Physics Book - User contributions [en]

Lasers

2015-12-05T19:54:47Z

Urajagopalan6: /* References */

== Lasers ==

Lasers have become a very useful invention and have been used in a variety of applications throughout the world, ranging from medical procedures such as laser-eye surgery to simply using a laser to engrave one's initials onto an item of value. The word laser is actually an acronym that stands for ''light amplification by stimulated emission of radiation,'' which essentially describes the process by which lasers work.

There are many types of lasers - each with their own distinct features. Often times, the laser is named after the lasing medium that is used. The lasing medium is used to excite the atoms into their excited state; when in their excited state, these atoms release energy in the form of photons, thus creating the laser beam.
===Laser Light===
Laser light is much different than normal light. Unlike the UV visible spectrum of light where many wavelengths are seen, laser light is monochromatic, meaning when shone, it has one wavelength, resulting in only one color seen. The wavelength depends on the amount of energy released by the electron when it is stimulated.

Another difference between laser light and normal light is its state when shone. Laser light is very directional, which explains why when a laser is shone, the beam is very concentrated and organized - there is no or very little scattering of the light. This feat is extremely helpful when considering the applications such as laser-eye energy where focusing and precise energy is needed.

==History==
The theory of stimulated emission was first discovered by Albert Einstein in 1917. Stimulated emission describes the process of a incoming photon interacting with an excited electron causing the electron to decrease in energy level. The incoming photon must be equal to the difference in energy between the electron's current level and a lower level - this "stimulate a transition" to the lower energy level resulting in the emission of another photon. [http://hyperphysics.phy-astr.gsu.edu/hbase/mod5.html#c3]. Although Einstein introduced this new concept, scientists such as Charles Townes, Joseph Weber, Alexander Prokhorov and Nikolai G. Basov did notable work to apply this concept of stimulated emission to practical uses. They first started researching into MASER (Microwave Amplification by the Stimulated Emission of Radiation), which was used to amplify microwaves in microwave communication systems. Townes and Prokohorov did significant work with the stimulated emissions, but it wasn't until 1960 that the first Laser was invented by Theodore Maiman.

==Types of Lasers==

===Ruby Lasers===
[[File:rubylaser_components.jpg]]

Ruby lasers have a flash tube and two mirrors. In this case, the lasing medium is the ruby rod. When light is flashed, the atoms in the ruby get excited and some of these atoms emit photons, which bounce off the mirrors and are eventually emitted as monochromatic and directional laser.

===Solid-state Lasers===
In solid-state lasers, the lasing medium is distributed in a solid matrix such as ruby.

===Gas Lasers===
The Lasing medium in this case is usually either helium or helium-neon. They usually have an output color of red. Carbon dioxide is used as a lasing medium when the lasers are being used to cut hard materials.

===Semiconductor Lasers===
These are also called diode lasers and are different from solid-state lasers. They are usually very small and use a very small amount of power. These lasers are incorporated into a larger arrays.

==Connectedness==
Lasers are a very unique invention because they have so many applications, as mentioned before. They can be used as a method to decorate objects and have also been applied to the medical field -laser-eye surgery. The concept and process by which lasers work is directly related to physics, specifically the idea of energy emission in the form of photons. This may not have a direct relationship to chemical engineering, but the basic principles of chemistry - atoms and energy - play a large part in the manufacturing of lasers. Industrial applications range from cameras, firearms, scientific techniques such as spectroscopy, and also daily use during presentations. An interesting recent application of lasers is the laser focus that is implemented in LG G3 phone camera. Click on the link below to read more about this feature.

== See also ==
This link has more information about the laser used in the LG G3 phone camera.
[
http://www.trustedreviews.com/opinions/how-the-lg-g3-laser-af-camera-focus-works]

==References==

This section contains the the references you used while writing this page
#http://science.howstuffworks.com/laser5.htm
#http://www.laserfest.org/lasers/images/rubylaser_components.jpg
#http://hyperphysics.phy-astr.gsu.edu/hbase/mod5.html#c3
#http://www.worldoflasers.com/laserhistory.htm
[[Category:Optics]]

Lasers

2015-12-05T19:54:11Z

Urajagopalan6: /* External links */

== Lasers ==

Lasers have become a very useful invention and have been used in a variety of applications throughout the world, ranging from medical procedures such as laser-eye surgery to simply using a laser to engrave one's initials onto an item of value. The word laser is actually an acronym that stands for ''light amplification by stimulated emission of radiation,'' which essentially describes the process by which lasers work.

There are many types of lasers - each with their own distinct features. Often times, the laser is named after the lasing medium that is used. The lasing medium is used to excite the atoms into their excited state; when in their excited state, these atoms release energy in the form of photons, thus creating the laser beam.
===Laser Light===
Laser light is much different than normal light. Unlike the UV visible spectrum of light where many wavelengths are seen, laser light is monochromatic, meaning when shone, it has one wavelength, resulting in only one color seen. The wavelength depends on the amount of energy released by the electron when it is stimulated.

Another difference between laser light and normal light is its state when shone. Laser light is very directional, which explains why when a laser is shone, the beam is very concentrated and organized - there is no or very little scattering of the light. This feat is extremely helpful when considering the applications such as laser-eye energy where focusing and precise energy is needed.

==History==
The theory of stimulated emission was first discovered by Albert Einstein in 1917. Stimulated emission describes the process of a incoming photon interacting with an excited electron causing the electron to decrease in energy level. The incoming photon must be equal to the difference in energy between the electron's current level and a lower level - this "stimulate a transition" to the lower energy level resulting in the emission of another photon. [http://hyperphysics.phy-astr.gsu.edu/hbase/mod5.html#c3]. Although Einstein introduced this new concept, scientists such as Charles Townes, Joseph Weber, Alexander Prokhorov and Nikolai G. Basov did notable work to apply this concept of stimulated emission to practical uses. They first started researching into MASER (Microwave Amplification by the Stimulated Emission of Radiation), which was used to amplify microwaves in microwave communication systems. Townes and Prokohorov did significant work with the stimulated emissions, but it wasn't until 1960 that the first Laser was invented by Theodore Maiman.

==Types of Lasers==

===Ruby Lasers===
[[File:rubylaser_components.jpg]]

Ruby lasers have a flash tube and two mirrors. In this case, the lasing medium is the ruby rod. When light is flashed, the atoms in the ruby get excited and some of these atoms emit photons, which bounce off the mirrors and are eventually emitted as monochromatic and directional laser.

===Solid-state Lasers===
In solid-state lasers, the lasing medium is distributed in a solid matrix such as ruby.

===Gas Lasers===
The Lasing medium in this case is usually either helium or helium-neon. They usually have an output color of red. Carbon dioxide is used as a lasing medium when the lasers are being used to cut hard materials.

===Semiconductor Lasers===
These are also called diode lasers and are different from solid-state lasers. They are usually very small and use a very small amount of power. These lasers are incorporated into a larger arrays.

==Connectedness==
Lasers are a very unique invention because they have so many applications, as mentioned before. They can be used as a method to decorate objects and have also been applied to the medical field -laser-eye surgery. The concept and process by which lasers work is directly related to physics, specifically the idea of energy emission in the form of photons. This may not have a direct relationship to chemical engineering, but the basic principles of chemistry - atoms and energy - play a large part in the manufacturing of lasers. Industrial applications range from cameras, firearms, scientific techniques such as spectroscopy, and also daily use during presentations. An interesting recent application of lasers is the laser focus that is implemented in LG G3 phone camera. Click on the link below to read more about this feature.

== See also ==
This link has more information about the laser used in the LG G3 phone camera.
[
http://www.trustedreviews.com/opinions/how-the-lg-g3-laser-af-camera-focus-works]

==References==

This section contains the the references you used while writing this page
http://science.howstuffworks.com/laser5.htm

[[Category:Optics]]

Lasers

2015-12-05T19:53:59Z

Urajagopalan6: /* Further reading */

== Lasers ==

Lasers have become a very useful invention and have been used in a variety of applications throughout the world, ranging from medical procedures such as laser-eye surgery to simply using a laser to engrave one's initials onto an item of value. The word laser is actually an acronym that stands for ''light amplification by stimulated emission of radiation,'' which essentially describes the process by which lasers work.

There are many types of lasers - each with their own distinct features. Often times, the laser is named after the lasing medium that is used. The lasing medium is used to excite the atoms into their excited state; when in their excited state, these atoms release energy in the form of photons, thus creating the laser beam.
===Laser Light===
Laser light is much different than normal light. Unlike the UV visible spectrum of light where many wavelengths are seen, laser light is monochromatic, meaning when shone, it has one wavelength, resulting in only one color seen. The wavelength depends on the amount of energy released by the electron when it is stimulated.

Another difference between laser light and normal light is its state when shone. Laser light is very directional, which explains why when a laser is shone, the beam is very concentrated and organized - there is no or very little scattering of the light. This feat is extremely helpful when considering the applications such as laser-eye energy where focusing and precise energy is needed.

==History==
The theory of stimulated emission was first discovered by Albert Einstein in 1917. Stimulated emission describes the process of a incoming photon interacting with an excited electron causing the electron to decrease in energy level. The incoming photon must be equal to the difference in energy between the electron's current level and a lower level - this "stimulate a transition" to the lower energy level resulting in the emission of another photon. [http://hyperphysics.phy-astr.gsu.edu/hbase/mod5.html#c3]. Although Einstein introduced this new concept, scientists such as Charles Townes, Joseph Weber, Alexander Prokhorov and Nikolai G. Basov did notable work to apply this concept of stimulated emission to practical uses. They first started researching into MASER (Microwave Amplification by the Stimulated Emission of Radiation), which was used to amplify microwaves in microwave communication systems. Townes and Prokohorov did significant work with the stimulated emissions, but it wasn't until 1960 that the first Laser was invented by Theodore Maiman.

==Types of Lasers==

===Ruby Lasers===
[[File:rubylaser_components.jpg]]

Ruby lasers have a flash tube and two mirrors. In this case, the lasing medium is the ruby rod. When light is flashed, the atoms in the ruby get excited and some of these atoms emit photons, which bounce off the mirrors and are eventually emitted as monochromatic and directional laser.

===Solid-state Lasers===
In solid-state lasers, the lasing medium is distributed in a solid matrix such as ruby.

===Gas Lasers===
The Lasing medium in this case is usually either helium or helium-neon. They usually have an output color of red. Carbon dioxide is used as a lasing medium when the lasers are being used to cut hard materials.

===Semiconductor Lasers===
These are also called diode lasers and are different from solid-state lasers. They are usually very small and use a very small amount of power. These lasers are incorporated into a larger arrays.

==Connectedness==
Lasers are a very unique invention because they have so many applications, as mentioned before. They can be used as a method to decorate objects and have also been applied to the medical field -laser-eye surgery. The concept and process by which lasers work is directly related to physics, specifically the idea of energy emission in the form of photons. This may not have a direct relationship to chemical engineering, but the basic principles of chemistry - atoms and energy - play a large part in the manufacturing of lasers. Industrial applications range from cameras, firearms, scientific techniques such as spectroscopy, and also daily use during presentations. An interesting recent application of lasers is the laser focus that is implemented in LG G3 phone camera. Click on the link below to read more about this feature.

== See also ==
This link has more information about the laser used in the LG G3 phone camera.
[
http://www.trustedreviews.com/opinions/how-the-lg-g3-laser-af-camera-focus-works]

===External links===
[http://www.scientificamerican.com/article/bring-science-home-reaction-time/]

==References==

This section contains the the references you used while writing this page
http://science.howstuffworks.com/laser5.htm

[[Category:Optics]]

Lasers

2015-12-05T19:53:23Z

Urajagopalan6: /* Ruby Lasers */

== Lasers ==

Lasers have become a very useful invention and have been used in a variety of applications throughout the world, ranging from medical procedures such as laser-eye surgery to simply using a laser to engrave one's initials onto an item of value. The word laser is actually an acronym that stands for ''light amplification by stimulated emission of radiation,'' which essentially describes the process by which lasers work.

There are many types of lasers - each with their own distinct features. Often times, the laser is named after the lasing medium that is used. The lasing medium is used to excite the atoms into their excited state; when in their excited state, these atoms release energy in the form of photons, thus creating the laser beam.
===Laser Light===
Laser light is much different than normal light. Unlike the UV visible spectrum of light where many wavelengths are seen, laser light is monochromatic, meaning when shone, it has one wavelength, resulting in only one color seen. The wavelength depends on the amount of energy released by the electron when it is stimulated.

Another difference between laser light and normal light is its state when shone. Laser light is very directional, which explains why when a laser is shone, the beam is very concentrated and organized - there is no or very little scattering of the light. This feat is extremely helpful when considering the applications such as laser-eye energy where focusing and precise energy is needed.

==History==
The theory of stimulated emission was first discovered by Albert Einstein in 1917. Stimulated emission describes the process of a incoming photon interacting with an excited electron causing the electron to decrease in energy level. The incoming photon must be equal to the difference in energy between the electron's current level and a lower level - this "stimulate a transition" to the lower energy level resulting in the emission of another photon. [http://hyperphysics.phy-astr.gsu.edu/hbase/mod5.html#c3]. Although Einstein introduced this new concept, scientists such as Charles Townes, Joseph Weber, Alexander Prokhorov and Nikolai G. Basov did notable work to apply this concept of stimulated emission to practical uses. They first started researching into MASER (Microwave Amplification by the Stimulated Emission of Radiation), which was used to amplify microwaves in microwave communication systems. Townes and Prokohorov did significant work with the stimulated emissions, but it wasn't until 1960 that the first Laser was invented by Theodore Maiman.

==Types of Lasers==

===Ruby Lasers===
[[File:rubylaser_components.jpg]]

Ruby lasers have a flash tube and two mirrors. In this case, the lasing medium is the ruby rod. When light is flashed, the atoms in the ruby get excited and some of these atoms emit photons, which bounce off the mirrors and are eventually emitted as monochromatic and directional laser.

===Solid-state Lasers===
In solid-state lasers, the lasing medium is distributed in a solid matrix such as ruby.

===Gas Lasers===
The Lasing medium in this case is usually either helium or helium-neon. They usually have an output color of red. Carbon dioxide is used as a lasing medium when the lasers are being used to cut hard materials.

===Semiconductor Lasers===
These are also called diode lasers and are different from solid-state lasers. They are usually very small and use a very small amount of power. These lasers are incorporated into a larger arrays.

