Physics Book - User contributions [en]

Sign of Potential Difference

2016-04-18T02:23:17Z

Tquill:

Claimed by Tyler Quill, Spring 2016

This page provides an explanation to determine the sign of potential difference in which the sign shows whether energy is lost or gained by a moving charged particle.

==The Main Idea==
The potential difference is a quantity that represents a change in electric potential energy that a particle would experience moving through a region. Its most important quality is that it is independent of the charge in question. Multiplying the potential difference by the charge would yield the potential energy change said particle experiences. This relation is mathematically given by:
<math>\Delta U</math> = <math>\Delta V\cdot q</math>

Another useful form of potential difference can be represented by <math>\Delta V</math> = -<math>\vec{E}</math>●<math>\Delta \vec{x}</math>.
By determining the direction of particle's path relative to the direction of electric field, the sign of potential difference can then be determined. The sign of the potential difference then shows if there is an increase or a decrease in potential energy, and a consequent change in the kinetic energy.

Note that both of these explanations for Potential Difference are valid and are useful in different scenarios.

===An Energetic Approach===
The total energy of a closed, insulated system (Just fancy thermodynamic terms that mean there is no exchange of particles with the surroundings and there is no heat flow) can be given by the following equation:
<math>\Delta K</math> + <math>\Delta U</math> = <math>\Delta W</math>, where <math>\Delta K</math> is the change in kinetic energy, <math>\Delta U</math> is the change in potential energy, and <math>\Delta W</math> is the amount of work done. In just about every scenario in this course, the work done will be equal to zero, so the we are left with:
<math>\Delta K</math> + <math>\Delta U</math> = 0
This equation simply states that a decrease in the kinetic energy of a particle means an equal and opposite increase in the potential energy of the particle (energy is conserved). Using this relationship will allow one to better understand more complex problems of potential difference with moving particles and energy changes.

'''Example:''' A proton moves through a region of uniform electric field from point A to point B. While doing so, the proton's speed increases from 2,000 m/s to 4,300 m/s. Determine the potential difference between the proton's initial position and final position, and calculate the change in potential energy that an electron would experience moving through the same path.

1) Find the change in kinetic energy the proton experiences:
<math>\Delta KE</math> = <math> KE_{final} - KE_{initial}</math>, and since <math>KE</math>= <math> 1 \over 2</math> <math>\cdot m \cdot (v^2)</math>, we have:

<math>\Delta KE</math> =<math> 1 \over 2</math> <math>\cdot m \cdot (v_{final}^2 -v_{initial}^2)</math>.
Plugging in the numbers from the problem give: <math>\Delta KE</math> = <math> 1.210 \cdot 10^{-20} J</math> (recall that the mass of a proton is <math>1.67 \cdot 10^{-27} Kg</math>)

2) This change is equal and opposite of the change in potential energy of the proton. Thus the potential energy change is equal to <math> -1.210 \cdot 10^{-20} J</math>

3) Rearranging <math>\Delta U</math> = <math>\Delta V\cdot q</math>, we find that the potential difference <math> \Delta V_{A \rightarrow B} </math> = <math> \Delta U \over q_{proton} </math>. This gives us a potential difference ( <math> \Delta V_{A \rightarrow B} </math> ) of <math> -0.07562 </math> Volts

4) We now have the potential difference, so calculating the change in potential energy that an electron would experience moving from A to B is simple. We know the following relationship <math>\Delta U</math> = <math>\Delta V\cdot q</math> and have already solved for the value of <math> \Delta V_{A \rightarrow B} </math>, and the charge of an electron is known. Thus, multiplying these quantities gives us a <math> \Delta U_{A \rightarrow B} = 1.210 \cdot 10^{-20}J </math>

The general procedure for this type of problem is to calculate the change in potential energy and then use that to determine the potential difference based on the sign, and magnitude of the charge. It is also important to recognize how despite the potential energy changes for the proton and electron were of opposite sign, the sign of the potential difference is only positive. The potential difference does not care about the sign of the charge in question.

===A Computational Model===
'''Electric field lines always point from a region of high potential to a region of low potential.''' If given a diagram of a problem, draw the electric field lines and the sign of the potential difference can be found by <math> final - initial</math>.
[[File:wikiupload_pot_diff.jpg|thumb|upright=2.5|left]]
As you can see in the diagram, the electric field lines point from A to B. Electric field lines point from regions on high potential to low potential. This means that point A has a higher potential than point B. Since <math> \Delta V = V_{final} - V_{initial}</math>, then <math> \Delta V_{A \rightarrow B} = V_B -V_A </math>. We know that <math> V_{A}</math> is a greater value than <math> V_{B}</math>, so their difference would give a negative value.

[[File:Potential_diff.jpg]]

Note that for this scenario, the same methodology and logic can be used to determine the sign of the potential difference of points A and B. However, this scenario also includes point C, which is parrallel to point B relative to its distance along the electric field lines. Thus, neither C or B has a higher potential than the other, and their potential difference is consequently zero.

===A Mathematical Model===

Potential difference is the product of the electric field <math>\vec{E}</math> and the relative path <math>\Delta x</math>:
:<math>\Delta V</math> = -<math>\vec{E}</math>●<math>\Delta \vec{x}</math>

Sign of <math>\Delta V</math>
:<math>\Delta x</math> in the direction of <math>\vec{E}</math>: negative
:<math>\Delta x</math> in the opposite direction of <math>\vec{E}</math>: positvie
:<math>\Delta x</math> is perpendicular to the direction of <math>\vec{E}</math>: <math>\Delta V</math>=0

==Examples==

===Simple===

If <math>x_i</math> = <3,0,0> m, <math>x_f</math> = <5,0,0> m, and <math>\vec{E}</math> = <100,0,0> V/m:
:(Path is in the same direction as the electric field.)
:<math>\Delta \vec{x}</math> = <math>x_f</math> - <math>x_i</math> = <5,0,0> - <3,0,0> = <2,0,0> m
:<math>\Delta V</math> = -<math>\vec{E}</math>●<math>\Delta \vec{x}</math> = -<100,0,0>●<2,0,0> = -200 V

If <math>x_i</math> = <5,0,0> m, <math>x_f</math> = <3,0,0> m, and <math>\vec{E}</math> = <100,0,0> V/m:
:(Path is in the opposite direction of the electric field.)
:<math>\Delta \vec{x}</math> = <math>x_f</math> - <math>x_i</math> = <3,0,0> - <5,0,0> = <-2,0,0> m
:<math>\Delta V</math> = -<math>\vec{E}</math>●<math>\Delta \vec{x}</math> = -<100,0,0>●<-2,0,0> = 200 V

If <math>x_i</math> = <3,0,0> m, <math>x_f</math> = <5,0,0> m, and <math>\vec{E}</math> = <0,100,0> V/m:
:(Path is perpendicular to the electric field.)
:<math>\Delta \vec{x}</math> = <math>x_f</math> - <math>x_i</math> = <5,0,0> - <3,0,0> = <2,0,0> m
:<math>\Delta V</math> = -<math>\vec{E}</math>●<math>\Delta \vec{x}</math> = -<100,0,0>●<0,2,0> = 0 V

===Middling===

If Location A = <3,0,0>, Location B = <5,-3,1> and E = <100, 100, 0>
:<math>\Delta \vec{x}</math> = <math>x_f</math> - <math>x_i</math> = <5,-3,1> - <3,0,0> = <2,-3,1> m
:<math>\Delta V</math> = -<math>\vec{E}</math>●<math>\Delta \vec{x}</math> = -<100,100,0>●<2,-3,1> = <-200,300,0> V
:In x-direction, there is an electric field in the same direction as the path, so the potential difference is negative.
:In y-direction, there is an electric field in the opposite direction of the path, so the potential difference is positive.
:In z-direction, since the electric field is perpendicular to the path, so the potential difference is zero.

===Difficult===

[[File:Sign of V.jpg]]

An electron starts from rest near one plate of a charged capacitor, and travels in the -x direction, passing through a tiny hole in the capacitor. At the instant shown in the diagram, the electron is at the origin. At this moment the magnetic field at location A, due to the electron, is out of the page. The left plate of the capacitor is positive, and the right plate is positive. What would be the potential difference from location D to location C? What is the sign of it?

:<math>\Delta V</math> = -<math>\vec{E}</math>●<math>\Delta \vec{x}</math> = <math>\Delta V_C - \Delta V_D</math>
:By conservation of energy, potential energy = kinetic energy
:<math>q (\Delta V_C - \Delta V_D)</math> = <math>1/2mv^2</math>, where <math>q</math> is the charge of electron, <math>m</math> is the mass of electron, and <math>v</math> is the velocity that the electron is traveling.
:<math>\Delta V_C - \Delta V_D</math> = <math>1/2mv^2/q</math>
:The sign is positive since the electric field is going to the +x direction, whereas the electron is moving to the -x direction.

==Connectedness==
-Potential difference is connected to the concept of transmembrane potential which I am interested in. Potential difference between the outside and the inside of the cell membrane acts as a battery and provides important functions for us. The ion channels and ion pump proteins that are imbedded in the membrane allow ions to move across the membrane and create concentration gradients, which then create a potential difference that provides power to allow the transmission of the electric signals, such as those in our neurons and muscle cells. By opening and closing the ion channel, the signal is passed down to the next channels due to the change in potential. A brief video on this can be found [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Xiza8nLww-I here].

-As a Biomedical Engineering major, the concept of potential difference can be applied to the study of electric stimulation of cells. By causing the change in potential across the cells, voltage-dependent ion channels can be affected. From this concept, we can develop devices that are responsible for the signals of cells, such as a defibrillator.

-Industrial applications based on potential difference are again the devices that are used to affect the ion channels in which to allow activation or recovery of cell signals.

==History==

Most countries in the world and Europe use a voltage from 220 volts to 240 volts. In the other hand, most countries in the Americas and Japan use a voltage from 100 volts to 127 volts. In 19th century, Nikola Tesla determined that 60 Hz was the best frequency and preferred 240 volts for AC power while Thomas Edison preferred 110 volts. AEG, a German company, decided to build the first European generating facility with 50 Hz because 60 was dissatisfied by the sequence of the metric standard unit, and this standard was then spread out. Europe used to use 120 volts, but it was determined that higher voltage should be used to [http://www.worldstandards.eu/electricity/why-no-standard-voltage/ "get more power with less losses and voltage drop from the same copper wire diameter."] The U.S did not end up changing because the cost for all the replacement was too high; fridge and washing-machine were already common in an average U.S. household in the 50s-60s but not in Europe. Then, problems like light bulbs burning out quickly led to the splitting voltage into two 120 volts.

== See also ==

-Kinetic Energy and Potential Energy: The sign of potential difference shows whether energy is gained or lost from a moving particle. When there is an increase in potential energy <math>q \Delta V</math>, there is a decrease in kinetic energy, and vice-versa.

-Polarization and Electric Field: Potential difference can be caused by polarization in which the charged particles move in different paths affect each other.

-Simple Circuits: Topics under simple circuits are mostly related to potential difference since batteries are involved, such as in RC circuit, Loop rule, and current.

===Further reading===

[http://ww2.odu.edu/~jdudek/Phys112N_materials/2-potential.pdf electric potential and capacitance]

Matter & Interactions, Vol. II: Electric and Magnetic Interactions, 4nd Edition by R. Chabay & B.Sherwood (John Wiley & Sons 2015) (pp.635-637)

Dorf, Richard C. Sensors, Nanoscience, Biomedical Engineering, and Instruments. 3rd ed. N.p.: Taylor & Francis, 2006. Print.

===External links===

[http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/8418982 Optical measurements of transmembrane potential changes during electric field stimulation of ventricular cells.]

[http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/7641329 Optical transmembrane potential measurements during defibrillation-strength shocks in perfused rabbit hearts.]

[http://faculty.ucc.edu/biology-potter/transmembrane_potential.htm Transmembrane Potential]

==References==
G.W. Castellan, ''Physical Chemistry'', 3rd Ed., Addison-Wesley, Reading,MA, 1983

Matter & Interactions, Vol. II: Electric and Magnetic Interactions, 4nd Edition by R. Chabay & B.Sherwood (John Wiley & Sons 2015) (pp.635-637)

SB1, Knisley, Blitchington TF, Hill BC, Grant AO, Smith WM, Pilkington TC, and Ideker RE. "Result Filters." National Center for Biotechnology Information. U.S. National Library of Medicine, Feb. 1993. Web. 22 Nov. 2015.

''potential-difference-in-uniform-electric-field''. Kshitij Education India. 22 Nov. 2015.

"Why Isn't There A standard Voltage around the World?" World Standards, 16 Aug. 2015. Web. 23 Nov. 2015.

[[Category:Fields]]

Sign of Potential Difference

2016-04-18T02:21:34Z

Tquill:

Claimed by Tyler Quill, Spring 2016

This page provides an explanation to determine the sign of potential difference in which the sign shows whether energy is lost or gained by a moving charged particle.

==The Main Idea==
The potential difference is a quantity that represents a change in electric potential energy that a particle would experience moving through a region. Its most important quality is that it is independent of the charge in question. Multiplying the potential difference by the charge would yield the potential energy change said particle experiences. This relation is mathematically given by:
<math>\Delta U</math> = <math>\Delta V\cdot q</math>

Another useful form of potential difference can be represented by <math>\Delta V</math> = -<math>\vec{E}</math>●<math>\Delta \vec{x}</math>.
By determining the direction of particle's path relative to the direction of electric field, the sign of potential difference can then be determined. The sign of the potential difference then shows if there is an increase or a decrease in potential energy, and a consequent change in the kinetic energy.

Note that both of these explanations for Potential Difference are valid and are useful in different scenarios.

===An Energetic Approach===
The total energy of a closed, insulated system (Just fancy thermodynamic terms that mean there is no exchange of particles with the surroundings and there is no heat flow) can be given by the following equation:
<math>\Delta K</math> + <math>\Delta U</math> = <math>\Delta W</math>, where <math>\Delta K</math> is the change in kinetic energy, <math>\Delta U</math> is the change in potential energy, and <math>\Delta W</math> is the amount of work done. In just about every scenario in this course, the work done will be equal to zero, so the we are left with:
<math>\Delta K</math> + <math>\Delta U</math> = 0
This equation simply states that a decrease in the kinetic energy of a particle means an equal and opposite increase in the potential energy of the particle (energy is conserved). Using this relationship will allow one to better understand more complex problems of potential difference with moving particles and energy changes.

'''Example:''' A proton moves through a region of uniform electric field from point A to point B. While doing so, the proton's speed increases from 2,000 m/s to 4,300 m/s. Determine the potential difference between the proton's initial position and final position, and calculate the change in potential energy that an electron would experience moving through the same path.

1) Find the change in kinetic energy the proton experiences:
<math>\Delta KE</math> = <math> KE_{final} - KE_{initial}</math>, and since <math>KE</math>= <math> 1 \over 2</math> <math>\cdot m \cdot (v^2)</math>, we have:

<math>\Delta KE</math> =<math> 1 \over 2</math> <math>\cdot m \cdot (v_{final}^2 -v_{initial}^2)</math>.
Plugging in the numbers from the problem give: <math>\Delta KE</math> = <math> 1.210 \cdot 10^{-20} J</math> (recall that the mass of a proton is <math>1.67 \cdot 10^{-27} Kg</math>)

2) This change is equal and opposite of the change in potential energy of the proton. Thus the potential energy change is equal to <math> -1.210 \cdot 10^{-20} J</math>

3) Rearranging <math>\Delta U</math> = <math>\Delta V\cdot q</math>, we find that the potential difference <math> \Delta V_{A \rightarrow B} </math> = <math> \Delta U \over q_{proton} </math>. This gives us a potential difference ( <math> \Delta V_{A \rightarrow B} </math> ) of <math> -0.07562 </math> Volts

4) We now have the potential difference, so calculating the change in potential energy that an electron would experience moving from A to B is simple. We know the following relationship <math>\Delta U</math> = <math>\Delta V\cdot q</math> and have already solved for the value of <math> \Delta V_{A \rightarrow B} </math>, and the charge of an electron is known. Thus, multiplying these quantities gives us a <math> \Delta U_{A \rightarrow B} = 1.210 \cdot 10^{-20}J </math>

The general procedure for this type of problem is to calculate the change in potential energy and then use that to determine the potential difference based on the sign, and magnitude of the charge. It is also important to recognize how despite the potential energy changes for the proton and electron were of opposite sign, the sign of the potential difference is only positive. The potential difference does not care about the sign of the charge in question.

===A Computational Model===
'''Electric field lines always point from a region of high potential to a region of low potential.''' If given a diagram of a problem, draw the electric field lines and the sign of the potential difference can be found by <math> final - initial</math>.
[[File:wikiupload_pot_diff.jpg|thumb|upright=2.5|left]]
As you can see in the diagram, the electric field lines point from A to B. Electric field lines point from regions on high potential to low potential. This means that point A has a higher potential than point B. Since <math> \Delta V = V_{final} - V_{initial}</math>, then <math> \Delta V_{A \rightarrow B} = V_B -V_A </math>. We know that <math> V_{A}</math> is a greater value than <math> V_{B}</math>, so their difference would give a negative value.

[[File:Potential_diff.jpg]]

Note that for this scenario, the same methodology and logic can be used to determine the sign of the potential difference of points A and B. However, this scenario also includes point C, which is parrallel to point B relative to its distance along the electric field lines. Thus, neither C or B has a higher potential than the other, and their potential difference is consequently zero.

===A Mathematical Model===

Potential difference is the product of the electric field <math>\vec{E}</math> and the relative path <math>\Delta x</math>:
:<math>\Delta V</math> = -<math>\vec{E}</math>●<math>\Delta \vec{x}</math>

Sign of <math>\Delta V</math>
:<math>\Delta x</math> in the direction of <math>\vec{E}</math>: negative
:<math>\Delta x</math> in the opposite direction of <math>\vec{E}</math>: positvie
:<math>\Delta x</math> is perpendicular to the direction of <math>\vec{E}</math>: <math>\Delta V</math>=0

==Examples==

===Simple===

If <math>x_i</math> = <3,0,0> m, <math>x_f</math> = <5,0,0> m, and <math>\vec{E}</math> = <100,0,0> V/m:
:(Path is in the same direction as the electric field.)
:<math>\Delta \vec{x}</math> = <math>x_f</math> - <math>x_i</math> = <5,0,0> - <3,0,0> = <2,0,0> m
:<math>\Delta V</math> = -<math>\vec{E}</math>●<math>\Delta \vec{x}</math> = -<100,0,0>●<2,0,0> = -200 V

If <math>x_i</math> = <5,0,0> m, <math>x_f</math> = <3,0,0> m, and <math>\vec{E}</math> = <100,0,0> V/m:
:(Path is in the opposite direction of the electric field.)
:<math>\Delta \vec{x}</math> = <math>x_f</math> - <math>x_i</math> = <3,0,0> - <5,0,0> = <-2,0,0> m
:<math>\Delta V</math> = -<math>\vec{E}</math>●<math>\Delta \vec{x}</math> = -<100,0,0>●<-2,0,0> = 200 V

If <math>x_i</math> = <3,0,0> m, <math>x_f</math> = <5,0,0> m, and <math>\vec{E}</math> = <0,100,0> V/m:
:(Path is perpendicular to the electric field.)
:<math>\Delta \vec{x}</math> = <math>x_f</math> - <math>x_i</math> = <5,0,0> - <3,0,0> = <2,0,0> m
:<math>\Delta V</math> = -<math>\vec{E}</math>●<math>\Delta \vec{x}</math> = -<100,0,0>●<0,2,0> = 0 V

===Middling===

If Location A = <3,0,0>, Location B = <5,-3,1> and E = <100, 100, 0>
:<math>\Delta \vec{x}</math> = <math>x_f</math> - <math>x_i</math> = <5,-3,1> - <3,0,0> = <2,-3,1> m
:<math>\Delta V</math> = -<math>\vec{E}</math>●<math>\Delta \vec{x}</math> = -<100,100,0>●<2,-3,1> = <-200,300,0> V
:In x-direction, there is an electric field in the same direction as the path, so the potential difference is negative.
:In y-direction, there is an electric field in the opposite direction of the path, so the potential difference is positive.
:In z-direction, since the electric field is perpendicular to the path, so the potential difference is zero.

===Difficult===

[[File:Sign of V.jpg]]

An electron starts from rest near one plate of a charged capacitor, and travels in the -x direction, passing through a tiny hole in the capacitor. At the instant shown in the diagram, the electron is at the origin. At this moment the magnetic field at location A, due to the electron, is out of the page. The left plate of the capacitor is positive, and the right plate is positive. What would be the potential difference from location D to location C? What is the sign of it?

:<math>\Delta V</math> = -<math>\vec{E}</math>●<math>\Delta \vec{x}</math> = <math>\Delta V_C - \Delta V_D</math>
:By conservation of energy, potential energy = kinetic energy
:<math>q (\Delta V_C - \Delta V_D)</math> = <math>1/2mv^2</math>, where <math>q</math> is the charge of electron, <math>m</math> is the mass of electron, and <math>v</math> is the velocity that the electron is traveling.
:<math>\Delta V_C - \Delta V_D</math> = <math>1/2mv^2/q</math>
:The sign is positive since the electric field is going to the +x direction, whereas the electron is moving to the -x direction.

==Connectedness==
-Potential difference is connected to the concept of transmembrane potential which I am interested in. Potential difference between the outside and the inside of the cell membrane acts as a battery and provides important functions for us. The ion channels and ion pump proteins that are imbedded in the membrane allow ions to move across the membrane and create concentration gradients, which then create a potential difference that provides power to allow the transmission of the electric signals, such as those in our neurons and muscle cells. By opening and closing the ion channel, the signal is passed down to the next channels due to the change in potential. A brief video on this can be found [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Xiza8nLww-I here].

-As a Biomedical Engineering major, the concept of potential difference can be applied to the study of electric stimulation of cells. By causing the change in potential across the cells, voltage-dependent ion channels can be affected. From this concept, we can develop devices that are responsible for the signals of cells, such as a defibrillator.

-Industrial applications based on potential difference are again the devices that are used to affect the ion channels in which to allow activation or recovery of cell signals.

==History==

Most countries in the world and Europe use a voltage from 220 volts to 240 volts. In the other hand, most countries in the Americas and Japan use a voltage from 100 volts to 127 volts. In 19th century, Nikola Tesla determined that 60 Hz was the best frequency and preferred 240 volts for AC power while Thomas Edison preferred 110 volts. AEG, a German company, decided to build the first European generating facility with 50 Hz because 60 was dissatisfied by the sequence of the metric standard unit, and this standard was then spread out. Europe used to use 120 volts, but it was determined that higher voltage should be used to [http://www.worldstandards.eu/electricity/why-no-standard-voltage/ "get more power with less losses and voltage drop from the same copper wire diameter."] The U.S did not end up changing because the cost for all the replacement was too high; fridge and washing-machine were already common in an average U.S. household in the 50s-60s but not in Europe. Then, problems like light bulbs burning out quickly led to the splitting voltage into two 120 volts.

== See also ==

-Kinetic Energy and Potential Energy: The sign of potential difference shows whether energy is gained or lost from a moving particle. When there is an increase in potential energy <math>q \Delta V</math>, there is a decrease in kinetic energy, and vice-versa.

-Polarization and Electric Field: Potential difference can be caused by polarization in which the charged particles move in different paths affect each other.

-Simple Circuits: Topics under simple circuits are mostly related to potential difference since batteries are involved, such as in RC circuit, Loop rule, and current.

===Further reading===

[http://ww2.odu.edu/~jdudek/Phys112N_materials/2-potential.pdf electric potential and capacitance]

Matter & Interactions, Vol. II: Electric and Magnetic Interactions, 4nd Edition by R. Chabay & B.Sherwood (John Wiley & Sons 2015) (pp.635-637)

Dorf, Richard C. Sensors, Nanoscience, Biomedical Engineering, and Instruments. 3rd ed. N.p.: Taylor & Francis, 2006. Print.

===External links===

[http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/8418982 Optical measurements of transmembrane potential changes during electric field stimulation of ventricular cells.]

[http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/7641329 Optical transmembrane potential measurements during defibrillation-strength shocks in perfused rabbit hearts.]

[http://faculty.ucc.edu/biology-potter/transmembrane_potential.htm Transmembrane Potential]

==References==

Matter & Interactions, Vol. II: Electric and Magnetic Interactions, 4nd Edition by R. Chabay & B.Sherwood (John Wiley & Sons 2015) (pp.635-637)

SB1, Knisley, Blitchington TF, Hill BC, Grant AO, Smith WM, Pilkington TC, and Ideker RE. "Result Filters." National Center for Biotechnology Information. U.S. National Library of Medicine, Feb. 1993. Web. 22 Nov. 2015.

''potential-difference-in-uniform-electric-field''. Kshitij Education India. 22 Nov. 2015.

"Why Isn't There A standard Voltage around the World?" World Standards, 16 Aug. 2015. Web. 23 Nov. 2015.

[[Category:Fields]]

Sign of Potential Difference

2016-04-18T02:17:43Z

Tquill:

Claimed by Tyler Quill, Spring 2016

This page provides an explanation to determine the sign of potential difference in which the sign shows whether energy is lost or gained by a moving charged particle.

==The Main Idea==
The potential difference is a quantity that represents a change in electric potential energy that a particle would experience moving through a region. Its most important quality is that it is independent of the charge in question. Multiplying the potential difference by the charge would yield the potential energy change said particle experiences. This relation is mathematically given by:
<math>\Delta U</math> = <math>\Delta V\cdot q</math>

Another useful form of potential difference can be represented by <math>\Delta V</math> = -<math>\vec{E}</math>●<math>\Delta \vec{x}</math>.
By determining the direction of particle's path relative to the direction of electric field, the sign of potential difference can then be determined. The sign of the potential difference then shows if there is an increase or a decrease in potential energy, and a consequent change in the kinetic energy.

Note that both of these explanations for Potential Difference are valid and are useful in different scenarios.

===An Energetic Approach===
The total energy of a closed, insulated system (Just fancy thermodynamic terms that mean there is no exchange of particles with the surroundings and there is no heat flow) can be given by the following equation:
<math>\Delta K</math> + <math>\Delta U</math> = <math>\Delta W</math>, where <math>\Delta K</math> is the change in kinetic energy, <math>\Delta U</math> is the change in potential energy, and <math>\Delta W</math> is the amount of work done. In just about every scenario in this course, the work done will be equal to zero, so the we are left with:
<math>\Delta K</math> + <math>\Delta U</math> = 0
This equation simply states that a decrease in the kinetic energy of a particle means an equal and opposite increase in the potential energy of the particle (energy is conserved). Using this relationship will allow one to better understand more complex problems of potential difference with moving particles and energy changes.

'''Example:''' A proton moves through a region of uniform electric field from point A to point B. While doing so, the proton's speed increases from 2,000 m/s to 4,300 m/s. Determine the potential difference between the proton's initial position and final position, and calculate the change in potential energy that an electron would experience moving through the same path.

