]
* The Open Source Physics project is a collection of online physics resources [http://www.opensourcephysics.org/ OSP]
* A resource guide compiled by the [http://www.aapt.org/ AAPT] for educators [http://www.compadre.org/ ComPADRE]

== Organizing Categories ==
These are the broad, overarching categories, that we cover in two semester of introductory physics. You can add subcategories or make a new category as needed. A single topic should direct readers to a page in one of these catagories.

<div class="toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">
===Interactions===
<div class="mw-collapsible-content">
*[[Kinds of Matter]]
**[[Ball and Spring Model of Matter]]
*[[Detecting Interactions]]
*[[Escape Velocity]]
*[[Fundamental Interactions]]
*[[Determinism]]
*[[System & Surroundings]]
*[[Free Body Diagram]]
*[[Newton's First Law of Motion]]
*[[Newton's Second Law of Motion]]
*[[Newton's Third Law of Motion]]
*[[Gravitational Force]]
*[[Electric Force]]
*[[Conservation of Energy]]
*[[Conservation of Charge]]
*[[Terminal Speed]]
*[[Simple Harmonic Motion]]
*[[Speed and Velocity]]
*[[Electric Polarization]]
*[[Perpetual Freefall (Orbit)]]
*[[2-Dimensional Motion]]
*[[Center of Mass]]
*[[Reaction Time]]
*[[Time Dilation]]
</div>
</div>

<div class="toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">

===Modeling with VPython===
<div class="mw-collapsible-content">
*[[VPython]]
*[[VPython basics]]
*[[VPython Common Errors and Troubleshooting]]
*[[VPython Functions]]
*[[VPython Lists]]
*[[VPython Multithreading]]
</div>
</div>

<div class="toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">

===Theory===
<div class="mw-collapsible-content">
*[[Einstein's Theory of Special Relativity]]
*[[Einstein's Theory of General Relativity]]
*[[Quantum Theory]]
*[[Maxwell's Electromagnetic Theory]]
*[[Atomic Theory]]
*[[String Theory]]
*[[Elementary Particles and Particle Physics Theory]]
*[[Law of Gravitation]]
</div>
</div>

<div class="toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">

===Notable Scientists===
<div class="mw-collapsible-content">
*[[Alexei Alexeyevich Abrikosov]]
*[[Christian Doppler]]
*[[Albert Einstein]]
*[[Ernest Rutherford]]
*[[Joseph Henry]]
*[[Michael Faraday]]
*[[J.J. Thomson]]
*[[James Maxwell]]
*[[Robert Hooke]]
*[[Carl Friedrich Gauss]]
*[[Nikola Tesla]]
*[[Andre Marie Ampere]]
*[[Sir Isaac Newton]]
*[[J. Robert Oppenheimer]]
*[[Oliver Heaviside]]
*[[Rosalind Franklin]]
*[[Enrico Fermi]]
*[[Robert J. Van de Graaff]]
*[[Charles de Coulomb]]
*[[Hans Christian Ørsted]]
*[[Philo Farnsworth]]
*[[Niels Bohr]]
*[[Georg Ohm]]
*[[Galileo Galilei]]
*[[Gustav Kirchhoff]]
*[[Max Planck]]
*[[Heinrich Hertz]]
*[[Edwin Hall]]
*[[James Watt]]
*[[Count Alessandro Volta]]
*[[Josiah Willard Gibbs]]
*[[Richard Phillips Feynman]]
*[[Sir David Brewster]]
*[[Daniel Bernoulli]]
*[[William Thomson]]
*[[Leonhard Euler]]
*[[Robert Fox Bacher]]
*[[Stephen Hawking]]
*[[Amedeo Avogadro]]
*[[Wilhelm Conrad Roentgen]]
*[[Pierre Laplace]]
*[[Thomas Edison]]
*[[Hendrik Lorentz]]
*[[Jean-Baptiste Biot]]
*[[Lise Meitner]]
*[[Lisa Randall]]
*[[Felix Savart]]
*[[Heinrich Lenz]]
*[[Max Born]]
*[[Archimedes]]
*[[Jean Baptiste Biot]]
*[[Carl Sagan]]
*[[Eugene Wigner]]
*[[Marie Curie]]
*[[Pierre Curie]]
*[[Werner Heisenberg]]
*[[Johannes Diderik van der Waals]]
*[[Louis de Broglie]]
*[[Aristotle]]
*[[Émilie du Châtelet]]
*[[Blaise Pascal]]
*[[Benjamin Franklin]]
*[[James Chadwick]]
*[[Henry Cavendish]]
*[[Thomas Young]]
*[[James Prescott Joule]]
*[[John Bardeen]]
*[[Leo Baekeland]]
*[[Alhazen]]
*[[Willebrord Snell]]
*[[Fritz Walther Meissner]]
*[[Johannes Kepler]]
*[[Johann Wilhelm Ritter]]
*[[Philipp Lenard]]
*[[Robert A. Millikan]]
*[[Joseph Louis Gay-Lussac]]
*[[Guglielmo Marconi]]
*[[William Lawrence Bragg]]
*[[Robert Goddard]]
*[[Léon Foucault]]
*[[Henri Poincaré]]
*[[Steven Weinberg]]
*[[Arthur Compton]]
*[[Pythagoras of Samos]]
*[[Subrahmanyan Chandrasekhar]]
*[[Wilhelm Eduard Weber]]
*[[Edmond Becquerel]]
*[[Joseph Rotblat]]
*[[Carl David Anderson]]
*[[Hermann von Helmholtz]]
*[[Nicolas Leonard Sadi Carnot]]
*[[Wallace Carothers]]
*[[David J. Wineland]]