==Connectedness==
Lasers are a very unique invention because they have so many applications, as mentioned before. They can be used as a method to decorate objects and have also been applied to the medical field -laser-eye surgery. The concept and process by which lasers work is directly related to physics, specifically the idea of energy emission in the form of photons. This may not have a direct relationship to chemical engineering, but the basic principles of chemistry - atoms and energy - play a large part in the manufacturing of lasers. Industrial applications range from cameras, firearms, scientific techniques such as spectroscopy, and also daily use during presentations. An interesting recent application of lasers is the laser focus that is implemented in LG G3 phone camera. Click on the link below to read more about this feature.

== See also ==
This link has more information about the laser used in the LG G3 phone camera.
[
http://www.trustedreviews.com/opinions/how-the-lg-g3-laser-af-camera-focus-works]

===Further reading===

Books, Articles or other print media on this topic

===External links===
[http://www.scientificamerican.com/article/bring-science-home-reaction-time/]

==References==

This section contains the the references you used while writing this page
http://science.howstuffworks.com/laser5.htm

[[Category:Optics]]

Lasers

2015-12-05T19:51:04Z

Urajagopalan6:

== Lasers ==

Lasers have become a very useful invention and have been used in a variety of applications throughout the world, ranging from medical procedures such as laser-eye surgery to simply using a laser to engrave one's initials onto an item of value. The word laser is actually an acronym that stands for ''light amplification by stimulated emission of radiation,'' which essentially describes the process by which lasers work.

There are many types of lasers - each with their own distinct features. Often times, the laser is named after the lasing medium that is used. The lasing medium is used to excite the atoms into their excited state; when in their excited state, these atoms release energy in the form of photons, thus creating the laser beam.
===Laser Light===
Laser light is much different than normal light. Unlike the UV visible spectrum of light where many wavelengths are seen, laser light is monochromatic, meaning when shone, it has one wavelength, resulting in only one color seen. The wavelength depends on the amount of energy released by the electron when it is stimulated.

Another difference between laser light and normal light is its state when shone. Laser light is very directional, which explains why when a laser is shone, the beam is very concentrated and organized - there is no or very little scattering of the light. This feat is extremely helpful when considering the applications such as laser-eye energy where focusing and precise energy is needed.

==History==
The theory of stimulated emission was first discovered by Albert Einstein in 1917. Stimulated emission describes the process of a incoming photon interacting with an excited electron causing the electron to decrease in energy level. The incoming photon must be equal to the difference in energy between the electron's current level and a lower level - this "stimulate a transition" to the lower energy level resulting in the emission of another photon. [http://hyperphysics.phy-astr.gsu.edu/hbase/mod5.html#c3]. Although Einstein introduced this new concept, scientists such as Charles Townes, Joseph Weber, Alexander Prokhorov and Nikolai G. Basov did notable work to apply this concept of stimulated emission to practical uses. They first started researching into MASER (Microwave Amplification by the Stimulated Emission of Radiation), which was used to amplify microwaves in microwave communication systems. Townes and Prokohorov did significant work with the stimulated emissions, but it wasn't until 1960 that the first Laser was invented by Theodore Maiman.

==Types of Lasers==

===Ruby Lasers===
[[File:rubylaser_components.jpg]]

===Solid-state Lasers===
In solid-state lasers, the lasing medium is distributed in a solid matrix such as ruby.

===Gas Lasers===
The Lasing medium in this case is usually either helium or helium-neon. They usually have an output color of red. Carbon dioxide is used as a lasing medium when the lasers are being used to cut hard materials.

===Semiconductor Lasers===
These are also called diode lasers and are different from solid-state lasers. They are usually very small and use a very small amount of power. These lasers are incorporated into a larger arrays.

==Connectedness==
Lasers are a very unique invention because they have so many applications, as mentioned before. They can be used as a method to decorate objects and have also been applied to the medical field -laser-eye surgery. The concept and process by which lasers work is directly related to physics, specifically the idea of energy emission in the form of photons. This may not have a direct relationship to chemical engineering, but the basic principles of chemistry - atoms and energy - play a large part in the manufacturing of lasers. Industrial applications range from cameras, firearms, scientific techniques such as spectroscopy, and also daily use during presentations. An interesting recent application of lasers is the laser focus that is implemented in LG G3 phone camera. Click on the link below to read more about this feature.

== See also ==
This link has more information about the laser used in the LG G3 phone camera.
[
http://www.trustedreviews.com/opinions/how-the-lg-g3-laser-af-camera-focus-works]

===Further reading===

Books, Articles or other print media on this topic

===External links===
[http://www.scientificamerican.com/article/bring-science-home-reaction-time/]

==References==

This section contains the the references you used while writing this page
http://science.howstuffworks.com/laser5.htm

[[Category:Optics]]

File:Rubylaser components.jpg

2015-12-05T19:39:56Z

Urajagopalan6:

Lasers

2015-12-05T19:39:41Z

Urajagopalan6: /* Ruby Lasers */

== Lasers ==

Lasers have become a very useful invention and have been used in a variety of applications throughout the world, ranging from medical procedures such as laser-eye surgery to simply using a laser to engrave one's initials onto an item of value. The word laser is actually an acronym that stands for ''light amplification by stimulated emission of radiation,'' which essentially describes the process by which lasers work.

There are many types of lasers - each with their own distinct features. Often times, the laser is named after the lasing medium that is used. The lasing medium is used to excite the atoms into their excited state; when in their excited state, these atoms release energy in the form of photons, thus creating the laser beam.
===Laser Light===
Laser light is much different than normal light. Unlike the UV visible spectrum of light where many wavelengths are seen, laser light is monochromatic, meaning when shone, it has one wavelength, resulting in only one color seen. The wavelength depends on the amount of energy released by the electron when it is stimulated.

Another difference between laser light and normal light is its state when shone. Laser light is very directional, which explains why when a laser is shone, the beam is very concentrated and organized - there is no or very little scattering of the light. This feat is extremely helpful when considering the applications such as laser-eye energy where focusing and precise energy is needed.

==History==
The theory of stimulated emission was first discovered by Albert Einstein in 1917. Stimulated emission describes the process of a incoming photon interacting with an excited electron causing the electron to decrease in energy level. The incoming photon must be equal to the difference in energy between the electron's current level and a lower level - this "stimulate a transition" to the lower energy level resulting in the emission of another photon. [http://hyperphysics.phy-astr.gsu.edu/hbase/mod5.html#c3]. Although Einstein introduced this new concept, scientists such as Charles Townes, Joseph Weber, Alexander Prokhorov and Nikolai G. Basov did notable work to apply this concept of stimulated emission to practical uses. They first started researching into MASER (Microwave Amplification by the Stimulated Emission of Radiation), which was used to amplify microwaves in microwave communication systems. Townes and Prokohorov did significant work with the stimulated emissions, but it wasn't until 1960 that the first Laser was invented by Theodore Maiman.

==Types of Lasers==

===Ruby Lasers===
[[File:rubylaser_components.jpg]]

===Solid-state Lasers===

===Gas Lasers===

===Semiconductor Lasers===

==Connectedness==
Lasers are a very unique invention because they have so many applications, as mentioned before. They can be used as a method to decorate objects and have also been applied to the medical field -laser-eye surgery. The concept and process by which lasers work is directly related to physics, specifically the idea of energy emission in the form of photons. This may not have a direct relationship to chemical engineering, but the basic principles of chemistry - atoms and energy - play a large part in the manufacturing of lasers. Industrial applications range from cameras, firearms, scientific techniques such as spectroscopy, and also daily use during presentations. An interesting recent application of lasers is the laser focus that is implemented in LG G3 phone camera. Click on the link below to read more about this feature.

== See also ==
This link has more information about the laser used in the LG G3 phone camera.
[
http://www.trustedreviews.com/opinions/how-the-lg-g3-laser-af-camera-focus-works]

===Further reading===

Books, Articles or other print media on this topic

===External links===
[http://www.scientificamerican.com/article/bring-science-home-reaction-time/]

==References==

This section contains the the references you used while writing this page
http://science.howstuffworks.com/laser5.htm

[[Category:Optics]]

Lasers

2015-12-05T19:37:42Z

Urajagopalan6:

== Lasers ==

Lasers have become a very useful invention and have been used in a variety of applications throughout the world, ranging from medical procedures such as laser-eye surgery to simply using a laser to engrave one's initials onto an item of value. The word laser is actually an acronym that stands for ''light amplification by stimulated emission of radiation,'' which essentially describes the process by which lasers work.

There are many types of lasers - each with their own distinct features. Often times, the laser is named after the lasing medium that is used. The lasing medium is used to excite the atoms into their excited state; when in their excited state, these atoms release energy in the form of photons, thus creating the laser beam.
===Laser Light===
Laser light is much different than normal light. Unlike the UV visible spectrum of light where many wavelengths are seen, laser light is monochromatic, meaning when shone, it has one wavelength, resulting in only one color seen. The wavelength depends on the amount of energy released by the electron when it is stimulated.

Another difference between laser light and normal light is its state when shone. Laser light is very directional, which explains why when a laser is shone, the beam is very concentrated and organized - there is no or very little scattering of the light. This feat is extremely helpful when considering the applications such as laser-eye energy where focusing and precise energy is needed.

==History==
The theory of stimulated emission was first discovered by Albert Einstein in 1917. Stimulated emission describes the process of a incoming photon interacting with an excited electron causing the electron to decrease in energy level. The incoming photon must be equal to the difference in energy between the electron's current level and a lower level - this "stimulate a transition" to the lower energy level resulting in the emission of another photon. [http://hyperphysics.phy-astr.gsu.edu/hbase/mod5.html#c3]. Although Einstein introduced this new concept, scientists such as Charles Townes, Joseph Weber, Alexander Prokhorov and Nikolai G. Basov did notable work to apply this concept of stimulated emission to practical uses. They first started researching into MASER (Microwave Amplification by the Stimulated Emission of Radiation), which was used to amplify microwaves in microwave communication systems. Townes and Prokohorov did significant work with the stimulated emissions, but it wasn't until 1960 that the first Laser was invented by Theodore Maiman.

==Types of Lasers==

===Ruby Lasers===
[[File:laser9.jpg]]

===Solid-state Lasers===

===Gas Lasers===

===Semiconductor Lasers===

==Connectedness==
Lasers are a very unique invention because they have so many applications, as mentioned before. They can be used as a method to decorate objects and have also been applied to the medical field -laser-eye surgery. The concept and process by which lasers work is directly related to physics, specifically the idea of energy emission in the form of photons. This may not have a direct relationship to chemical engineering, but the basic principles of chemistry - atoms and energy - play a large part in the manufacturing of lasers. Industrial applications range from cameras, firearms, scientific techniques such as spectroscopy, and also daily use during presentations. An interesting recent application of lasers is the laser focus that is implemented in LG G3 phone camera. Click on the link below to read more about this feature.

== See also ==
This link has more information about the laser used in the LG G3 phone camera.
[
http://www.trustedreviews.com/opinions/how-the-lg-g3-laser-af-camera-focus-works]

===Further reading===

Books, Articles or other print media on this topic

===External links===
[http://www.scientificamerican.com/article/bring-science-home-reaction-time/]

==References==

This section contains the the references you used while writing this page
http://science.howstuffworks.com/laser5.htm

[[Category:Optics]]

Lasers

2015-12-05T19:34:14Z

Urajagopalan6: /* Ruby Lasers */

== Lasers ==

Lasers have become a very useful invention and have been used in a variety of applications throughout the world, ranging from medical procedures such as laser-eye surgery to simply using a laser to engrave one's initials onto an item of value. The word laser is actually an acronym that stands for ''light amplification by stimulated emission of radiation,'' which essentially describes the process by which lasers work.

There are many types of lasers - each with their own distinct features. Often times, the laser is named after the lasing medium that is used. The lasing medium is used to excite the atoms into their excited state; when in their excited state, these atoms release energy in the form of photons, thus creating the laser beam.
===Laser Light===
Laser light is much different than normal light. Unlike the UV visible spectrum of light where many wavelengths are seen, laser light is monochromatic, meaning when shone, it has one wavelength, resulting in only one color seen. The wavelength depends on the amount of energy released by the electron when it is stimulated.

Another difference between laser light and normal light is its state when shone. Laser light is very directional, which explains why when a laser is shone, the beam is very concentrated and organized - there is no or very little scattering of the light. This feat is extremely helpful when considering the applications such as laser-eye energy where focusing and precise energy is needed.

==History==
The theory of stimulated emission was first discovered by Albert Einstein in 1917. Stimulated emission describes the process of a incoming photon interacting with an excited electron causing the electron to decrease in energy level. The incoming photon must be equal to the difference in energy between the electron's current level and a lower level - this "stimulate a transition" to the lower energy level resulting in the emission of another photon. [http://hyperphysics.phy-astr.gsu.edu/hbase/mod5.html#c3]. Although Einstein introduced this new concept, scientists such as Charles Townes, Joseph Weber, Alexander Prokhorov and Nikolai G. Basov did notable work to apply this concept of stimulated emission to practical uses. They first started researching into MASER (Microwave Amplification by the Stimulated Emission of Radiation), which was used to amplify microwaves in microwave communication systems. Townes and Prokohorov did significant work with the stimulated emissions, but it wasn't until 1960 that the first Laser was invented by Theodore Maiman.

==Types of Lasers==

===Ruby Lasers===

[[File:laser9.jpg|thumb|Ruby Laser]]

===Solid-state Lasers===

===Gas Lasers===

===Semiconductor Lasers===

==Connectedness==
Lasers are a very unique invention because they have so many applications, as mentioned before. They can be used as a method to decorate objects and have also been applied to the medical field -laser-eye surgery. The concept and process by which lasers work is directly related to physics, specifically the idea of energy emission in the form of photons. This may not have a direct relationship to chemical engineering, but the basic principles of chemistry - atoms and energy - play a large part in the manufacturing of lasers. Industrial applications range from cameras, firearms, scientific techniques such as spectroscopy, and also daily use during presentations. An interesting recent application of lasers is the laser focus that is implemented in LG G3 phone camera. Click on the link below to read more about this feature.