1) Find the change in kinetic energy the proton experiences:
<math>\Delta KE</math> = <math> KE_{final} - KE_{initial}</math>, and since <math>KE</math>= <math> 1 \over 2</math> <math>\cdot m \cdot (v^2)</math>, we have:

<math>\Delta KE</math> =<math> 1 \over 2</math> <math>\cdot m \cdot (v_{final}^2 -v_{initial}^2)</math>.
Plugging in the numbers from the problem give: <math>\Delta KE</math> = <math> 1.210 \cdot 10^{-20} J</math> (recall that the mass of a proton is <math>1.67 \cdot 10^{-27} Kg</math>)

2) This change is equal and opposite of the change in potential energy of the proton. Thus the potential energy change is equal to <math> -1.210 \cdot 10^{-20} J</math>

3) Rearranging <math>\Delta U</math> = <math>\Delta V\cdot q</math>, we find that the potential difference <math> \Delta V_{A \rightarrow B} </math> = <math> \Delta U \over q_{proton} </math>. This gives us a potential difference ( <math> \Delta V_{A \rightarrow B} </math> ) of <math> -0.07562 </math> Volts

4) We now have the potential difference, so calculating the change in potential energy that an electron would experience moving from A to B is simple. We know the following relationship <math>\Delta U</math> = <math>\Delta V\cdot q</math> and have already solved for the value of <math> \Delta V_{A \rightarrow B} </math>, and the charge of an electron is known. Thus, multiplying these quantities gives us a <math> \Delta U_{A \rightarrow B} = 1.210 \cdot 10^{-20}J </math>

The general procedure for this type of problem is to calculate the change in potential energy and then use that to determine the potential difference based on the sign, and magnitude of the charge. It is also important to recognize how despite the potential energy changes for the proton and electron were of opposite sign, the sign of the potential difference is only positive. The potential difference does not care about the sign of the charge in question.

===A Computational Model===
'''Electric field lines always point from a region of high potential to a region of low potential.''' If given a diagram of a problem, draw the electric field lines and the sign of the potential difference can be found by <math> final - initial</math>.
[[File:wikiupload_pot_diff.jpg|thumb|upright=2.5|left]]
As you can see in the diagram, the electric field lines point from A to B. Electric field lines point from regions on high potential to low potential. This means that point A has a higher potential than point B. Since <math> \Delta V = V_{final} - V_{initial}</math>, then <math> \Delta V_{A \rightarrow B} = V_B -V_A </math>. We know that <math> V_{A}</math> is a greater value than <math> V_{B}</math>, so their difference would give a negative value.

[[File:Potential_diff.jpg]]

===A Mathematical Model===

Potential difference is the product of the electric field <math>\vec{E}</math> and the relative path <math>\Delta x</math>:
:<math>\Delta V</math> = -<math>\vec{E}</math>●<math>\Delta \vec{x}</math>

Sign of <math>\Delta V</math>
:<math>\Delta x</math> in the direction of <math>\vec{E}</math>: negative
:<math>\Delta x</math> in the opposite direction of <math>\vec{E}</math>: positvie
:<math>\Delta x</math> is perpendicular to the direction of <math>\vec{E}</math>: <math>\Delta V</math>=0

==Examples==

===Simple===

If <math>x_i</math> = <3,0,0> m, <math>x_f</math> = <5,0,0> m, and <math>\vec{E}</math> = <100,0,0> V/m:
:(Path is in the same direction as the electric field.)
:<math>\Delta \vec{x}</math> = <math>x_f</math> - <math>x_i</math> = <5,0,0> - <3,0,0> = <2,0,0> m
:<math>\Delta V</math> = -<math>\vec{E}</math>●<math>\Delta \vec{x}</math> = -<100,0,0>●<2,0,0> = -200 V

If <math>x_i</math> = <5,0,0> m, <math>x_f</math> = <3,0,0> m, and <math>\vec{E}</math> = <100,0,0> V/m:
:(Path is in the opposite direction of the electric field.)
:<math>\Delta \vec{x}</math> = <math>x_f</math> - <math>x_i</math> = <3,0,0> - <5,0,0> = <-2,0,0> m
:<math>\Delta V</math> = -<math>\vec{E}</math>●<math>\Delta \vec{x}</math> = -<100,0,0>●<-2,0,0> = 200 V

If <math>x_i</math> = <3,0,0> m, <math>x_f</math> = <5,0,0> m, and <math>\vec{E}</math> = <0,100,0> V/m:
:(Path is perpendicular to the electric field.)
:<math>\Delta \vec{x}</math> = <math>x_f</math> - <math>x_i</math> = <5,0,0> - <3,0,0> = <2,0,0> m
:<math>\Delta V</math> = -<math>\vec{E}</math>●<math>\Delta \vec{x}</math> = -<100,0,0>●<0,2,0> = 0 V

===Middling===

If Location A = <3,0,0>, Location B = <5,-3,1> and E = <100, 100, 0>
:<math>\Delta \vec{x}</math> = <math>x_f</math> - <math>x_i</math> = <5,-3,1> - <3,0,0> = <2,-3,1> m
:<math>\Delta V</math> = -<math>\vec{E}</math>●<math>\Delta \vec{x}</math> = -<100,100,0>●<2,-3,1> = <-200,300,0> V
:In x-direction, there is an electric field in the same direction as the path, so the potential difference is negative.
:In y-direction, there is an electric field in the opposite direction of the path, so the potential difference is positive.
:In z-direction, since the electric field is perpendicular to the path, so the potential difference is zero.

===Difficult===

[[File:Sign of V.jpg]]

An electron starts from rest near one plate of a charged capacitor, and travels in the -x direction, passing through a tiny hole in the capacitor. At the instant shown in the diagram, the electron is at the origin. At this moment the magnetic field at location A, due to the electron, is out of the page. The left plate of the capacitor is positive, and the right plate is positive. What would be the potential difference from location D to location C? What is the sign of it?

:<math>\Delta V</math> = -<math>\vec{E}</math>●<math>\Delta \vec{x}</math> = <math>\Delta V_C - \Delta V_D</math>
:By conservation of energy, potential energy = kinetic energy
:<math>q (\Delta V_C - \Delta V_D)</math> = <math>1/2mv^2</math>, where <math>q</math> is the charge of electron, <math>m</math> is the mass of electron, and <math>v</math> is the velocity that the electron is traveling.
:<math>\Delta V_C - \Delta V_D</math> = <math>1/2mv^2/q</math>
:The sign is positive since the electric field is going to the +x direction, whereas the electron is moving to the -x direction.

==Connectedness==
-Potential difference is connected to the concept of transmembrane potential which I am interested in. Potential difference between the outside and the inside of the cell membrane acts as a battery and provides important functions for us. The ion channels and ion pump proteins that are imbedded in the membrane allow ions to move across the membrane and create concentration gradients, which then create a potential difference that provides power to allow the transmission of the electric signals, such as those in our neurons and muscle cells. By opening and closing the ion channel, the signal is passed down to the next channels due to the change in potential. A brief video on this can be found [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Xiza8nLww-I here].

-As a Biomedical Engineering major, the concept of potential difference can be applied to the study of electric stimulation of cells. By causing the change in potential across the cells, voltage-dependent ion channels can be affected. From this concept, we can develop devices that are responsible for the signals of cells, such as a defibrillator.

-Industrial applications based on potential difference are again the devices that are used to affect the ion channels in which to allow activation or recovery of cell signals.

==History==

Most countries in the world and Europe use a voltage from 220 volts to 240 volts. In the other hand, most countries in the Americas and Japan use a voltage from 100 volts to 127 volts. In 19th century, Nikola Tesla determined that 60 Hz was the best frequency and preferred 240 volts for AC power while Thomas Edison preferred 110 volts. AEG, a German company, decided to build the first European generating facility with 50 Hz because 60 was dissatisfied by the sequence of the metric standard unit, and this standard was then spread out. Europe used to use 120 volts, but it was determined that higher voltage should be used to [http://www.worldstandards.eu/electricity/why-no-standard-voltage/ "get more power with less losses and voltage drop from the same copper wire diameter."] The U.S did not end up changing because the cost for all the replacement was too high; fridge and washing-machine were already common in an average U.S. household in the 50s-60s but not in Europe. Then, problems like light bulbs burning out quickly led to the splitting voltage into two 120 volts.

== See also ==

-Kinetic Energy and Potential Energy: The sign of potential difference shows whether energy is gained or lost from a moving particle. When there is an increase in potential energy <math>q \Delta V</math>, there is a decrease in kinetic energy, and vice-versa.

-Polarization and Electric Field: Potential difference can be caused by polarization in which the charged particles move in different paths affect each other.

-Simple Circuits: Topics under simple circuits are mostly related to potential difference since batteries are involved, such as in RC circuit, Loop rule, and current.

===Further reading===

[http://ww2.odu.edu/~jdudek/Phys112N_materials/2-potential.pdf electric potential and capacitance]

Matter & Interactions, Vol. II: Electric and Magnetic Interactions, 4nd Edition by R. Chabay & B.Sherwood (John Wiley & Sons 2015) (pp.635-637)

Dorf, Richard C. Sensors, Nanoscience, Biomedical Engineering, and Instruments. 3rd ed. N.p.: Taylor & Francis, 2006. Print.

===External links===

[http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/8418982 Optical measurements of transmembrane potential changes during electric field stimulation of ventricular cells.]

[http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/7641329 Optical transmembrane potential measurements during defibrillation-strength shocks in perfused rabbit hearts.]

[http://faculty.ucc.edu/biology-potter/transmembrane_potential.htm Transmembrane Potential]

==References==

Matter & Interactions, Vol. II: Electric and Magnetic Interactions, 4nd Edition by R. Chabay & B.Sherwood (John Wiley & Sons 2015) (pp.635-637)

SB1, Knisley, Blitchington TF, Hill BC, Grant AO, Smith WM, Pilkington TC, and Ideker RE. "Result Filters." National Center for Biotechnology Information. U.S. National Library of Medicine, Feb. 1993. Web. 22 Nov. 2015.

''potential-difference-in-uniform-electric-field''. Kshitij Education India. 22 Nov. 2015.

"Why Isn't There A standard Voltage around the World?" World Standards, 16 Aug. 2015. Web. 23 Nov. 2015.

[[Category:Fields]]

Sign of Potential Difference

2016-04-18T00:08:45Z

Tquill:

Claimed by Tyler Quill, Spring 2016

This page provides an explanation to determine the sign of potential difference in which the sign shows whether energy is lost or gained by a moving charged particle.

==The Main Idea==
The potential difference is a quantity that represents a change in electric potential energy that a particle would experience moving through a region. Its most important quality is that it is independent of the charge in question. Multiplying the potential difference by the charge would yield the potential energy change said particle experiences. This relation is mathematically given by:
<math>\Delta U</math> = <math>\Delta V\cdot q</math>

Another useful form of potential difference can be represented by <math>\Delta V</math> = -<math>\vec{E}</math>●<math>\Delta \vec{x}</math>.
By determining the direction of particle's path relative to the direction of electric field, the sign of potential difference can then be determined. The sign of the potential difference then shows if there is an increase or a decrease in potential energy, and a consequent change in the kinetic energy.

Note that both of these explanations for Potential Difference are valid and are useful in different scenarios.

===An Energetic Approach===
The total energy of a closed, insulated system (Just fancy thermodynamic terms that mean there is no exchange of particles with the surroundings and there is no heat flow) can be given by the following equation:
<math>\Delta K</math> + <math>\Delta U</math> = <math>\Delta W</math>, where <math>\Delta K</math> is the change in kinetic energy, <math>\Delta U</math> is the change in potential energy, and <math>\Delta W</math> is the amount of work done. In just about every scenario in this course, the work done will be equal to zero, so the we are left with:
<math>\Delta K</math> + <math>\Delta U</math> = 0
This equation simply states that a decrease in the kinetic energy of a particle means an equal and opposite increase in the potential energy of the particle (energy is conserved). Using this relationship will allow one to better understand more complex problems of potential difference with moving particles and energy changes.

'''Example:''' A proton moves through a region of uniform electric field from point A to point B. While doing so, the proton's speed increases from 2,000 m/s to 4,300 m/s. Determine the potential difference between the proton's initial position and final position, and calculate the change in potential energy that an electron would experience moving through the same path.

1) Find the change in kinetic energy the proton experiences:
<math>\Delta KE</math> = <math> KE_{final} - KE_{initial}</math>, and since <math>KE</math>= <math> 1 \over 2</math> <math>\cdot m \cdot (v^2)</math>, we have:

<math>\Delta KE</math> =<math> 1 \over 2</math> <math>\cdot m \cdot (v_{final}^2 -v_{initial}^2)</math>.
Plugging in the numbers from the problem give: <math>\Delta KE</math> = <math> 1.210 \cdot 10^{-20} J</math> (recall that the mass of a proton is <math>1.67 \cdot 10^{-27} Kg</math>)

2) This change is equal and opposite of the change in potential energy of the proton. Thus the potential energy change is equal to <math> -1.210 \cdot 10^{-20} J</math>

3) Rearranging <math>\Delta U</math> = <math>\Delta V\cdot q</math>, we find that the potential difference <math> \Delta V_{A \rightarrow B} </math> = <math> \Delta U \over q_{proton} </math>. This gives us a potential difference ( <math> \Delta V_{A \rightarrow B} </math> ) of <math> -0.07562 </math> Volts

4) We now have the potential difference, so calculating the change in potential energy that an electron would experience moving from A to B is simple. We know the following relationship <math>\Delta U</math> = <math>\Delta V\cdot q</math> and have already solved for the value of <math> \Delta V_{A \rightarrow B} </math>, and the charge of an electron is known. Thus, multiplying these quantities gives us a <math> \Delta U_{A \rightarrow B} = 1.210 \cdot 10^{-20}J </math>

The general procedure for this type of problem is to calculate the change in potential energy and then use that to determine the potential difference based on the sign, and magnitude of the charge. It is also important to recognize how despite the potential energy changes for the proton and electron were of opposite sign, the sign of the potential difference is only positive. The potential difference does not care about the sign of the charge in question.

===Visual Model===
'''Electric field lines always point from a region of high potential to a region of low potential.''' If given a diagram of a problem, draw the electric field lines and the sign of the potential difference can be found by <math> final - initial</math>.
[[File:wikiupload_pot_diff.jpg|thumb|upright=2.5|left]]
As you can see in the diagram, the electric field lines point from A to B. Electric field lines point from regions on high potential to low potential. This means that point A has a higher potential than point B. Since <math> \Delta V = V_{final} - V_{initial}</math>, then <math> \Delta V_{A \rightarrow B} = V_B -V_A </math>. We know that <math> V_{A}</math> is a greater value than <math> V_{B}</math>, so their difference would give a negative value.
===A Mathematical Model===

Potential difference is the product of the electric field <math>\vec{E}</math> and the relative path <math>\Delta x</math>:
:<math>\Delta V</math> = -<math>\vec{E}</math>●<math>\Delta \vec{x}</math>

Sign of <math>\Delta V</math>
:<math>\Delta x</math> in the direction of <math>\vec{E}</math>: negative
:<math>\Delta x</math> in the opposite direction of <math>\vec{E}</math>: positvie
:<math>\Delta x</math> is perpendicular to the direction of <math>\vec{E}</math>: <math>\Delta V</math>=0

===A Computational Model===

[[File:Potential_diff.jpg]]

==Examples==

===Simple===

If <math>x_i</math> = <3,0,0> m, <math>x_f</math> = <5,0,0> m, and <math>\vec{E}</math> = <100,0,0> V/m:
:(Path is in the same direction as the electric field.)
:<math>\Delta \vec{x}</math> = <math>x_f</math> - <math>x_i</math> = <5,0,0> - <3,0,0> = <2,0,0> m
:<math>\Delta V</math> = -<math>\vec{E}</math>●<math>\Delta \vec{x}</math> = -<100,0,0>●<2,0,0> = -200 V

If <math>x_i</math> = <5,0,0> m, <math>x_f</math> = <3,0,0> m, and <math>\vec{E}</math> = <100,0,0> V/m:
:(Path is in the opposite direction of the electric field.)
:<math>\Delta \vec{x}</math> = <math>x_f</math> - <math>x_i</math> = <3,0,0> - <5,0,0> = <-2,0,0> m
:<math>\Delta V</math> = -<math>\vec{E}</math>●<math>\Delta \vec{x}</math> = -<100,0,0>●<-2,0,0> = 200 V

If <math>x_i</math> = <3,0,0> m, <math>x_f</math> = <5,0,0> m, and <math>\vec{E}</math> = <0,100,0> V/m:
:(Path is perpendicular to the electric field.)
:<math>\Delta \vec{x}</math> = <math>x_f</math> - <math>x_i</math> = <5,0,0> - <3,0,0> = <2,0,0> m
:<math>\Delta V</math> = -<math>\vec{E}</math>●<math>\Delta \vec{x}</math> = -<100,0,0>●<0,2,0> = 0 V

===Middling===

If Location A = <3,0,0>, Location B = <5,-3,1> and E = <100, 100, 0>
:<math>\Delta \vec{x}</math> = <math>x_f</math> - <math>x_i</math> = <5,-3,1> - <3,0,0> = <2,-3,1> m
:<math>\Delta V</math> = -<math>\vec{E}</math>●<math>\Delta \vec{x}</math> = -<100,100,0>●<2,-3,1> = <-200,300,0> V
:In x-direction, there is an electric field in the same direction as the path, so the potential difference is negative.
:In y-direction, there is an electric field in the opposite direction of the path, so the potential difference is positive.
:In z-direction, since the electric field is perpendicular to the path, so the potential difference is zero.

===Difficult===

[[File:Sign of V.jpg]]

An electron starts from rest near one plate of a charged capacitor, and travels in the -x direction, passing through a tiny hole in the capacitor. At the instant shown in the diagram, the electron is at the origin. At this moment the magnetic field at location A, due to the electron, is out of the page. The left plate of the capacitor is positive, and the right plate is positive. What would be the potential difference from location D to location C? What is the sign of it?

:<math>\Delta V</math> = -<math>\vec{E}</math>●<math>\Delta \vec{x}</math> = <math>\Delta V_C - \Delta V_D</math>
:By conservation of energy, potential energy = kinetic energy
:<math>q (\Delta V_C - \Delta V_D)</math> = <math>1/2mv^2</math>, where <math>q</math> is the charge of electron, <math>m</math> is the mass of electron, and <math>v</math> is the velocity that the electron is traveling.
:<math>\Delta V_C - \Delta V_D</math> = <math>1/2mv^2/q</math>
:The sign is positive since the electric field is going to the +x direction, whereas the electron is moving to the -x direction.

==Connectedness==
-Potential difference is connected to the concept of transmembrane potential which I am interested in. Potential difference between the outside and the inside of the cell membrane acts as a battery and provides important functions for us. The ion channels and ion pump proteins that are imbedded in the membrane allow ions to move across the membrane and create concentration gradients, which then create a potential difference that provides power to allow the transmission of the electric signals, such as those in our neurons and muscle cells. By opening and closing the ion channel, the signal is passed down to the next channels due to the change in potential. A brief video on this can be found [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Xiza8nLww-I here].

-As a Biomedical Engineering major, the concept of potential difference can be applied to the study of electric stimulation of cells. By causing the change in potential across the cells, voltage-dependent ion channels can be affected. From this concept, we can develop devices that are responsible for the signals of cells, such as a defibrillator.

-Industrial applications based on potential difference are again the devices that are used to affect the ion channels in which to allow activation or recovery of cell signals.

==History==

Most countries in the world and Europe use a voltage from 220 volts to 240 volts. In the other hand, most countries in the Americas and Japan use a voltage from 100 volts to 127 volts. In 19th century, Nikola Tesla determined that 60 Hz was the best frequency and preferred 240 volts for AC power while Thomas Edison preferred 110 volts. AEG, a German company, decided to build the first European generating facility with 50 Hz because 60 was dissatisfied by the sequence of the metric standard unit, and this standard was then spread out. Europe used to use 120 volts, but it was determined that higher voltage should be used to [http://www.worldstandards.eu/electricity/why-no-standard-voltage/ "get more power with less losses and voltage drop from the same copper wire diameter."] The U.S did not end up changing because the cost for all the replacement was too high; fridge and washing-machine were already common in an average U.S. household in the 50s-60s but not in Europe. Then, problems like light bulbs burning out quickly led to the splitting voltage into two 120 volts.

== See also ==

-Kinetic Energy and Potential Energy: The sign of potential difference shows whether energy is gained or lost from a moving particle. When there is an increase in potential energy <math>q \Delta V</math>, there is a decrease in kinetic energy, and vice-versa.

-Polarization and Electric Field: Potential difference can be caused by polarization in which the charged particles move in different paths affect each other.

-Simple Circuits: Topics under simple circuits are mostly related to potential difference since batteries are involved, such as in RC circuit, Loop rule, and current.

===Further reading===

[http://ww2.odu.edu/~jdudek/Phys112N_materials/2-potential.pdf electric potential and capacitance]

Matter & Interactions, Vol. II: Electric and Magnetic Interactions, 4nd Edition by R. Chabay & B.Sherwood (John Wiley & Sons 2015) (pp.635-637)

Dorf, Richard C. Sensors, Nanoscience, Biomedical Engineering, and Instruments. 3rd ed. N.p.: Taylor & Francis, 2006. Print.

===External links===

[http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/8418982 Optical measurements of transmembrane potential changes during electric field stimulation of ventricular cells.]

[http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/7641329 Optical transmembrane potential measurements during defibrillation-strength shocks in perfused rabbit hearts.]

[http://faculty.ucc.edu/biology-potter/transmembrane_potential.htm Transmembrane Potential]

==References==

Matter & Interactions, Vol. II: Electric and Magnetic Interactions, 4nd Edition by R. Chabay & B.Sherwood (John Wiley & Sons 2015) (pp.635-637)

SB1, Knisley, Blitchington TF, Hill BC, Grant AO, Smith WM, Pilkington TC, and Ideker RE. "Result Filters." National Center for Biotechnology Information. U.S. National Library of Medicine, Feb. 1993. Web. 22 Nov. 2015.

''potential-difference-in-uniform-electric-field''. Kshitij Education India. 22 Nov. 2015.

"Why Isn't There A standard Voltage around the World?" World Standards, 16 Aug. 2015. Web. 23 Nov. 2015.

[[Category:Fields]]

File:Wikiupload pot diff.jpg

2016-04-17T23:56:26Z

Tquill:

File:Wikiupload pot diff.JPG

2016-04-17T23:54:45Z

Tquill: Tquill uploaded a new version of "File:Wikiupload pot diff.JPG"

for sign of potential difference page

File:Wikiupload pot diff.JPG

2016-04-17T20:07:52Z

Tquill: for sign of potential difference page

for sign of potential difference page

Sign of Potential Difference

2016-04-17T20:06:45Z

Tquill:

Claimed by Tyler Quill, Spring 2016

This page provides an explanation to determine the sign of potential difference in which the sign shows whether energy is lost or gained by a moving charged particle.

==The Main Idea==
The potential difference is a quantity that represents a change in electric potential energy that a particle would experience moving through a region. Its most important quality is that it is independent of the charge in question. Multiplying the potential difference by the charge would yield the potential energy change said particle experiences. This relation is mathematically given by:
<math>\Delta U</math> = <math>\Delta V\cdot q</math>

Another useful form of potential difference can be represented by <math>\Delta V</math> = -<math>\vec{E}</math>●<math>\Delta \vec{x}</math>.
By determining the direction of particle's path relative to the direction of electric field, the sign of potential difference can then be determined. The sign of the potential difference then shows if there is an increase or a decrease in potential energy, and a consequent change in the kinetic energy.

Note that both of these explanations for Potential Difference are valid and are useful in different scenarios.

===An Energetic Approach===
The total energy of a closed, insulated system (Just fancy thermodynamic terms that mean there is no exchange of particles with the surroundings and there is no heat flow) can be given by the following equation:
<math>\Delta K</math> + <math>\Delta U</math> = <math>\Delta W</math>, where <math>\Delta K</math> is the change in kinetic energy, <math>\Delta U</math> is the change in potential energy, and <math>\Delta W</math> is the amount of work done. In just about every scenario in this course, the work done will be equal to zero, so the we are left with:
<math>\Delta K</math> + <math>\Delta U</math> = 0
This equation simply states that a decrease in the kinetic energy of a particle means an equal and opposite increase in the potential energy of the particle (energy is conserved). Using this relationship will allow one to better understand more complex problems of potential difference with moving particles and energy changes.

'''Example:''' A proton moves through a region of uniform electric field from point A to point B. While doing so, the proton's speed increases from 2,000 m/s to 4,300 m/s. Determine the potential difference between the proton's initial position and final position, and calculate the change in potential energy that an electron would experience moving through the same path.

1) Find the change in kinetic energy the proton experiences:
<math>\Delta KE</math> = <math> KE_{final} - KE_{initial}</math>, and since <math>KE</math>= <math> 1 \over 2</math> <math>\cdot m \cdot (v^2)</math>, we have:

<math>\Delta KE</math> =<math> 1 \over 2</math> <math>\cdot m \cdot (v_{final}^2 -v_{initial}^2)</math>.
Plugging in the numbers from the problem give: <math>\Delta KE</math> = <math> 1.210 \cdot 10^{-20} J</math> (recall that the mass of a proton is <math>1.67 \cdot 10^{-27} Kg</math>)

2) This change is equal and opposite of the change in potential energy of the proton. Thus the potential energy change is equal to <math> -1.210 \cdot 10^{-20} J</math>

3) Rearranging <math>\Delta U</math> = <math>\Delta V\cdot q</math>, we find that the potential difference <math> \Delta V_{A \rightarrow B} </math> = <math> \Delta U \over q_{proton} </math>. This gives us a potential difference ( <math> \Delta V_{A \rightarrow B} </math> ) of <math> -0.07562 </math> Volts

4) We now have the potential difference, so calculating the change in potential energy that an electron would experience moving from A to B is simple. We know the following relationship <math>\Delta U</math> = <math>\Delta V\cdot q</math> and have already solved for the value of <math> \Delta V_{A \rightarrow B} </math>, and the charge of an electron is known. Thus, multiplying these quantities gives us a <math> \Delta U_{A \rightarrow B} = 1.210 \cdot 10^{-20}J </math>

The general procedure for this type of problem is to calculate the change in potential energy and then use that to determine the potential difference based on the sign, and magnitude of the charge. It is also important to recognize how despite the potential energy changes for the proton and electron were of opposite sign, the sign of the potential difference is only positive. The potential difference does not care about the sign of the charge in question.