</div>
</div>

<div class="toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">

===Properties of Matter===
<div class="mw-collapsible-content">
*[[Mass]]
*[[Velocity]]
*[[Relative Velocity]]
*[[Density]]
*[[Charge]]
*[[Spin]]
*[[SI Units]]
*[[Heat Capacity]]
*[[Specific Heat]]
*[[Wavelength]]
*[[Conductivity]]
*[[Malleability]]
*[[Weight]]
*[[Boiling Point]]
*[[Melting Point]]
*[[Inertia]]
*[[Non-Newtonian Fluids]]
*[[Ferrofluids]]
*[[Color]]
*[[Temperature]]
</div>
</div>

<div class="toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">

===Contact Interactions===
<div class="mw-collapsible-content">
* [[Young's Modulus]]
* [[Friction]]
* [[Tension]]
* [[Hooke's Law]]
*[[Centripetal Force and Curving Motion]]
*[[Compression or Normal Force]]
* [[Length and Stiffness of an Interatomic Bond]]
* [[Speed of Sound in a Solid]]
* [[Iterative Prediction of Spring-Mass System]]
</div>
</div>

<div class="toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">

===Momentum===
<div class="mw-collapsible-content">
* [[Vectors]]
* [[Kinematics]]
* [[Conservation of Momentum]]
* [[Predicting Change in multiple dimensions]]
* [[Derivation of the Momentum Principle]]
* [[Momentum Principle]]
* [[Impulse Momentum]]
* [[Curving Motion]]
* [[Projectile Motion]]
* [[Multi-particle Analysis of Momentum]]
* [[Iterative Prediction]]
* [[Analytical Prediction]]
* [[Newton's Laws and Linear Momentum]]
* [[Net Force]]
* [[Center of Mass]]
* [[Momentum at High Speeds]]
* [[Change in Momentum in Time for Curving Motion]]
* [[Momentum with respect to external Forces]]
</div>
</div>

<div class="toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">

===Angular Momentum===
<div class="mw-collapsible-content">
* [[The Moments of Inertia]]
* [[Moment of Inertia for a cylinder]]
* [[Rotation]]
* [[Torque]]
* [[Systems with Zero Torque]]
* [[Systems with Nonzero Torque]]
* [[Torque vs Work]]
* [[Angular Impulse]]
* [[Right Hand Rule]]
* [[Angular Velocity]]
* [[Predicting the Position of a Rotating System]]
* [[Translational Angular Momentum]]
* [[The Angular Momentum Principle]]
* [[Angular Momentum of Multiparticle Systems]]
* [[Rotational Angular Momentum]]
* [[Total Angular Momentum]]
* [[Gyroscopes]]
* [[Angular Momentum Compared to Linear Momentum]]

</div>
</div>

<div class="toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">

===Energy===
<div class="mw-collapsible-content">
*[[The Photoelectric Effect]]
*[[Photons]]
*[[The Energy Principle]]
*[[Predicting Change]]
*[[Rest Mass Energy]]
*[[Kinetic Energy]]
*[[Potential Energy]]
**[[Potential Energy for a Magnetic Dipole]]
**[[Potential Energy of a Multiparticle System]]
*[[Work]]
**[[Work Done By A Nonconstant Force]]
*[[Work and Energy for an Extended System]]
*[[Thermal Energy]]
*[[Conservation of Energy]]
*[[Electric Potential]]
*[[Energy Transfer due to a Temperature Difference]]
*[[Gravitational Potential Energy]]
*[[Point Particle Systems]]
*[[Real Systems]]
*[[Spring Potential Energy]]
**[[Ball and Spring Model]]
*[[Internal Energy]]
**[[Potential Energy of a Pair of Neutral Atoms]]
*[[Translational, Rotational and Vibrational Energy]]
*[[Franck-Hertz Experiment]]
*[[Power (Mechanical)]]
*[[Transformation of Energy]]