== See also ==
This link has more information about the laser used in the LG G3 phone camera.
[
http://www.trustedreviews.com/opinions/how-the-lg-g3-laser-af-camera-focus-works]

===Further reading===

Books, Articles or other print media on this topic

===External links===
[http://www.scientificamerican.com/article/bring-science-home-reaction-time/]

==References==

This section contains the the references you used while writing this page
http://science.howstuffworks.com/laser5.htm

[[Category:Optics]]

File:Laser9.gif

2015-12-05T19:31:55Z

Urajagopalan6:

Lasers

2015-12-05T19:31:38Z

Urajagopalan6:

== Lasers ==

Lasers have become a very useful invention and have been used in a variety of applications throughout the world, ranging from medical procedures such as laser-eye surgery to simply using a laser to engrave one's initials onto an item of value. The word laser is actually an acronym that stands for ''light amplification by stimulated emission of radiation,'' which essentially describes the process by which lasers work.

There are many types of lasers - each with their own distinct features. Often times, the laser is named after the lasing medium that is used. The lasing medium is used to excite the atoms into their excited state; when in their excited state, these atoms release energy in the form of photons, thus creating the laser beam.
===Laser Light===
Laser light is much different than normal light. Unlike the UV visible spectrum of light where many wavelengths are seen, laser light is monochromatic, meaning when shone, it has one wavelength, resulting in only one color seen. The wavelength depends on the amount of energy released by the electron when it is stimulated.

Another difference between laser light and normal light is its state when shone. Laser light is very directional, which explains why when a laser is shone, the beam is very concentrated and organized - there is no or very little scattering of the light. This feat is extremely helpful when considering the applications such as laser-eye energy where focusing and precise energy is needed.

==History==
The theory of stimulated emission was first discovered by Albert Einstein in 1917. Stimulated emission describes the process of a incoming photon interacting with an excited electron causing the electron to decrease in energy level. The incoming photon must be equal to the difference in energy between the electron's current level and a lower level - this "stimulate a transition" to the lower energy level resulting in the emission of another photon. [http://hyperphysics.phy-astr.gsu.edu/hbase/mod5.html#c3]. Although Einstein introduced this new concept, scientists such as Charles Townes, Joseph Weber, Alexander Prokhorov and Nikolai G. Basov did notable work to apply this concept of stimulated emission to practical uses. They first started researching into MASER (Microwave Amplification by the Stimulated Emission of Radiation), which was used to amplify microwaves in microwave communication systems. Townes and Prokohorov did significant work with the stimulated emissions, but it wasn't until 1960 that the first Laser was invented by Theodore Maiman.

==Types of Lasers==

===Ruby Lasers===

[[File:laser9.gif|thumb|Ruby Laser]]

===Solid-state Lasers===

===Gas Lasers===

===Semiconductor Lasers===

==Connectedness==
Lasers are a very unique invention because they have so many applications, as mentioned before. They can be used as a method to decorate objects and have also been applied to the medical field -laser-eye surgery. The concept and process by which lasers work is directly related to physics, specifically the idea of energy emission in the form of photons. This may not have a direct relationship to chemical engineering, but the basic principles of chemistry - atoms and energy - play a large part in the manufacturing of lasers. Industrial applications range from cameras, firearms, scientific techniques such as spectroscopy, and also daily use during presentations. An interesting recent application of lasers is the laser focus that is implemented in LG G3 phone camera. Click on the link below to read more about this feature.

== See also ==
This link has more information about the laser used in the LG G3 phone camera.
[
http://www.trustedreviews.com/opinions/how-the-lg-g3-laser-af-camera-focus-works]

===Further reading===

Books, Articles or other print media on this topic

===External links===
[http://www.scientificamerican.com/article/bring-science-home-reaction-time/]

==References==

This section contains the the references you used while writing this page
http://science.howstuffworks.com/laser5.htm

[[Category:Optics]]

Lasers

2015-12-05T19:28:44Z

Urajagopalan6:

== Lasers ==

Lasers have become a very useful invention and have been used in a variety of applications throughout the world, ranging from medical procedures such as laser-eye surgery to simply using a laser to engrave one's initials onto an item of value. The word laser is actually an acronym that stands for ''light amplification by stimulated emission of radiation,'' which essentially describes the process by which lasers work.

There are many types of lasers - each with their own distinct features. Often times, the laser is named after the lasing medium that is used. The lasing medium is used to excite the atoms into their excited state; when in their excited state, these atoms release energy in the form of photons, thus creating the laser beam.
===Laser Light===
Laser light is much different than normal light. Unlike the UV visible spectrum of light where many wavelengths are seen, laser light is monochromatic, meaning when shone, it has one wavelength, resulting in only one color seen. The wavelength depends on the amount of energy released by the electron when it is stimulated.

Another difference between laser light and normal light is its state when shone. Laser light is very directional, which explains why when a laser is shone, the beam is very concentrated and organized - there is no or very little scattering of the light. This feat is extremely helpful when considering the applications such as laser-eye energy where focusing and precise energy is needed.

==History==
The theory of stimulated emission was first discovered by Albert Einstein in 1917. Stimulated emission describes the process of a incoming photon interacting with an excited electron causing the electron to decrease in energy level. The incoming photon must be equal to the difference in energy between the electron's current level and a lower level - this "stimulate a transition" to the lower energy level resulting in the emission of another photon. [http://hyperphysics.phy-astr.gsu.edu/hbase/mod5.html#c3]. Although Einstein introduced this new concept, scientists such as Charles Townes, Joseph Weber, Alexander Prokhorov and Nikolai G. Basov did notable work to apply this concept of stimulated emission to practical uses. They first started researching into MASER (Microwave Amplification by the Stimulated Emission of Radiation), which was used to amplify microwaves in microwave communication systems. Townes and Prokohorov did significant work with the stimulated emissions, but it wasn't until 1960 that the first Laser was invented by Theodore Maiman.

==Types of Lasers==

==Connectedness==
Lasers are a very unique invention because they have so many applications, as mentioned before. They can be used as a method to decorate objects and have also been applied to the medical field -laser-eye surgery. The concept and process by which lasers work is directly related to physics, specifically the idea of energy emission in the form of photons. This may not have a direct relationship to chemical engineering, but the basic principles of chemistry - atoms and energy - play a large part in the manufacturing of lasers. Industrial applications range from cameras, firearms, scientific techniques such as spectroscopy, and also daily use during presentations. An interesting recent application of lasers is the laser focus that is implemented in LG G3 phone camera. Click on the link below to read more about this feature.

== See also ==
This link has more information about the laser used in the LG G3 phone camera.
[
http://www.trustedreviews.com/opinions/how-the-lg-g3-laser-af-camera-focus-works]

===Further reading===

Books, Articles or other print media on this topic

===External links===
[http://www.scientificamerican.com/article/bring-science-home-reaction-time/]

==References==

This section contains the the references you used while writing this page
http://science.howstuffworks.com/laser5.htm

[[Category:Optics]]

Lasers

2015-12-05T18:10:42Z

Urajagopalan6: Created page with "== Lasers == Lasers have become a very useful invention and have a variety of applications throughout the world, ranging from medical procedures such as laser-eye surgery to..."

== Lasers ==

Lasers have become a very useful invention and have a variety of applications throughout the world, ranging from medical procedures such as laser-eye surgery to simply using a laser to engrave one's initials onto an item of value. The word laser is actually an acronym that stands for ''light amplification by stimulated emission of radiation,'' which essentially describes the process by which lasers work.

Contents [hide]
1 The Main Idea
1.1 A Mathematical Model
1.2 A Computational Model
2 Examples
2.1 Simple
2.2 Middling
2.3 Difficult
3 Connectedness
4 History
5 See also
5.1 Further reading
5.2 External links
6 References
The Main Idea[edit]
State, in your own words, the main idea for this topic

A Mathematical Model[edit]
What are the mathematical equations that allow us to model this topic. For example dp⃗ dtsystem=F⃗ net where p is the momentum of the system and F is the net force from the surroundings.

A Computational Model[edit]
How do we visualize or predict using this topic. Consider embedding some vpython code here Teach hands-on with GlowScript

Examples[edit]
Be sure to show all steps in your solution and include diagrams whenever possible

Simple[edit]
Middling[edit]
Difficult[edit]
Connectedness[edit]
How is this topic connected to something that you are interested in?
How is it connected to your major?
Is there an interesting industrial application?
History[edit]
Put this idea in historical context. Give the reader the Who, What, When, Where, and Why.

See also[edit]
Are there related topics or categories in this wiki resource for the curious reader to explore? How does this topic fit into that context?

Further reading[edit]
Books, Articles or other print media on this topic

External links[edit]
[1]

References[edit]
This section contains the the references you used while writing this page

Category: Which Category did you place this in?
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2015-12-05T17:49:26Z

Urajagopalan6: /* Optics */

__NOTOC__
Welcome to the Georgia Tech Wiki for Intro Physics. This resources was created so that students can contribute and curate content to help those with limited or no access to a textbook. When reading this website, please correct any errors you may come across. If you read something that isn't clear, please consider revising it!

Looking to make a contribution?
#Pick a specific topic from intro physics
#Add that topic, as a link to a new page, under the appropriate category listed below by editing this page.
#Copy and paste the default [[Template]] into your new page and start editing.

Please remember that this is not a textbook and you are not limited to expressing your ideas with only text and equations. Whenever possible embed: pictures, videos, diagrams, simulations, computational models (e.g. Glowscript), and whatever content you think makes learning physics easier for other students.

== Source Material ==
All of the content added to this resource must be in the public domain or similar free resource. If you are unsure about a source, contact the original author for permission. That said, there is a surprisingly large amount of introductory physics content scattered across the web. Here is an incomplete list of intro physics resources (please update as needed).
* A physics resource written by experts for an expert audience [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:Physics Physics Portal]
* A wiki book on modern physics [https://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Modern_Physics Modern Physics Wiki]
* The MIT open courseware for intro physics [http://ocw.mit.edu/resources/res-8-002-a-wikitextbook-for-introductory-mechanics-fall-2009/index.htm MITOCW Wiki]
* An online concept map of intro physics [http://hyperphysics.phy-astr.gsu.edu/hbase/hph.html HyperPhysics]
* Interactive physics simulations [https://phet.colorado.edu/en/simulations/category/physics PhET]
* OpenStax algebra based intro physics textbook [https://openstaxcollege.org/textbooks/college-physics College Physics]
* The Open Source Physics project is a collection of online physics resources [http://www.opensourcephysics.org/ OSP]
* A resource guide compiled by the [http://www.aapt.org/ AAPT] for educators [http://www.compadre.org/ ComPADRE]

== Organizing Categories ==
These are the broad, overarching categories, that we cover in two semester of introductory physics. You can add subcategories or make a new category as needed. A single topic should direct readers to a page in one of these catagories.

<div class="toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">
===Interactions===
<div class="mw-collapsible-content">
*[[Kinds of Matter]]
**[[Ball and Spring Model of Matter]]
*[[Detecting Interactions]]
*[[Escape Velocity]]
*[[Fundamental Interactions]]
*[[Determinism]]
*[[System & Surroundings]]
*[[Free Body Diagram]]
*[[Newton's First Law of Motion]]
*[[Newton's Second Law of Motion]]
*[[Newton's Third Law of Motion]]
*[[Gravitational Force]]
*[[Electric Force]]
*[[Conservation of Energy]]
*[[Conservation of Charge]]
*[[Terminal Speed]]
*[[Simple Harmonic Motion]]
*[[Speed and Velocity]]
*[[Electric Polarization]]
*[[Perpetual Freefall (Orbit)]]
*[[2-Dimensional Motion]]
*[[Center of Mass]]
*[[Reaction Time]]
*[[Time Dilation]]
</div>
</div>

<div class="toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">

===Modeling with VPython===
<div class="mw-collapsible-content">
*[[VPython]]
*[[VPython basics]]
*[[VPython Common Errors and Troubleshooting]]
*[[VPython Functions]]
*[[VPython Lists]]
*[[VPython Multithreading]]
</div>
</div>

<div class="toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">

===Theory===
<div class="mw-collapsible-content">
*[[Einstein's Theory of Special Relativity]]
*[[Einstein's Theory of General Relativity]]
*[[Quantum Theory]]
*[[Maxwell's Electromagnetic Theory]]
*[[Atomic Theory]]
*[[String Theory]]
*[[Elementary Particles and Particle Physics Theory]]
*[[Law of Gravitation]]
</div>
</div>

<div class="toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">

===Notable Scientists===
<div class="mw-collapsible-content">
*[[Alexei Alexeyevich Abrikosov]]
*[[Christian Doppler]]
*[[Albert Einstein]]
*[[Ernest Rutherford]]
*[[Joseph Henry]]
*[[Michael Faraday]]
*[[J.J. Thomson]]
*[[James Maxwell]]
*[[Robert Hooke]]
*[[Carl Friedrich Gauss]]
*[[Nikola Tesla]]
*[[Andre Marie Ampere]]
*[[Sir Isaac Newton]]
*[[J. Robert Oppenheimer]]
*[[Oliver Heaviside]]
*[[Rosalind Franklin]]
*[[Enrico Fermi]]
*[[Robert J. Van de Graaff]]
*[[Charles de Coulomb]]
*[[Hans Christian Ørsted]]
*[[Philo Farnsworth]]
*[[Niels Bohr]]
*[[Georg Ohm]]
*[[Galileo Galilei]]
*[[Gustav Kirchhoff]]
*[[Max Planck]]
*[[Heinrich Hertz]]
*[[Edwin Hall]]
*[[James Watt]]
*[[Count Alessandro Volta]]
*[[Josiah Willard Gibbs]]
*[[Richard Phillips Feynman]]
*[[Sir David Brewster]]
*[[Daniel Bernoulli]]
*[[William Thomson]]
*[[Leonhard Euler]]
*[[Robert Fox Bacher]]
*[[Stephen Hawking]]
*[[Amedeo Avogadro]]
*[[Wilhelm Conrad Roentgen]]
*[[Pierre Laplace]]
*[[Thomas Edison]]
*[[Hendrik Lorentz]]
*[[Jean-Baptiste Biot]]
*[[Lise Meitner]]
*[[Lisa Randall]]
*[[Felix Savart]]
*[[Heinrich Lenz]]
*[[Max Born]]
*[[Archimedes]]
*[[Jean Baptiste Biot]]
*[[Carl Sagan]]
*[[Eugene Wigner]]
*[[Marie Curie]]
*[[Pierre Curie]]
*[[Werner Heisenberg]]
*[[Johannes Diderik van der Waals]]
*[[Louis de Broglie]]
*[[Aristotle]]
*[[Émilie du Châtelet]]
*[[Blaise Pascal]]
*[[Benjamin Franklin]]
*[[James Chadwick]]
*[[Henry Cavendish]]
*[[Thomas Young]]
*[[James Prescott Joule]]
*[[John Bardeen]]
*[[Leo Baekeland]]
*[[Alhazen]]
*[[Willebrord Snell]]
*[[Fritz Walther Meissner]]
*[[Johannes Kepler]]
*[[Johann Wilhelm Ritter]]
*[[Philipp Lenard]]
*[[Robert A. Millikan]]
*[[Joseph Louis Gay-Lussac]]
*[[Guglielmo Marconi]]
*[[William Lawrence Bragg]]
*[[Robert Goddard]]
*[[Léon Foucault]]
*[[Henri Poincaré]]
*[[Steven Weinberg]]
*[[Arthur Compton]]
*[[Pythagoras of Samos]]
*[[Subrahmanyan Chandrasekhar]]
*[[Wilhelm Eduard Weber]]
*[[Edmond Becquerel]]
*[[Joseph Rotblat]]
*[[Carl David Anderson]]
*[[Hermann von Helmholtz]]
*[[Nicolas Leonard Sadi Carnot]]
</div>
</div>