===Visual Model===
'''Electric field lines always point from a region of high potential to a region of low potential.''' If given a diagram of a problem, draw the electric field lines and the sign of the potential difference can be found by <math> final - initial</math>.
[[File:wikiupload_pot_diff.jpg|thumb|upright=2.5|center]]

===A Mathematical Model===

Potential difference is the product of the electric field <math>\vec{E}</math> and the relative path <math>\Delta x</math>:
:<math>\Delta V</math> = -<math>\vec{E}</math>●<math>\Delta \vec{x}</math>

Sign of <math>\Delta V</math>
:<math>\Delta x</math> in the direction of <math>\vec{E}</math>: negative
:<math>\Delta x</math> in the opposite direction of <math>\vec{E}</math>: positvie
:<math>\Delta x</math> is perpendicular to the direction of <math>\vec{E}</math>: <math>\Delta V</math>=0

===A Computational Model===

[[File:Potential_diff.jpg]]

==Examples==

===Simple===

If <math>x_i</math> = <3,0,0> m, <math>x_f</math> = <5,0,0> m, and <math>\vec{E}</math> = <100,0,0> V/m:
:(Path is in the same direction as the electric field.)
:<math>\Delta \vec{x}</math> = <math>x_f</math> - <math>x_i</math> = <5,0,0> - <3,0,0> = <2,0,0> m
:<math>\Delta V</math> = -<math>\vec{E}</math>●<math>\Delta \vec{x}</math> = -<100,0,0>●<2,0,0> = -200 V

If <math>x_i</math> = <5,0,0> m, <math>x_f</math> = <3,0,0> m, and <math>\vec{E}</math> = <100,0,0> V/m:
:(Path is in the opposite direction of the electric field.)
:<math>\Delta \vec{x}</math> = <math>x_f</math> - <math>x_i</math> = <3,0,0> - <5,0,0> = <-2,0,0> m
:<math>\Delta V</math> = -<math>\vec{E}</math>●<math>\Delta \vec{x}</math> = -<100,0,0>●<-2,0,0> = 200 V

If <math>x_i</math> = <3,0,0> m, <math>x_f</math> = <5,0,0> m, and <math>\vec{E}</math> = <0,100,0> V/m:
:(Path is perpendicular to the electric field.)
:<math>\Delta \vec{x}</math> = <math>x_f</math> - <math>x_i</math> = <5,0,0> - <3,0,0> = <2,0,0> m
:<math>\Delta V</math> = -<math>\vec{E}</math>●<math>\Delta \vec{x}</math> = -<100,0,0>●<0,2,0> = 0 V

===Middling===

If Location A = <3,0,0>, Location B = <5,-3,1> and E = <100, 100, 0>
:<math>\Delta \vec{x}</math> = <math>x_f</math> - <math>x_i</math> = <5,-3,1> - <3,0,0> = <2,-3,1> m
:<math>\Delta V</math> = -<math>\vec{E}</math>●<math>\Delta \vec{x}</math> = -<100,100,0>●<2,-3,1> = <-200,300,0> V
:In x-direction, there is an electric field in the same direction as the path, so the potential difference is negative.
:In y-direction, there is an electric field in the opposite direction of the path, so the potential difference is positive.
:In z-direction, since the electric field is perpendicular to the path, so the potential difference is zero.

===Difficult===

[[File:Sign of V.jpg]]

An electron starts from rest near one plate of a charged capacitor, and travels in the -x direction, passing through a tiny hole in the capacitor. At the instant shown in the diagram, the electron is at the origin. At this moment the magnetic field at location A, due to the electron, is out of the page. The left plate of the capacitor is positive, and the right plate is positive. What would be the potential difference from location D to location C? What is the sign of it?

:<math>\Delta V</math> = -<math>\vec{E}</math>●<math>\Delta \vec{x}</math> = <math>\Delta V_C - \Delta V_D</math>
:By conservation of energy, potential energy = kinetic energy
:<math>q (\Delta V_C - \Delta V_D)</math> = <math>1/2mv^2</math>, where <math>q</math> is the charge of electron, <math>m</math> is the mass of electron, and <math>v</math> is the velocity that the electron is traveling.
:<math>\Delta V_C - \Delta V_D</math> = <math>1/2mv^2/q</math>
:The sign is positive since the electric field is going to the +x direction, whereas the electron is moving to the -x direction.

==Connectedness==
-Potential difference is connected to the concept of transmembrane potential which I am interested in. Potential difference between the outside and the inside of the cell membrane acts as a battery and provides important functions for us. The ion channels and ion pump proteins that are imbedded in the membrane allow ions to move across the membrane and create concentration gradients, which then create a potential difference that provides power to allow the transmission of the electric signals, such as those in our neurons and muscle cells. By opening and closing the ion channel, the signal is passed down to the next channels due to the change in potential. A brief video on this can be found [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Xiza8nLww-I here].

-As a Biomedical Engineering major, the concept of potential difference can be applied to the study of electric stimulation of cells. By causing the change in potential across the cells, voltage-dependent ion channels can be affected. From this concept, we can develop devices that are responsible for the signals of cells, such as a defibrillator.

-Industrial applications based on potential difference are again the devices that are used to affect the ion channels in which to allow activation or recovery of cell signals.

==History==

Most countries in the world and Europe use a voltage from 220 volts to 240 volts. In the other hand, most countries in the Americas and Japan use a voltage from 100 volts to 127 volts. In 19th century, Nikola Tesla determined that 60 Hz was the best frequency and preferred 240 volts for AC power while Thomas Edison preferred 110 volts. AEG, a German company, decided to build the first European generating facility with 50 Hz because 60 was dissatisfied by the sequence of the metric standard unit, and this standard was then spread out. Europe used to use 120 volts, but it was determined that higher voltage should be used to [http://www.worldstandards.eu/electricity/why-no-standard-voltage/ "get more power with less losses and voltage drop from the same copper wire diameter."] The U.S did not end up changing because the cost for all the replacement was too high; fridge and washing-machine were already common in an average U.S. household in the 50s-60s but not in Europe. Then, problems like light bulbs burning out quickly led to the splitting voltage into two 120 volts.

== See also ==

-Kinetic Energy and Potential Energy: The sign of potential difference shows whether energy is gained or lost from a moving particle. When there is an increase in potential energy <math>q \Delta V</math>, there is a decrease in kinetic energy, and vice-versa.

-Polarization and Electric Field: Potential difference can be caused by polarization in which the charged particles move in different paths affect each other.

-Simple Circuits: Topics under simple circuits are mostly related to potential difference since batteries are involved, such as in RC circuit, Loop rule, and current.

===Further reading===

[http://ww2.odu.edu/~jdudek/Phys112N_materials/2-potential.pdf electric potential and capacitance]

Matter & Interactions, Vol. II: Electric and Magnetic Interactions, 4nd Edition by R. Chabay & B.Sherwood (John Wiley & Sons 2015) (pp.635-637)

Dorf, Richard C. Sensors, Nanoscience, Biomedical Engineering, and Instruments. 3rd ed. N.p.: Taylor & Francis, 2006. Print.

===External links===

[http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/8418982 Optical measurements of transmembrane potential changes during electric field stimulation of ventricular cells.]

[http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/7641329 Optical transmembrane potential measurements during defibrillation-strength shocks in perfused rabbit hearts.]

[http://faculty.ucc.edu/biology-potter/transmembrane_potential.htm Transmembrane Potential]

==References==

Matter & Interactions, Vol. II: Electric and Magnetic Interactions, 4nd Edition by R. Chabay & B.Sherwood (John Wiley & Sons 2015) (pp.635-637)

SB1, Knisley, Blitchington TF, Hill BC, Grant AO, Smith WM, Pilkington TC, and Ideker RE. "Result Filters." National Center for Biotechnology Information. U.S. National Library of Medicine, Feb. 1993. Web. 22 Nov. 2015.

''potential-difference-in-uniform-electric-field''. Kshitij Education India. 22 Nov. 2015.

"Why Isn't There A standard Voltage around the World?" World Standards, 16 Aug. 2015. Web. 23 Nov. 2015.

[[Category:Fields]]

File:Sign potential difference.JPG

2016-04-17T20:03:18Z

Tquill: Tquill uploaded a new version of "File:Sign potential difference.JPG"

Sign of Potential Difference

2016-04-17T20:02:48Z

Tquill:

Claimed by Tyler Quill, Spring 2016

This page provides an explanation to determine the sign of potential difference in which the sign shows whether energy is lost or gained by a moving charged particle.

==The Main Idea==
The potential difference is a quantity that represents a change in electric potential energy that a particle would experience moving through a region. Its most important quality is that it is independent of the charge in question. Multiplying the potential difference by the charge would yield the potential energy change said particle experiences. This relation is mathematically given by:
<math>\Delta U</math> = <math>\Delta V\cdot q</math>

Another useful form of potential difference can be represented by <math>\Delta V</math> = -<math>\vec{E}</math>●<math>\Delta \vec{x}</math>.
By determining the direction of particle's path relative to the direction of electric field, the sign of potential difference can then be determined. The sign of the potential difference then shows if there is an increase or a decrease in potential energy, and a consequent change in the kinetic energy.

Note that both of these explanations for Potential Difference are valid and are useful in different scenarios.

===An Energetic Approach===
The total energy of a closed, insulated system (Just fancy thermodynamic terms that mean there is no exchange of particles with the surroundings and there is no heat flow) can be given by the following equation:
<math>\Delta K</math> + <math>\Delta U</math> = <math>\Delta W</math>, where <math>\Delta K</math> is the change in kinetic energy, <math>\Delta U</math> is the change in potential energy, and <math>\Delta W</math> is the amount of work done. In just about every scenario in this course, the work done will be equal to zero, so the we are left with:
<math>\Delta K</math> + <math>\Delta U</math> = 0
This equation simply states that a decrease in the kinetic energy of a particle means an equal and opposite increase in the potential energy of the particle (energy is conserved). Using this relationship will allow one to better understand more complex problems of potential difference with moving particles and energy changes.

'''Example:''' A proton moves through a region of uniform electric field from point A to point B. While doing so, the proton's speed increases from 2,000 m/s to 4,300 m/s. Determine the potential difference between the proton's initial position and final position, and calculate the change in potential energy that an electron would experience moving through the same path.

1) Find the change in kinetic energy the proton experiences:
<math>\Delta KE</math> = <math> KE_{final} - KE_{initial}</math>, and since <math>KE</math>= <math> 1 \over 2</math> <math>\cdot m \cdot (v^2)</math>, we have:

<math>\Delta KE</math> =<math> 1 \over 2</math> <math>\cdot m \cdot (v_{final}^2 -v_{initial}^2)</math>.
Plugging in the numbers from the problem give: <math>\Delta KE</math> = <math> 1.210 \cdot 10^{-20} J</math> (recall that the mass of a proton is <math>1.67 \cdot 10^{-27} Kg</math>)

2) This change is equal and opposite of the change in potential energy of the proton. Thus the potential energy change is equal to <math> -1.210 \cdot 10^{-20} J</math>

3) Rearranging <math>\Delta U</math> = <math>\Delta V\cdot q</math>, we find that the potential difference <math> \Delta V_{A \rightarrow B} </math> = <math> \Delta U \over q_{proton} </math>. This gives us a potential difference ( <math> \Delta V_{A \rightarrow B} </math> ) of <math> -0.07562 </math> Volts

4) We now have the potential difference, so calculating the change in potential energy that an electron would experience moving from A to B is simple. We know the following relationship <math>\Delta U</math> = <math>\Delta V\cdot q</math> and have already solved for the value of <math> \Delta V_{A \rightarrow B} </math>, and the charge of an electron is known. Thus, multiplying these quantities gives us a <math> \Delta U_{A \rightarrow B} = 1.210 \cdot 10^{-20}J </math>

The general procedure for this type of problem is to calculate the change in potential energy and then use that to determine the potential difference based on the sign, and magnitude of the charge. It is also important to recognize how despite the potential energy changes for the proton and electron were of opposite sign, the sign of the potential difference is only positive. The potential difference does not care about the sign of the charge in question.

===Visual Model===
'''Electric field lines always point from a region of high potential to a region of low potential.''' If given a diagram of a problem, draw the electric field lines and the sign of the potential difference can be found by <math> final - initial</math>.
[[File:sign_potential_difference.jpg|thumb|upright=2.5|center]]

===A Mathematical Model===

Potential difference is the product of the electric field <math>\vec{E}</math> and the relative path <math>\Delta x</math>:
:<math>\Delta V</math> = -<math>\vec{E}</math>●<math>\Delta \vec{x}</math>

Sign of <math>\Delta V</math>
:<math>\Delta x</math> in the direction of <math>\vec{E}</math>: negative
:<math>\Delta x</math> in the opposite direction of <math>\vec{E}</math>: positvie
:<math>\Delta x</math> is perpendicular to the direction of <math>\vec{E}</math>: <math>\Delta V</math>=0

===A Computational Model===

[[File:Potential_diff.jpg]]

==Examples==

===Simple===

If <math>x_i</math> = <3,0,0> m, <math>x_f</math> = <5,0,0> m, and <math>\vec{E}</math> = <100,0,0> V/m:
:(Path is in the same direction as the electric field.)
:<math>\Delta \vec{x}</math> = <math>x_f</math> - <math>x_i</math> = <5,0,0> - <3,0,0> = <2,0,0> m
:<math>\Delta V</math> = -<math>\vec{E}</math>●<math>\Delta \vec{x}</math> = -<100,0,0>●<2,0,0> = -200 V

If <math>x_i</math> = <5,0,0> m, <math>x_f</math> = <3,0,0> m, and <math>\vec{E}</math> = <100,0,0> V/m:
:(Path is in the opposite direction of the electric field.)
:<math>\Delta \vec{x}</math> = <math>x_f</math> - <math>x_i</math> = <3,0,0> - <5,0,0> = <-2,0,0> m
:<math>\Delta V</math> = -<math>\vec{E}</math>●<math>\Delta \vec{x}</math> = -<100,0,0>●<-2,0,0> = 200 V

If <math>x_i</math> = <3,0,0> m, <math>x_f</math> = <5,0,0> m, and <math>\vec{E}</math> = <0,100,0> V/m:
:(Path is perpendicular to the electric field.)
:<math>\Delta \vec{x}</math> = <math>x_f</math> - <math>x_i</math> = <5,0,0> - <3,0,0> = <2,0,0> m
:<math>\Delta V</math> = -<math>\vec{E}</math>●<math>\Delta \vec{x}</math> = -<100,0,0>●<0,2,0> = 0 V

===Middling===

If Location A = <3,0,0>, Location B = <5,-3,1> and E = <100, 100, 0>
:<math>\Delta \vec{x}</math> = <math>x_f</math> - <math>x_i</math> = <5,-3,1> - <3,0,0> = <2,-3,1> m
:<math>\Delta V</math> = -<math>\vec{E}</math>●<math>\Delta \vec{x}</math> = -<100,100,0>●<2,-3,1> = <-200,300,0> V
:In x-direction, there is an electric field in the same direction as the path, so the potential difference is negative.
:In y-direction, there is an electric field in the opposite direction of the path, so the potential difference is positive.
:In z-direction, since the electric field is perpendicular to the path, so the potential difference is zero.

===Difficult===

[[File:Sign of V.jpg]]

An electron starts from rest near one plate of a charged capacitor, and travels in the -x direction, passing through a tiny hole in the capacitor. At the instant shown in the diagram, the electron is at the origin. At this moment the magnetic field at location A, due to the electron, is out of the page. The left plate of the capacitor is positive, and the right plate is positive. What would be the potential difference from location D to location C? What is the sign of it?

:<math>\Delta V</math> = -<math>\vec{E}</math>●<math>\Delta \vec{x}</math> = <math>\Delta V_C - \Delta V_D</math>
:By conservation of energy, potential energy = kinetic energy
:<math>q (\Delta V_C - \Delta V_D)</math> = <math>1/2mv^2</math>, where <math>q</math> is the charge of electron, <math>m</math> is the mass of electron, and <math>v</math> is the velocity that the electron is traveling.
:<math>\Delta V_C - \Delta V_D</math> = <math>1/2mv^2/q</math>
:The sign is positive since the electric field is going to the +x direction, whereas the electron is moving to the -x direction.

==Connectedness==
-Potential difference is connected to the concept of transmembrane potential which I am interested in. Potential difference between the outside and the inside of the cell membrane acts as a battery and provides important functions for us. The ion channels and ion pump proteins that are imbedded in the membrane allow ions to move across the membrane and create concentration gradients, which then create a potential difference that provides power to allow the transmission of the electric signals, such as those in our neurons and muscle cells. By opening and closing the ion channel, the signal is passed down to the next channels due to the change in potential. A brief video on this can be found [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Xiza8nLww-I here].

-As a Biomedical Engineering major, the concept of potential difference can be applied to the study of electric stimulation of cells. By causing the change in potential across the cells, voltage-dependent ion channels can be affected. From this concept, we can develop devices that are responsible for the signals of cells, such as a defibrillator.

-Industrial applications based on potential difference are again the devices that are used to affect the ion channels in which to allow activation or recovery of cell signals.

==History==

Most countries in the world and Europe use a voltage from 220 volts to 240 volts. In the other hand, most countries in the Americas and Japan use a voltage from 100 volts to 127 volts. In 19th century, Nikola Tesla determined that 60 Hz was the best frequency and preferred 240 volts for AC power while Thomas Edison preferred 110 volts. AEG, a German company, decided to build the first European generating facility with 50 Hz because 60 was dissatisfied by the sequence of the metric standard unit, and this standard was then spread out. Europe used to use 120 volts, but it was determined that higher voltage should be used to [http://www.worldstandards.eu/electricity/why-no-standard-voltage/ "get more power with less losses and voltage drop from the same copper wire diameter."] The U.S did not end up changing because the cost for all the replacement was too high; fridge and washing-machine were already common in an average U.S. household in the 50s-60s but not in Europe. Then, problems like light bulbs burning out quickly led to the splitting voltage into two 120 volts.

== See also ==

-Kinetic Energy and Potential Energy: The sign of potential difference shows whether energy is gained or lost from a moving particle. When there is an increase in potential energy <math>q \Delta V</math>, there is a decrease in kinetic energy, and vice-versa.

-Polarization and Electric Field: Potential difference can be caused by polarization in which the charged particles move in different paths affect each other.

-Simple Circuits: Topics under simple circuits are mostly related to potential difference since batteries are involved, such as in RC circuit, Loop rule, and current.

===Further reading===

[http://ww2.odu.edu/~jdudek/Phys112N_materials/2-potential.pdf electric potential and capacitance]

Matter & Interactions, Vol. II: Electric and Magnetic Interactions, 4nd Edition by R. Chabay & B.Sherwood (John Wiley & Sons 2015) (pp.635-637)

Dorf, Richard C. Sensors, Nanoscience, Biomedical Engineering, and Instruments. 3rd ed. N.p.: Taylor & Francis, 2006. Print.

===External links===

[http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/8418982 Optical measurements of transmembrane potential changes during electric field stimulation of ventricular cells.]

[http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/7641329 Optical transmembrane potential measurements during defibrillation-strength shocks in perfused rabbit hearts.]

[http://faculty.ucc.edu/biology-potter/transmembrane_potential.htm Transmembrane Potential]

==References==

Matter & Interactions, Vol. II: Electric and Magnetic Interactions, 4nd Edition by R. Chabay & B.Sherwood (John Wiley & Sons 2015) (pp.635-637)

SB1, Knisley, Blitchington TF, Hill BC, Grant AO, Smith WM, Pilkington TC, and Ideker RE. "Result Filters." National Center for Biotechnology Information. U.S. National Library of Medicine, Feb. 1993. Web. 22 Nov. 2015.

''potential-difference-in-uniform-electric-field''. Kshitij Education India. 22 Nov. 2015.

"Why Isn't There A standard Voltage around the World?" World Standards, 16 Aug. 2015. Web. 23 Nov. 2015.

[[Category:Fields]]

File:Sign potential difference.JPG

2016-04-17T19:55:23Z

Tquill: Tquill uploaded a new version of "File:Sign potential difference.JPG"

Sign of Potential Difference

2016-04-17T19:54:43Z

Tquill:

Claimed by Tyler Quill, Spring 2016

This page provides an explanation to determine the sign of potential difference in which the sign shows whether energy is lost or gained by a moving charged particle.

==The Main Idea==
The potential difference is a quantity that represents a change in electric potential energy that a particle would experience moving through a region. Its most important quality is that it is independent of the charge in question. Multiplying the potential difference by the charge would yield the potential energy change said particle experiences. This relation is mathematically given by:
<math>\Delta U</math> = <math>\Delta V\cdot q</math>

Another useful form of potential difference can be represented by <math>\Delta V</math> = -<math>\vec{E}</math>●<math>\Delta \vec{x}</math>.
By determining the direction of particle's path relative to the direction of electric field, the sign of potential difference can then be determined. The sign of the potential difference then shows if there is an increase or a decrease in potential energy, and a consequent change in the kinetic energy.

Note that both of these explanations for Potential Difference are valid and are useful in different scenarios.

===An Energetic Approach===
The total energy of a closed, insulated system (Just fancy thermodynamic terms that mean there is no exchange of particles with the surroundings and there is no heat flow) can be given by the following equation:
<math>\Delta K</math> + <math>\Delta U</math> = <math>\Delta W</math>, where <math>\Delta K</math> is the change in kinetic energy, <math>\Delta U</math> is the change in potential energy, and <math>\Delta W</math> is the amount of work done. In just about every scenario in this course, the work done will be equal to zero, so the we are left with:
<math>\Delta K</math> + <math>\Delta U</math> = 0
This equation simply states that a decrease in the kinetic energy of a particle means an equal and opposite increase in the potential energy of the particle (energy is conserved). Using this relationship will allow one to better understand more complex problems of potential difference with moving particles and energy changes.

'''Example:''' A proton moves through a region of uniform electric field from point A to point B. While doing so, the proton's speed increases from 2,000 m/s to 4,300 m/s. Determine the potential difference between the proton's initial position and final position, and calculate the change in potential energy that an electron would experience moving through the same path.

1) Find the change in kinetic energy the proton experiences:
<math>\Delta KE</math> = <math> KE_{final} - KE_{initial}</math>, and since <math>KE</math>= <math> 1 \over 2</math> <math>\cdot m \cdot (v^2)</math>, we have:

<math>\Delta KE</math> =<math> 1 \over 2</math> <math>\cdot m \cdot (v_{final}^2 -v_{initial}^2)</math>.
Plugging in the numbers from the problem give: <math>\Delta KE</math> = <math> 1.210 \cdot 10^{-20} J</math> (recall that the mass of a proton is <math>1.67 \cdot 10^{-27} Kg</math>)

2) This change is equal and opposite of the change in potential energy of the proton. Thus the potential energy change is equal to <math> -1.210 \cdot 10^{-20} J</math>

3) Rearranging <math>\Delta U</math> = <math>\Delta V\cdot q</math>, we find that the potential difference <math> \Delta V_{A \rightarrow B} </math> = <math> \Delta U \over q_{proton} </math>. This gives us a potential difference ( <math> \Delta V_{A \rightarrow B} </math> ) of <math> -0.07562 </math> Volts

4) We now have the potential difference, so calculating the change in potential energy that an electron would experience moving from A to B is simple. We know the following relationship <math>\Delta U</math> = <math>\Delta V\cdot q</math> and have already solved for the value of <math> \Delta V_{A \rightarrow B} </math>, and the charge of an electron is known. Thus, multiplying these quantities gives us a <math> \Delta U_{A \rightarrow B} = 1.210 \cdot 10^{-20}J </math>

The general procedure for this type of problem is to calculate the change in potential energy and then use that to determine the potential difference based on the sign, and magnitude of the charge. It is also important to recognize how despite the potential energy changes for the proton and electron were of opposite sign, the sign of the potential difference is only positive. The potential difference does not care about the sign of the charge in question.

===Visual Model===
'''Electric field lines always point from a region of high potential to a region of low potential.''' If given a diagram of a problem, draw the electric field lines and the sign of the potential difference can be found by <math> final - initial</math>.

[[File:sign_potential_difference.jpg]]

===A Mathematical Model===

Potential difference is the product of the electric field <math>\vec{E}</math> and the relative path <math>\Delta x</math>:
:<math>\Delta V</math> = -<math>\vec{E}</math>●<math>\Delta \vec{x}</math>

Sign of <math>\Delta V</math>
:<math>\Delta x</math> in the direction of <math>\vec{E}</math>: negative
:<math>\Delta x</math> in the opposite direction of <math>\vec{E}</math>: positvie
:<math>\Delta x</math> is perpendicular to the direction of <math>\vec{E}</math>: <math>\Delta V</math>=0

===A Computational Model===

[[File:Potential_diff.jpg]]

==Examples==

===Simple===

If <math>x_i</math> = <3,0,0> m, <math>x_f</math> = <5,0,0> m, and <math>\vec{E}</math> = <100,0,0> V/m:
:(Path is in the same direction as the electric field.)
:<math>\Delta \vec{x}</math> = <math>x_f</math> - <math>x_i</math> = <5,0,0> - <3,0,0> = <2,0,0> m
:<math>\Delta V</math> = -<math>\vec{E}</math>●<math>\Delta \vec{x}</math> = -<100,0,0>●<2,0,0> = -200 V

If <math>x_i</math> = <5,0,0> m, <math>x_f</math> = <3,0,0> m, and <math>\vec{E}</math> = <100,0,0> V/m:
:(Path is in the opposite direction of the electric field.)
:<math>\Delta \vec{x}</math> = <math>x_f</math> - <math>x_i</math> = <3,0,0> - <5,0,0> = <-2,0,0> m
:<math>\Delta V</math> = -<math>\vec{E}</math>●<math>\Delta \vec{x}</math> = -<100,0,0>●<-2,0,0> = 200 V

If <math>x_i</math> = <3,0,0> m, <math>x_f</math> = <5,0,0> m, and <math>\vec{E}</math> = <0,100,0> V/m:
:(Path is perpendicular to the electric field.)
:<math>\Delta \vec{x}</math> = <math>x_f</math> - <math>x_i</math> = <5,0,0> - <3,0,0> = <2,0,0> m
:<math>\Delta V</math> = -<math>\vec{E}</math>●<math>\Delta \vec{x}</math> = -<100,0,0>●<0,2,0> = 0 V

===Middling===

If Location A = <3,0,0>, Location B = <5,-3,1> and E = <100, 100, 0>
:<math>\Delta \vec{x}</math> = <math>x_f</math> - <math>x_i</math> = <5,-3,1> - <3,0,0> = <2,-3,1> m
:<math>\Delta V</math> = -<math>\vec{E}</math>●<math>\Delta \vec{x}</math> = -<100,100,0>●<2,-3,1> = <-200,300,0> V
:In x-direction, there is an electric field in the same direction as the path, so the potential difference is negative.
:In y-direction, there is an electric field in the opposite direction of the path, so the potential difference is positive.
:In z-direction, since the electric field is perpendicular to the path, so the potential difference is zero.