*[[Energy Graphs]]
**[[Energy graphs and the Bohr model]]
*[[Air Resistance]]
*[[Electronic Energy Levels]]
*[[Second Law of Thermodynamics and Entropy]]
*[[Specific Heat Capacity]]
*[[The Maxwell-Boltzmann Distribution]]
*[[Electronic Energy Levels and Photons]]
*[[Energy Density]]
*[[Bohr Model]]
*[[Quantized energy levels]]
**[[Spontaneous Photon Emission]]
*[[Path Independence of Electric Potential]]
</div>
</div>

<div class="toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">

===Collisions===
<div class="mw-collapsible-content">
*[[Collisions]]
Collisions are events that happen very frequently in our day-to-day world. In the realm of Physics, a collision is defined as any sort of process in which before and after a short time interval there is little interaction, but during that short time interval there are large interactions. When looking at collisions, it is first important to understand two very important principles: the Momentum Principle and the Energy Principle. Both principles serve use when talking of collisions because they provide a way in which to analyze these collisions. Collisions themselves can be categorized into 3 main different types: elastic collisions, inelastic collisions, maximally inelastic collisions. All 3 collisions will get touched on in more detail further on.
*[[Elastic Collisions]]
A collision is deemed "elastic" when the internal energy of the objects in the system does not change (in other words, change in internal energy equals 0). Because in an elastic collision no kinetic energy is converted over to internal energy, in any elastic collision Kfinal always equals Kinitial.
*[[Inelastic Collisions]]
A collision is said to be "inelastic" when it is not elastic; therefore, an inelastic collision is an interaction in which some change in internal energy occurs between the colliding objects (in other words, change in internal energy does not equal 0). Examples of such changes that occur between colliding objects include, but are not limited to, things like they get hot, or they vibrate/rotate, or they deform. Because some of the kinetic energy is converted to internal energy during an inelastic collision, Kfinal does not equal Kinitial.
*[[Maximally Inelastic Collision]]
*[[Head-on Collision of Equal Masses]]
*[[Head-on Collision of Unequal Masses]]
*[[Frame of Reference]]
*[[Scattering: Collisions in 2D and 3D]]
*[[Rutherford Experiment and Atomic Collisions]]
*[[Coefficient of Restitution]]
*[[testing123]]
</div>
</div>

<div class="toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">

===Fields===
<div class="mw-collapsible-content">
* [[Electric Field]] of a
** [[Point Charge]]
** [[Electric Dipole]]
** [[Capacitor]]
** [[Charged Rod]]
** [[Charged Ring]]
** [[Charged Disk]]
** [[Charged Spherical Shell]]
** [[Charged Cylinder]]
** [[Charge Density]]
**[[A Solid Sphere Charged Throughout Its Volume]]
*[[Superposition Principle]]
*[[Electric Potential]]
**[[Potential Difference Path Independence]]
**[[Potential Difference in a Uniform Field]]
**[[Potential Difference of point charge in a non-Uniform Field]]
**[[Potential Difference at One Location]]
**[[Sign of Potential Difference]]
**[[Potential Difference in an Insulator]]
**[[Energy Density and Electric Field]]
** [[Systems of Charged Objects]]
*[[Electric Force]]
*[[Polarization]]
**[[Polarization of an Atom]]
*[[Charge Motion in Metals]]
*[[Charge Transfer]]
*[[Magnetic Field]]
**[[Right-Hand Rule]]
**[[Direction of Magnetic Field]]
**[[Magnetic Field of a Long Straight Wire]]
**[[Magnetic Field of a Loop]]
**[[Magnetic Field of a Solenoid]]
**[[Bar Magnet]]
**[[Magnetic Dipole Moment]]
***[[Stern-Gerlach Experiment]]
**[[Magnetic Torque]]
**[[Magnetic Force]]
**[[Earth's Magnetic Field]]
**[[Atomic Structure of Magnets]]
*[[Combining Electric and Magnetic Forces]]
**[[Hall Effect]]
**[[Lorentz Force]]
**[[Biot-Savart Law]]
**[[Biot-Savart Law for Currents]]
**[[Integration Techniques for Magnetic Field]]
**[[Sparks in Air]]
**[[Motional Emf]]
**[[Detecting a Magnetic Field]]
**[[Moving Point Charge]]
**[[Non-Coulomb Electric Field]]
**[[Motors and Generators]]
**[[Solenoid Applications]]
</div>
</div>