<div class="toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">

===Properties of Matter===
<div class="mw-collapsible-content">
*[[Mass]]
*[[Velocity]]
*[[Relative Velocity]]
*[[Density]]
*[[Charge]]
*[[Spin]]
*[[SI Units]]
*[[Heat Capacity]]
*[[Specific Heat]]
*[[Wavelength]]
*[[Conductivity]]
*[[Malleability]]
*[[Weight]]
*[[Boiling Point]]
*[[Melting Point]]
*[[Inertia]]
*[[Non-Newtonian Fluids]]
*[[Ferrofluids]]
*[[Color]]
*[[Temperature]]
</div>
</div>

<div class="toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">

===Contact Interactions===
<div class="mw-collapsible-content">
* [[Young's Modulus]]
* [[Friction]]
* [[Tension]]
* [[Hooke's Law]]
*[[Centripetal Force and Curving Motion]]
*[[Compression or Normal Force]]
* [[Length and Stiffness of an Interatomic Bond]]
* [[Speed of Sound in a Solid]]
* [[Iterative Prediction of Spring-Mass System]]
</div>
</div>

<div class="toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">

===Momentum===
<div class="mw-collapsible-content">
* [[Vectors]]
* [[Kinematics]]
* [[Conservation of Momentum]]
* [[Predicting Change in multiple dimensions]]
* [[Derivation of the Momentum Principle]]
* [[Momentum Principle]]
* [[Impulse Momentum]]
* [[Curving Motion]]
* [[Projectile Motion]]
* [[Multi-particle Analysis of Momentum]]
* [[Iterative Prediction]]
* [[Analytical Prediction]]
* [[Newton's Laws and Linear Momentum]]
* [[Net Force]]
* [[Center of Mass]]
* [[Momentum at High Speeds]]
* [[Change in Momentum in Time for Curving Motion]]
* [[Momentum with respect to external Forces]]
</div>
</div>

<div class="toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">

===Angular Momentum===
<div class="mw-collapsible-content">
* [[The Moments of Inertia]]
* [[Moment of Inertia for a cylinder]]
* [[Rotation]]
* [[Torque]]
* [[Systems with Zero Torque]]
* [[Systems with Nonzero Torque]]
* [[Torque vs Work]]
* [[Angular Impulse]]
* [[Right Hand Rule]]
* [[Angular Velocity]]
* [[Predicting the Position of a Rotating System]]
* [[Translational Angular Momentum]]
* [[The Angular Momentum Principle]]
* [[Angular Momentum of Multiparticle Systems]]
* [[Rotational Angular Momentum]]
* [[Total Angular Momentum]]
* [[Gyroscopes]]
* [[Angular Momentum Compared to Linear Momentum]]

</div>
</div>

<div class="toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">

===Energy===
<div class="mw-collapsible-content">
*[[The Photoelectric Effect]]
*[[Photons]]
*[[The Energy Principle]]
*[[Predicting Change]]
*[[Rest Mass Energy]]
*[[Kinetic Energy]]
*[[Potential Energy]]
**[[Potential Energy for a Magnetic Dipole]]
**[[Potential Energy of a Multiparticle System]]
*[[Work]]
**[[Work Done By A Nonconstant Force]]
*[[Work and Energy for an Extended System]]
*[[Thermal Energy]]
*[[Conservation of Energy]]
*[[Electric Potential]]
*[[Energy Transfer due to a Temperature Difference]]
*[[Gravitational Potential Energy]]
*[[Point Particle Systems]]
*[[Real Systems]]
*[[Spring Potential Energy]]
**[[Ball and Spring Model]]
*[[Internal Energy]]
**[[Potential Energy of a Pair of Neutral Atoms]]
*[[Translational, Rotational and Vibrational Energy]]
*[[Franck-Hertz Experiment]]
*[[Power (Mechanical)]]
*[[Transformation of Energy]]

*[[Energy Graphs]]
**[[Energy graphs and the Bohr model]]
*[[Air Resistance]]
*[[Electronic Energy Levels]]
*[[Second Law of Thermodynamics and Entropy]]
*[[Specific Heat Capacity]]
*[[The Maxwell-Boltzmann Distribution]]
*[[Electronic Energy Levels and Photons]]
*[[Energy Density]]
*[[Bohr Model]]
*[[Quantized energy levels]]
**[[Spontaneous Photon Emission]]
*[[Path Independence of Electric Potential]]
</div>
</div>

<div class="toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">

===Collisions===
<div class="mw-collapsible-content">
*[[Collisions]]
Collisions are events that happen very frequently in our day-to-day world. In the realm of Physics, a collision is defined as any sort of process in which before and after a short time interval there is little interaction, but during that short time interval there are large interactions. When looking at collisions, it is first important to understand two very important principles: the Momentum Principle and the Energy Principle. Both principles serve use when talking of collisions because they provide a way in which to analyze these collisions. Collisions themselves can be categorized into 3 main different types: elastic collisions, inelastic collisions, maximally inelastic collisions. All 3 collisions will get touched on in more detail further on.
*[[Elastic Collisions]]
A collision is deemed "elastic" when the internal energy of the objects in the system does not change (in other words, change in internal energy equals 0). Because in an elastic collision no kinetic energy is converted over to internal energy, in any elastic collision Kfinal always equals Kinitial.
*[[Inelastic Collisions]]
A collision is said to be "inelastic" when it is not elastic; therefore, an inelastic collision is an interaction in which some change in internal energy occurs between the colliding objects (in other words, change in internal energy does not equal 0). Examples of such changes that occur between colliding objects include, but are not limited to, things like they get hot, or they vibrate/rotate, or they deform. Because some of the kinetic energy is converted to internal energy during an inelastic collision, Kfinal does not equal Kinitial.
*[[Maximally Inelastic Collision]]
*[[Head-on Collision of Equal Masses]]
*[[Head-on Collision of Unequal Masses]]
*[[Frame of Reference]]
*[[Scattering: Collisions in 2D and 3D]]
*[[Rutherford Experiment and Atomic Collisions]]
*[[Coefficient of Restitution]]
*[[testing123]]
</div>
</div>

<div class="toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">

===Fields===
<div class="mw-collapsible-content">
* [[Electric Field]] of a
** [[Point Charge]]
** [[Electric Dipole]]
** [[Capacitor]]
** [[Charged Rod]]
** [[Charged Ring]]
** [[Charged Disk]]
** [[Charged Spherical Shell]]
** [[Charged Cylinder]]
** [[Charge Density]]
**[[A Solid Sphere Charged Throughout Its Volume]]
*[[Superposition Principle]]
*[[Electric Potential]]
**[[Potential Difference Path Independence]]
**[[Potential Difference in a Uniform Field]]
**[[Potential Difference of point charge in a non-Uniform Field]]
**[[Potential Difference at One Location]]
**[[Sign of Potential Difference]]
**[[Potential Difference in an Insulator]]
**[[Energy Density and Electric Field]]
** [[Systems of Charged Objects]]
*[[Electric Force]]
*[[Polarization]]
**[[Polarization of an Atom]]
*[[Charge Motion in Metals]]
*[[Charge Transfer]]
*[[Magnetic Field]]
**[[Right-Hand Rule]]
**[[Direction of Magnetic Field]]
**[[Magnetic Field of a Long Straight Wire]]
**[[Magnetic Field of a Loop]]
**[[Magnetic Field of a Solenoid]]
**[[Bar Magnet]]
**[[Magnetic Dipole Moment]]
***[[Stern-Gerlach Experiment]]
**[[Magnetic Torque]]
**[[Magnetic Force]]
**[[Earth's Magnetic Field]]
**[[Atomic Structure of Magnets]]
*[[Combining Electric and Magnetic Forces]]
**[[Hall Effect]]
**[[Lorentz Force]]
**[[Biot-Savart Law]]
**[[Biot-Savart Law for Currents]]
**[[Integration Techniques for Magnetic Field]]
**[[Sparks in Air]]
**[[Motional Emf]]
**[[Detecting a Magnetic Field]]
**[[Moving Point Charge]]
**[[Non-Coulomb Electric Field]]
**[[Motors and Generators]]
**[[Solenoid Applications]]
</div>
</div>

<div class="toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">

===Simple Circuits===
<div class="mw-collapsible-content">
*[[Components]]
*[[Steady State]]
*[[Non Steady State]]
*[[Charging and Discharging a Capacitor]]
*[[Thin and Thick Wires]]
*[[Node Rule]]
*[[Loop Rule]]
*[[Resistivity]]
*[[Power in a circuit]]
*[[Ammeters,Voltmeters,Ohmmeters]]
*[[Current]]
**[[AC]]
*[[Ohm's Law]]
*[[Series Circuits]]
*[[Parallel Circuits]]
*[[RC]]
*[[AC vs DC]]
*[[Charge in a RC Circuit]]
*[[Current in a RC circuit]]
*[[Circular Loop of Wire]]
*[[Current in a RL Circuit]]
*[[RL Circuit]]
*[[Feedback]]
*[[Transformers (Circuits)]]
*[[Resistors and Conductivity]]
*[[Semiconductor Devices]]
</div>
</div>

<div class="toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">

===Maxwell's Equations===
<div class="mw-collapsible-content">
*[[Gauss's Flux Theorem]]
**[[Electric Fields]]
***[[Examples of Flux Through Surfaces and Objects]]
**[[Magnetic Fields]]
*[[Ampere's Law]]
**[[Magnetic Field of Coaxial Cable Using Ampere's Law]]
**[[Magnetic Field of a Long Thick Wire Using Ampere's Law]]
**[[Magnetic Field of a Toroid Using Ampere's Law]]
*[[Faraday's Law]]
**[[Curly Electric Fields]]
**[[Inductance]]
***[[Transformers (Physics)]]
***[[Energy Density]]
**[[Lenz's Law]]
***[[Lenz Effect and the Jumping Ring]]
**[[Lenz's Rule]]
**[[Motional Emf using Faraday's Law]]
*[[Ampere-Maxwell Law]]
*[[Superconductors]]
**[[Meissner effect]]
</div>
</div>

<div class="toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">

===Radiation===
<div class="mw-collapsible-content">
*[[Producing a Radiative Electric Field]]
*[[Sinusoidal Electromagnetic Radiaton]]
*[[Lenses]]
*[[Energy and Momentum Analysis in Radiation]]
**[[Poynting Vector]]
*[[Electromagnetic Propagation]]
**[[Wavelength and Frequency]]
*[[Snell's Law]]
*[[Effects of Radiation on Matter]]
*[[Light Propagation Through a Medium]]
*[[Light Scaterring: Why is the Sky Blue]]
*[[Light Refraction: Bending of light]]
*[[Cherenkov Radiation]]
*[[Raman Effect]]
</div>
</div>
<div class="toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">

===Sound===
<div class="mw-collapsible-content">
*[[Doppler Effect]]
*[[Nature, Behavior, and Properties of Sound]]
*[[Speed of Sound]]
*[[Resonance]]
*[[Sound Barrier]]
</div>
</div>
<div class="toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">

===Waves===
<div class="mw-collapsible-content">
*[[Bragg's Law]]
*[[Multisource Interference: Diffraction]]
*[[Standing waves]]
*[[Gravitational waves]]
*[[Plasma waves]]
*[[Wave-Particle Duality]]
*[[Electromagnetic Spectrum]]
*[[Color Light Wave]]
*[[Mechanical Waves]]
*[[Pendulum Motion]]
*[[Transverse and Longitudinal Waves]]
*[[Planck's Relation]]
</div>
</div>
<div class="toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">

===Real Life Applications of Electromagnetic Principles===
<div class="mw-collapsible-content">
*[[Electromagnetic Junkyard Cranes]]
*[[Maglev Trains]]
*[[Spark Plugs]]
*[[Metal Detectors]]
*[[Speakers]]
*[[Radios]]
*[[Ampullae of Lorenzini]]
*[[Electrocytes]]
*[[Generator]]
*[[Measuring Water Level]]
*[[Electroscope]]

</div>
</div>

<div class="toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">

===Optics===
<div class="mw-collapsible-content">
*[[Mirrors]]
*[[Refraction]]
*[[Quantum Properties of Light]]
*[[Lasers]]

</div>
</div>

== Resources ==
* Commonly used wiki commands [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:Cheatsheet Wiki Cheatsheet]
* A guide to representing equations in math mode [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:Displaying_a_formula Wiki Math Mode]
* A page to keep track of all the physics [[Constants]]
* A page for review of [[Vectors]] and vector operations

Main Page

2015-12-05T17:47:51Z

Urajagopalan6: /* Optics */

__NOTOC__
Welcome to the Georgia Tech Wiki for Intro Physics. This resources was created so that students can contribute and curate content to help those with limited or no access to a textbook. When reading this website, please correct any errors you may come across. If you read something that isn't clear, please consider revising it!

Looking to make a contribution?
#Pick a specific topic from intro physics
#Add that topic, as a link to a new page, under the appropriate category listed below by editing this page.
#Copy and paste the default [[Template]] into your new page and start editing.

Please remember that this is not a textbook and you are not limited to expressing your ideas with only text and equations. Whenever possible embed: pictures, videos, diagrams, simulations, computational models (e.g. Glowscript), and whatever content you think makes learning physics easier for other students.