===Difficult===

[[File:Sign of V.jpg]]

An electron starts from rest near one plate of a charged capacitor, and travels in the -x direction, passing through a tiny hole in the capacitor. At the instant shown in the diagram, the electron is at the origin. At this moment the magnetic field at location A, due to the electron, is out of the page. The left plate of the capacitor is positive, and the right plate is positive. What would be the potential difference from location D to location C? What is the sign of it?

:<math>\Delta V</math> = -<math>\vec{E}</math>●<math>\Delta \vec{x}</math> = <math>\Delta V_C - \Delta V_D</math>
:By conservation of energy, potential energy = kinetic energy
:<math>q (\Delta V_C - \Delta V_D)</math> = <math>1/2mv^2</math>, where <math>q</math> is the charge of electron, <math>m</math> is the mass of electron, and <math>v</math> is the velocity that the electron is traveling.
:<math>\Delta V_C - \Delta V_D</math> = <math>1/2mv^2/q</math>
:The sign is positive since the electric field is going to the +x direction, whereas the electron is moving to the -x direction.

==Connectedness==
-Potential difference is connected to the concept of transmembrane potential which I am interested in. Potential difference between the outside and the inside of the cell membrane acts as a battery and provides important functions for us. The ion channels and ion pump proteins that are imbedded in the membrane allow ions to move across the membrane and create concentration gradients, which then create a potential difference that provides power to allow the transmission of the electric signals, such as those in our neurons and muscle cells. By opening and closing the ion channel, the signal is passed down to the next channels due to the change in potential. A brief video on this can be found [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Xiza8nLww-I here].

-As a Biomedical Engineering major, the concept of potential difference can be applied to the study of electric stimulation of cells. By causing the change in potential across the cells, voltage-dependent ion channels can be affected. From this concept, we can develop devices that are responsible for the signals of cells, such as a defibrillator.

-Industrial applications based on potential difference are again the devices that are used to affect the ion channels in which to allow activation or recovery of cell signals.

==History==

Most countries in the world and Europe use a voltage from 220 volts to 240 volts. In the other hand, most countries in the Americas and Japan use a voltage from 100 volts to 127 volts. In 19th century, Nikola Tesla determined that 60 Hz was the best frequency and preferred 240 volts for AC power while Thomas Edison preferred 110 volts. AEG, a German company, decided to build the first European generating facility with 50 Hz because 60 was dissatisfied by the sequence of the metric standard unit, and this standard was then spread out. Europe used to use 120 volts, but it was determined that higher voltage should be used to [http://www.worldstandards.eu/electricity/why-no-standard-voltage/ "get more power with less losses and voltage drop from the same copper wire diameter."] The U.S did not end up changing because the cost for all the replacement was too high; fridge and washing-machine were already common in an average U.S. household in the 50s-60s but not in Europe. Then, problems like light bulbs burning out quickly led to the splitting voltage into two 120 volts.

== See also ==

-Kinetic Energy and Potential Energy: The sign of potential difference shows whether energy is gained or lost from a moving particle. When there is an increase in potential energy <math>q \Delta V</math>, there is a decrease in kinetic energy, and vice-versa.

-Polarization and Electric Field: Potential difference can be caused by polarization in which the charged particles move in different paths affect each other.

-Simple Circuits: Topics under simple circuits are mostly related to potential difference since batteries are involved, such as in RC circuit, Loop rule, and current.

===Further reading===

[http://ww2.odu.edu/~jdudek/Phys112N_materials/2-potential.pdf electric potential and capacitance]

Matter & Interactions, Vol. II: Electric and Magnetic Interactions, 4nd Edition by R. Chabay & B.Sherwood (John Wiley & Sons 2015) (pp.635-637)

Dorf, Richard C. Sensors, Nanoscience, Biomedical Engineering, and Instruments. 3rd ed. N.p.: Taylor & Francis, 2006. Print.

===External links===

[http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/8418982 Optical measurements of transmembrane potential changes during electric field stimulation of ventricular cells.]

[http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/7641329 Optical transmembrane potential measurements during defibrillation-strength shocks in perfused rabbit hearts.]

[http://faculty.ucc.edu/biology-potter/transmembrane_potential.htm Transmembrane Potential]

==References==

Matter & Interactions, Vol. II: Electric and Magnetic Interactions, 4nd Edition by R. Chabay & B.Sherwood (John Wiley & Sons 2015) (pp.635-637)

SB1, Knisley, Blitchington TF, Hill BC, Grant AO, Smith WM, Pilkington TC, and Ideker RE. "Result Filters." National Center for Biotechnology Information. U.S. National Library of Medicine, Feb. 1993. Web. 22 Nov. 2015.

''potential-difference-in-uniform-electric-field''. Kshitij Education India. 22 Nov. 2015.

"Why Isn't There A standard Voltage around the World?" World Standards, 16 Aug. 2015. Web. 23 Nov. 2015.

[[Category:Fields]]

File:Sign potential difference.jpg

2016-04-17T19:47:40Z

Tquill:

File:Sign potential difference.JPG

2016-04-17T19:46:10Z

Tquill:

Sign of Potential Difference

2016-04-17T19:44:34Z

Tquill:

Claimed by Tyler Quill, Spring 2016

This page provides an explanation to determine the sign of potential difference in which the sign shows whether energy is lost or gained by a moving charged particle.

==The Main Idea==
The potential difference is a quantity that represents a change in electric potential energy that a particle would experience moving through a region. Its most important quality is that it is independent of the charge in question. Multiplying the potential difference by the charge would yield the potential energy change said particle experiences. This relation is mathematically given by:
<math>\Delta U</math> = <math>\Delta V\cdot q</math>

Another useful form of potential difference can be represented by <math>\Delta V</math> = -<math>\vec{E}</math>●<math>\Delta \vec{x}</math>.
By determining the direction of particle's path relative to the direction of electric field, the sign of potential difference can then be determined. The sign of the potential difference then shows if there is an increase or a decrease in potential energy, and a consequent change in the kinetic energy.

Note that both of these explanations for Potential Difference are valid and are useful in different scenarios.

===An Energetic Approach===
The total energy of a closed, insulated system (Just fancy thermodynamic terms that mean there is no exchange of particles with the surroundings and there is no heat flow) can be given by the following equation:
<math>\Delta K</math> + <math>\Delta U</math> = <math>\Delta W</math>, where <math>\Delta K</math> is the change in kinetic energy, <math>\Delta U</math> is the change in potential energy, and <math>\Delta W</math> is the amount of work done. In just about every scenario in this course, the work done will be equal to zero, so the we are left with:
<math>\Delta K</math> + <math>\Delta U</math> = 0
This equation simply states that a decrease in the kinetic energy of a particle means an equal and opposite increase in the potential energy of the particle (energy is conserved). Using this relationship will allow one to better understand more complex problems of potential difference with moving particles and energy changes.

'''Example:''' A proton moves through a region of uniform electric field from point A to point B. While doing so, the proton's speed increases from 2,000 m/s to 4,300 m/s. Determine the potential difference between the proton's initial position and final position, and calculate the change in potential energy that an electron would experience moving through the same path.

1) Find the change in kinetic energy the proton experiences:
<math>\Delta KE</math> = <math> KE_{final} - KE_{initial}</math>, and since <math>KE</math>= <math> 1 \over 2</math> <math>\cdot m \cdot (v^2)</math>, we have:

<math>\Delta KE</math> =<math> 1 \over 2</math> <math>\cdot m \cdot (v_{final}^2 -v_{initial}^2)</math>.
Plugging in the numbers from the problem give: <math>\Delta KE</math> = <math> 1.210 \cdot 10^{-20} J</math> (recall that the mass of a proton is <math>1.67 \cdot 10^{-27} Kg</math>)

2) This change is equal and opposite of the change in potential energy of the proton. Thus the potential energy change is equal to <math> -1.210 \cdot 10^{-20} J</math>

3) Rearranging <math>\Delta U</math> = <math>\Delta V\cdot q</math>, we find that the potential difference <math> \Delta V_{A \rightarrow B} </math> = <math> \Delta U \over q_{proton} </math>. This gives us a potential difference ( <math> \Delta V_{A \rightarrow B} </math> ) of <math> -0.07562 </math> Volts

4) We now have the potential difference, so calculating the change in potential energy that an electron would experience moving from A to B is simple. We know the following relationship <math>\Delta U</math> = <math>\Delta V\cdot q</math> and have already solved for the value of <math> \Delta V_{A \rightarrow B} </math>, and the charge of an electron is known. Thus, multiplying these quantities gives us a <math> \Delta U_{A \rightarrow B} = 1.210 \cdot 10^{-20}J </math>

The general procedure for this type of problem is to calculate the change in potential energy and then use that to determine the potential difference based on the sign, and magnitude of the charge. It is also important to recognize how despite the potential energy changes for the proton and electron were of opposite sign, the sign of the potential difference is only positive. The potential difference does not care about the sign of the charge in question.

===Visual Model===
'''Electric field lines always point from a region of high potential to a region of low potential.''' If given a diagram of a problem, draw the electric field lines and the sign of the potential difference can be found by <math> final - initial</math>.
[[File:sign_potential_difference.jpg]]

===A Mathematical Model===

Potential difference is the product of the electric field <math>\vec{E}</math> and the relative path <math>\Delta x</math>:
:<math>\Delta V</math> = -<math>\vec{E}</math>●<math>\Delta \vec{x}</math>

Sign of <math>\Delta V</math>
:<math>\Delta x</math> in the direction of <math>\vec{E}</math>: negative
:<math>\Delta x</math> in the opposite direction of <math>\vec{E}</math>: positvie
:<math>\Delta x</math> is perpendicular to the direction of <math>\vec{E}</math>: <math>\Delta V</math>=0

===A Computational Model===

[[File:Potential_diff.jpg]]

==Examples==

===Simple===

If <math>x_i</math> = <3,0,0> m, <math>x_f</math> = <5,0,0> m, and <math>\vec{E}</math> = <100,0,0> V/m:
:(Path is in the same direction as the electric field.)
:<math>\Delta \vec{x}</math> = <math>x_f</math> - <math>x_i</math> = <5,0,0> - <3,0,0> = <2,0,0> m
:<math>\Delta V</math> = -<math>\vec{E}</math>●<math>\Delta \vec{x}</math> = -<100,0,0>●<2,0,0> = -200 V

If <math>x_i</math> = <5,0,0> m, <math>x_f</math> = <3,0,0> m, and <math>\vec{E}</math> = <100,0,0> V/m:
:(Path is in the opposite direction of the electric field.)
:<math>\Delta \vec{x}</math> = <math>x_f</math> - <math>x_i</math> = <3,0,0> - <5,0,0> = <-2,0,0> m
:<math>\Delta V</math> = -<math>\vec{E}</math>●<math>\Delta \vec{x}</math> = -<100,0,0>●<-2,0,0> = 200 V

If <math>x_i</math> = <3,0,0> m, <math>x_f</math> = <5,0,0> m, and <math>\vec{E}</math> = <0,100,0> V/m:
:(Path is perpendicular to the electric field.)
:<math>\Delta \vec{x}</math> = <math>x_f</math> - <math>x_i</math> = <5,0,0> - <3,0,0> = <2,0,0> m
:<math>\Delta V</math> = -<math>\vec{E}</math>●<math>\Delta \vec{x}</math> = -<100,0,0>●<0,2,0> = 0 V

===Middling===

If Location A = <3,0,0>, Location B = <5,-3,1> and E = <100, 100, 0>
:<math>\Delta \vec{x}</math> = <math>x_f</math> - <math>x_i</math> = <5,-3,1> - <3,0,0> = <2,-3,1> m
:<math>\Delta V</math> = -<math>\vec{E}</math>●<math>\Delta \vec{x}</math> = -<100,100,0>●<2,-3,1> = <-200,300,0> V
:In x-direction, there is an electric field in the same direction as the path, so the potential difference is negative.
:In y-direction, there is an electric field in the opposite direction of the path, so the potential difference is positive.
:In z-direction, since the electric field is perpendicular to the path, so the potential difference is zero.

===Difficult===

[[File:Sign of V.jpg]]

An electron starts from rest near one plate of a charged capacitor, and travels in the -x direction, passing through a tiny hole in the capacitor. At the instant shown in the diagram, the electron is at the origin. At this moment the magnetic field at location A, due to the electron, is out of the page. The left plate of the capacitor is positive, and the right plate is positive. What would be the potential difference from location D to location C? What is the sign of it?

:<math>\Delta V</math> = -<math>\vec{E}</math>●<math>\Delta \vec{x}</math> = <math>\Delta V_C - \Delta V_D</math>
:By conservation of energy, potential energy = kinetic energy
:<math>q (\Delta V_C - \Delta V_D)</math> = <math>1/2mv^2</math>, where <math>q</math> is the charge of electron, <math>m</math> is the mass of electron, and <math>v</math> is the velocity that the electron is traveling.
:<math>\Delta V_C - \Delta V_D</math> = <math>1/2mv^2/q</math>
:The sign is positive since the electric field is going to the +x direction, whereas the electron is moving to the -x direction.

==Connectedness==
-Potential difference is connected to the concept of transmembrane potential which I am interested in. Potential difference between the outside and the inside of the cell membrane acts as a battery and provides important functions for us. The ion channels and ion pump proteins that are imbedded in the membrane allow ions to move across the membrane and create concentration gradients, which then create a potential difference that provides power to allow the transmission of the electric signals, such as those in our neurons and muscle cells. By opening and closing the ion channel, the signal is passed down to the next channels due to the change in potential. A brief video on this can be found [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Xiza8nLww-I here].

-As a Biomedical Engineering major, the concept of potential difference can be applied to the study of electric stimulation of cells. By causing the change in potential across the cells, voltage-dependent ion channels can be affected. From this concept, we can develop devices that are responsible for the signals of cells, such as a defibrillator.

-Industrial applications based on potential difference are again the devices that are used to affect the ion channels in which to allow activation or recovery of cell signals.

==History==

Most countries in the world and Europe use a voltage from 220 volts to 240 volts. In the other hand, most countries in the Americas and Japan use a voltage from 100 volts to 127 volts. In 19th century, Nikola Tesla determined that 60 Hz was the best frequency and preferred 240 volts for AC power while Thomas Edison preferred 110 volts. AEG, a German company, decided to build the first European generating facility with 50 Hz because 60 was dissatisfied by the sequence of the metric standard unit, and this standard was then spread out. Europe used to use 120 volts, but it was determined that higher voltage should be used to [http://www.worldstandards.eu/electricity/why-no-standard-voltage/ "get more power with less losses and voltage drop from the same copper wire diameter."] The U.S did not end up changing because the cost for all the replacement was too high; fridge and washing-machine were already common in an average U.S. household in the 50s-60s but not in Europe. Then, problems like light bulbs burning out quickly led to the splitting voltage into two 120 volts.

== See also ==

-Kinetic Energy and Potential Energy: The sign of potential difference shows whether energy is gained or lost from a moving particle. When there is an increase in potential energy <math>q \Delta V</math>, there is a decrease in kinetic energy, and vice-versa.

-Polarization and Electric Field: Potential difference can be caused by polarization in which the charged particles move in different paths affect each other.

-Simple Circuits: Topics under simple circuits are mostly related to potential difference since batteries are involved, such as in RC circuit, Loop rule, and current.

===Further reading===

[http://ww2.odu.edu/~jdudek/Phys112N_materials/2-potential.pdf electric potential and capacitance]

Matter & Interactions, Vol. II: Electric and Magnetic Interactions, 4nd Edition by R. Chabay & B.Sherwood (John Wiley & Sons 2015) (pp.635-637)

Dorf, Richard C. Sensors, Nanoscience, Biomedical Engineering, and Instruments. 3rd ed. N.p.: Taylor & Francis, 2006. Print.

===External links===

[http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/8418982 Optical measurements of transmembrane potential changes during electric field stimulation of ventricular cells.]

[http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/7641329 Optical transmembrane potential measurements during defibrillation-strength shocks in perfused rabbit hearts.]

[http://faculty.ucc.edu/biology-potter/transmembrane_potential.htm Transmembrane Potential]

==References==

Matter & Interactions, Vol. II: Electric and Magnetic Interactions, 4nd Edition by R. Chabay & B.Sherwood (John Wiley & Sons 2015) (pp.635-637)

SB1, Knisley, Blitchington TF, Hill BC, Grant AO, Smith WM, Pilkington TC, and Ideker RE. "Result Filters." National Center for Biotechnology Information. U.S. National Library of Medicine, Feb. 1993. Web. 22 Nov. 2015.

''potential-difference-in-uniform-electric-field''. Kshitij Education India. 22 Nov. 2015.

"Why Isn't There A standard Voltage around the World?" World Standards, 16 Aug. 2015. Web. 23 Nov. 2015.

[[Category:Fields]]

Sign of Potential Difference

2016-04-17T19:32:44Z

Tquill:

Claimed by Tyler Quill, Spring 2016

This page provides an explanation to determine the sign of potential difference in which the sign shows whether energy is lost or gained by a moving charged particle.

==The Main Idea==
The potential difference is a quantity that represents a change in electric potential energy that a particle would experience moving through a region. Its most important quality is that it is independent of the charge in question. Multiplying the potential difference by the charge would yield the potential energy change said particle experiences. This relation is mathematically given by:
<math>\Delta U</math> = <math>\Delta V\cdot q</math>

Another useful form of potential difference can be represented by <math>\Delta V</math> = -<math>\vec{E}</math>●<math>\Delta \vec{x}</math>.
By determining the direction of particle's path relative to the direction of electric field, the sign of potential difference can then be determined. The sign of the potential difference then shows if there is an increase or a decrease in potential energy, and a consequent change in the kinetic energy.

Note that both of these explanations for Potential Difference are valid and are useful in different scenarios.

===An Energetic Approach===
The total energy of a closed, insulated system (Just fancy thermodynamic terms that mean there is no exchange of particles with the surroundings and there is no heat flow) can be given by the following equation:
<math>\Delta K</math> + <math>\Delta U</math> = <math>\Delta W</math>, where <math>\Delta K</math> is the change in kinetic energy, <math>\Delta U</math> is the change in potential energy, and <math>\Delta W</math> is the amount of work done. In just about every scenario in this course, the work done will be equal to zero, so the we are left with:
<math>\Delta K</math> + <math>\Delta U</math> = 0
This equation simply states that a decrease in the kinetic energy of a particle means an equal and opposite increase in the potential energy of the particle (energy is conserved). Using this relationship will allow one to better understand more complex problems of potential difference with moving particles and energy changes.

'''Example:''' A proton moves through a region of uniform electric field from point A to point B. While doing so, the proton's speed increases from 2,000 m/s to 4,300 m/s. Determine the potential difference between the proton's initial position and final position, and calculate the change in potential energy that an electron would experience moving through the same path.

1) Find the change in kinetic energy the proton experiences:
<math>\Delta KE</math> = <math> KE_{final} - KE_{initial}</math>, and since <math>KE</math>= <math> 1 \over 2</math> <math>\cdot m \cdot (v^2)</math>, we have:

<math>\Delta KE</math> =<math> 1 \over 2</math> <math>\cdot m \cdot (v_{final}^2 -v_{initial}^2)</math>.
Plugging in the numbers from the problem give: <math>\Delta KE</math> = <math> 1.210 \cdot 10^{-20} J</math> (recall that the mass of a proton is <math>1.67 \cdot 10^{-27} Kg</math>)

2) This change is equal and opposite of the change in potential energy of the proton. Thus the potential energy change is equal to <math> -1.210 \cdot 10^{-20} J</math>

3) Rearranging <math>\Delta U</math> = <math>\Delta V\cdot q</math>, we find that the potential difference <math> \Delta V_{A \rightarrow B} </math> = <math> \Delta U \over q_{proton} </math>. This gives us a potential difference ( <math> \Delta V_{A \rightarrow B} </math> ) of <math> -0.07562 </math> Volts

4) We now have the potential difference, so calculating the change in potential energy that an electron would experience moving from A to B is simple. We know the following relationship <math>\Delta U</math> = <math>\Delta V\cdot q</math> and have already solved for the value of <math> \Delta V_{A \rightarrow B} </math>, and the charge of an electron is known. Thus, multiplying these quantities gives us a <math> \Delta U_{A \rightarrow B} = 1.210 \cdot 10^{-20}J </math>

The general procedure for this type of problem is to calculate the change in potential energy and then use that to determine the potential difference based on the sign, and magnitude of the charge. It is also important to recognize how despite the potential energy changes for the proton and electron were of opposite sign, the sign of the potential difference is only positive. The potential difference does not care about the sign of the charge in question.

===A Mathematical Model===

Potential difference is the product of the electric field <math>\vec{E}</math> and the relative path <math>\Delta x</math>:
:<math>\Delta V</math> = -<math>\vec{E}</math>●<math>\Delta \vec{x}</math>

Sign of <math>\Delta V</math>
:<math>\Delta x</math> in the direction of <math>\vec{E}</math>: negative
:<math>\Delta x</math> in the opposite direction of <math>\vec{E}</math>: positvie
:<math>\Delta x</math> is perpendicular to the direction of <math>\vec{E}</math>: <math>\Delta V</math>=0

===A Computational Model===

[[File:Potential_diff.jpg]]

==Examples==

===Simple===

If <math>x_i</math> = <3,0,0> m, <math>x_f</math> = <5,0,0> m, and <math>\vec{E}</math> = <100,0,0> V/m:
:(Path is in the same direction as the electric field.)
:<math>\Delta \vec{x}</math> = <math>x_f</math> - <math>x_i</math> = <5,0,0> - <3,0,0> = <2,0,0> m
:<math>\Delta V</math> = -<math>\vec{E}</math>●<math>\Delta \vec{x}</math> = -<100,0,0>●<2,0,0> = -200 V

If <math>x_i</math> = <5,0,0> m, <math>x_f</math> = <3,0,0> m, and <math>\vec{E}</math> = <100,0,0> V/m:
:(Path is in the opposite direction of the electric field.)
:<math>\Delta \vec{x}</math> = <math>x_f</math> - <math>x_i</math> = <3,0,0> - <5,0,0> = <-2,0,0> m
:<math>\Delta V</math> = -<math>\vec{E}</math>●<math>\Delta \vec{x}</math> = -<100,0,0>●<-2,0,0> = 200 V

If <math>x_i</math> = <3,0,0> m, <math>x_f</math> = <5,0,0> m, and <math>\vec{E}</math> = <0,100,0> V/m:
:(Path is perpendicular to the electric field.)
:<math>\Delta \vec{x}</math> = <math>x_f</math> - <math>x_i</math> = <5,0,0> - <3,0,0> = <2,0,0> m
:<math>\Delta V</math> = -<math>\vec{E}</math>●<math>\Delta \vec{x}</math> = -<100,0,0>●<0,2,0> = 0 V

===Middling===

If Location A = <3,0,0>, Location B = <5,-3,1> and E = <100, 100, 0>
:<math>\Delta \vec{x}</math> = <math>x_f</math> - <math>x_i</math> = <5,-3,1> - <3,0,0> = <2,-3,1> m
:<math>\Delta V</math> = -<math>\vec{E}</math>●<math>\Delta \vec{x}</math> = -<100,100,0>●<2,-3,1> = <-200,300,0> V
:In x-direction, there is an electric field in the same direction as the path, so the potential difference is negative.
:In y-direction, there is an electric field in the opposite direction of the path, so the potential difference is positive.
:In z-direction, since the electric field is perpendicular to the path, so the potential difference is zero.

===Difficult===

[[File:Sign of V.jpg]]

An electron starts from rest near one plate of a charged capacitor, and travels in the -x direction, passing through a tiny hole in the capacitor. At the instant shown in the diagram, the electron is at the origin. At this moment the magnetic field at location A, due to the electron, is out of the page. The left plate of the capacitor is positive, and the right plate is positive. What would be the potential difference from location D to location C? What is the sign of it?

:<math>\Delta V</math> = -<math>\vec{E}</math>●<math>\Delta \vec{x}</math> = <math>\Delta V_C - \Delta V_D</math>
:By conservation of energy, potential energy = kinetic energy
:<math>q (\Delta V_C - \Delta V_D)</math> = <math>1/2mv^2</math>, where <math>q</math> is the charge of electron, <math>m</math> is the mass of electron, and <math>v</math> is the velocity that the electron is traveling.
:<math>\Delta V_C - \Delta V_D</math> = <math>1/2mv^2/q</math>
:The sign is positive since the electric field is going to the +x direction, whereas the electron is moving to the -x direction.

==Connectedness==
-Potential difference is connected to the concept of transmembrane potential which I am interested in. Potential difference between the outside and the inside of the cell membrane acts as a battery and provides important functions for us. The ion channels and ion pump proteins that are imbedded in the membrane allow ions to move across the membrane and create concentration gradients, which then create a potential difference that provides power to allow the transmission of the electric signals, such as those in our neurons and muscle cells. By opening and closing the ion channel, the signal is passed down to the next channels due to the change in potential. A brief video on this can be found [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Xiza8nLww-I here].

-As a Biomedical Engineering major, the concept of potential difference can be applied to the study of electric stimulation of cells. By causing the change in potential across the cells, voltage-dependent ion channels can be affected. From this concept, we can develop devices that are responsible for the signals of cells, such as a defibrillator.

-Industrial applications based on potential difference are again the devices that are used to affect the ion channels in which to allow activation or recovery of cell signals.

==History==

Most countries in the world and Europe use a voltage from 220 volts to 240 volts. In the other hand, most countries in the Americas and Japan use a voltage from 100 volts to 127 volts. In 19th century, Nikola Tesla determined that 60 Hz was the best frequency and preferred 240 volts for AC power while Thomas Edison preferred 110 volts. AEG, a German company, decided to build the first European generating facility with 50 Hz because 60 was dissatisfied by the sequence of the metric standard unit, and this standard was then spread out. Europe used to use 120 volts, but it was determined that higher voltage should be used to [http://www.worldstandards.eu/electricity/why-no-standard-voltage/ "get more power with less losses and voltage drop from the same copper wire diameter."] The U.S did not end up changing because the cost for all the replacement was too high; fridge and washing-machine were already common in an average U.S. household in the 50s-60s but not in Europe. Then, problems like light bulbs burning out quickly led to the splitting voltage into two 120 volts.

== See also ==

-Kinetic Energy and Potential Energy: The sign of potential difference shows whether energy is gained or lost from a moving particle. When there is an increase in potential energy <math>q \Delta V</math>, there is a decrease in kinetic energy, and vice-versa.

-Polarization and Electric Field: Potential difference can be caused by polarization in which the charged particles move in different paths affect each other.

-Simple Circuits: Topics under simple circuits are mostly related to potential difference since batteries are involved, such as in RC circuit, Loop rule, and current.