<div class="toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">

===Simple Circuits===
<div class="mw-collapsible-content">
*[[Components]]
*[[Steady State]]
*[[Non Steady State]]
*[[Charging and Discharging a Capacitor]]
*[[Thin and Thick Wires]]
*[[Node Rule]]
*[[Loop Rule]]
*[[Resistivity]]
*[[Power in a circuit]]
*[[Ammeters,Voltmeters,Ohmmeters]]
*[[Current]]
**[[AC]]
*[[Ohm's Law]]
*[[Series Circuits]]
*[[Parallel Circuits]]
*[[RC]]
*[[AC vs DC]]
*[[Charge in a RC Circuit]]
*[[Current in a RC circuit]]
*[[Circular Loop of Wire]]
*[[Current in a RL Circuit]]
*[[RL Circuit]]
*[[Feedback]]
*[[Transformers (Circuits)]]
*[[Resistors and Conductivity]]
*[[Semiconductor Devices]]
</div>
</div>

<div class="toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">

===Maxwell's Equations===
<div class="mw-collapsible-content">
*[[Gauss's Flux Theorem]]
**[[Electric Fields]]
***[[Examples of Flux Through Surfaces and Objects]]
**[[Magnetic Fields]]
*[[Ampere's Law]]
**[[Magnetic Field of Coaxial Cable Using Ampere's Law]]
**[[Magnetic Field of a Long Thick Wire Using Ampere's Law]]
**[[Magnetic Field of a Toroid Using Ampere's Law]]
*[[Faraday's Law]]
**[[Curly Electric Fields]]
**[[Inductance]]
***[[Transformers (Physics)]]
***[[Energy Density]]
**[[Lenz's Law]]
***[[Lenz Effect and the Jumping Ring]]
**[[Lenz's Rule]]
**[[Motional Emf using Faraday's Law]]
*[[Ampere-Maxwell Law]]
*[[Superconductors]]
**[[Meissner effect]]
</div>
</div>

<div class="toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">

===Radiation===
<div class="mw-collapsible-content">
*[[Producing a Radiative Electric Field]]
*[[Sinusoidal Electromagnetic Radiaton]]
*[[Lenses]]
*[[Energy and Momentum Analysis in Radiation]]
**[[Poynting Vector]]
*[[Electromagnetic Propagation]]
**[[Wavelength and Frequency]]
*[[Snell's Law]]
*[[Effects of Radiation on Matter]]
*[[Light Propagation Through a Medium]]
*[[Light Scaterring: Why is the Sky Blue]]
*[[Light Refraction: Bending of light]]
*[[Cherenkov Radiation]]
*[[Rayleigh Effect]]
</div>
</div>
<div class="toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">

===Sound===
<div class="mw-collapsible-content">
*[[Doppler Effect]]
*[[Nature, Behavior, and Properties of Sound]]
*[[Speed of Sound]]
*[[Resonance]]
*[[Sound Barrier]]
*[[Sound Rarefaction]]
</div>
</div>
<div class="toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">

===Waves===
<div class="mw-collapsible-content">
*[[Bragg's Law]]
*[[Multisource Interference: Diffraction]]
*[[Standing waves]]
*[[Gravitational waves]]
*[[Plasma waves]]
*[[Wave-Particle Duality]]
*[[Electromagnetic Spectrum]]
*[[Color Light Wave]]
*[[Mechanical Waves]]
*[[Pendulum Motion]]
*[[Transverse and Longitudinal Waves]]
*[[Planck's Relation]]
</div>
</div>
<div class="toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">

===Real Life Applications of Electromagnetic Principles===
<div class="mw-collapsible-content">
*[[Electromagnetic Junkyard Cranes]]
*[[Maglev Trains]]
*[[Spark Plugs]]
*[[Metal Detectors]]
*[[Speakers]]
*[[Radios]]
*[[Ampullae of Lorenzini]]
*[[Electrocytes]]
*[[Generator]]
*[[Measuring Water Level]]
*[[Cyclotron]]
*[[Railgun]]

</div>
</div>

<div class="toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">

===Optics===
<div class="mw-collapsible-content">
*[[Mirrors]]
*[[Refraction]]
*[[Quantum Properties of Light]]
*[[Lasers]]

</div>
</div>

== Resources ==
* Commonly used wiki commands [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:Cheatsheet Wiki Cheatsheet]
* A guide to representing equations in math mode [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:Displaying_a_formula Wiki Math Mode]
* A page to keep track of all the physics [[Constants]]
* A page for review of [[Vectors]] and vector operations