== Source Material ==
All of the content added to this resource must be in the public domain or similar free resource. If you are unsure about a source, contact the original author for permission. That said, there is a surprisingly large amount of introductory physics content scattered across the web. Here is an incomplete list of intro physics resources (please update as needed).
* A physics resource written by experts for an expert audience [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:Physics Physics Portal]
* A wiki book on modern physics [https://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Modern_Physics Modern Physics Wiki]
* The MIT open courseware for intro physics [http://ocw.mit.edu/resources/res-8-002-a-wikitextbook-for-introductory-mechanics-fall-2009/index.htm MITOCW Wiki]
* An online concept map of intro physics [http://hyperphysics.phy-astr.gsu.edu/hbase/hph.html HyperPhysics]
* Interactive physics simulations [https://phet.colorado.edu/en/simulations/category/physics PhET]
* OpenStax algebra based intro physics textbook [https://openstaxcollege.org/textbooks/college-physics College Physics]
* The Open Source Physics project is a collection of online physics resources [http://www.opensourcephysics.org/ OSP]
* A resource guide compiled by the [http://www.aapt.org/ AAPT] for educators [http://www.compadre.org/ ComPADRE]

== Organizing Categories ==
These are the broad, overarching categories, that we cover in two semester of introductory physics. You can add subcategories or make a new category as needed. A single topic should direct readers to a page in one of these catagories.

<div class="toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">
===Interactions===
<div class="mw-collapsible-content">
*[[Kinds of Matter]]
**[[Ball and Spring Model of Matter]]
*[[Detecting Interactions]]
*[[Escape Velocity]]
*[[Fundamental Interactions]]
*[[Determinism]]
*[[System & Surroundings]]
*[[Free Body Diagram]]
*[[Newton's First Law of Motion]]
*[[Newton's Second Law of Motion]]
*[[Newton's Third Law of Motion]]
*[[Gravitational Force]]
*[[Electric Force]]
*[[Conservation of Energy]]
*[[Conservation of Charge]]
*[[Terminal Speed]]
*[[Simple Harmonic Motion]]
*[[Speed and Velocity]]
*[[Electric Polarization]]
*[[Perpetual Freefall (Orbit)]]
*[[2-Dimensional Motion]]
*[[Center of Mass]]
*[[Reaction Time]]
*[[Time Dilation]]
</div>
</div>

<div class="toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">

===Modeling with VPython===
<div class="mw-collapsible-content">
*[[VPython]]
*[[VPython basics]]
*[[VPython Common Errors and Troubleshooting]]
*[[VPython Functions]]
*[[VPython Lists]]
*[[VPython Multithreading]]
</div>
</div>

<div class="toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">

===Theory===
<div class="mw-collapsible-content">
*[[Einstein's Theory of Special Relativity]]
*[[Einstein's Theory of General Relativity]]
*[[Quantum Theory]]
*[[Maxwell's Electromagnetic Theory]]
*[[Atomic Theory]]
*[[String Theory]]
*[[Elementary Particles and Particle Physics Theory]]
*[[Law of Gravitation]]
</div>
</div>

<div class="toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">

===Notable Scientists===
<div class="mw-collapsible-content">
*[[Alexei Alexeyevich Abrikosov]]
*[[Christian Doppler]]
*[[Albert Einstein]]
*[[Ernest Rutherford]]
*[[Joseph Henry]]
*[[Michael Faraday]]
*[[J.J. Thomson]]
*[[James Maxwell]]
*[[Robert Hooke]]
*[[Carl Friedrich Gauss]]
*[[Nikola Tesla]]
*[[Andre Marie Ampere]]
*[[Sir Isaac Newton]]
*[[J. Robert Oppenheimer]]
*[[Oliver Heaviside]]
*[[Rosalind Franklin]]
*[[Enrico Fermi]]
*[[Robert J. Van de Graaff]]
*[[Charles de Coulomb]]
*[[Hans Christian Ørsted]]
*[[Philo Farnsworth]]
*[[Niels Bohr]]
*[[Georg Ohm]]
*[[Galileo Galilei]]
*[[Gustav Kirchhoff]]
*[[Max Planck]]
*[[Heinrich Hertz]]
*[[Edwin Hall]]
*[[James Watt]]
*[[Count Alessandro Volta]]
*[[Josiah Willard Gibbs]]
*[[Richard Phillips Feynman]]
*[[Sir David Brewster]]
*[[Daniel Bernoulli]]
*[[William Thomson]]
*[[Leonhard Euler]]
*[[Robert Fox Bacher]]
*[[Stephen Hawking]]
*[[Amedeo Avogadro]]
*[[Wilhelm Conrad Roentgen]]
*[[Pierre Laplace]]
*[[Thomas Edison]]
*[[Hendrik Lorentz]]
*[[Jean-Baptiste Biot]]
*[[Lise Meitner]]
*[[Lisa Randall]]
*[[Felix Savart]]
*[[Heinrich Lenz]]
*[[Max Born]]
*[[Archimedes]]
*[[Jean Baptiste Biot]]
*[[Carl Sagan]]
*[[Eugene Wigner]]
*[[Marie Curie]]
*[[Pierre Curie]]
*[[Werner Heisenberg]]
*[[Johannes Diderik van der Waals]]
*[[Louis de Broglie]]
*[[Aristotle]]
*[[Émilie du Châtelet]]
*[[Blaise Pascal]]
*[[Benjamin Franklin]]
*[[James Chadwick]]
*[[Henry Cavendish]]
*[[Thomas Young]]
*[[James Prescott Joule]]
*[[John Bardeen]]
*[[Leo Baekeland]]
*[[Alhazen]]
*[[Willebrord Snell]]
*[[Fritz Walther Meissner]]
*[[Johannes Kepler]]
*[[Johann Wilhelm Ritter]]
*[[Philipp Lenard]]
*[[Robert A. Millikan]]
*[[Joseph Louis Gay-Lussac]]
*[[Guglielmo Marconi]]
*[[William Lawrence Bragg]]
*[[Robert Goddard]]
*[[Léon Foucault]]
*[[Henri Poincaré]]
*[[Steven Weinberg]]
*[[Arthur Compton]]
*[[Pythagoras of Samos]]
*[[Subrahmanyan Chandrasekhar]]
*[[Wilhelm Eduard Weber]]
*[[Edmond Becquerel]]
*[[Joseph Rotblat]]
*[[Carl David Anderson]]
*[[Hermann von Helmholtz]]
*[[Nicolas Leonard Sadi Carnot]]
</div>
</div>

<div class="toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">

===Properties of Matter===
<div class="mw-collapsible-content">
*[[Mass]]
*[[Velocity]]
*[[Relative Velocity]]
*[[Density]]
*[[Charge]]
*[[Spin]]
*[[SI Units]]
*[[Heat Capacity]]
*[[Specific Heat]]
*[[Wavelength]]
*[[Conductivity]]
*[[Malleability]]
*[[Weight]]
*[[Boiling Point]]
*[[Melting Point]]
*[[Inertia]]
*[[Non-Newtonian Fluids]]
*[[Ferrofluids]]
*[[Color]]
*[[Temperature]]
</div>
</div>

<div class="toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">

===Contact Interactions===
<div class="mw-collapsible-content">
* [[Young's Modulus]]
* [[Friction]]
* [[Tension]]
* [[Hooke's Law]]
*[[Centripetal Force and Curving Motion]]
*[[Compression or Normal Force]]
* [[Length and Stiffness of an Interatomic Bond]]
* [[Speed of Sound in a Solid]]
* [[Iterative Prediction of Spring-Mass System]]
</div>
</div>

<div class="toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">

===Momentum===
<div class="mw-collapsible-content">
* [[Vectors]]
* [[Kinematics]]
* [[Conservation of Momentum]]
* [[Predicting Change in multiple dimensions]]
* [[Derivation of the Momentum Principle]]
* [[Momentum Principle]]
* [[Impulse Momentum]]
* [[Curving Motion]]
* [[Projectile Motion]]
* [[Multi-particle Analysis of Momentum]]
* [[Iterative Prediction]]
* [[Analytical Prediction]]
* [[Newton's Laws and Linear Momentum]]
* [[Net Force]]
* [[Center of Mass]]
* [[Momentum at High Speeds]]
* [[Change in Momentum in Time for Curving Motion]]
* [[Momentum with respect to external Forces]]
</div>
</div>

<div class="toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">

===Angular Momentum===
<div class="mw-collapsible-content">
* [[The Moments of Inertia]]
* [[Moment of Inertia for a cylinder]]
* [[Rotation]]
* [[Torque]]
* [[Systems with Zero Torque]]
* [[Systems with Nonzero Torque]]
* [[Torque vs Work]]
* [[Angular Impulse]]
* [[Right Hand Rule]]
* [[Angular Velocity]]
* [[Predicting the Position of a Rotating System]]
* [[Translational Angular Momentum]]
* [[The Angular Momentum Principle]]
* [[Angular Momentum of Multiparticle Systems]]
* [[Rotational Angular Momentum]]
* [[Total Angular Momentum]]
* [[Gyroscopes]]
* [[Angular Momentum Compared to Linear Momentum]]

</div>
</div>

<div class="toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">

===Energy===
<div class="mw-collapsible-content">
*[[The Photoelectric Effect]]
*[[Photons]]
*[[The Energy Principle]]
*[[Predicting Change]]
*[[Rest Mass Energy]]
*[[Kinetic Energy]]
*[[Potential Energy]]
**[[Potential Energy for a Magnetic Dipole]]
**[[Potential Energy of a Multiparticle System]]
*[[Work]]
**[[Work Done By A Nonconstant Force]]
*[[Work and Energy for an Extended System]]
*[[Thermal Energy]]
*[[Conservation of Energy]]
*[[Electric Potential]]
*[[Energy Transfer due to a Temperature Difference]]
*[[Gravitational Potential Energy]]
*[[Point Particle Systems]]
*[[Real Systems]]
*[[Spring Potential Energy]]
**[[Ball and Spring Model]]
*[[Internal Energy]]
**[[Potential Energy of a Pair of Neutral Atoms]]
*[[Translational, Rotational and Vibrational Energy]]
*[[Franck-Hertz Experiment]]
*[[Power (Mechanical)]]
*[[Transformation of Energy]]

*[[Energy Graphs]]
**[[Energy graphs and the Bohr model]]
*[[Air Resistance]]
*[[Electronic Energy Levels]]
*[[Second Law of Thermodynamics and Entropy]]
*[[Specific Heat Capacity]]
*[[The Maxwell-Boltzmann Distribution]]
*[[Electronic Energy Levels and Photons]]
*[[Energy Density]]
*[[Bohr Model]]
*[[Quantized energy levels]]
**[[Spontaneous Photon Emission]]
*[[Path Independence of Electric Potential]]
</div>
</div>

<div class="toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">

===Collisions===
<div class="mw-collapsible-content">
*[[Collisions]]
Collisions are events that happen very frequently in our day-to-day world. In the realm of Physics, a collision is defined as any sort of process in which before and after a short time interval there is little interaction, but during that short time interval there are large interactions. When looking at collisions, it is first important to understand two very important principles: the Momentum Principle and the Energy Principle. Both principles serve use when talking of collisions because they provide a way in which to analyze these collisions. Collisions themselves can be categorized into 3 main different types: elastic collisions, inelastic collisions, maximally inelastic collisions. All 3 collisions will get touched on in more detail further on.
*[[Elastic Collisions]]
A collision is deemed "elastic" when the internal energy of the objects in the system does not change (in other words, change in internal energy equals 0). Because in an elastic collision no kinetic energy is converted over to internal energy, in any elastic collision Kfinal always equals Kinitial.
*[[Inelastic Collisions]]
A collision is said to be "inelastic" when it is not elastic; therefore, an inelastic collision is an interaction in which some change in internal energy occurs between the colliding objects (in other words, change in internal energy does not equal 0). Examples of such changes that occur between colliding objects include, but are not limited to, things like they get hot, or they vibrate/rotate, or they deform. Because some of the kinetic energy is converted to internal energy during an inelastic collision, Kfinal does not equal Kinitial.
*[[Maximally Inelastic Collision]]
*[[Head-on Collision of Equal Masses]]
*[[Head-on Collision of Unequal Masses]]
*[[Frame of Reference]]
*[[Scattering: Collisions in 2D and 3D]]
*[[Rutherford Experiment and Atomic Collisions]]
*[[Coefficient of Restitution]]
*[[testing123]]
</div>
</div>

<div class="toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">

===Fields===
<div class="mw-collapsible-content">
* [[Electric Field]] of a
** [[Point Charge]]
** [[Electric Dipole]]
** [[Capacitor]]
** [[Charged Rod]]
** [[Charged Ring]]
** [[Charged Disk]]
** [[Charged Spherical Shell]]
** [[Charged Cylinder]]
** [[Charge Density]]
**[[A Solid Sphere Charged Throughout Its Volume]]
*[[Superposition Principle]]
*[[Electric Potential]]
**[[Potential Difference Path Independence]]
**[[Potential Difference in a Uniform Field]]
**[[Potential Difference of point charge in a non-Uniform Field]]
**[[Potential Difference at One Location]]
**[[Sign of Potential Difference]]
**[[Potential Difference in an Insulator]]
**[[Energy Density and Electric Field]]
** [[Systems of Charged Objects]]
*[[Electric Force]]
*[[Polarization]]
**[[Polarization of an Atom]]
*[[Charge Motion in Metals]]
*[[Charge Transfer]]
*[[Magnetic Field]]
**[[Right-Hand Rule]]
**[[Direction of Magnetic Field]]
**[[Magnetic Field of a Long Straight Wire]]
**[[Magnetic Field of a Loop]]
**[[Magnetic Field of a Solenoid]]
**[[Bar Magnet]]
**[[Magnetic Dipole Moment]]
***[[Stern-Gerlach Experiment]]
**[[Magnetic Torque]]
**[[Magnetic Force]]
**[[Earth's Magnetic Field]]
**[[Atomic Structure of Magnets]]
*[[Combining Electric and Magnetic Forces]]
**[[Hall Effect]]
**[[Lorentz Force]]
**[[Biot-Savart Law]]
**[[Biot-Savart Law for Currents]]
**[[Integration Techniques for Magnetic Field]]
**[[Sparks in Air]]
**[[Motional Emf]]
**[[Detecting a Magnetic Field]]
**[[Moving Point Charge]]
**[[Non-Coulomb Electric Field]]
**[[Motors and Generators]]
**[[Solenoid Applications]]
</div>
</div>