===Further reading===

[http://ww2.odu.edu/~jdudek/Phys112N_materials/2-potential.pdf electric potential and capacitance]

Matter & Interactions, Vol. II: Electric and Magnetic Interactions, 4nd Edition by R. Chabay & B.Sherwood (John Wiley & Sons 2015) (pp.635-637)

Dorf, Richard C. Sensors, Nanoscience, Biomedical Engineering, and Instruments. 3rd ed. N.p.: Taylor & Francis, 2006. Print.

===External links===

[http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/8418982 Optical measurements of transmembrane potential changes during electric field stimulation of ventricular cells.]

[http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/7641329 Optical transmembrane potential measurements during defibrillation-strength shocks in perfused rabbit hearts.]

[http://faculty.ucc.edu/biology-potter/transmembrane_potential.htm Transmembrane Potential]

==References==

Matter & Interactions, Vol. II: Electric and Magnetic Interactions, 4nd Edition by R. Chabay & B.Sherwood (John Wiley & Sons 2015) (pp.635-637)

SB1, Knisley, Blitchington TF, Hill BC, Grant AO, Smith WM, Pilkington TC, and Ideker RE. "Result Filters." National Center for Biotechnology Information. U.S. National Library of Medicine, Feb. 1993. Web. 22 Nov. 2015.

''potential-difference-in-uniform-electric-field''. Kshitij Education India. 22 Nov. 2015.

"Why Isn't There A standard Voltage around the World?" World Standards, 16 Aug. 2015. Web. 23 Nov. 2015.

[[Category:Fields]]

Sign of Potential Difference

2016-04-17T08:04:38Z

Tquill:

Claimed by Tyler Quill, Spring 2016

This page provides an explanation to determine the sign of potential difference in which the sign shows whether energy is lost or gained by a moving charged particle.

==The Main Idea==

By determining the direction of particle's path relative to the direction of electric field, the sign of potential difference can then be determined. The sign of the potential difference then shows if there is an increase or a decrease in potential energy, and a resulting change as in the kinetic energy.

===A Conceptual Approach===
The potential difference is a quantity that represents an electric potential energy change a particle would experience moving through a region. Its most important quality is that it is independent of the charge in question. Multiplying the potential difference by the charge would yield the potential energy change said particle experiences. This relation is mathematically given by:
<math>\Delta U</math> = <math>\Delta V\cdot q</math>

This means that an increase in potential energy for an electron, a negative charge, gives a negative potential difference. It is very important to remember that the sign of the charge is very important when it comes to potential difference. For simplicity, let's imagine that we have a proton. If the proton experiences an increase in potential energy (perhaps it moved closer to another positive point charge), then the corresponding potential difference would be positive because the proton ended up with more potential energy than it started with (Recall:<math>\Delta V</math> = final state- initial state), and the charge of the proton is positive. If an electron underwent the exact same process: experiences an increase in potential energy, the potential difference would indeed be negative due to the sign of the charge of an electron.

The total energy of a closed, insulated system (Just fancy thermodynamic terms that mean there is no exchange of particles with the surroundings and there is no heat flow) can be given by the following equation:
<math>\Delta K</math> + <math>\Delta U</math> = <math>\Delta W</math>, where <math>\Delta K</math> is the change in kinetic energy, <math>\Delta U</math> is the change in potential energy, and <math>\Delta W</math> is the amount of work done. In just about every scenario in this course, the work done will be equal to zero, so the we are left with:
<math>\Delta K</math> + <math>\Delta U</math> = 0
This equation is simply stating that a decrease in the kinetic energy of a particle means an increase in the potential energy of the particle. Using this relation ship will allow one to better understand more complex problems of potential difference with moving particles.

===A Mathematical Model===

Potential difference is the product of the electric field <math>\vec{E}</math> and the relative path <math>\Delta x</math>:
:<math>\Delta V</math> = -<math>\vec{E}</math>●<math>\Delta \vec{x}</math>

Sign of <math>\Delta V</math>
:<math>\Delta x</math> in the direction of <math>\vec{E}</math>: negative
:<math>\Delta x</math> in the opposite direction of <math>\vec{E}</math>: positvie
:<math>\Delta x</math> is perpendicular to the direction of <math>\vec{E}</math>: <math>\Delta V</math>=0

===A Computational Model===

[[File:Potential_diff.jpg]]

==Examples==

===Simple===

If <math>x_i</math> = <3,0,0> m, <math>x_f</math> = <5,0,0> m, and <math>\vec{E}</math> = <100,0,0> V/m:
:(Path is in the same direction as the electric field.)
:<math>\Delta \vec{x}</math> = <math>x_f</math> - <math>x_i</math> = <5,0,0> - <3,0,0> = <2,0,0> m
:<math>\Delta V</math> = -<math>\vec{E}</math>●<math>\Delta \vec{x}</math> = -<100,0,0>●<2,0,0> = -200 V

If <math>x_i</math> = <5,0,0> m, <math>x_f</math> = <3,0,0> m, and <math>\vec{E}</math> = <100,0,0> V/m:
:(Path is in the opposite direction of the electric field.)
:<math>\Delta \vec{x}</math> = <math>x_f</math> - <math>x_i</math> = <3,0,0> - <5,0,0> = <-2,0,0> m
:<math>\Delta V</math> = -<math>\vec{E}</math>●<math>\Delta \vec{x}</math> = -<100,0,0>●<-2,0,0> = 200 V

If <math>x_i</math> = <3,0,0> m, <math>x_f</math> = <5,0,0> m, and <math>\vec{E}</math> = <0,100,0> V/m:
:(Path is perpendicular to the electric field.)
:<math>\Delta \vec{x}</math> = <math>x_f</math> - <math>x_i</math> = <5,0,0> - <3,0,0> = <2,0,0> m
:<math>\Delta V</math> = -<math>\vec{E}</math>●<math>\Delta \vec{x}</math> = -<100,0,0>●<0,2,0> = 0 V

===Middling===

If Location A = <3,0,0>, Location B = <5,-3,1> and E = <100, 100, 0>
:<math>\Delta \vec{x}</math> = <math>x_f</math> - <math>x_i</math> = <5,-3,1> - <3,0,0> = <2,-3,1> m
:<math>\Delta V</math> = -<math>\vec{E}</math>●<math>\Delta \vec{x}</math> = -<100,100,0>●<2,-3,1> = <-200,300,0> V
:In x-direction, there is an electric field in the same direction as the path, so the potential difference is negative.
:In y-direction, there is an electric field in the opposite direction of the path, so the potential difference is positive.
:In z-direction, since the electric field is perpendicular to the path, so the potential difference is zero.

===Difficult===

[[File:Sign of V.jpg]]

An electron starts from rest near one plate of a charged capacitor, and travels in the -x direction, passing through a tiny hole in the capacitor. At the instant shown in the diagram, the electron is at the origin. At this moment the magnetic field at location A, due to the electron, is out of the page. The left plate of the capacitor is positive, and the right plate is positive. What would be the potential difference from location D to location C? What is the sign of it?

:<math>\Delta V</math> = -<math>\vec{E}</math>●<math>\Delta \vec{x}</math> = <math>\Delta V_C - \Delta V_D</math>
:By conservation of energy, potential energy = kinetic energy
:<math>q (\Delta V_C - \Delta V_D)</math> = <math>1/2mv^2</math>, where <math>q</math> is the charge of electron, <math>m</math> is the mass of electron, and <math>v</math> is the velocity that the electron is traveling.
:<math>\Delta V_C - \Delta V_D</math> = <math>1/2mv^2/q</math>
:The sign is positive since the electric field is going to the +x direction, whereas the electron is moving to the -x direction.

==Connectedness==
-Potential difference is connected to the concept of transmembrane potential which I am interested in. Potential difference between the outside and the inside of the cell membrane acts as a battery and provides important functions for us. The ion channels and ion pump proteins that are imbedded in the membrane allow ions to move across the membrane and create concentration gradients, which then create a potential difference that provides power to allow the transmission of the electric signals, such as those in our neurons and muscle cells. By opening and closing the ion channel, the signal is passed down to the next channels due to the change in potential. A brief video on this can be found [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Xiza8nLww-I here].

-As a Biomedical Engineering major, the concept of potential difference can be applied to the study of electric stimulation of cells. By causing the change in potential across the cells, voltage-dependent ion channels can be affected. From this concept, we can develop devices that are responsible for the signals of cells, such as a defibrillator.

-Industrial applications based on potential difference are again the devices that are used to affect the ion channels in which to allow activation or recovery of cell signals.

==History==

Most countries in the world and Europe use a voltage from 220 volts to 240 volts. In the other hand, most countries in the Americas and Japan use a voltage from 100 volts to 127 volts. In 19th century, Nikola Tesla determined that 60 Hz was the best frequency and preferred 240 volts for AC power while Thomas Edison preferred 110 volts. AEG, a German company, decided to build the first European generating facility with 50 Hz because 60 was dissatisfied by the sequence of the metric standard unit, and this standard was then spread out. Europe used to use 120 volts, but it was determined that higher voltage should be used to [http://www.worldstandards.eu/electricity/why-no-standard-voltage/ "get more power with less losses and voltage drop from the same copper wire diameter."] The U.S did not end up changing because the cost for all the replacement was too high; fridge and washing-machine were already common in an average U.S. household in the 50s-60s but not in Europe. Then, problems like light bulbs burning out quickly led to the splitting voltage into two 120 volts.

== See also ==

-Kinetic Energy and Potential Energy: The sign of potential difference shows whether energy is gained or lost from a moving particle. When there is an increase in potential energy <math>q \Delta V</math>, there is a decrease in kinetic energy, and vice-versa.

-Polarization and Electric Field: Potential difference can be caused by polarization in which the charged particles move in different paths affect each other.

-Simple Circuits: Topics under simple circuits are mostly related to potential difference since batteries are involved, such as in RC circuit, Loop rule, and current.

===Further reading===

[http://ww2.odu.edu/~jdudek/Phys112N_materials/2-potential.pdf electric potential and capacitance]

Matter & Interactions, Vol. II: Electric and Magnetic Interactions, 4nd Edition by R. Chabay & B.Sherwood (John Wiley & Sons 2015) (pp.635-637)

Dorf, Richard C. Sensors, Nanoscience, Biomedical Engineering, and Instruments. 3rd ed. N.p.: Taylor & Francis, 2006. Print.

===External links===

[http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/8418982 Optical measurements of transmembrane potential changes during electric field stimulation of ventricular cells.]

[http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/7641329 Optical transmembrane potential measurements during defibrillation-strength shocks in perfused rabbit hearts.]

[http://faculty.ucc.edu/biology-potter/transmembrane_potential.htm Transmembrane Potential]

==References==

Matter & Interactions, Vol. II: Electric and Magnetic Interactions, 4nd Edition by R. Chabay & B.Sherwood (John Wiley & Sons 2015) (pp.635-637)

SB1, Knisley, Blitchington TF, Hill BC, Grant AO, Smith WM, Pilkington TC, and Ideker RE. "Result Filters." National Center for Biotechnology Information. U.S. National Library of Medicine, Feb. 1993. Web. 22 Nov. 2015.

''potential-difference-in-uniform-electric-field''. Kshitij Education India. 22 Nov. 2015.

"Why Isn't There A standard Voltage around the World?" World Standards, 16 Aug. 2015. Web. 23 Nov. 2015.

[[Category:Fields]]

Sign of Potential Difference

2016-04-17T06:31:39Z

Tquill:

Claimed by Tyler Quill, Spring 2016

This page provides an explanation to determine the sign of potential difference in which the sign shows whether energy is lost or gained by a moving charged particle.

==The Main Idea==

By determining the direction of path relative to the direction of electric field, the sign of potential difference can then be determined. The sign of potential difference then shows if there is an increase or a decrease in potential energy, as well as kinetic energy.

===A Mathematical Model===

Potential difference is the product of the electric field <math>\vec{E}</math> and the relative path <math>\Delta x</math>:
:<math>\Delta V</math> = -<math>\vec{E}</math>●<math>\Delta \vec{x}</math>

Sign of <math>\Delta V</math>
:<math>\Delta x</math> in the direction of <math>\vec{E}</math>: negative
:<math>\Delta x</math> in the opposite direction of <math>\vec{E}</math>: positvie
:<math>\Delta x</math> is perpendicular to the direction of <math>\vec{E}</math>: <math>\Delta V</math>=0

===A Computational Model===

[[File:Potential_diff.jpg]]

==Examples==

===Simple===

If <math>x_i</math> = <3,0,0> m, <math>x_f</math> = <5,0,0> m, and <math>\vec{E}</math> = <100,0,0> V/m:
:(Path is in the same direction as the electric field.)
:<math>\Delta \vec{x}</math> = <math>x_f</math> - <math>x_i</math> = <5,0,0> - <3,0,0> = <2,0,0> m
:<math>\Delta V</math> = -<math>\vec{E}</math>●<math>\Delta \vec{x}</math> = -<100,0,0>●<2,0,0> = -200 V

If <math>x_i</math> = <5,0,0> m, <math>x_f</math> = <3,0,0> m, and <math>\vec{E}</math> = <100,0,0> V/m:
:(Path is in the opposite direction of the electric field.)
:<math>\Delta \vec{x}</math> = <math>x_f</math> - <math>x_i</math> = <3,0,0> - <5,0,0> = <-2,0,0> m
:<math>\Delta V</math> = -<math>\vec{E}</math>●<math>\Delta \vec{x}</math> = -<100,0,0>●<-2,0,0> = 200 V

If <math>x_i</math> = <3,0,0> m, <math>x_f</math> = <5,0,0> m, and <math>\vec{E}</math> = <0,100,0> V/m:
:(Path is perpendicular to the electric field.)
:<math>\Delta \vec{x}</math> = <math>x_f</math> - <math>x_i</math> = <5,0,0> - <3,0,0> = <2,0,0> m
:<math>\Delta V</math> = -<math>\vec{E}</math>●<math>\Delta \vec{x}</math> = -<100,0,0>●<0,2,0> = 0 V

===Middling===

If Location A = <3,0,0>, Location B = <5,-3,1> and E = <100, 100, 0>
:<math>\Delta \vec{x}</math> = <math>x_f</math> - <math>x_i</math> = <5,-3,1> - <3,0,0> = <2,-3,1> m
:<math>\Delta V</math> = -<math>\vec{E}</math>●<math>\Delta \vec{x}</math> = -<100,100,0>●<2,-3,1> = <-200,300,0> V
:In x-direction, there is an electric field in the same direction as the path, so the potential difference is negative.
:In y-direction, there is an electric field in the opposite direction of the path, so the potential difference is positive.
:In z-direction, since the electric field is perpendicular to the path, so the potential difference is zero.

===Difficult===

[[File:Sign of V.jpg]]

An electron starts from rest near one plate of a charged capacitor, and travels in the -x direction, passing through a tiny hole in the capacitor. At the instant shown in the diagram, the electron is at the origin. At this moment the magnetic field at location A, due to the electron, is out of the page. The left plate of the capacitor is positive, and the right plate is positive. What would be the potential difference from location D to location C? What is the sign of it?

:<math>\Delta V</math> = -<math>\vec{E}</math>●<math>\Delta \vec{x}</math> = <math>\Delta V_C - \Delta V_D</math>
:By conservation of energy, potential energy = kinetic energy
:<math>q (\Delta V_C - \Delta V_D)</math> = <math>1/2mv^2</math>, where <math>q</math> is the charge of electron, <math>m</math> is the mass of electron, and <math>v</math> is the velocity that the electron is traveling.
:<math>\Delta V_C - \Delta V_D</math> = <math>1/2mv^2/q</math>
:The sign is positive since the electric field is going to the +x direction, whereas the electron is moving to the -x direction.

==Connectedness==
-Potential difference is connected to the concept of transmembrane potential which I am interested in. Potential difference between the outside and the inside of the cell membrane acts as a battery and provides important functions for us. The ion channels and ion pump proteins that are imbedded in the membrane allow ions to move across the membrane and create concentration gradients, which then create a potential difference that provides power to allow the transmission of the electric signals, such as those in our neurons and muscle cells. By opening and closing the ion channel, the signal is passed down to the next channels due to the change in potential. A brief video on this can be found [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Xiza8nLww-I here].

-As a Biomedical Engineering major, the concept of potential difference can be applied to the study of electric stimulation of cells. By causing the change in potential across the cells, voltage-dependent ion channels can be affected. From this concept, we can develop devices that are responsible for the signals of cells, such as a defibrillator.

-Industrial applications based on potential difference are again the devices that are used to affect the ion channels in which to allow activation or recovery of cell signals.

==History==

Most countries in the world and Europe use a voltage from 220 volts to 240 volts. In the other hand, most countries in the Americas and Japan use a voltage from 100 volts to 127 volts. In 19th century, Nikola Tesla determined that 60 Hz was the best frequency and preferred 240 volts for AC power while Thomas Edison preferred 110 volts. AEG, a German company, decided to build the first European generating facility with 50 Hz because 60 was dissatisfied by the sequence of the metric standard unit, and this standard was then spread out. Europe used to use 120 volts, but it was determined that higher voltage should be used to [http://www.worldstandards.eu/electricity/why-no-standard-voltage/ "get more power with less losses and voltage drop from the same copper wire diameter."] The U.S did not end up changing because the cost for all the replacement was too high; fridge and washing-machine were already common in an average U.S. household in the 50s-60s but not in Europe. Then, problems like light bulbs burning out quickly led to the splitting voltage into two 120 volts.

== See also ==

-Kinetic Energy and Potential Energy: The sign of potential difference shows whether energy is gained or lost from a moving particle. When there is an increase in potential energy <math>q \Delta V</math>, there is a decrease in kinetic energy, and vice-versa.

-Polarization and Electric Field: Potential difference can be caused by polarization in which the charged particles move in different paths affect each other.

-Simple Circuits: Topics under simple circuits are mostly related to potential difference since batteries are involved, such as in RC circuit, Loop rule, and current.

===Further reading===

[http://ww2.odu.edu/~jdudek/Phys112N_materials/2-potential.pdf electric potential and capacitance]

Matter & Interactions, Vol. II: Electric and Magnetic Interactions, 4nd Edition by R. Chabay & B.Sherwood (John Wiley & Sons 2015) (pp.635-637)

Dorf, Richard C. Sensors, Nanoscience, Biomedical Engineering, and Instruments. 3rd ed. N.p.: Taylor & Francis, 2006. Print.

===External links===

[http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/8418982 Optical measurements of transmembrane potential changes during electric field stimulation of ventricular cells.]

[http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/7641329 Optical transmembrane potential measurements during defibrillation-strength shocks in perfused rabbit hearts.]

[http://faculty.ucc.edu/biology-potter/transmembrane_potential.htm Transmembrane Potential]

==References==

Matter & Interactions, Vol. II: Electric and Magnetic Interactions, 4nd Edition by R. Chabay & B.Sherwood (John Wiley & Sons 2015) (pp.635-637)

SB1, Knisley, Blitchington TF, Hill BC, Grant AO, Smith WM, Pilkington TC, and Ideker RE. "Result Filters." National Center for Biotechnology Information. U.S. National Library of Medicine, Feb. 1993. Web. 22 Nov. 2015.

''potential-difference-in-uniform-electric-field''. Kshitij Education India. 22 Nov. 2015.

"Why Isn't There A standard Voltage around the World?" World Standards, 16 Aug. 2015. Web. 23 Nov. 2015.

[[Category:Fields]]

Sign of Potential Difference

2016-04-17T06:30:36Z

Tquill:

Claimed by Wendy Sheu
Claimed by Tyler Quill (Spring 2016)

This page provides an explanation to determine the sign of potential difference in which the sign shows whether energy is lost or gained by a moving charged particle.

==The Main Idea==

By determining the direction of path relative to the direction of electric field, the sign of potential difference can then be determined. The sign of potential difference then shows if there is an increase or a decrease in potential energy, as well as kinetic energy.

===A Mathematical Model===

Potential difference is the product of the electric field <math>\vec{E}</math> and the relative path <math>\Delta x</math>:
:<math>\Delta V</math> = -<math>\vec{E}</math>●<math>\Delta \vec{x}</math>

Sign of <math>\Delta V</math>
:<math>\Delta x</math> in the direction of <math>\vec{E}</math>: negative
:<math>\Delta x</math> in the opposite direction of <math>\vec{E}</math>: positvie
:<math>\Delta x</math> is perpendicular to the direction of <math>\vec{E}</math>: <math>\Delta V</math>=0

===A Computational Model===

[[File:Potential_diff.jpg]]

==Examples==

===Simple===

If <math>x_i</math> = <3,0,0> m, <math>x_f</math> = <5,0,0> m, and <math>\vec{E}</math> = <100,0,0> V/m:
:(Path is in the same direction as the electric field.)
:<math>\Delta \vec{x}</math> = <math>x_f</math> - <math>x_i</math> = <5,0,0> - <3,0,0> = <2,0,0> m
:<math>\Delta V</math> = -<math>\vec{E}</math>●<math>\Delta \vec{x}</math> = -<100,0,0>●<2,0,0> = -200 V

If <math>x_i</math> = <5,0,0> m, <math>x_f</math> = <3,0,0> m, and <math>\vec{E}</math> = <100,0,0> V/m:
:(Path is in the opposite direction of the electric field.)
:<math>\Delta \vec{x}</math> = <math>x_f</math> - <math>x_i</math> = <3,0,0> - <5,0,0> = <-2,0,0> m
:<math>\Delta V</math> = -<math>\vec{E}</math>●<math>\Delta \vec{x}</math> = -<100,0,0>●<-2,0,0> = 200 V

If <math>x_i</math> = <3,0,0> m, <math>x_f</math> = <5,0,0> m, and <math>\vec{E}</math> = <0,100,0> V/m:
:(Path is perpendicular to the electric field.)
:<math>\Delta \vec{x}</math> = <math>x_f</math> - <math>x_i</math> = <5,0,0> - <3,0,0> = <2,0,0> m
:<math>\Delta V</math> = -<math>\vec{E}</math>●<math>\Delta \vec{x}</math> = -<100,0,0>●<0,2,0> = 0 V

===Middling===

If Location A = <3,0,0>, Location B = <5,-3,1> and E = <100, 100, 0>
:<math>\Delta \vec{x}</math> = <math>x_f</math> - <math>x_i</math> = <5,-3,1> - <3,0,0> = <2,-3,1> m
:<math>\Delta V</math> = -<math>\vec{E}</math>●<math>\Delta \vec{x}</math> = -<100,100,0>●<2,-3,1> = <-200,300,0> V
:In x-direction, there is an electric field in the same direction as the path, so the potential difference is negative.
:In y-direction, there is an electric field in the opposite direction of the path, so the potential difference is positive.
:In z-direction, since the electric field is perpendicular to the path, so the potential difference is zero.

===Difficult===

[[File:Sign of V.jpg]]

An electron starts from rest near one plate of a charged capacitor, and travels in the -x direction, passing through a tiny hole in the capacitor. At the instant shown in the diagram, the electron is at the origin. At this moment the magnetic field at location A, due to the electron, is out of the page. The left plate of the capacitor is positive, and the right plate is positive. What would be the potential difference from location D to location C? What is the sign of it?

:<math>\Delta V</math> = -<math>\vec{E}</math>●<math>\Delta \vec{x}</math> = <math>\Delta V_C - \Delta V_D</math>
:By conservation of energy, potential energy = kinetic energy
:<math>q (\Delta V_C - \Delta V_D)</math> = <math>1/2mv^2</math>, where <math>q</math> is the charge of electron, <math>m</math> is the mass of electron, and <math>v</math> is the velocity that the electron is traveling.
:<math>\Delta V_C - \Delta V_D</math> = <math>1/2mv^2/q</math>
:The sign is positive since the electric field is going to the +x direction, whereas the electron is moving to the -x direction.

==Connectedness==
-Potential difference is connected to the concept of transmembrane potential which I am interested in. Potential difference between the outside and the inside of the cell membrane acts as a battery and provides important functions for us. The ion channels and ion pump proteins that are imbedded in the membrane allow ions to move across the membrane and create concentration gradients, which then create a potential difference that provides power to allow the transmission of the electric signals, such as those in our neurons and muscle cells. By opening and closing the ion channel, the signal is passed down to the next channels due to the change in potential. A brief video on this can be found [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Xiza8nLww-I here].

-As a Biomedical Engineering major, the concept of potential difference can be applied to the study of electric stimulation of cells. By causing the change in potential across the cells, voltage-dependent ion channels can be affected. From this concept, we can develop devices that are responsible for the signals of cells, such as a defibrillator.

-Industrial applications based on potential difference are again the devices that are used to affect the ion channels in which to allow activation or recovery of cell signals.

==History==

Most countries in the world and Europe use a voltage from 220 volts to 240 volts. In the other hand, most countries in the Americas and Japan use a voltage from 100 volts to 127 volts. In 19th century, Nikola Tesla determined that 60 Hz was the best frequency and preferred 240 volts for AC power while Thomas Edison preferred 110 volts. AEG, a German company, decided to build the first European generating facility with 50 Hz because 60 was dissatisfied by the sequence of the metric standard unit, and this standard was then spread out. Europe used to use 120 volts, but it was determined that higher voltage should be used to [http://www.worldstandards.eu/electricity/why-no-standard-voltage/ "get more power with less losses and voltage drop from the same copper wire diameter."] The U.S did not end up changing because the cost for all the replacement was too high; fridge and washing-machine were already common in an average U.S. household in the 50s-60s but not in Europe. Then, problems like light bulbs burning out quickly led to the splitting voltage into two 120 volts.

== See also ==

-Kinetic Energy and Potential Energy: The sign of potential difference shows whether energy is gained or lost from a moving particle. When there is an increase in potential energy <math>q \Delta V</math>, there is a decrease in kinetic energy, and vice-versa.

-Polarization and Electric Field: Potential difference can be caused by polarization in which the charged particles move in different paths affect each other.

-Simple Circuits: Topics under simple circuits are mostly related to potential difference since batteries are involved, such as in RC circuit, Loop rule, and current.

===Further reading===

[http://ww2.odu.edu/~jdudek/Phys112N_materials/2-potential.pdf electric potential and capacitance]

Matter & Interactions, Vol. II: Electric and Magnetic Interactions, 4nd Edition by R. Chabay & B.Sherwood (John Wiley & Sons 2015) (pp.635-637)

Dorf, Richard C. Sensors, Nanoscience, Biomedical Engineering, and Instruments. 3rd ed. N.p.: Taylor & Francis, 2006. Print.

===External links===

[http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/8418982 Optical measurements of transmembrane potential changes during electric field stimulation of ventricular cells.]

[http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/7641329 Optical transmembrane potential measurements during defibrillation-strength shocks in perfused rabbit hearts.]

[http://faculty.ucc.edu/biology-potter/transmembrane_potential.htm Transmembrane Potential]

==References==

Matter & Interactions, Vol. II: Electric and Magnetic Interactions, 4nd Edition by R. Chabay & B.Sherwood (John Wiley & Sons 2015) (pp.635-637)

SB1, Knisley, Blitchington TF, Hill BC, Grant AO, Smith WM, Pilkington TC, and Ideker RE. "Result Filters." National Center for Biotechnology Information. U.S. National Library of Medicine, Feb. 1993. Web. 22 Nov. 2015.