<div class="toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">

===Simple Circuits===
<div class="mw-collapsible-content">
*[[Components]]
*[[Steady State]]
*[[Non Steady State]]
*[[Charging and Discharging a Capacitor]]
*[[Thin and Thick Wires]]
*[[Node Rule]]
*[[Loop Rule]]
*[[Resistivity]]
*[[Power in a circuit]]
*[[Ammeters,Voltmeters,Ohmmeters]]
*[[Current]]
**[[AC]]
*[[Ohm's Law]]
*[[Series Circuits]]
*[[Parallel Circuits]]
*[[RC]]
*[[AC vs DC]]
*[[Charge in a RC Circuit]]
*[[Current in a RC circuit]]
*[[Circular Loop of Wire]]
*[[Current in a RL Circuit]]
*[[RL Circuit]]
*[[Feedback]]
*[[Transformers (Circuits)]]
*[[Resistors and Conductivity]]
*[[Semiconductor Devices]]
</div>
</div>

<div class="toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">

===Maxwell's Equations===
<div class="mw-collapsible-content">
*[[Gauss's Flux Theorem]]
**[[Electric Fields]]
***[[Examples of Flux Through Surfaces and Objects]]
**[[Magnetic Fields]]
*[[Ampere's Law]]
**[[Magnetic Field of Coaxial Cable Using Ampere's Law]]
**[[Magnetic Field of a Long Thick Wire Using Ampere's Law]]
**[[Magnetic Field of a Toroid Using Ampere's Law]]
*[[Faraday's Law]]
**[[Curly Electric Fields]]
**[[Inductance]]
***[[Transformers (Physics)]]
***[[Energy Density]]
**[[Lenz's Law]]
***[[Lenz Effect and the Jumping Ring]]
**[[Lenz's Rule]]
**[[Motional Emf using Faraday's Law]]
*[[Ampere-Maxwell Law]]
*[[Superconductors]]
**[[Meissner effect]]
</div>
</div>

<div class="toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">

===Radiation===
<div class="mw-collapsible-content">
*[[Producing a Radiative Electric Field]]
*[[Sinusoidal Electromagnetic Radiaton]]
*[[Lenses]]
*[[Energy and Momentum Analysis in Radiation]]
**[[Poynting Vector]]
*[[Electromagnetic Propagation]]
**[[Wavelength and Frequency]]
*[[Snell's Law]]
*[[Effects of Radiation on Matter]]
*[[Light Propagation Through a Medium]]
*[[Light Scaterring: Why is the Sky Blue]]
*[[Light Refraction: Bending of light]]
*[[Cherenkov Radiation]]
*[[Raman Effect]]
</div>
</div>
<div class="toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">

===Sound===
<div class="mw-collapsible-content">
*[[Doppler Effect]]
*[[Nature, Behavior, and Properties of Sound]]
*[[Speed of Sound]]
*[[Resonance]]
*[[Sound Barrier]]
</div>
</div>
<div class="toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">

===Waves===
<div class="mw-collapsible-content">
*[[Bragg's Law]]
*[[Multisource Interference: Diffraction]]
*[[Standing waves]]
*[[Gravitational waves]]
*[[Plasma waves]]
*[[Wave-Particle Duality]]
*[[Electromagnetic Spectrum]]
*[[Color Light Wave]]
*[[Mechanical Waves]]
*[[Pendulum Motion]]
*[[Transverse and Longitudinal Waves]]
*[[Planck's Relation]]
</div>
</div>
<div class="toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">

===Real Life Applications of Electromagnetic Principles===
<div class="mw-collapsible-content">
*[[Electromagnetic Junkyard Cranes]]
*[[Maglev Trains]]
*[[Spark Plugs]]
*[[Metal Detectors]]
*[[Speakers]]
*[[Radios]]
*[[Ampullae of Lorenzini]]
*[[Electrocytes]]
*[[Generator]]
*[[Measuring Water Level]]
*[[Electroscope]]

</div>
</div>

<div class="toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">

===Optics===
<div class="mw-collapsible-content">
*[[Mirrors]]
*[[Refraction]]
*[[Quantum Properties of Light]]
*[[Polarization]]

</div>
</div>

== Resources ==
* Commonly used wiki commands [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:Cheatsheet Wiki Cheatsheet]
* A guide to representing equations in math mode [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:Displaying_a_formula Wiki Math Mode]
* A page to keep track of all the physics [[Constants]]
* A page for review of [[Vectors]] and vector operations

Main Page

2015-12-05T17:40:05Z

Urajagopalan6: /* Real Life Applications of Electromagnetic Principles */

__NOTOC__
Welcome to the Georgia Tech Wiki for Intro Physics. This resources was created so that students can contribute and curate content to help those with limited or no access to a textbook. When reading this website, please correct any errors you may come across. If you read something that isn't clear, please consider revising it!

Looking to make a contribution?
#Pick a specific topic from intro physics
#Add that topic, as a link to a new page, under the appropriate category listed below by editing this page.
#Copy and paste the default [[Template]] into your new page and start editing.

Please remember that this is not a textbook and you are not limited to expressing your ideas with only text and equations. Whenever possible embed: pictures, videos, diagrams, simulations, computational models (e.g. Glowscript), and whatever content you think makes learning physics easier for other students.

== Source Material ==
All of the content added to this resource must be in the public domain or similar free resource. If you are unsure about a source, contact the original author for permission. That said, there is a surprisingly large amount of introductory physics content scattered across the web. Here is an incomplete list of intro physics resources (please update as needed).
* A physics resource written by experts for an expert audience [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:Physics Physics Portal]
* A wiki book on modern physics [https://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Modern_Physics Modern Physics Wiki]
* The MIT open courseware for intro physics [http://ocw.mit.edu/resources/res-8-002-a-wikitextbook-for-introductory-mechanics-fall-2009/index.htm MITOCW Wiki]
* An online concept map of intro physics [http://hyperphysics.phy-astr.gsu.edu/hbase/hph.html HyperPhysics]
* Interactive physics simulations [https://phet.colorado.edu/en/simulations/category/physics PhET]
* OpenStax algebra based intro physics textbook [https://openstaxcollege.org/textbooks/college-physics College Physics]
* The Open Source Physics project is a collection of online physics resources [http://www.opensourcephysics.org/ OSP]
* A resource guide compiled by the [http://www.aapt.org/ AAPT] for educators [http://www.compadre.org/ ComPADRE]

== Organizing Categories ==
These are the broad, overarching categories, that we cover in two semester of introductory physics. You can add subcategories or make a new category as needed. A single topic should direct readers to a page in one of these catagories.

<div class="toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">
===Interactions===
<div class="mw-collapsible-content">
*[[Kinds of Matter]]
**[[Ball and Spring Model of Matter]]
*[[Detecting Interactions]]
*[[Escape Velocity]]
*[[Fundamental Interactions]]
*[[Determinism]]
*[[System & Surroundings]]
*[[Free Body Diagram]]
*[[Newton's First Law of Motion]]
*[[Newton's Second Law of Motion]]
*[[Newton's Third Law of Motion]]
*[[Gravitational Force]]
*[[Electric Force]]
*[[Conservation of Energy]]
*[[Conservation of Charge]]
*[[Terminal Speed]]
*[[Simple Harmonic Motion]]
*[[Speed and Velocity]]
*[[Electric Polarization]]
*[[Perpetual Freefall (Orbit)]]
*[[2-Dimensional Motion]]
*[[Center of Mass]]
*[[Reaction Time]]
*[[Time Dilation]]
</div>
</div>

<div class="toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">

===Modeling with VPython===
<div class="mw-collapsible-content">
*[[VPython]]
*[[VPython basics]]
*[[VPython Common Errors and Troubleshooting]]
*[[VPython Functions]]
*[[VPython Lists]]
*[[VPython Multithreading]]
</div>
</div>

<div class="toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">

===Theory===
<div class="mw-collapsible-content">
*[[Einstein's Theory of Special Relativity]]
*[[Einstein's Theory of General Relativity]]
*[[Quantum Theory]]
*[[Maxwell's Electromagnetic Theory]]
*[[Atomic Theory]]
*[[String Theory]]
*[[Elementary Particles and Particle Physics Theory]]
*[[Law of Gravitation]]
</div>
</div>

<div class="toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">

===Notable Scientists===
<div class="mw-collapsible-content">
*[[Alexei Alexeyevich Abrikosov]]
*[[Christian Doppler]]
*[[Albert Einstein]]
*[[Ernest Rutherford]]
*[[Joseph Henry]]
*[[Michael Faraday]]
*[[J.J. Thomson]]
*[[James Maxwell]]
*[[Robert Hooke]]
*[[Carl Friedrich Gauss]]
*[[Nikola Tesla]]
*[[Andre Marie Ampere]]
*[[Sir Isaac Newton]]
*[[J. Robert Oppenheimer]]
*[[Oliver Heaviside]]
*[[Rosalind Franklin]]
*[[Enrico Fermi]]
*[[Robert J. Van de Graaff]]
*[[Charles de Coulomb]]
*[[Hans Christian Ørsted]]
*[[Philo Farnsworth]]
*[[Niels Bohr]]
*[[Georg Ohm]]
*[[Galileo Galilei]]
*[[Gustav Kirchhoff]]
*[[Max Planck]]
*[[Heinrich Hertz]]
*[[Edwin Hall]]
*[[James Watt]]
*[[Count Alessandro Volta]]
*[[Josiah Willard Gibbs]]
*[[Richard Phillips Feynman]]
*[[Sir David Brewster]]
*[[Daniel Bernoulli]]
*[[William Thomson]]
*[[Leonhard Euler]]
*[[Robert Fox Bacher]]
*[[Stephen Hawking]]
*[[Amedeo Avogadro]]
*[[Wilhelm Conrad Roentgen]]
*[[Pierre Laplace]]
*[[Thomas Edison]]
*[[Hendrik Lorentz]]
*[[Jean-Baptiste Biot]]
*[[Lise Meitner]]
*[[Lisa Randall]]
*[[Felix Savart]]
*[[Heinrich Lenz]]
*[[Max Born]]
*[[Archimedes]]
*[[Jean Baptiste Biot]]
*[[Carl Sagan]]
*[[Eugene Wigner]]
*[[Marie Curie]]
*[[Pierre Curie]]
*[[Werner Heisenberg]]
*[[Johannes Diderik van der Waals]]
*[[Louis de Broglie]]
*[[Aristotle]]
*[[Émilie du Châtelet]]
*[[Blaise Pascal]]
*[[Benjamin Franklin]]
*[[James Chadwick]]
*[[Henry Cavendish]]
*[[Thomas Young]]
*[[James Prescott Joule]]
*[[John Bardeen]]
*[[Leo Baekeland]]
*[[Alhazen]]
*[[Willebrord Snell]]
*[[Fritz Walther Meissner]]
*[[Johannes Kepler]]
*[[Johann Wilhelm Ritter]]
*[[Philipp Lenard]]
*[[Robert A. Millikan]]
*[[Joseph Louis Gay-Lussac]]
*[[Guglielmo Marconi]]
*[[William Lawrence Bragg]]
*[[Robert Goddard]]
*[[Léon Foucault]]
*[[Henri Poincaré]]
*[[Steven Weinberg]]
*[[Arthur Compton]]
*[[Pythagoras of Samos]]
*[[Subrahmanyan Chandrasekhar]]
*[[Wilhelm Eduard Weber]]
*[[Edmond Becquerel]]
*[[Joseph Rotblat]]
*[[Carl David Anderson]]
*[[Hermann von Helmholtz]]
*[[Nicolas Leonard Sadi Carnot]]
</div>
</div>

<div class="toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">

===Properties of Matter===
<div class="mw-collapsible-content">
*[[Mass]]
*[[Velocity]]
*[[Relative Velocity]]
*[[Density]]
*[[Charge]]
*[[Spin]]
*[[SI Units]]
*[[Heat Capacity]]
*[[Specific Heat]]
*[[Wavelength]]
*[[Conductivity]]
*[[Malleability]]
*[[Weight]]
*[[Boiling Point]]
*[[Melting Point]]
*[[Inertia]]
*[[Non-Newtonian Fluids]]
*[[Ferrofluids]]
*[[Color]]
*[[Temperature]]
</div>
</div>

<div class="toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">

===Contact Interactions===
<div class="mw-collapsible-content">
* [[Young's Modulus]]
* [[Friction]]
* [[Tension]]
* [[Hooke's Law]]
*[[Centripetal Force and Curving Motion]]
*[[Compression or Normal Force]]
* [[Length and Stiffness of an Interatomic Bond]]
* [[Speed of Sound in a Solid]]
* [[Iterative Prediction of Spring-Mass System]]
</div>
</div>

<div class="toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">

===Momentum===
<div class="mw-collapsible-content">
* [[Vectors]]
* [[Kinematics]]
* [[Conservation of Momentum]]
* [[Predicting Change in multiple dimensions]]
* [[Derivation of the Momentum Principle]]
* [[Momentum Principle]]
* [[Impulse Momentum]]
* [[Curving Motion]]
* [[Projectile Motion]]
* [[Multi-particle Analysis of Momentum]]
* [[Iterative Prediction]]
* [[Analytical Prediction]]
* [[Newton's Laws and Linear Momentum]]
* [[Net Force]]
* [[Center of Mass]]
* [[Momentum at High Speeds]]
* [[Change in Momentum in Time for Curving Motion]]
* [[Momentum with respect to external Forces]]
</div>
</div>

<div class="toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">

===Angular Momentum===
<div class="mw-collapsible-content">
* [[The Moments of Inertia]]
* [[Moment of Inertia for a cylinder]]
* [[Rotation]]
* [[Torque]]
* [[Systems with Zero Torque]]
* [[Systems with Nonzero Torque]]
* [[Torque vs Work]]
* [[Angular Impulse]]
* [[Right Hand Rule]]
* [[Angular Velocity]]
* [[Predicting the Position of a Rotating System]]
* [[Translational Angular Momentum]]
* [[The Angular Momentum Principle]]
* [[Angular Momentum of Multiparticle Systems]]
* [[Rotational Angular Momentum]]
* [[Total Angular Momentum]]
* [[Gyroscopes]]
* [[Angular Momentum Compared to Linear Momentum]]

</div>
</div>

<div class="toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">

===Energy===
<div class="mw-collapsible-content">
*[[The Photoelectric Effect]]
*[[Photons]]
*[[The Energy Principle]]
*[[Predicting Change]]
*[[Rest Mass Energy]]
*[[Kinetic Energy]]
*[[Potential Energy]]
**[[Potential Energy for a Magnetic Dipole]]
**[[Potential Energy of a Multiparticle System]]
*[[Work]]
**[[Work Done By A Nonconstant Force]]
*[[Work and Energy for an Extended System]]
*[[Thermal Energy]]
*[[Conservation of Energy]]
*[[Electric Potential]]
*[[Energy Transfer due to a Temperature Difference]]
*[[Gravitational Potential Energy]]
*[[Point Particle Systems]]
*[[Real Systems]]
*[[Spring Potential Energy]]
**[[Ball and Spring Model]]
*[[Internal Energy]]
**[[Potential Energy of a Pair of Neutral Atoms]]
*[[Translational, Rotational and Vibrational Energy]]
*[[Franck-Hertz Experiment]]
*[[Power (Mechanical)]]
*[[Transformation of Energy]]

*[[Energy Graphs]]
**[[Energy graphs and the Bohr model]]
*[[Air Resistance]]
*[[Electronic Energy Levels]]
*[[Second Law of Thermodynamics and Entropy]]
*[[Specific Heat Capacity]]
*[[The Maxwell-Boltzmann Distribution]]
*[[Electronic Energy Levels and Photons]]
*[[Energy Density]]
*[[Bohr Model]]
*[[Quantized energy levels]]
**[[Spontaneous Photon Emission]]
*[[Path Independence of Electric Potential]]
</div>
</div>

<div class="toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">

===Collisions===
<div class="mw-collapsible-content">
*[[Collisions]]
Collisions are events that happen very frequently in our day-to-day world. In the realm of Physics, a collision is defined as any sort of process in which before and after a short time interval there is little interaction, but during that short time interval there are large interactions. When looking at collisions, it is first important to understand two very important principles: the Momentum Principle and the Energy Principle. Both principles serve use when talking of collisions because they provide a way in which to analyze these collisions. Collisions themselves can be categorized into 3 main different types: elastic collisions, inelastic collisions, maximally inelastic collisions. All 3 collisions will get touched on in more detail further on.
*[[Elastic Collisions]]
A collision is deemed "elastic" when the internal energy of the objects in the system does not change (in other words, change in internal energy equals 0). Because in an elastic collision no kinetic energy is converted over to internal energy, in any elastic collision Kfinal always equals Kinitial.
*[[Inelastic Collisions]]
A collision is said to be "inelastic" when it is not elastic; therefore, an inelastic collision is an interaction in which some change in internal energy occurs between the colliding objects (in other words, change in internal energy does not equal 0). Examples of such changes that occur between colliding objects include, but are not limited to, things like they get hot, or they vibrate/rotate, or they deform. Because some of the kinetic energy is converted to internal energy during an inelastic collision, Kfinal does not equal Kinitial.
*[[Maximally Inelastic Collision]]
*[[Head-on Collision of Equal Masses]]
*[[Head-on Collision of Unequal Masses]]
*[[Frame of Reference]]
*[[Scattering: Collisions in 2D and 3D]]
*[[Rutherford Experiment and Atomic Collisions]]
*[[Coefficient of Restitution]]
*[[testing123]]
</div>
</div>

<div class="toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">

===Fields===
<div class="mw-collapsible-content">
* [[Electric Field]] of a
** [[Point Charge]]
** [[Electric Dipole]]
** [[Capacitor]]
** [[Charged Rod]]
** [[Charged Ring]]
** [[Charged Disk]]
** [[Charged Spherical Shell]]
** [[Charged Cylinder]]
** [[Charge Density]]
**[[A Solid Sphere Charged Throughout Its Volume]]
*[[Superposition Principle]]
*[[Electric Potential]]
**[[Potential Difference Path Independence]]
**[[Potential Difference in a Uniform Field]]
**[[Potential Difference of point charge in a non-Uniform Field]]
**[[Potential Difference at One Location]]
**[[Sign of Potential Difference]]
**[[Potential Difference in an Insulator]]
**[[Energy Density and Electric Field]]
** [[Systems of Charged Objects]]
*[[Electric Force]]
*[[Polarization]]
**[[Polarization of an Atom]]
*[[Charge Motion in Metals]]
*[[Charge Transfer]]
*[[Magnetic Field]]
**[[Right-Hand Rule]]
**[[Direction of Magnetic Field]]
**[[Magnetic Field of a Long Straight Wire]]
**[[Magnetic Field of a Loop]]
**[[Magnetic Field of a Solenoid]]
**[[Bar Magnet]]
**[[Magnetic Dipole Moment]]
***[[Stern-Gerlach Experiment]]
**[[Magnetic Torque]]
**[[Magnetic Force]]
**[[Earth's Magnetic Field]]
**[[Atomic Structure of Magnets]]
*[[Combining Electric and Magnetic Forces]]
**[[Hall Effect]]
**[[Lorentz Force]]
**[[Biot-Savart Law]]
**[[Biot-Savart Law for Currents]]
**[[Integration Techniques for Magnetic Field]]
**[[Sparks in Air]]
**[[Motional Emf]]
**[[Detecting a Magnetic Field]]
**[[Moving Point Charge]]
**[[Non-Coulomb Electric Field]]
**[[Motors and Generators]]
**[[Solenoid Applications]]
</div>
</div>

<div class="toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">

===Simple Circuits===
<div class="mw-collapsible-content">
*[[Components]]
*[[Steady State]]
*[[Non Steady State]]
*[[Charging and Discharging a Capacitor]]
*[[Thin and Thick Wires]]
*[[Node Rule]]
*[[Loop Rule]]
*[[Resistivity]]
*[[Power in a circuit]]
*[[Ammeters,Voltmeters,Ohmmeters]]
*[[Current]]
**[[AC]]
*[[Ohm's Law]]
*[[Series Circuits]]
*[[Parallel Circuits]]
*[[RC]]
*[[AC vs DC]]
*[[Charge in a RC Circuit]]
*[[Current in a RC circuit]]
*[[Circular Loop of Wire]]
*[[Current in a RL Circuit]]
*[[RL Circuit]]
*[[Feedback]]
*[[Transformers (Circuits)]]
*[[Resistors and Conductivity]]
*[[Semiconductor Devices]]
</div>
</div>

<div class="toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">

===Maxwell's Equations===
<div class="mw-collapsible-content">
*[[Gauss's Flux Theorem]]
**[[Electric Fields]]
***[[Examples of Flux Through Surfaces and Objects]]
**[[Magnetic Fields]]
*[[Ampere's Law]]
**[[Magnetic Field of Coaxial Cable Using Ampere's Law]]
**[[Magnetic Field of a Long Thick Wire Using Ampere's Law]]
**[[Magnetic Field of a Toroid Using Ampere's Law]]
*[[Faraday's Law]]
**[[Curly Electric Fields]]
**[[Inductance]]
***[[Transformers (Physics)]]
***[[Energy Density]]
**[[Lenz's Law]]
***[[Lenz Effect and the Jumping Ring]]
**[[Lenz's Rule]]
**[[Motional Emf using Faraday's Law]]
*[[Ampere-Maxwell Law]]
*[[Superconductors]]
**[[Meissner effect]]
</div>
</div>

<div class="toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">

===Radiation===
<div class="mw-collapsible-content">
*[[Producing a Radiative Electric Field]]
*[[Sinusoidal Electromagnetic Radiaton]]
*[[Lenses]]
*[[Energy and Momentum Analysis in Radiation]]
**[[Poynting Vector]]
*[[Electromagnetic Propagation]]
**[[Wavelength and Frequency]]
*[[Snell's Law]]
*[[Effects of Radiation on Matter]]
*[[Light Propagation Through a Medium]]
*[[Light Scaterring: Why is the Sky Blue]]
*[[Light Refraction: Bending of light]]
*[[Cherenkov Radiation]]
</div>
</div>
<div class="toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">

===Sound===
<div class="mw-collapsible-content">
*[[Doppler Effect]]
*[[Nature, Behavior, and Properties of Sound]]
*[[Speed of Sound]]
*[[Resonance]]
*[[Sound Barrier]]
</div>
</div>
<div class="toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">

===Waves===
<div class="mw-collapsible-content">
*[[Bragg's Law]]
*[[Multisource Interference: Diffraction]]
*[[Standing waves]]
*[[Gravitational waves]]
*[[Plasma waves]]
*[[Wave-Particle Duality]]
*[[Electromagnetic Spectrum]]
*[[Color Light Wave]]
*[[Mechanical Waves]]
*[[Pendulum Motion]]
*[[Transverse and Longitudinal Waves]]
*[[Planck's Relation]]
</div>
</div>
<div class="toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">

===Real Life Applications of Electromagnetic Principles===
<div class="mw-collapsible-content">
*[[Electromagnetic Junkyard Cranes]]
*[[Maglev Trains]]
*[[Spark Plugs]]
*[[Metal Detectors]]
*[[Speakers]]
*[[Radios]]
*[[Ampullae of Lorenzini]]
*[[Electrocytes]]
*[[Generator]]
*[[Measuring Water Level]]
*[[Electroscope]]

</div>
</div>

<div class="toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">

===Optics===
<div class="mw-collapsible-content">
*[[Mirrors]]
*[[Refraction]]
*[[Quantum Properties of Light]]
</div>
</div>

== Resources ==
* Commonly used wiki commands [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:Cheatsheet Wiki Cheatsheet]
* A guide to representing equations in math mode [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:Displaying_a_formula Wiki Math Mode]
* A page to keep track of all the physics [[Constants]]
* A page for review of [[Vectors]] and vector operations

Main Page

2015-12-05T17:39:30Z

Urajagopalan6: /* Real Life Applications of Electromagnetic Principles */

__NOTOC__
Welcome to the Georgia Tech Wiki for Intro Physics. This resources was created so that students can contribute and curate content to help those with limited or no access to a textbook. When reading this website, please correct any errors you may come across. If you read something that isn't clear, please consider revising it!

Looking to make a contribution?
#Pick a specific topic from intro physics
#Add that topic, as a link to a new page, under the appropriate category listed below by editing this page.
#Copy and paste the default [[Template]] into your new page and start editing.

Please remember that this is not a textbook and you are not limited to expressing your ideas with only text and equations. Whenever possible embed: pictures, videos, diagrams, simulations, computational models (e.g. Glowscript), and whatever content you think makes learning physics easier for other students.

== Source Material ==
All of the content added to this resource must be in the public domain or similar free resource. If you are unsure about a source, contact the original author for permission. That said, there is a surprisingly large amount of introductory physics content scattered across the web. Here is an incomplete list of intro physics resources (please update as needed).
* A physics resource written by experts for an expert audience [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:Physics Physics Portal]
* A wiki book on modern physics [https://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Modern_Physics Modern Physics Wiki]
* The MIT open courseware for intro physics [http://ocw.mit.edu/resources/res-8-002-a-wikitextbook-for-introductory-mechanics-fall-2009/index.htm MITOCW Wiki]
* An online concept map of intro physics [http://hyperphysics.phy-astr.gsu.edu/hbase/hph.html HyperPhysics]
* Interactive physics simulations [https://phet.colorado.edu/en/simulations/category/physics PhET]
* OpenStax algebra based intro physics textbook [https://openstaxcollege.org/textbooks/college-physics College Physics]
* The Open Source Physics project is a collection of online physics resources [http://www.opensourcephysics.org/ OSP]
* A resource guide compiled by the [http://www.aapt.org/ AAPT] for educators [http://www.compadre.org/ ComPADRE]

== Organizing Categories ==
These are the broad, overarching categories, that we cover in two semester of introductory physics. You can add subcategories or make a new category as needed. A single topic should direct readers to a page in one of these catagories.

<div class="toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">
===Interactions===
<div class="mw-collapsible-content">
*[[Kinds of Matter]]
**[[Ball and Spring Model of Matter]]
*[[Detecting Interactions]]
*[[Escape Velocity]]
*[[Fundamental Interactions]]
*[[Determinism]]
*[[System & Surroundings]]
*[[Free Body Diagram]]
*[[Newton's First Law of Motion]]
*[[Newton's Second Law of Motion]]
*[[Newton's Third Law of Motion]]
*[[Gravitational Force]]
*[[Electric Force]]
*[[Conservation of Energy]]
*[[Conservation of Charge]]
*[[Terminal Speed]]
*[[Simple Harmonic Motion]]
*[[Speed and Velocity]]
*[[Electric Polarization]]
*[[Perpetual Freefall (Orbit)]]
*[[2-Dimensional Motion]]
*[[Center of Mass]]
*[[Reaction Time]]
*[[Time Dilation]]
</div>
</div>

<div class="toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">

===Modeling with VPython===
<div class="mw-collapsible-content">
*[[VPython]]
*[[VPython basics]]
*[[VPython Common Errors and Troubleshooting]]
*[[VPython Functions]]
*[[VPython Lists]]
*[[VPython Multithreading]]
</div>
</div>

<div class="toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">

===Theory===
<div class="mw-collapsible-content">
*[[Einstein's Theory of Special Relativity]]
*[[Einstein's Theory of General Relativity]]
*[[Quantum Theory]]
*[[Maxwell's Electromagnetic Theory]]
*[[Atomic Theory]]
*[[String Theory]]
*[[Elementary Particles and Particle Physics Theory]]
*[[Law of Gravitation]]
</div>
</div>