''potential-difference-in-uniform-electric-field''. Kshitij Education India. 22 Nov. 2015.

"Why Isn't There A standard Voltage around the World?" World Standards, 16 Aug. 2015. Web. 23 Nov. 2015.

[[Category:Fields]]

Main Page

2016-04-17T06:14:19Z

Tquill: /* Sign of Potential Difference */

__NOTOC__
Welcome to the Georgia Tech Wiki for Introductory Physics. This resource was created so that students can contribute and curate content to help those with limited or no access to a textbook. When reading this website, please correct any errors you may come across. If you read something that isn't clear, please consider revising it for future students!

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* A physics resource written by experts for an expert audience [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:Physics Physics Portal]
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* An online concept map of intro physics [http://hyperphysics.phy-astr.gsu.edu/hbase/hph.html HyperPhysics]
* Interactive physics simulations [https://phet.colorado.edu/en/simulations/category/physics PhET]
* OpenStax algebra based intro physics textbook [https://openstaxcollege.org/textbooks/college-physics College Physics]
* The Open Source Physics project is a collection of online physics resources [http://www.opensourcephysics.org/ OSP]
* A resource guide compiled by the [http://www.aapt.org/ AAPT] for educators [http://www.compadre.org/ ComPADRE]

== Organizing Categories ==
These are the broad, overarching categories, that we cover in three semester of introductory physics. You can add subcategories as needed but a single topic should direct readers to a page in one of these categories.

== Resources ==
* Commonly used wiki commands [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:Cheatsheet Wiki Cheatsheet]
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* A page for review of [[Vectors]] and vector operations
* A listing of [[Notable Scientist]] with links to their individual pages

<div style="float:left; width:30%; padding:1%;">
==Physics 1==
===Week 1===

====Student Content====
<div class=“toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed”>
=====Help with VPython=====
<div class=“mw-collapsible-content”>
*[[VPython]]
*[[VPython basics]]
*[[VPython Common Errors and Troubleshooting]]
*[[VPython Functions]]
*[[VPython Lists]]
*[[VPython Loops]]
*[[VPython Multithreading]]
*[[VPython Animation]]
*[[VPython Objects]]
*[[VPython 3D Objects]]
*[[VPython Reference]]
*[[VPython MapReduceFilter]]
*[[VPython GUIs]]
</div>
</div>

<div class=“toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed”>
=====Vectors and Units=====
<div class=“mw-collapsible-content”>
*[[Vectors]]
*[[SI units]]
</div>
</div>

<div class=“toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed”>

=====Interactions=====
<div class=“mw-collapsible-content”>
</div>
</div>
*[[Types of Interactions and How to Detect Them]]

<div class=“toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed”>

=====Velocity and Momentum=====
<div class=“mw-collapsible-content”>
*[[Newton’s First Law of Motion]]
*[[Velocity]]
*[[Mass]]
*[[Speed and Velocity]]
*[[Relative Velocity]]
*[[Derivation of Average Velocity]]
*[[2-Dimensional Motion]]
*[[3-Dimensional Position and Motion]]
</div>
</div>

====Expert Content====
<div class=“toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed”>

* [http://p3server.pa.msu.edu/coursewiki/doku.php?id=183_notes:vpython_resources Software for Projects]

</div>

===Week 2===
====Student Content====
<div class=“toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed”>
=====Momentum and the Momentum Principle=====
<div class=“mw-collapsible-content”>
*[[Momentum Principle]]
*[[Inertia]]
*[[Net Force]]
*[[Derivation of the Momentum Principle]]
*[[Impulse Momentum]]
*[[Acceleration]]
*[[Momentum with respect to external Forces]]
</div>
</div>

<div class=“toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed”>
=====Iterative Prediction with a Constant Force=====
<div class=“mw-collapsible-content”>
*[[Newton’s Second Law of Motion]]
*[[Iterative Prediction]]
*[[Kinematics]]
*[[Newton’s Laws and Linear Momentum]]
*[[Projectile Motion]]
</div>
</div>

====Expert Content====
<div class=“toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed”>

* [http://p3server.pa.msu.edu/coursewiki/doku.php?id=183_notes:scalars_and_vectors Scalars and Vectors]
* [http://p3server.pa.msu.edu/coursewiki/doku.php?id=183_notes:displacement_and_velocity Displacement and Velocity]
* [http://p3server.pa.msu.edu/coursewiki/doku.php?id=183_notes:modeling_with_vpython Modeling Motion with VPython]
* [http://p3server.pa.msu.edu/coursewiki/doku.php?id=183_notes:relative_motion Relative Motion]
* [http://p3server.pa.msu.edu/coursewiki/doku.php?id=183_notes:graphing_motion Graphing Motion]
* [http://p3server.pa.msu.edu/coursewiki/doku.php?id=183_notes:momentum Momentum]
* [http://p3server.pa.msu.edu/coursewiki/doku.php?id=183_notes:momentum_principle The Momentum Principle]
* [http://p3server.pa.msu.edu/coursewiki/doku.php?id=183_notes:acceleration Acceleration & The Change in Momentum]
* [http://p3server.pa.msu.edu/coursewiki/doku.php?id=183_notes:motionPredict Applying the Momentum Principle]
* [http://p3server.pa.msu.edu/coursewiki/doku.php?id=183_notes:constantF Constant Force Motion]
* [http://p3server.pa.msu.edu/coursewiki/doku.php?id=183_notes:iterativePredict Iterative Prediction of Motion]
* [http://p3server.pa.msu.edu/coursewiki/doku.php?id=183_notes:mp_multi The Momentum Principle in Multi-particle Systems]
* [http://p3server.pa.msu.edu/coursewiki/doku.php?id=183_notes:angular_motivation Why Angular Momentum?]
* [http://p3server.pa.msu.edu/coursewiki/doku.php?id=183_notes:ang_momentum Angular Momentum]
* [http://p3server.pa.msu.edu/coursewiki/doku.php?id=183_notes:L_principle Net Torque & The Angular Momentum Principle]
* [http://p3server.pa.msu.edu/coursewiki/doku.php?id=183_notes:L_conservation Angular Momentum Conservation]

</div>

===Week 3===
====Student Content====
<div class=“toccolours \
mw-collapsible mw-collapsed”>
=====Analytic Prediction with a Constant Force=====
<div \
class=“mw-collapsible-content”>
*[[Analytical Prediction]]
</div>
</div>

<div class=“toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed”>
=====Iterative Prediction with a Varying Force=====
<div \
class=“mw-collapsible-content”>
*[[Predicting Change in multiple dimensions]]
*[[Spring Force]]
*[[Hooke’s Law]]
*[[Simple Harmonic Motion]]
*[[Iterative Prediction of Spring-Mass System]]
*[[Terminal Speed]]
*[[Determinism]]
</div>
</div>

====Expert Content====
<div class=“toccolours mw-collapsible \
mw-collapsed”>

* [http://p3server.pa.msu.edu/coursewiki/doku.php?id=183_notes:drag Drag]
* [http://p3server.pa.msu.edu/coursewiki/doku.php?id=183_notes:gravitation Non-constant Force: Newtonian Gravitation]
* [http://p3server.pa.msu.edu/coursewiki/doku.php?id=183_notes:ucm Uniform Circular Motion]
* [http://p3server.pa.msu.edu/coursewiki/doku.php?id=183_notes:impulseGraphs Impulse Graphs]
* [http://p3server.pa.msu.edu/coursewiki/doku.php?id=183_notes:springMotion Non-constant Force: Springs & Spring-like Interactions]
* [http://p3server.pa.msu.edu/coursewiki/doku.php?id=183_notes:friction Contact Interactions: The Normal Force & Friction]

</div>

===Week 4===
====Student Content====
<div class=“toccolours \
mw-collapsible mw-collapsed”>
=====Fundamental Interactions=====
<div class=“mw-collapsible-content”>
*[[Gravitational Force]]
*[[Electric Force]]
*[[Reciprocity]]
</div>
</div>

====Expert Content====
<div class=“toccolours mw-collapsible \
mw-collapsed”>

* [http://p3server.pa.msu.edu/coursewiki/doku.php?id=183_notes:gravitation Non-constant Force: Newtonian Gravitation]

</div>

===Week 5===
====Student Content====
<div class=“toccolours \
mw-collapsible mw-collapsed”>
=====Conservation of Momentum=====
<div class=“mw-collapsible-content”>
*[[Conservation of Momentum]]
</div>
</div>
<div class=“toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed”>

=====Properties of Matter=====
<div class=“mw-collapsible-content”>
*[[Kinds of Matter]]
**[[Ball and Spring Model of Matter]]
*[[Density]]
*[[Length and Stiffness of an Interatomic Bond]]
*[[Young’s Modulus]]
*[[Speed of Sound in Solids]]
*[[Malleability]]
*[[Ductility]]
*[[Weight]]
*[[Hardness]]
*[[Boiling Point]]
*[[Melting Point]]
</div>
</div>

====Expert Content====
<div class=“toccolours mw-collapsible \
mw-collapsed”>

* [http://p3server.pa.msu.edu/coursewiki/doku.php?id=183_notes:model_of_a_wire Modeling a Solid Wire: springs in series and parallel]

</div>

===Week 6===
====Student Content====
<div class=“toccolours \
mw-collapsible mw-collapsed”>
=====Identifying Forces=====
<div class=“mw-collapsible-content”>
*[[Free Body Diagram]]
*[[Compression or Normal Force]]
*[[Tension]]
</div>
</div>
<div class=“toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed”>
=====Curving Motion=====
<div class=“mw-collapsible-content”>
*[[Curving Motion]]
*[[Centripetal Force and Curving Motion]]
*[[Perpetual Freefall (Orbit)]]
</div>
</div>

====Expert Content====
<div class=“toccolours mw-collapsible \
mw-collapsed”>

* [http://p3server.pa.msu.edu/coursewiki/doku.php?id=183_notes:gravitation Non-constant Force: Newtonian Gravitation]
* [http://p3server.pa.msu.edu/coursewiki/doku.php?id=183_notes:grav_accel Gravitational Acceleration]
* [http://p3server.pa.msu.edu/coursewiki/doku.php?id=183_notes:ucm Uniform Circular Motion]
* [http://p3server.pa.msu.edu/coursewiki/doku.php?id=183_notes:freebodydiagrams Free Body Diagrams]
* [http://p3server.pa.msu.edu/coursewiki/doku.php?id=183_notes:curving_motion Curved Motion]

</div>

===Week 7===
====Student Content====
<div class=“toccolours \
mw-collapsible mw-collapsed”>
=====Energy Principle=====
<div class=“mw-collapsible-content”>
*[[The Energy Principle]]
*[[Conservation of Energy]]
*[[Kinetic Energy]]
*[[Work]]
*[[Power (Mechanical)]]
</div>
</div>

====Expert Content====
<div class=“toccolours mw-collapsible \
mw-collapsed”>

* [http://p3server.pa.msu.edu/coursewiki/doku.php?id=183_notes:define_energy What is Energy?]
* [http://p3server.pa.msu.edu/coursewiki/doku.php?id=183_notes:point_particle The Simplest System: A Single Particle]
* [http://p3server.pa.msu.edu/coursewiki/doku.php?id=183_notes:work Work: Mechanical Energy Transfer]
* [http://p3server.pa.msu.edu/coursewiki/doku.php?id=183_notes:energy_cons Conservation of Energy]
* [http://p3server.pa.msu.edu/coursewiki/doku.php?id=183_notes:potential_energy Potential Energy]
* [http://p3server.pa.msu.edu/coursewiki/doku.php?id=183_notes:grav_and_spring_PE (Near Earth) Gravitational and Spring Potential Energy]
* [http://p3server.pa.msu.edu/coursewiki/doku.php?id=183_notes:force_and_PE Force and Potential Energy]
* [http://p3server.pa.msu.edu/coursewiki/doku.php?id=183_notes:newton_grav_pe Newtonian Gravitational Potential Energy]
* [http://p3server.pa.msu.edu/coursewiki/doku.php?id=183_notes:spring_PE Spring Potential Energy]

</div>

===Week 8===
====Student Content====
<div class=“toccolours \
mw-collapsible mw-collapsed”>
=====Work by Non-Constant Forces=====
<div \
class=“mw-collapsible-content”>
*[[Work Done By A Nonconstant Force]]
</div>
</div>
<div class=“toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed”>
=====Potential Energy=====
<div class=“mw-collapsible-content”>
*[[Potential Energy]]
*[[Potential Energy of Macroscopic Springs]]
*[[Spring Potential Energy]]
**[[Ball and Spring Model]]
*[[Gravitational Potential Energy]]
*[[Energy Graphs]]
*[[Escape Velocity]]
</div>
</div>

====Expert Content====
<div class=“toccolours mw-collapsible \
mw-collapsed”>

* [http://p3server.pa.msu.edu/coursewiki/doku.php?id=183_notes:work_by_nc_forces Work Done by Non-Constant Forces]
* [http://p3server.pa.msu.edu/coursewiki/doku.php?id=183_notes:potential_energy Potential Energy]
* [http://p3server.pa.msu.edu/coursewiki/doku.php?id=183_notes:grav_and_spring_PE (Near Earth) Gravitational and Spring Potential Energy]
* [http://p3server.pa.msu.edu/coursewiki/doku.php?id=183_notes:rest_mass Changes of Rest Mass Energy]
* [http://p3server.pa.msu.edu/coursewiki/doku.php?id=183_notes:force_and_PE Force and Potential Energy]
* [http://p3server.pa.msu.edu/coursewiki/doku.php?id=183_notes:newton_grav_pe Newtonian Gravitational Potential Energy]
* [http://p3server.pa.msu.edu/coursewiki/doku.php?id=183_notes:grav_pe_graphs Graphing Energy for Gravitationally Interacting Systems]
* [http://p3server.pa.msu.edu/coursewiki/doku.php?id=183_notes:spring_PE Spring Potential Energy]
* [http://p3server.pa.msu.edu/coursewiki/doku.php?id=183_notes:power Power: The Rate of Energy Change]
* [http://p3server.pa.msu.edu/coursewiki/doku.php?id=183_notes:energy_dissipation Dissipation of Energy]

</div>

===Week 9===
====Student Content====
<div class=“toccolours \
mw-collapsible mw-collapsed”>
=====Multiparticle Systems=====
<div class=“mw-collapsible-content”>
*[[Center of Mass]]
*[[Multi-particle analysis of Momentum]]
*[[Momentum with respect to external Forces]]
*[[Potential Energy of a Multiparticle System]]
*[[Work and Energy for an Extended System]]
*[[Internal Energy]]
**[[Potential Energy of a Pair of Neutral Atoms]]
</div>
</div>

====Expert Content====
<div class=“toccolours mw-collapsible \
mw-collapsed”>

* [http://p3server.pa.msu.edu/coursewiki/doku.php?id=183_notes:mp_multi The Momentum Principle in Multi-particle Systems]
* [http://p3server.pa.msu.edu/coursewiki/doku.php?id=183_notes:center_of_mass Center of Mass Motion]
* [http://p3server.pa.msu.edu/coursewiki/doku.php?id=183_notes:center_of_mass Center of Mass Motion]
* [http://p3server.pa.msu.edu/coursewiki/doku.php?id=183_notes:energy_sep Separating Energy in Multi-Particle Systems]

</div>

===Week 10===
====Student Content====
<div class=“toccolours \
mw-collapsible mw-collapsed”>
=====Choice of System=====
<div class=“mw-collapsible-content”>
*[[System & Surroundings]]
</div>
</div>
<div class=“toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed”>
=====Thermal Energy, Dissipation and Transfer of Energy=====
<div \
class=“mw-collapsible-content”>
*[[Thermal Energy]]
*[[Specific Heat]]
*[[Heat Capacity]]
*[[Specific Heat Capacity]]
*[[First Law of Thermodynamics]]
*[[Second Law of Thermodynamics and Entropy]]
*[[Temperature]]
*[[Predicting Change]]
*[[Energy Transfer due to a Temperature Difference]]
*[[Transformation of Energy]]
*[[The Maxwell-Boltzmann Distribution]]
*[[Air Resistance]]
</div>
</div>
<div class=“toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed”>
=====Rotational and Vibrational Energy=====
<div \
class=“mw-collapsible-content”>
*[[Translational, Rotational and Vibrational Energy]]
</div>
</div>

====Expert Content====
<div class=“toccolours mw-collapsible \
mw-collapsed”>

* [http://p3server.pa.msu.edu/coursewiki/doku.php?id=183_notes:grav_and_spring_PE (Near Earth) Gravitational and Spring Potential Energy]
* [http://p3server.pa.msu.edu/coursewiki/doku.php?id=183_notes:rest_mass Changes of Rest Mass Energy]
* [http://p3server.pa.msu.edu/coursewiki/doku.php?id=183_notes:newton_grav_pe Newtonian Gravitational Potential Energy]
* [http://p3server.pa.msu.edu/coursewiki/doku.php?id=183_notes:grav_pe_graphs Graphing Energy for Gravitationally Interacting Systems]
* [http://p3server.pa.msu.edu/coursewiki/doku.php?id=183_notes:escape_speed Escape Speed]
* [http://p3server.pa.msu.edu/coursewiki/doku.php?id=183_notes:spring_PE Spring Potential Energy]
* [http://p3server.pa.msu.edu/coursewiki/doku.php?id=183_notes:internal_energy Internal Energy]
* [http://p3server.pa.msu.edu/coursewiki/doku.php?id=183_notes:system_choice Choosing a System Matters]
* [http://p3server.pa.msu.edu/coursewiki/doku.php?id=183_notes:energy_dissipation Dissipation of Energy]

</div>

===Week 11===
====Student Content====
<div class=“toccolours \
mw-collapsible mw-collapsed”>
=====Different Models of a System=====
<div \
class=“mw-collapsible-content”>
*[[Real Systems]]
*[[Point Particle Systems]]
</div>
</div>
<div class=“toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed”>

=====Models of Friction=====
<div class=“mw-collapsible-content”>
*[[Friction]]
*[[Static Friction]]
</div>
</div>

====Expert Content====
<div class=“toccolours mw-collapsible \
mw-collapsed”>

* [http://p3server.pa.msu.edu/coursewiki/doku.php?id=183_notes:system_choice Choosing a System Matters]
* [http://p3server.pa.msu.edu/coursewiki/doku.php?id=183_notes:energy_dissipation Dissipation of Energy]

</div>

===Week 12===
====Student Content====
<div class=“toccolours \
mw-collapsible mw-collapsed”>
=====Collisions=====
<div class=“mw-collapsible-content”>
*[[Newton’s Third Law of Motion]]
*[[Collisions]]
*[[Elastic Collisions]]
*[[Inelastic Collisions]]
*[[Maximally Inelastic Collision]]
*[[Head-on Collision of Equal Masses]]
*[[Head-on Collision of Unequal Masses]]
*[[Scattering: Collisions in 2D and 3D]]
*[[Rutherford Experiment and Atomic Collisions]]
*[[Coefficient of Restitution]]
</div>
</div>

====Expert Content====
<div class=“toccolours mw-collapsible \
mw-collapsed”>

* [http://p3server.pa.msu.edu/coursewiki/doku.php?id=183_notes:collisions Colliding Objects]
* [http://p3server.pa.msu.edu/coursewiki/doku.php?id=183_notes:center_of_mass Center of Mass Motion]
* [http://p3server.pa.msu.edu/coursewiki/doku.php?id=183_notes:center_of_mass Center of Mass Motion]
* [http://p3server.pa.msu.edu/coursewiki/doku.php?id=183_notes:rot_KE Rotational Kinetic Energy]
* [http://p3server.pa.msu.edu/coursewiki/doku.php?id=183_notes:pp_vs_real Point Particle and Real Systems]
* [http://p3server.pa.msu.edu/coursewiki/doku.php?id=183_notes:colliding_systems Collisions]

</div>

===Week 13===
====Student Content====
<div class=“toccolours \
mw-collapsible mw-collapsed”>
=====Rotations=====
<div class=“mw-collapsible-content”>
*[[Rotation]]
*[[Angular Velocity]]
*[[Eulerian Angles]]
</div>
</div>
<div class=“toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed”>
=====Angular Momentum=====
<div class=“mw-collapsible-content”>
*[[Total Angular Momentum]]
*[[Translational Angular Momentum]]
*[[Rotational Angular Momentum]]
*[[The Angular Momentum Principle]]
*[[Angular Momentum Compared to Linear Momentum]]
*[[Angular Impulse]]
*[[Predicting the Position of a Rotating System]]
*[[Angular Momentum of Multiparticle Systems]]
*[[The Moments of Inertia]]
*[[Moment of Inertia for a cylinder]]
*[[Right Hand Rule]]
</div>
</div>

====Expert Content====
<div class=“toccolours mw-collapsible \
mw-collapsed”>

* [http://p3server.pa.msu.edu/coursewiki/doku.php?id=183_notes:rot_KE Rotational Kinetic Energy]
* [http://p3server.pa.msu.edu/coursewiki/doku.php?id=183_notes:angular_motivation Why Angular Momentum?]
* [http://p3server.pa.msu.edu/coursewiki/doku.php?id=183_notes:ang_momentum Angular Momentum]
* [http://p3server.pa.msu.edu/coursewiki/doku.php?id=183_notes:L_principle Net Torque & The Angular Momentum Principle]
* [http://p3server.pa.msu.edu/coursewiki/doku.php?id=183_notes:L_conservation Angular Momentum Conservation]

</div>
===Week 14===

====Student Content====
<div class=“toccolours mw-collapsible \
mw-collapsed”>
=====Analyzing Motion with and without Torque=====
<div \
class=“mw-collapsible-content”>
*[[Torque]]
*[[Torque 2]]
*[[Systems with Zero Torque]]
*[[Systems with Nonzero Torque]]
*[[Torque vs Work]]
*[[Gyroscopes]]
</div>
</div>

====Expert Content====
<div class=“toccolours mw-collapsible \
mw-collapsed”>

* [http://p3server.pa.msu.edu/coursewiki/doku.php?id=183_notes:discovery_of_the_nucleus Discovery of the Nucleus]
* [http://p3server.pa.msu.edu/coursewiki/doku.php?id=183_notes:torque Torques Cause Changes in Rotation]
* [http://p3server.pa.msu.edu/coursewiki/doku.php?id=183_notes:L_principle Net Torque & The Angular Momentum Principle]

</div>

===Week 15===

====Student Content====
<div class=“toccolours mw-collapsible \
mw-collapsed”>
=====Introduction to Quantum Concepts=====
<div \class=“mw-collapsible-content”>
*[[Bohr Model]]
*[[Energy graphs and the Bohr model]]
*[[Quantized energy levels]]
</div>
</div>

====Expert Content====
<div class=“toccolours mw-collapsible \
mw-collapsed”>

* [http://p3server.pa.msu.edu/coursewiki/doku.php?id=183_notes:discovery_of_the_nucleus Discovery of the Nucleus]

</div>

<div style=“float:left; width:30%; padding:1%;”>

==Physics 2==
===Week 1===
<div class="toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">
====3D Vectors====
<div class="mw-collapsible-content">
*[[Page claimed by Laura Winalski]]*
*[[Vectors]]
*[[Right-Hand Rule]]
*[[Right Hand Rule]]
</div>
</div>

<div class="toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">

'''CLAIMED BY DIPRO CHAKRABORTY'''

'''CLAIMED BY DIPRO CHAKRABORTY'''
'''CLAIMED BY DIPRO CHAKRABORTY'''
'''CLAIMED BY DIPRO CHAKRABORTY'''

'''CLAIMED BY DIPRO CHAKRABORTY'''
====Electric field====
<div class="mw-collapsible-content">

[[Electric field]]

The electric field created by a charge is present throughout space at all times, whether or not there is another charge around to feel its effects. The electric field created by a charge penetrates through matter. The field permeates the neighboring space, biding its time until it can affect anything brought into its space of interaction.

==The Main Idea==
To be exact, the definition of the Electric Field is as follows:
The electric field is a region around a charged particle or object within which a force would be exerted on other objects.
If we put a charged particle at a location and it experiences a force, it would be logical to assume that there is something present that
is interacting with the particle. This "virtual force" is in essence the electric field.
===A Mathematical Model===

The electric field can be expressed mathematically as follows:

<math>{\vec{F_{net}} = 0 \Leftrightarrow \frac{d\vec{v}}{dt}} = 0</math>

<math>{\vec{F_{2}} = {q_{1}}{\vec{E_{1}}} \Leftrightarrow \frac{d\vec{v}}{dt}} </math>

which can be translated to postulate that the force on particle 2 is determined by the charge of particle 2 and the electric
field.

==Examples==

The following examples are to test your basic understanding of the Electric Field. For more examples that test your knowledge of all three of the laws, peruse the class textbook.

===Simple===
Which way is the electric field going for a negatively charged particle?

[[File:Simple111.png]]

It's easy to see that the electric field is pointing toward the negatively charged particle. The electric field is tending
toward the negatively charged particle.

===Middling===
Does the object in the following image have a net force of zero? Does it have a constant velocity?

This example is slightly more difficult, but is still quite trivial. If we sum the forces in the x direction, we see that the net force is 2 newtons in the -x direction. Therefore, the object does not have a constant velocity, and will be accelerating in the -x direction.

===Difficult===
Does the object in the following image have a net force of zero? Does it have a constant velocity?

This final example tests your knowledge and understanding of Newton's First Law. We're able to see that the box will accelerate in the -x direction because the net force in the x direction is 5 newtons to the left. However, the box itself has a velocity of 5m/s upwards, which would indeed stay constant. This is because forces (and motion) in perpendicular directions are of each other.

==Connectedness==

Newton's laws of motion tie into almost everything that we see or do. The first law, in particular, explains why we suddenly lurch forward when a car suddenly stops (our bodies are in a state of motion and thus resist the sudden stop), why it's much harder to stop when ice skating than walking (there's less friction, thus less net force to decelerate), and much, much, more. The importance of Newton's first law (and by extension, the other laws of motion) is not readily apparent, but serves as a basis to explain much of our daily interactions with our surroundings.

It can also apply to things outside of our daily interactions - space, for example. Newton's first law describes why an astronaut in space will continuously float in a direction forever if they are not pulled in by an asteroid or a planet's gravitational force. There is a lack of a net force opposing the astronaut's motion (due to the fact that there is no air in space) which results in the astronaut having a constant velocity. Floating off into space is probably an astronaut's worst nightmare, a scenario that a recent movie, ''Gravity'', explored. The entire premise of the movie (Sandra Bullock becomes untethered from her space station) relies on Newton's first law of motion.
==History==

While Galileo is the one credited with the idea of inertia motion, it was René Descartes, a French philosopher, who would expand upon Galileo's ideas. Descartes went on to propose three fundamental laws of nature in his book, ''Principles of Philosophy'', the first of which stated that "each thing, as far as is in its power, always remains in the same state; and that consequently, when it is once moved, it always continues to move." Thus, while the concept of inertia is often referred to as Newton's First Law, it was first described by Galileo and then perfected by Descartes decades before Newton published his findings.