<div class="toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">

===Notable Scientists===
<div class="mw-collapsible-content">
*[[Alexei Alexeyevich Abrikosov]]
*[[Christian Doppler]]
*[[Albert Einstein]]
*[[Ernest Rutherford]]
*[[Joseph Henry]]
*[[Michael Faraday]]
*[[J.J. Thomson]]
*[[James Maxwell]]
*[[Robert Hooke]]
*[[Carl Friedrich Gauss]]
*[[Nikola Tesla]]
*[[Andre Marie Ampere]]
*[[Sir Isaac Newton]]
*[[J. Robert Oppenheimer]]
*[[Oliver Heaviside]]
*[[Rosalind Franklin]]
*[[Enrico Fermi]]
*[[Robert J. Van de Graaff]]
*[[Charles de Coulomb]]
*[[Hans Christian Ørsted]]
*[[Philo Farnsworth]]
*[[Niels Bohr]]
*[[Georg Ohm]]
*[[Galileo Galilei]]
*[[Gustav Kirchhoff]]
*[[Max Planck]]
*[[Heinrich Hertz]]
*[[Edwin Hall]]
*[[James Watt]]
*[[Count Alessandro Volta]]
*[[Josiah Willard Gibbs]]
*[[Richard Phillips Feynman]]
*[[Sir David Brewster]]
*[[Daniel Bernoulli]]
*[[William Thomson]]
*[[Leonhard Euler]]
*[[Robert Fox Bacher]]
*[[Stephen Hawking]]
*[[Amedeo Avogadro]]
*[[Wilhelm Conrad Roentgen]]
*[[Pierre Laplace]]
*[[Thomas Edison]]
*[[Hendrik Lorentz]]
*[[Jean-Baptiste Biot]]
*[[Lise Meitner]]
*[[Lisa Randall]]
*[[Felix Savart]]
*[[Heinrich Lenz]]
*[[Max Born]]
*[[Archimedes]]
*[[Jean Baptiste Biot]]
*[[Carl Sagan]]
*[[Eugene Wigner]]
*[[Marie Curie]]
*[[Pierre Curie]]
*[[Werner Heisenberg]]
*[[Johannes Diderik van der Waals]]
*[[Louis de Broglie]]
*[[Aristotle]]
*[[Émilie du Châtelet]]
*[[Blaise Pascal]]
*[[Benjamin Franklin]]
*[[James Chadwick]]
*[[Henry Cavendish]]
*[[Thomas Young]]
*[[James Prescott Joule]]
*[[John Bardeen]]
*[[Leo Baekeland]]
*[[Alhazen]]
*[[Willebrord Snell]]
*[[Fritz Walther Meissner]]
*[[Johannes Kepler]]
*[[Johann Wilhelm Ritter]]
*[[Philipp Lenard]]
*[[Robert A. Millikan]]
*[[Joseph Louis Gay-Lussac]]
*[[Guglielmo Marconi]]
*[[William Lawrence Bragg]]
*[[Robert Goddard]]
*[[Léon Foucault]]
*[[Henri Poincaré]]
*[[Steven Weinberg]]
*[[Arthur Compton]]
*[[Pythagoras of Samos]]
*[[Subrahmanyan Chandrasekhar]]
*[[Wilhelm Eduard Weber]]
*[[Edmond Becquerel]]
*[[Joseph Rotblat]]
*[[Carl David Anderson]]
*[[Hermann von Helmholtz]]
*[[Nicolas Leonard Sadi Carnot]]
</div>
</div>

<div class="toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">

===Properties of Matter===
<div class="mw-collapsible-content">
*[[Mass]]
*[[Velocity]]
*[[Relative Velocity]]
*[[Density]]
*[[Charge]]
*[[Spin]]
*[[SI Units]]
*[[Heat Capacity]]
*[[Specific Heat]]
*[[Wavelength]]
*[[Conductivity]]
*[[Malleability]]
*[[Weight]]
*[[Boiling Point]]
*[[Melting Point]]
*[[Inertia]]
*[[Non-Newtonian Fluids]]
*[[Ferrofluids]]
*[[Color]]
*[[Temperature]]
</div>
</div>

<div class="toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">

===Contact Interactions===
<div class="mw-collapsible-content">
* [[Young's Modulus]]
* [[Friction]]
* [[Tension]]
* [[Hooke's Law]]
*[[Centripetal Force and Curving Motion]]
*[[Compression or Normal Force]]
* [[Length and Stiffness of an Interatomic Bond]]
* [[Speed of Sound in a Solid]]
* [[Iterative Prediction of Spring-Mass System]]
</div>
</div>

<div class="toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">

===Momentum===
<div class="mw-collapsible-content">
* [[Vectors]]
* [[Kinematics]]
* [[Conservation of Momentum]]
* [[Predicting Change in multiple dimensions]]
* [[Derivation of the Momentum Principle]]
* [[Momentum Principle]]
* [[Impulse Momentum]]
* [[Curving Motion]]
* [[Projectile Motion]]
* [[Multi-particle Analysis of Momentum]]
* [[Iterative Prediction]]
* [[Analytical Prediction]]
* [[Newton's Laws and Linear Momentum]]
* [[Net Force]]
* [[Center of Mass]]
* [[Momentum at High Speeds]]
* [[Change in Momentum in Time for Curving Motion]]
* [[Momentum with respect to external Forces]]
</div>
</div>

<div class="toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">

===Angular Momentum===
<div class="mw-collapsible-content">
* [[The Moments of Inertia]]
* [[Moment of Inertia for a cylinder]]
* [[Rotation]]
* [[Torque]]
* [[Systems with Zero Torque]]
* [[Systems with Nonzero Torque]]
* [[Torque vs Work]]
* [[Angular Impulse]]
* [[Right Hand Rule]]
* [[Angular Velocity]]
* [[Predicting the Position of a Rotating System]]
* [[Translational Angular Momentum]]
* [[The Angular Momentum Principle]]
* [[Angular Momentum of Multiparticle Systems]]
* [[Rotational Angular Momentum]]
* [[Total Angular Momentum]]
* [[Gyroscopes]]
* [[Angular Momentum Compared to Linear Momentum]]

</div>
</div>

<div class="toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">

===Energy===
<div class="mw-collapsible-content">
*[[The Photoelectric Effect]]
*[[Photons]]
*[[The Energy Principle]]
*[[Predicting Change]]
*[[Rest Mass Energy]]
*[[Kinetic Energy]]
*[[Potential Energy]]
**[[Potential Energy for a Magnetic Dipole]]
**[[Potential Energy of a Multiparticle System]]
*[[Work]]
**[[Work Done By A Nonconstant Force]]
*[[Work and Energy for an Extended System]]
*[[Thermal Energy]]
*[[Conservation of Energy]]
*[[Electric Potential]]
*[[Energy Transfer due to a Temperature Difference]]
*[[Gravitational Potential Energy]]
*[[Point Particle Systems]]
*[[Real Systems]]
*[[Spring Potential Energy]]
**[[Ball and Spring Model]]
*[[Internal Energy]]
**[[Potential Energy of a Pair of Neutral Atoms]]
*[[Translational, Rotational and Vibrational Energy]]
*[[Franck-Hertz Experiment]]
*[[Power (Mechanical)]]
*[[Transformation of Energy]]

*[[Energy Graphs]]
**[[Energy graphs and the Bohr model]]
*[[Air Resistance]]
*[[Electronic Energy Levels]]
*[[Second Law of Thermodynamics and Entropy]]
*[[Specific Heat Capacity]]
*[[The Maxwell-Boltzmann Distribution]]
*[[Electronic Energy Levels and Photons]]
*[[Energy Density]]
*[[Bohr Model]]
*[[Quantized energy levels]]
**[[Spontaneous Photon Emission]]
*[[Path Independence of Electric Potential]]
</div>
</div>

<div class="toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">

===Collisions===
<div class="mw-collapsible-content">
*[[Collisions]]
Collisions are events that happen very frequently in our day-to-day world. In the realm of Physics, a collision is defined as any sort of process in which before and after a short time interval there is little interaction, but during that short time interval there are large interactions. When looking at collisions, it is first important to understand two very important principles: the Momentum Principle and the Energy Principle. Both principles serve use when talking of collisions because they provide a way in which to analyze these collisions. Collisions themselves can be categorized into 3 main different types: elastic collisions, inelastic collisions, maximally inelastic collisions. All 3 collisions will get touched on in more detail further on.
*[[Elastic Collisions]]
A collision is deemed "elastic" when the internal energy of the objects in the system does not change (in other words, change in internal energy equals 0). Because in an elastic collision no kinetic energy is converted over to internal energy, in any elastic collision Kfinal always equals Kinitial.
*[[Inelastic Collisions]]
A collision is said to be "inelastic" when it is not elastic; therefore, an inelastic collision is an interaction in which some change in internal energy occurs between the colliding objects (in other words, change in internal energy does not equal 0). Examples of such changes that occur between colliding objects include, but are not limited to, things like they get hot, or they vibrate/rotate, or they deform. Because some of the kinetic energy is converted to internal energy during an inelastic collision, Kfinal does not equal Kinitial.
*[[Maximally Inelastic Collision]]
*[[Head-on Collision of Equal Masses]]
*[[Head-on Collision of Unequal Masses]]
*[[Frame of Reference]]
*[[Scattering: Collisions in 2D and 3D]]
*[[Rutherford Experiment and Atomic Collisions]]
*[[Coefficient of Restitution]]
*[[testing123]]
</div>
</div>

<div class="toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">

===Fields===
<div class="mw-collapsible-content">
* [[Electric Field]] of a
** [[Point Charge]]
** [[Electric Dipole]]
** [[Capacitor]]
** [[Charged Rod]]
** [[Charged Ring]]
** [[Charged Disk]]
** [[Charged Spherical Shell]]
** [[Charged Cylinder]]
** [[Charge Density]]
**[[A Solid Sphere Charged Throughout Its Volume]]
*[[Superposition Principle]]
*[[Electric Potential]]
**[[Potential Difference Path Independence]]
**[[Potential Difference in a Uniform Field]]
**[[Potential Difference of point charge in a non-Uniform Field]]
**[[Potential Difference at One Location]]
**[[Sign of Potential Difference]]
**[[Potential Difference in an Insulator]]
**[[Energy Density and Electric Field]]
** [[Systems of Charged Objects]]
*[[Electric Force]]
*[[Polarization]]
**[[Polarization of an Atom]]
*[[Charge Motion in Metals]]
*[[Charge Transfer]]
*[[Magnetic Field]]
**[[Right-Hand Rule]]
**[[Direction of Magnetic Field]]
**[[Magnetic Field of a Long Straight Wire]]
**[[Magnetic Field of a Loop]]
**[[Magnetic Field of a Solenoid]]
**[[Bar Magnet]]
**[[Magnetic Dipole Moment]]
***[[Stern-Gerlach Experiment]]
**[[Magnetic Torque]]
**[[Magnetic Force]]
**[[Earth's Magnetic Field]]
**[[Atomic Structure of Magnets]]
*[[Combining Electric and Magnetic Forces]]
**[[Hall Effect]]
**[[Lorentz Force]]
**[[Biot-Savart Law]]
**[[Biot-Savart Law for Currents]]
**[[Integration Techniques for Magnetic Field]]
**[[Sparks in Air]]
**[[Motional Emf]]
**[[Detecting a Magnetic Field]]
**[[Moving Point Charge]]
**[[Non-Coulomb Electric Field]]
**[[Motors and Generators]]
**[[Solenoid Applications]]
</div>
</div>

<div class="toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">

===Simple Circuits===
<div class="mw-collapsible-content">
*[[Components]]
*[[Steady State]]
*[[Non Steady State]]
*[[Charging and Discharging a Capacitor]]
*[[Thin and Thick Wires]]
*[[Node Rule]]
*[[Loop Rule]]
*[[Resistivity]]
*[[Power in a circuit]]
*[[Ammeters,Voltmeters,Ohmmeters]]
*[[Current]]
**[[AC]]
*[[Ohm's Law]]
*[[Series Circuits]]
*[[Parallel Circuits]]
*[[RC]]
*[[AC vs DC]]
*[[Charge in a RC Circuit]]
*[[Current in a RC circuit]]
*[[Circular Loop of Wire]]
*[[Current in a RL Circuit]]
*[[RL Circuit]]
*[[Feedback]]
*[[Transformers (Circuits)]]
*[[Resistors and Conductivity]]
*[[Semiconductor Devices]]
</div>
</div>

<div class="toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">

===Maxwell's Equations===
<div class="mw-collapsible-content">
*[[Gauss's Flux Theorem]]
**[[Electric Fields]]
***[[Examples of Flux Through Surfaces and Objects]]
**[[Magnetic Fields]]
*[[Ampere's Law]]
**[[Magnetic Field of Coaxial Cable Using Ampere's Law]]
**[[Magnetic Field of a Long Thick Wire Using Ampere's Law]]
**[[Magnetic Field of a Toroid Using Ampere's Law]]
*[[Faraday's Law]]
**[[Curly Electric Fields]]
**[[Inductance]]
***[[Transformers (Physics)]]
***[[Energy Density]]
**[[Lenz's Law]]
***[[Lenz Effect and the Jumping Ring]]
**[[Lenz's Rule]]
**[[Motional Emf using Faraday's Law]]
*[[Ampere-Maxwell Law]]
*[[Superconductors]]
**[[Meissner effect]]
</div>
</div>

<div class="toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">

===Radiation===
<div class="mw-collapsible-content">
*[[Producing a Radiative Electric Field]]
*[[Sinusoidal Electromagnetic Radiaton]]
*[[Lenses]]
*[[Energy and Momentum Analysis in Radiation]]
**[[Poynting Vector]]
*[[Electromagnetic Propagation]]
**[[Wavelength and Frequency]]
*[[Snell's Law]]
*[[Effects of Radiation on Matter]]
*[[Light Propagation Through a Medium]]
*[[Light Scaterring: Why is the Sky Blue]]
*[[Light Refraction: Bending of light]]
*[[Cherenkov Radiation]]
</div>
</div>
<div class="toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">

===Sound===
<div class="mw-collapsible-content">
*[[Doppler Effect]]
*[[Nature, Behavior, and Properties of Sound]]
*[[Speed of Sound]]
*[[Resonance]]
*[[Sound Barrier]]
</div>
</div>
<div class="toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">

===Waves===
<div class="mw-collapsible-content">
*[[Bragg's Law]]
*[[Multisource Interference: Diffraction]]
*[[Standing waves]]
*[[Gravitational waves]]
*[[Plasma waves]]
*[[Wave-Particle Duality]]
*[[Electromagnetic Spectrum]]
*[[Color Light Wave]]
*[[Mechanical Waves]]
*[[Pendulum Motion]]
*[[Transverse and Longitudinal Waves]]
*[[Planck's Relation]]
</div>
</div>
<div class="toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">

===Real Life Applications of Electromagnetic Principles===
<div class="mw-collapsible-content">
*[[Electromagnetic Junkyard Cranes]]
*[[Maglev Trains]]
*[[Spark Plugs]]
*[[Metal Detectors]]
*[[Speakers]]
*[[Radios]]
*[[Ampullae of Lorenzini]]
*[[Electrocytes]]
*[[Generator]]
*[[Measuring Water Level]]
*[[Electroscope]]
*[[Transformers]]
</div>
</div>

<div class="toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">

===Optics===
<div class="mw-collapsible-content">
*[[Mirrors]]
*[[Refraction]]
*[[Quantum Properties of Light]]
</div>
</div>

== Resources ==
* Commonly used wiki commands [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:Cheatsheet Wiki Cheatsheet]
* A guide to representing equations in math mode [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:Displaying_a_formula Wiki Math Mode]
* A page to keep track of all the physics [[Constants]]
* A page for review of [[Vectors]] and vector operations