As for Newton, he first described his three laws of motion in ''The Mathematical Principle of Natural Philosophy'', for the Principia, which was published in 1687. These laws described the relationship between an object and the forces acting upon it and laid the foundation for classical mechanics. While Newton's first law came from the work of Descartes and Galileo, his other laws are the work of himself.

==The Main Idea==
To be exact, the definition of the Electric Field is as follows:
The electric field is a region around a charged particle or object within which a force would be exerted on other objects.
If we put a charged particle at a location and it experiences a force, it would be logical to assume that there is something present that
is interacting with the particle. This "virtual force" is in essence the electric field.
===A Mathematical Model===

The electric field can be expressed mathematically as follows:

<math>{\vec{F_{net}} = 0 \Leftrightarrow \frac{d\vec{v}}{dt}} = 0</math>

<math>{\vec{F_{2}} = {q_{1}}{\vec{E_{1}}} \Leftrightarrow \frac{d\vec{v}}{dt}} </math>

which can be translated to postulate that the force on particle 2 is determined by the charge of particle 2 and the electric
field.

==Examples==

The following examples are to test your basic understanding of the Electric Field. For more examples that test your knowledge of all three of the laws, peruse the class textbook.

===Simple===
Which way is the electric field going for a negatively charged particle?

[[File:Simple111.png]]

It's easy to see that the electric field is pointing toward the negatively charged particle. The electric field is tending
toward the negatively charged particle.

===Middling===
Does the object in the following image have a net force of zero? Does it have a constant velocity?

This example is slightly more difficult, but is still quite trivial. If we sum the forces in the x direction, we see that the net force is 2 newtons in the -x direction. Therefore, the object does not have a constant velocity, and will be accelerating in the -x direction.

===Difficult===
Does the object in the following image have a net force of zero? Does it have a constant velocity?

This final example tests your knowledge and understanding of Newton's First Law. We're able to see that the box will accelerate in the -x direction because the net force in the x direction is 5 newtons to the left. However, the box itself has a velocity of 5m/s upwards, which would indeed stay constant. This is because forces (and motion) in perpendicular directions are of each other.

==Connectedness==

Newton's laws of motion tie into almost everything that we see or do. The first law, in particular, explains why we suddenly lurch forward when a car suddenly stops (our bodies are in a state of motion and thus resist the sudden stop), why it's much harder to stop when ice skating than walking (there's less friction, thus less net force to decelerate), and much, much, more. The importance of Newton's first law (and by extension, the other laws of motion) is not readily apparent, but serves as a basis to explain much of our daily interactions with our surroundings.

It can also apply to things outside of our daily interactions - space, for example. Newton's first law describes why an astronaut in space will continuously float in a direction forever if they are not pulled in by an asteroid or a planet's gravitational force. There is a lack of a net force opposing the astronaut's motion (due to the fact that there is no air in space) which results in the astronaut having a constant velocity. Floating off into space is probably an astronaut's worst nightmare, a scenario that a recent movie, ''Gravity'', explored. The entire premise of the movie (Sandra Bullock becomes untethered from her space station) relies on Newton's first law of motion.
==History==

While Galileo is the one credited with the idea of inertia motion, it was René Descartes, a French philosopher, who would expand upon Galileo's ideas. Descartes went on to propose three fundamental laws of nature in his book, ''Principles of Philosophy'', the first of which stated that "each thing, as far as is in its power, always remains in the same state; and that consequently, when it is once moved, it always continues to move." Thus, while the concept of inertia is often referred to as Newton's First Law, it was first described by Galileo and then perfected by Descartes decades before Newton published his findings.

As for Newton, he first described his three laws of motion in ''The Mathematical Principle of Natural Philosophy'', for the Principia, which was published in 1687. These laws described the relationship between an object and the forces acting upon it and laid the foundation for classical mechanics. While Newton's first law came from the work of Descartes and Galileo, his other laws are the work of himself.

==The Main Idea==
To be exact, the definition of the Electric Field is as follows:
The electric field is a region around a charged particle or object within which a force would be exerted on other objects.
If we put a charged particle at a location and it experiences a force, it would be logical to assume that there is something present that
is interacting with the particle. This "virtual force" is in essence the electric field.
===A Mathematical Model===

The electric field can be expressed mathematically as follows:

<math>{\vec{F_{net}} = 0 \Leftrightarrow \frac{d\vec{v}}{dt}} = 0</math>

<math>{\vec{F_{2}} = {q_{1}}{\vec{E_{1}}} \Leftrightarrow \frac{d\vec{v}}{dt}} </math>

which can be translated to postulate that the force on particle 2 is determined by the charge of particle 2 and the electric
field.

==Examples==

The following examples are to test your basic understanding of the Electric Field. For more examples that test your knowledge of all three of the laws, peruse the class textbook.

===Simple===
Which way is the electric field going for a negatively charged particle?

[[File:Simple111.png]]

It's easy to see that the electric field is pointing toward the negatively charged particle. The electric field is tending
toward the negatively charged particle.

===Middling===
Does the object in the following image have a net force of zero? Does it have a constant velocity?

This example is slightly more difficult, but is still quite trivial. If we sum the forces in the x direction, we see that the net force is 2 newtons in the -x direction. Therefore, the object does not have a constant velocity, and will be accelerating in the -x direction.

===Difficult===
Does the object in the following image have a net force of zero? Does it have a constant velocity?

This final example tests your knowledge and understanding of Newton's First Law. We're able to see that the box will accelerate in the -x direction because the net force in the x direction is 5 newtons to the left. However, the box itself has a velocity of 5m/s upwards, which would indeed stay constant. This is because forces (and motion) in perpendicular directions are of each other.

==Connectedness==

Newton's laws of motion tie into almost everything that we see or do. The first law, in particular, explains why we suddenly lurch forward when a car suddenly stops (our bodies are in a state of motion and thus resist the sudden stop), why it's much harder to stop when ice skating than walking (there's less friction, thus less net force to decelerate), and much, much, more. The importance of Newton's first law (and by extension, the other laws of motion) is not readily apparent, but serves as a basis to explain much of our daily interactions with our surroundings.

It can also apply to things outside of our daily interactions - space, for example. Newton's first law describes why an astronaut in space will continuously float in a direction forever if they are not pulled in by an asteroid or a planet's gravitational force. There is a lack of a net force opposing the astronaut's motion (due to the fact that there is no air in space) which results in the astronaut having a constant velocity. Floating off into space is probably an astronaut's worst nightmare, a scenario that a recent movie, ''Gravity'', explored. The entire premise of the movie (Sandra Bullock becomes untethered from her space station) relies on Newton's first law of motion.
==History==

While Galileo is the one credited with the idea of inertia motion, it was René Descartes, a French philosopher, who would expand upon Galileo's ideas. Descartes went on to propose three fundamental laws of nature in his book, ''Principles of Philosophy'', the first of which stated that "each thing, as far as is in its power, always remains in the same state; and that consequently, when it is once moved, it always continues to move." Thus, while the concept of inertia is often referred to as Newton's First Law, it was first described by Galileo and then perfected by Descartes decades before Newton published his findings.

As for Newton, he first described his three laws of motion in ''The Mathematical Principle of Natural Philosophy'', for the Principia, which was published in 1687. These laws described the relationship between an object and the forces acting upon it and laid the foundation for classical mechanics. While Newton's first law came from the work of Descartes and Galileo, his other laws are the work of himself.

==The Main Idea==
To be exact, the definition of the Electric Field is as follows:
The electric field is a region around a charged particle or object within which a force would be exerted on other objects.
If we put a charged particle at a location and it experiences a force, it would be logical to assume that there is something present that
is interacting with the particle. This "virtual force" is in essence the electric field.
===A Mathematical Model===

The electric field can be expressed mathematically as follows:

<math>{\vec{F_{net}} = 0 \Leftrightarrow \frac{d\vec{v}}{dt}} = 0</math>

<math>{\vec{F_{2}} = {q_{1}}{\vec{E_{1}}} \Leftrightarrow \frac{d\vec{v}}{dt}} </math>

which can be translated to postulate that the force on particle 2 is determined by the charge of particle 2 and the electric
field.

==Examples==

The following examples are to test your basic understanding of the Electric Field. For more examples that test your knowledge of all three of the laws, peruse the class textbook.

===Simple===
Which way is the electric field going for a negatively charged particle?

[[File:Simple111.png]]

It's easy to see that the electric field is pointing toward the negatively charged particle. The electric field is tending
toward the negatively charged particle.

===Middling===
Does the object in the following image have a net force of zero? Does it have a constant velocity?

This example is slightly more difficult, but is still quite trivial. If we sum the forces in the x direction, we see that the net force is 2 newtons in the -x direction. Therefore, the object does not have a constant velocity, and will be accelerating in the -x direction.

===Difficult===
Does the object in the following image have a net force of zero? Does it have a constant velocity?

This final example tests your knowledge and understanding of Newton's First Law. We're able to see that the box will accelerate in the -x direction because the net force in the x direction is 5 newtons to the left. However, the box itself has a velocity of 5m/s upwards, which would indeed stay constant. This is because forces (and motion) in perpendicular directions are of each other.

==Connectedness==

Newton's laws of motion tie into almost everything that we see or do. The first law, in particular, explains why we suddenly lurch forward when a car suddenly stops (our bodies are in a state of motion and thus resist the sudden stop), why it's much harder to stop when ice skating than walking (there's less friction, thus less net force to decelerate), and much, much, more. The importance of Newton's first law (and by extension, the other laws of motion) is not readily apparent, but serves as a basis to explain much of our daily interactions with our surroundings.

It can also apply to things outside of our daily interactions - space, for example. Newton's first law describes why an astronaut in space will continuously float in a direction forever if they are not pulled in by an asteroid or a planet's gravitational force. There is a lack of a net force opposing the astronaut's motion (due to the fact that there is no air in space) which results in the astronaut having a constant velocity. Floating off into space is probably an astronaut's worst nightmare, a scenario that a recent movie, ''Gravity'', explored. The entire premise of the movie (Sandra Bullock becomes untethered from her space station) relies on Newton's first law of motion.
==History==

While Galileo is the one credited with the idea of inertia motion, it was René Descartes, a French philosopher, who would expand upon Galileo's ideas. Descartes went on to propose three fundamental laws of nature in his book, ''Principles of Philosophy'', the first of which stated that "each thing, as far as is in its power, always remains in the same state; and that consequently, when it is once moved, it always continues to move." Thus, while the concept of inertia is often referred to as Newton's First Law, it was first described by Galileo and then perfected by Descartes decades before Newton published his findings.

As for Newton, he first described his three laws of motion in ''The Mathematical Principle of Natural Philosophy'', for the Principia, which was published in 1687. These laws described the relationship between an object and the forces acting upon it and laid the foundation for classical mechanics. While Newton's first law came from the work of Descartes and Galileo, his other laws are the work of himself.

==The Main Idea==
To be exact, the definition of the Electric Field is as follows:
The electric field is a region around a charged particle or object within which a force would be exerted on other objects.
If we put a charged particle at a location and it experiences a force, it would be logical to assume that there is something present that
is interacting with the particle. This "virtual force" is in essence the electric field.
===A Mathematical Model===

The electric field can be expressed mathematically as follows:

<math>{\vec{F_{net}} = 0 \Leftrightarrow \frac{d\vec{v}}{dt}} = 0</math>

<math>{\vec{F_{2}} = {q_{1}}{\vec{E_{1}}} \Leftrightarrow \frac{d\vec{v}}{dt}} = 0</math>

which can be translated to postulate that the force on particle 2 is determined by the charge of particle 2 and the electric
field.

==Examples==

The following examples are to test your basic understanding of the Electric Field. For more examples that test your knowledge of all three of the laws, peruse the class textbook.

===Simple===
Which way is the electric field going for a negatively charged particle?

[[File:Example.jpg]]

It's easy to see that the electric field is pointing toward the negatively charged particle. The electric field is tending
toward the negatively charged particle.

===Middling===
Does the object in the following image have a net force of zero? Does it have a constant velocity?

This example is slightly more difficult, but is still quite trivial. If we sum the forces in the x direction, we see that the net force is 2 newtons in the -x direction. Therefore, the object does not have a constant velocity, and will be accelerating in the -x direction.

===Difficult===
Does the object in the following image have a net force of zero? Does it have a constant velocity?

This final example tests your knowledge and understanding of Newton's First Law. We're able to see that the box will accelerate in the -x direction because the net force in the x direction is 5 newtons to the left. However, the box itself has a velocity of 5m/s upwards, which would indeed stay constant. This is because forces (and motion) in perpendicular directions are of each other.

==Connectedness==

Newton's laws of motion tie into almost everything that we see or do. The first law, in particular, explains why we suddenly lurch forward when a car suddenly stops (our bodies are in a state of motion and thus resist the sudden stop), why it's much harder to stop when ice skating than walking (there's less friction, thus less net force to decelerate), and much, much, more. The importance of Newton's first law (and by extension, the other laws of motion) is not readily apparent, but serves as a basis to explain much of our daily interactions with our surroundings.

It can also apply to things outside of our daily interactions - space, for example. Newton's first law describes why an astronaut in space will continuously float in a direction forever if they are not pulled in by an asteroid or a planet's gravitational force. There is a lack of a net force opposing the astronaut's motion (due to the fact that there is no air in space) which results in the astronaut having a constant velocity. Floating off into space is probably an astronaut's worst nightmare, a scenario that a recent movie, ''Gravity'', explored. The entire premise of the movie (Sandra Bullock becomes untethered from her space station) relies on Newton's first law of motion.
==History==

While Galileo is the one credited with the idea of inertia motion, it was René Descartes, a French philosopher, who would expand upon Galileo's ideas. Descartes went on to propose three fundamental laws of nature in his book, ''Principles of Philosophy'', the first of which stated that "each thing, as far as is in its power, always remains in the same state; and that consequently, when it is once moved, it always continues to move." Thus, while the concept of inertia is often referred to as Newton's First Law, it was first described by Galileo and then perfected by Descartes decades before Newton published his findings.

As for Newton, he first described his three laws of motion in ''The Mathematical Principle of Natural Philosophy'', for the Principia, which was published in 1687. These laws described the relationship between an object and the forces acting upon it and laid the foundation for classical mechanics. While Newton's first law came from the work of Descartes and Galileo, his other laws are the work of himself.

==The Main Idea==
To be exact, the definition of the Electric Field is as follows:
The electric field is a region around a charged particle or object within which a force would be exerted on other charged particles or objects.
If we put a charged particle at a location and it experiences a force, it would be logical to assume that there is something present that
is interacting with the particle. This "virtual force" is in essence the electric field.
===A Mathematical Model===

The electric field can be expressed mathematically as follows:

<math>{\vec{F_{net}} = 0 \Leftrightarrow \frac{d\vec{v}}{dt}} = 0</math>

<math>{\vec{F_{2}} = {q_{1}}{\vec{E_{1}}} \Leftrightarrow \frac{d\vec{v}}{dt}} = 0</math>

which can be translated to postulate that the force on particle 2 is determined by the charge of particle 2 and the electric
field.

==Examples==

The following examples are to test your basic understanding of Newton's First Law. For more examples that test your knowledge of all three of the laws, click .

===Simple===
Does the object in the following image have a net force of zero? Does it have a constant velocity?

It's easy to see that the only force on the object is acting in the +x direction, with a magnitude of 5 newtons. Therefore, the object does not have a net force of zero or a constant velocity. It will be accelerating in the +x direction.

===Middling===
Does the object in the following image have a net force of zero? Does it have a constant velocity?

This example is slightly more difficult, but is still quite trivial. If we sum the forces in the x direction, we see that the net force is 2 newtons in the -x direction. Therefore, the object does not have a constant velocity, and will be accelerating in the -x direction.

===Difficult===
Does the object in the following image have a net force of zero? Does it have a constant velocity?

This final example tests your knowledge and understanding of Newton's First Law. We're able to see that the box will accelerate in the -x direction because the net force in the x direction is 5 newtons to the left. However, the box itself has a velocity of 5m/s upwards, which would indeed stay constant. This is because forces (and motion) in perpendicular directions are of each other.

==Connectedness==

Newton's laws of motion tie into almost everything that we see or do. The first law, in particular, explains why we suddenly lurch forward when a car suddenly stops (our bodies are in a state of motion and thus resist the sudden stop), why it's much harder to stop when ice skating than walking (there's less friction, thus less net force to decelerate), and much, much, more. The importance of Newton's first law (and by extension, the other laws of motion) is not readily apparent, but serves as a basis to explain much of our daily interactions with our surroundings.

It can also apply to things outside of our daily interactions - space, for example. Newton's first law describes why an astronaut in space will continuously float in a direction forever if they are not pulled in by an asteroid or a planet's gravitational force. There is a lack of a net force opposing the astronaut's motion (due to the fact that there is no air in space) which results in the astronaut having a constant velocity. Floating off into space is probably an astronaut's worst nightmare, a scenario that a recent movie, ''Gravity'', explored. The entire premise of the movie (Sandra Bullock becomes untethered from her space station) relies on Newton's first law of motion.
==History==

While Galileo is the one credited with the idea of inertia motion, it was René Descartes, a French philosopher, who would expand upon Galileo's ideas. Descartes went on to propose three fundamental laws of nature in his book, ''Principles of Philosophy'', the first of which stated that "each thing, as far as is in its power, always remains in the same state; and that consequently, when it is once moved, it always continues to move." Thus, while the concept of inertia is often referred to as Newton's First Law, it was first described by Galileo and then perfected by Descartes decades before Newton published his findings.

As for Newton, he first described his three laws of motion in ''The Mathematical Principle of Natural Philosophy'', for the Principia, which was published in 1687. These laws described the relationship between an object and the forces acting upon it and laid the foundation for classical mechanics. While Newton's first law came from the work of Descartes and Galileo, his other laws are the work of himself.

==The Main Idea==
To be exact, the definition of the First Law of Motion is as follows:
The electric field is a region around a charged particle or object within which a force would be exerted on other charged particles or objects.
In other (and much simpler) terms, it means that an object at rest stays at rest and an object in in motion stays in motion at a constant velocity unless acted on by an unbalanced net force. It's important to keep in mind that only a difference in affect the velocity of an object. The amount of change in velocity is determined by
===A Mathematical Model===

Newton's first law can be stated mathematically as follows:

<math>{\vec{F_{net}} = 0 \Leftrightarrow \frac{d\vec{v}}{dt}} = 0</math>

Where...

<math>\vec{F_{net}}</math> is the net force from the surroundings.

<math>d\vec{v}</math> is the change in velocity of the system.

<math>dt</math> is the change in time of the system

If we trace this formula from the left to the right, we can see that if the net force on an object is zero, then the change in velocity of an object is also zero. Conversely, if we were given an object and told that its change in momentum is zero, then we can deduce that the net force acting on the object is also zero. Keep in mind, however, that this formula simple deals with the '''change''' in velocity. It does '''not''' mean that the object is at rest, only that its velocity remains constant.

==Examples==

The following examples are to test your basic understanding of Newton's First Law. For more examples that test your knowledge of all three of the laws, click .

===Simple===
Does the object in the following image have a net force of zero? Does it have a constant velocity?

It's easy to see that the only force on the object is acting in the +x direction, with a magnitude of 5 newtons. Therefore, the object does not have a net force of zero or a constant velocity. It will be accelerating in the +x direction.

===Middling===
Does the object in the following image have a net force of zero? Does it have a constant velocity?

This example is slightly more difficult, but is still quite trivial. If we sum the forces in the x direction, we see that the net force is 2 newtons in the -x direction. Therefore, the object does not have a constant velocity, and will be accelerating in the -x direction.

===Difficult===
Does the object in the following image have a net force of zero? Does it have a constant velocity?

This final example tests your knowledge and understanding of Newton's First Law. We're able to see that the box will accelerate in the -x direction because the net force in the x direction is 5 newtons to the left. However, the box itself has a velocity of 5m/s upwards, which would indeed stay constant. This is because forces (and motion) in perpendicular directions are of each other.

==Connectedness==

Newton's laws of motion tie into almost everything that we see or do. The first law, in particular, explains why we suddenly lurch forward when a car suddenly stops (our bodies are in a state of motion and thus resist the sudden stop), why it's much harder to stop when ice skating than walking (there's less friction, thus less net force to decelerate), and much, much, more. The importance of Newton's first law (and by extension, the other laws of motion) is not readily apparent, but serves as a basis to explain much of our daily interactions with our surroundings.

It can also apply to things outside of our daily interactions - space, for example. Newton's first law describes why an astronaut in space will continuously float in a direction forever if they are not pulled in by an asteroid or a planet's gravitational force. There is a lack of a net force opposing the astronaut's motion (due to the fact that there is no air in space) which results in the astronaut having a constant velocity. Floating off into space is probably an astronaut's worst nightmare, a scenario that a recent movie, ''Gravity'', explored. The entire premise of the movie (Sandra Bullock becomes untethered from her space station) relies on Newton's first law of motion.
==History==

While Galileo is the one credited with the idea of inertia motion, it was René Descartes, a French philosopher, who would expand upon Galileo's ideas. Descartes went on to propose three fundamental laws of nature in his book, ''Principles of Philosophy'', the first of which stated that "each thing, as far as is in its power, always remains in the same state; and that consequently, when it is once moved, it always continues to move." Thus, while the concept of inertia is often referred to as Newton's First Law, it was first described by Galileo and then perfected by Descartes decades before Newton published his findings.

As for Newton, he first described his three laws of motion in ''The Mathematical Principle of Natural Philosophy'', for the Principia, which was published in 1687. These laws described the relationship between an object and the forces acting upon it and laid the foundation for classical mechanics. While Newton's first law came from the work of Descartes and Galileo, his other laws are the work of himself.

==The Main Idea==
To be exact, the definition of the First Law of Motion is as follows:
The electric field is a region around a charged particle or object within which a force would be exerted on other charged particles or objects.
In other (and much simpler) terms, it means that an object at rest stays at rest and an object in in motion stays in motion at a constant velocity unless acted on by an unbalanced net force. It's important to keep in mind that only a difference in affect the velocity of an object. The amount of change in velocity is determined by
===A Mathematical Model===

Newton's first law can be stated mathematically as follows:

<math>{\vec{F_{net}} = 0 \Leftrightarrow \frac{d\vec{v}}{dt}} = 0</math>

Where...

<math>\vec{F_{net}}</math> is the net force from the surroundings.

<math>d\vec{v}</math> is the change in velocity of the system.

<math>dt</math> is the change in time of the system

If we trace this formula from the left to the right, we can see that if the net force on an object is zero, then the change in velocity of an object is also zero. Conversely, if we were given an object and told that its change in momentum is zero, then we can deduce that the net force acting on the object is also zero. Keep in mind, however, that this formula simple deals with the '''change''' in velocity. It does '''not''' mean that the object is at rest, only that its velocity remains constant.

==Examples==

The following examples are to test your basic understanding of Newton's First Law. For more examples that test your knowledge of all three of the laws, click .

===Simple===
Does the object in the following image have a net force of zero? Does it have a constant velocity?

It's easy to see that the only force on the object is acting in the +x direction, with a magnitude of 5 newtons. Therefore, the object does not have a net force of zero or a constant velocity. It will be accelerating in the +x direction.

===Middling===
Does the object in the following image have a net force of zero? Does it have a constant velocity?

This example is slightly more difficult, but is still quite trivial. If we sum the forces in the x direction, we see that the net force is 2 newtons in the -x direction. Therefore, the object does not have a constant velocity, and will be accelerating in the -x direction.

===Difficult===
Does the object in the following image have a net force of zero? Does it have a constant velocity?

This final example tests your knowledge and understanding of Newton's First Law. We're able to see that the box will accelerate in the -x direction because the net force in the x direction is 5 newtons to the left. However, the box itself has a velocity of 5m/s upwards, which would indeed stay constant. This is because forces (and motion) in perpendicular directions are of each other.

==Connectedness==

Newton's laws of motion tie into almost everything that we see or do. The first law, in particular, explains why we suddenly lurch forward when a car suddenly stops (our bodies are in a state of motion and thus resist the sudden stop), why it's much harder to stop when ice skating than walking (there's less friction, thus less net force to decelerate), and much, much, more. The importance of Newton's first law (and by extension, the other laws of motion) is not readily apparent, but serves as a basis to explain much of our daily interactions with our surroundings.

It can also apply to things outside of our daily interactions - space, for example. Newton's first law describes why an astronaut in space will continuously float in a direction forever if they are not pulled in by an asteroid or a planet's gravitational force. There is a lack of a net force opposing the astronaut's motion (due to the fact that there is no air in space) which results in the astronaut having a constant velocity. Floating off into space is probably an astronaut's worst nightmare, a scenario that a recent movie, ''Gravity'', explored. The entire premise of the movie (Sandra Bullock becomes untethered from her space station) relies on Newton's first law of motion.
==History==

While Galileo is the one credited with the idea of inertia motion, it was René Descartes, a French philosopher, who would expand upon Galileo's ideas. Descartes went on to propose three fundamental laws of nature in his book, ''Principles of Philosophy'', the first of which stated that "each thing, as far as is in its power, always remains in the same state; and that consequently, when it is once moved, it always continues to move." Thus, while the concept of inertia is often referred to as Newton's First Law, it was first described by Galileo and then perfected by Descartes decades before Newton published his findings.

As for Newton, he first described his three laws of motion in ''The Mathematical Principle of Natural Philosophy'', for the Principia, which was published in 1687. These laws described the relationship between an object and the forces acting upon it and laid the foundation for classical mechanics. While Newton's first law came from the work of Descartes and Galileo, his other laws are the work of himself.

==The Main Idea==
To be exact, the definition of the First Law of Motion is as follows:
Every body persists in its state of rest or of moving with constant speed in a constant direction, except to the extent that it is compelled to change that state by forces acting on it.
In other (and much simpler) terms, it means that an object at rest stays at rest and an object in in motion stays in motion at a constant velocity unless acted on by an unbalanced net force. It's important to keep in mind that only a difference in [http://www.physicsclassroom.com/class/newtlaws/Lesson-2/Determining-the-Net-Force net force] can affect the velocity of an object. The amount of change in velocity is determined by [http://www.physicsclassroom.com/class/newtlaws/Lesson-3/Newton-s-Second-Law Newton's Second Law of Motion].

===A Mathematical Model===

Newton's first law can be stated mathematically as follows:

<math>{\vec{F_{net}} = 0 \Leftrightarrow \frac{d\vec{v}}{dt}} = 0</math>

Where...

<math>\vec{F_{net}}</math> is the net force from the surroundings.

<math>d\vec{v}</math> is the change in velocity of the system.

<math>dt</math> is the change in time of the system

If we trace this formula from the left to the right, we can see that if the net force on an object is zero, then the change in velocity of an object is also zero. Conversely, if we were given an object and told that its change in momentum is zero, then we can deduce that the net force acting on the object is also zero. Keep in mind, however, that this formula simple deals with the '''change''' in velocity. It does '''not''' mean that the object is at rest, only that its velocity remains constant.

==Examples==

The following examples are to test your basic understanding of Newton's First Law. For more examples that test your knowledge of all three of the laws, click [http://www.physicsclassroom.com/calcpad/newtlaws/problems here].

===Simple===
Does the object in the following image have a net force of zero? Does it have a constant velocity?

[[File:Newtonfirstlawsimple.png|400px]]

It's easy to see that the only force on the object is acting in the +x direction, with a magnitude of 5 newtons. Therefore, the object does not have a net force of zero or a constant velocity. It will be accelerating in the +x direction.

===Middling===
Does the object in the following image have a net force of zero? Does it have a constant velocity?

[[File:Newtonfirstlawmedium.png|400px]]

This example is slightly more difficult, but is still quite trivial. If we sum the forces in the x direction, we see that the net force is 2 newtons in the -x direction. Therefore, the object does not have a constant velocity, and will be accelerating in the -x direction.

===Difficult===
Does the object in the following image have a net force of zero? Does it have a constant velocity?

[[File:Newtonsfirstlawhard.png|400px]]

This final example tests your knowledge and understanding of Newton's First Law. We're able to see that the box will accelerate in the -x direction because the net force in the x direction is 5 newtons to the left. However, the box itself has a velocity of 5m/s upwards, which would indeed stay constant. This is because forces (and motion) in perpendicular directions are [http://www.physicsclassroom.com/class/vectors/Lesson-1/Independence-of-Perpendicular-Components-of-Motion independent] of each other.

==Connectedness==

[[File:Tablecloth.gif|left|300px|thumb|The "magic trick" of ripping off a table cloth without the plates on top moving is an example of Newton's First Law. The tableware is in a state of rest, and thus want to remain in such a state.]]

Newton's laws of motion tie into almost everything that we see or do. The first law, in particular, explains why we suddenly lurch forward when a car suddenly stops (our bodies are in a state of motion and thus resist the sudden stop), why it's much harder to stop when ice skating than walking (there's less friction, thus less net force to decelerate), and much, much, more. The importance of Newton's first law (and by extension, the other laws of motion) is not readily apparent, but serves as a basis to explain much of our daily interactions with our surroundings.

It can also apply to things outside of our daily interactions - space, for example. Newton's first law describes why an astronaut in space will continuously float in a direction forever if they are not pulled in by an asteroid or a planet's gravitational force. There is a lack of a net force opposing the astronaut's motion (due to the fact that there is no air in space) which results in the astronaut having a constant velocity. Floating off into space is probably an astronaut's worst nightmare, a scenario that a recent movie, ''Gravity'', explored. The entire premise of the movie (Sandra Bullock becomes untethered from her space station) relies on Newton's first law of motion.
==History==

While Galileo is the one credited with the idea of inertia motion, it was René Descartes, a French philosopher, who would expand upon Galileo's ideas. Descartes went on to propose three fundamental laws of nature in his book, ''Principles of Philosophy'', the first of which stated that "each thing, as far as is in its power, always remains in the same state; and that consequently, when it is once moved, it always continues to move." Thus, while the concept of inertia is often referred to as Newton's First Law, it was first described by Galileo and then perfected by Descartes decades before Newton published his findings.

As for Newton, he first described his three laws of motion in ''The Mathematical Principle of Natural Philosophy'', for the Principia, which was published in 1687. These laws described the relationship between an object and the forces acting upon it and laid the foundation for classical mechanics. While Newton's first law came from the work of Descartes and Galileo, his other laws are the work of himself.

==Electric Field==
The electric field created by a charge is present throughout space at all times, whether or not there is another charge around to feel its effects. The electric field created by a charge penetrates through matter. The field permeates the neighboring space, biding its time until it can affect anything brought into its space of interaction.
*[[Vectors]]
*[[Right-Hand Rule]]
*[[Right Hand Rule]]
</div>
</div>

<div class="toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">

====Electric force====
<div class="mw-collapsible-content">

*[[Electric Force]] Claimed by Amarachi Eze
*[[Lorentz Force]]
</div>
</div>

<div class="toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">

====Electric field of a point particle====

<div class="mw-collapsible-content">
*[[Point Charge]]
</div>
</div>

<div class="toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">

'''Bold text'''====Superposition====
<div class="mw-collapsible-content">
*[[Superposition Principle]]
*[[Superposition principle]]
</div>
</div>

<div class="toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">

====Dipoles====
<div class="mw-collapsible-content">
*[[Electric Dipole]]
*[[Magnetic Dipole]]
</div>
</div>

===Week 2===
<div class="toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">
====Interactions of charged objects====
<div class="mw-collapsible-content">
*[[Electric Field]]
*[[Electric Potential]]
*[[Electric Force]]
*[[Lorentz Force]]
</div>
</div>

<div class="toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">
====Tape experiments====
<div class="mw-collapsible-content">
*[[Polarization]]
*[[Electric Polarization]]
</div>
</div>

<div class="toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">
====Polarization====
<div class="mw-collapsible-content">
*[[Polarization]]
*[[Electric Polarization]]
*[[Polarization of an Atom]]
</div>
</div>

===Week 3===
<div class="toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">
====Insulators====
<div class="mw-collapsible-content">
*[[Insulators]]
*[[Potential Difference in an Insulator]]
*[[Charged Conductor and Charged Insulator]]
*[[Charged conductor and charged insulator]]
</div>
</div>

<div class="toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">
====Conductors====
<div class="mw-collapsible-content">
*[[Conductivity]]
*[[Charge Transfer]]
*[[Resistivity]]
*[[Polarization of a conductor]]
*[[Charged Conductor and Charged Insulator]]
*[[Charged conductor and charged insulator]]
</div>
</div>

<div class="toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">
====Charging and discharging====
<div class="mw-collapsible-content">
*[[Charge Transfer]]
*[[Electrostatic Discharge]]
*[[Charged Conductor and Charged Insulator]]
*[[Charged conductor and charged insulator]]
</div>
</div>

===Week 4===
<div class="toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">
====Field of a charged rod====
<div class="mw-collapsible-content">
*[[Charged Rod]]
</div>
</div>

<div class="toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">

====Field of a charged ring/disk/capacitor====
<div class="mw-collapsible-content">
*[[Charged Ring]]
*[[Charged Disk]]
*[[Charged Capacitor]]
</div>
</div>

<div class="toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">

====Field of a charged sphere====
<div class="mw-collapsible-content">
*[[Charged Spherical Shell]]
*[[Field of a Charged Ball]]
</div>
</div>

===Week 5===
<div class="toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">
====Potential energy====
<div class="mw-collapsible-content">
*[[Potential Energy]]
</div>
</div>

<div class="toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">
====Electric potential====
<div class="mw-collapsible-content">
*[[Electric Potential]]
*[[Path Independence of Electric Potential]]
*[[Potential Difference Path Independence, claimed by Aditya Mohile]]
*[[Potential Difference in a Uniform Field]]
*[[Potential Difference of Point Charge in a Non-Uniform Field]]
</div>
</div>
<div class="toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">

====Sign of Potential Difference====
<div class="mw-collapsible-content">
*[[Sign of Potential Difference]]
</div>
</div>
<div class="toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">

====Potential at a single location====
<div class="mw-collapsible-content">
*[[Electric Potential]]
*[[Potential Difference at One Location]]
</div>
</div>

<div class="toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">

====Path independence and round trip potential====
<div class="mw-collapsible-content">
*[[Path Independence of Electric Potential]]
*[[Potential Difference Path Independence, claimed by Aditya Mohile]]
</div>
</div>

===Week 6===
<div class="toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">
====Electric field and potential in an insulator====
<div class="mw-collapsible-content">
*[[Potential Difference in an Insulator]]
*[[Electric Field in an Insulator]]
</div>
</div>
<div class="toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">

====Moving charges in a magnetic field====
<div class="mw-collapsible-content">
*[[Magnetic Field]]
*[[Magnetic Force]]
*[[Lorentz Force]]
</div>
</div>
<div class="toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">

====Biot-Savart Law====
<div class="mw-collapsible-content">
*[[Biot-Savart Law]]
*[[Biot-Savart Law for Currents]]
</div>
</div>
<div class="toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">

====Moving charges, electron current, and conventional current====
<div class="mw-collapsible-content">
*[[Moving Point Charge]]
*[[Current]]
</div>
</div>

===Week 7=== Claimed by Diem Tran
<div class="toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">
====Magnetic field of a wire====
<div class="mw-collapsible-content">
*[[Magnetic Field of a Long Straight Wire]]
</div>
</div>

<div class="toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">
====Magnetic field of a current-carrying loop====
<div class="mw-collapsible-content">
*[[Magnetic Field of a Loop]]
</div>
</div>

<div class="toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">
====Magnetic dipoles====
<div class="mw-collapsible-content">
*[[Magnetic Dipole Moment]]
*[[Bar Magnet]]
</div>
</div>

<div class="toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">
====Atomic structure of magnets====
<div class="mw-collapsible-content">
*[[Atomic Structure of Magnets]]
</div>
</div>

===Week 8===
<div class="toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">
====Steady state current====
<div class="mw-collapsible-content">
*[[Steady State]]
*[[Non Steady State]]
</div>
</div>

<div class="toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">
====Node rule====
<div class="mw-collapsible-content">
*[[Node Rule]]
</div>
</div>

<div class="toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">
====Electric fields and energy in circuits====
<div class="mw-collapsible-content">
*[[Series circuit]] claimed by Hannah Jang
*[[Node Rule]]
*[[Loop Rule]]
*[[Electric Potential Difference]]
</div>
</div>

<div class="toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">

====Macroscopic analysis of circuits====
<div class="mw-collapsible-content">
*[[Series Circuits]]
*[[Parallel CIrcuits]]
*[[Parallel Circuits vs. Series Circuits*]]
*[[Loop Rule]]
*[[Node Rule]]
*[[Resistors*]]
</div>
</div>

===Week 9===
<div class="toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">
====Electric field and potential in circuits with capacitors====
<div class="mw-collapsible-content">
*[[Charging and Discharging a Capacitor]]
*[[RC Circuit]]
*[[R Circuit]]
*[[AC and DC]]

</div>
</div>

<div class="toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">

====Magnetic forces on charges and currents====
<div class="mw-collapsible-content">
*[[Magnetic Force]]
*[[Lorentz Force]]
*[[Applying Magnetic Force to Currents]]
*[[Magnetic Force in a Moving Reference Frame]]
*[[Right-Hand Rule]]
*[[Analysis of Railgun vs Coil gun technologies]]
</div>
</div>

<div class="toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">
====Electric and magnetic forces====
<div class="mw-collapsible-content">
*[[Electric Force]]
*[[Magnetic Force]]
*[[Lorentz Force]]
*[[VPython Modelling of Electric and Magnetic Forces]]
</div>
</div>

<div class="toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">
====Velocity selector====
<div class="mw-collapsible-content">
*[[Lorentz Force]]
*[[Combining Electric and Magnetic Forces]]
</div>
</div>

===Week 10===

====Student Content====

<div class=“toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed”>
==== Hall Effect ====
<div class="mw-collapsible-content">
*[[Hall Effect]]
*[[Motional Emf]]
*[[Magnetic Force]]
*[[Magnetic Torque]]

</div>
</div>

==Physics 3==

===Week 1===
<div class="toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">
====Classical Physics====
<div class="mw-collapsible-content">
</div>
</div>

===Week 2===
<div class="toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">
====Special Relativity====
<div class="mw-collapsible-content">
*[[Frame of Reference]]
*[[Einstein's Theory of Special Relativity]]
*[[Time Dilation]]
*[[Einstein's Theory of General Relativity]]
*[[Albert A. Micheleson & Edward W. Morley]]
*[[Magnetic Force in a Moving Reference Frame]]
</div>
</div>

===Week 3===
<div class="toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">
====Photons====
<div class="mw-collapsible-content">
*[[Spontaneous Photon Emission]]
*[[Light Scattering: Why is the Sky Blue]]
*[[Lasers]]
*[[Electronic Energy Levels and Photons]]
*[[Quantum Properties of Light]]
</div>
</div>

===Week 4===
<div class="toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">
====Matter Waves====
<div class="mw-collapsible-content">
*[[Wave-Particle Duality]]
</div>
</div>

===Week 5===
<div class="toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">
====Wave Mechanics====
<div class="mw-collapsible-content">
*[[Standing Waves]]
*[[Wavelength]]
*[[Wavelength and Frequency]]
*[[Mechanical Waves]]
*[[Transverse and Longitudinal Waves]]
</div>
</div>

===Week 6===
<div class="toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">
====Rutherford-Bohr Model====
<div class="mw-collapsible-content">
*[[Rutherford Experiment and Atomic Collisions]]
*[[Bohr Model]]
*[[Quantized energy levels]]
*[[Energy graphs and the Bohr model]]
</div>
</div>

===Week 7===
<div class="toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">
====The Hydrogen Atom====
<div class="mw-collapsible-content">
*[[Quantum Theory]]
*[[Atomic Theory]]
</div>
</div>

===Week 8===
<div class="toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">
====Many-Electron Atoms====
<div class="mw-collapsible-content">
*[[Quantum Theory]]
*[[Atomic Theory]]
*[[Pauli exclusion principle]]
</div>
</div>

===Week 9===
<div class="toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">
====Molecules====
<div class="mw-collapsible-content">
</div>
</div>

===Week 10===
<div class="toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">
====Statistical Physics====
<div class="mw-collapsible-content">
</div>
</div>

===Week 11===
<div class="toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">
====Condensed Matter Physics====
<div class="mw-collapsible-content">
</div>
</div>

===Week 12===
<div class="toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">
====The Nucleus====
<div class="mw-collapsible-content">
</div>
</div>

===Week 13===
<div class="toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">
====Nuclear Physics====
<div class="mw-collapsible-content">
*[[Nuclear Fission]]
*[[Nuclear Energy from Fission and Fusion]]
</div>
</div>

===Week 14===
<div class="toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">
====Particle Physics====
<div class="mw-collapsible-content">
*[[Elementary Particles and Particle Physics Theory]]
*[[String Theory]]
</div>
</div>

Main Page

2016-04-17T06:13:20Z

Tquill: /* Sign of Potential Difference */

__NOTOC__
Welcome to the Georgia Tech Wiki for Introductory Physics. This resource was created so that students can contribute and curate content to help those with limited or no access to a textbook. When reading this website, please correct any errors you may come across. If you read something that isn't clear, please consider revising it for future students!

Looking to make a contribution?
#Pick one of the topics from intro physics listed below
#Add content to that topic or improve the quality of what is already there.
#Need to make a new topic? Edit this page and add it to the list under the appropriate category. Then copy and paste the default [[Template]] into your new page and start editing.

Please remember that this is not a textbook and you are not limited to expressing your ideas with only text and equations. Whenever possible embed: pictures, videos, diagrams, simulations, computational models (e.g. Glowscript), and whatever content you think makes learning physics easier for other students.

== Source Material ==
All of the content added to this resource must be in the public domain or similar free resource. If you are unsure about a source, contact the original author for permission. That said, there is a surprisingly large amount of introductory physics content scattered across the web. Here is an incomplete list of intro physics resources (please update as needed).
* A physics resource written by experts for an expert audience [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:Physics Physics Portal]
* A wiki written for students by a physics expert [http://p3server.pa.msu.edu/coursewiki/doku.php?id=183_notes MSU Physics Wiki]
* A wiki book on modern physics [https://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Modern_Physics Modern Physics Wiki]
* The MIT open courseware for intro physics [http://ocw.mit.edu/resources/res-8-002-a-wikitextbook-for-introductory-mechanics-fall-2009/index.htm MITOCW Wiki]
* An online concept map of intro physics [http://hyperphysics.phy-astr.gsu.edu/hbase/hph.html HyperPhysics]
* Interactive physics simulations [https://phet.colorado.edu/en/simulations/category/physics PhET]
* OpenStax algebra based intro physics textbook [https://openstaxcollege.org/textbooks/college-physics College Physics]
* The Open Source Physics project is a collection of online physics resources [http://www.opensourcephysics.org/ OSP]
* A resource guide compiled by the [http://www.aapt.org/ AAPT] for educators [http://www.compadre.org/ ComPADRE]

== Organizing Categories ==
These are the broad, overarching categories, that we cover in three semester of introductory physics. You can add subcategories as needed but a single topic should direct readers to a page in one of these categories.

== Resources ==
* Commonly used wiki commands [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:Cheatsheet Wiki Cheatsheet]
* A guide to representing equations in math mode [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:Displaying_a_formula Wiki Math Mode]
* A page to keep track of all the physics [[Constants]]
* A page for review of [[Vectors]] and vector operations
* A listing of [[Notable Scientist]] with links to their individual pages

<div style="float:left; width:30%; padding:1%;">
==Physics 1==
===Week 1===

====Student Content====
<div class=“toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed”>
=====Help with VPython=====
<div class=“mw-collapsible-content”>
*[[VPython]]
*[[VPython basics]]
*[[VPython Common Errors and Troubleshooting]]
*[[VPython Functions]]
*[[VPython Lists]]
*[[VPython Loops]]
*[[VPython Multithreading]]
*[[VPython Animation]]
*[[VPython Objects]]
*[[VPython 3D Objects]]
*[[VPython Reference]]
*[[VPython MapReduceFilter]]
*[[VPython GUIs]]
</div>
</div>

<div class=“toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed”>
=====Vectors and Units=====
<div class=“mw-collapsible-content”>
*[[Vectors]]
*[[SI units]]
</div>
</div>

<div class=“toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed”>

=====Interactions=====
<div class=“mw-collapsible-content”>
</div>
</div>
*[[Types of Interactions and How to Detect Them]]

<div class=“toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed”>

=====Velocity and Momentum=====
<div class=“mw-collapsible-content”>
*[[Newton’s First Law of Motion]]
*[[Velocity]]
*[[Mass]]
*[[Speed and Velocity]]
*[[Relative Velocity]]
*[[Derivation of Average Velocity]]
*[[2-Dimensional Motion]]
*[[3-Dimensional Position and Motion]]
</div>
</div>

====Expert Content====
<div class=“toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed”>

* [http://p3server.pa.msu.edu/coursewiki/doku.php?id=183_notes:vpython_resources Software for Projects]

</div>

===Week 2===
====Student Content====
<div class=“toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed”>
=====Momentum and the Momentum Principle=====
<div class=“mw-collapsible-content”>
*[[Momentum Principle]]
*[[Inertia]]
*[[Net Force]]
*[[Derivation of the Momentum Principle]]
*[[Impulse Momentum]]
*[[Acceleration]]
*[[Momentum with respect to external Forces]]
</div>
</div>

<div class=“toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed”>
=====Iterative Prediction with a Constant Force=====
<div class=“mw-collapsible-content”>
*[[Newton’s Second Law of Motion]]
*[[Iterative Prediction]]
*[[Kinematics]]
*[[Newton’s Laws and Linear Momentum]]
*[[Projectile Motion]]
</div>
</div>

====Expert Content====
<div class=“toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed”>

* [http://p3server.pa.msu.edu/coursewiki/doku.php?id=183_notes:scalars_and_vectors Scalars and Vectors]
* [http://p3server.pa.msu.edu/coursewiki/doku.php?id=183_notes:displacement_and_velocity Displacement and Velocity]
* [http://p3server.pa.msu.edu/coursewiki/doku.php?id=183_notes:modeling_with_vpython Modeling Motion with VPython]
* [http://p3server.pa.msu.edu/coursewiki/doku.php?id=183_notes:relative_motion Relative Motion]
* [http://p3server.pa.msu.edu/coursewiki/doku.php?id=183_notes:graphing_motion Graphing Motion]
* [http://p3server.pa.msu.edu/coursewiki/doku.php?id=183_notes:momentum Momentum]
* [http://p3server.pa.msu.edu/coursewiki/doku.php?id=183_notes:momentum_principle The Momentum Principle]
* [http://p3server.pa.msu.edu/coursewiki/doku.php?id=183_notes:acceleration Acceleration & The Change in Momentum]
* [http://p3server.pa.msu.edu/coursewiki/doku.php?id=183_notes:motionPredict Applying the Momentum Principle]
* [http://p3server.pa.msu.edu/coursewiki/doku.php?id=183_notes:constantF Constant Force Motion]
* [http://p3server.pa.msu.edu/coursewiki/doku.php?id=183_notes:iterativePredict Iterative Prediction of Motion]
* [http://p3server.pa.msu.edu/coursewiki/doku.php?id=183_notes:mp_multi The Momentum Principle in Multi-particle Systems]
* [http://p3server.pa.msu.edu/coursewiki/doku.php?id=183_notes:angular_motivation Why Angular Momentum?]
* [http://p3server.pa.msu.edu/coursewiki/doku.php?id=183_notes:ang_momentum Angular Momentum]
* [http://p3server.pa.msu.edu/coursewiki/doku.php?id=183_notes:L_principle Net Torque & The Angular Momentum Principle]
* [http://p3server.pa.msu.edu/coursewiki/doku.php?id=183_notes:L_conservation Angular Momentum Conservation]

</div>

===Week 3===
====Student Content====
<div class=“toccolours \
mw-collapsible mw-collapsed”>
=====Analytic Prediction with a Constant Force=====
<div \
class=“mw-collapsible-content”>
*[[Analytical Prediction]]
</div>
</div>

<div class=“toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed”>
=====Iterative Prediction with a Varying Force=====
<div \
class=“mw-collapsible-content”>
*[[Predicting Change in multiple dimensions]]
*[[Spring Force]]
*[[Hooke’s Law]]
*[[Simple Harmonic Motion]]
*[[Iterative Prediction of Spring-Mass System]]
*[[Terminal Speed]]
*[[Determinism]]
</div>
</div>

====Expert Content====
<div class=“toccolours mw-collapsible \
mw-collapsed”>

* [http://p3server.pa.msu.edu/coursewiki/doku.php?id=183_notes:drag Drag]
* [http://p3server.pa.msu.edu/coursewiki/doku.php?id=183_notes:gravitation Non-constant Force: Newtonian Gravitation]
* [http://p3server.pa.msu.edu/coursewiki/doku.php?id=183_notes:ucm Uniform Circular Motion]
* [http://p3server.pa.msu.edu/coursewiki/doku.php?id=183_notes:impulseGraphs Impulse Graphs]
* [http://p3server.pa.msu.edu/coursewiki/doku.php?id=183_notes:springMotion Non-constant Force: Springs & Spring-like Interactions]
* [http://p3server.pa.msu.edu/coursewiki/doku.php?id=183_notes:friction Contact Interactions: The Normal Force & Friction]

</div>

===Week 4===
====Student Content====
<div class=“toccolours \
mw-collapsible mw-collapsed”>
=====Fundamental Interactions=====
<div class=“mw-collapsible-content”>
*[[Gravitational Force]]
*[[Electric Force]]
*[[Reciprocity]]
</div>
</div>

====Expert Content====
<div class=“toccolours mw-collapsible \
mw-collapsed”>

* [http://p3server.pa.msu.edu/coursewiki/doku.php?id=183_notes:gravitation Non-constant Force: Newtonian Gravitation]

</div>

===Week 5===
====Student Content====
<div class=“toccolours \
mw-collapsible mw-collapsed”>
=====Conservation of Momentum=====
<div class=“mw-collapsible-content”>
*[[Conservation of Momentum]]
</div>
</div>
<div class=“toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed”>

=====Properties of Matter=====
<div class=“mw-collapsible-content”>
*[[Kinds of Matter]]
**[[Ball and Spring Model of Matter]]
*[[Density]]
*[[Length and Stiffness of an Interatomic Bond]]
*[[Young’s Modulus]]
*[[Speed of Sound in Solids]]
*[[Malleability]]
*[[Ductility]]
*[[Weight]]
*[[Hardness]]
*[[Boiling Point]]
*[[Melting Point]]
</div>
</div>

====Expert Content====
<div class=“toccolours mw-collapsible \
mw-collapsed”>

* [http://p3server.pa.msu.edu/coursewiki/doku.php?id=183_notes:model_of_a_wire Modeling a Solid Wire: springs in series and parallel]

</div>

===Week 6===
====Student Content====
<div class=“toccolours \
mw-collapsible mw-collapsed”>
=====Identifying Forces=====
<div class=“mw-collapsible-content”>
*[[Free Body Diagram]]
*[[Compression or Normal Force]]
*[[Tension]]
</div>
</div>
<div class=“toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed”>
=====Curving Motion=====
<div class=“mw-collapsible-content”>
*[[Curving Motion]]
*[[Centripetal Force and Curving Motion]]
*[[Perpetual Freefall (Orbit)]]
</div>
</div>

====Expert Content====
<div class=“toccolours mw-collapsible \
mw-collapsed”>

* [http://p3server.pa.msu.edu/coursewiki/doku.php?id=183_notes:gravitation Non-constant Force: Newtonian Gravitation]
* [http://p3server.pa.msu.edu/coursewiki/doku.php?id=183_notes:grav_accel Gravitational Acceleration]
* [http://p3server.pa.msu.edu/coursewiki/doku.php?id=183_notes:ucm Uniform Circular Motion]
* [http://p3server.pa.msu.edu/coursewiki/doku.php?id=183_notes:freebodydiagrams Free Body Diagrams]
* [http://p3server.pa.msu.edu/coursewiki/doku.php?id=183_notes:curving_motion Curved Motion]

</div>

===Week 7===
====Student Content====
<div class=“toccolours \
mw-collapsible mw-collapsed”>
=====Energy Principle=====
<div class=“mw-collapsible-content”>
*[[The Energy Principle]]
*[[Conservation of Energy]]
*[[Kinetic Energy]]
*[[Work]]
*[[Power (Mechanical)]]
</div>
</div>

====Expert Content====
<div class=“toccolours mw-collapsible \
mw-collapsed”>

* [http://p3server.pa.msu.edu/coursewiki/doku.php?id=183_notes:define_energy What is Energy?]
* [http://p3server.pa.msu.edu/coursewiki/doku.php?id=183_notes:point_particle The Simplest System: A Single Particle]
* [http://p3server.pa.msu.edu/coursewiki/doku.php?id=183_notes:work Work: Mechanical Energy Transfer]
* [http://p3server.pa.msu.edu/coursewiki/doku.php?id=183_notes:energy_cons Conservation of Energy]
* [http://p3server.pa.msu.edu/coursewiki/doku.php?id=183_notes:potential_energy Potential Energy]
* [http://p3server.pa.msu.edu/coursewiki/doku.php?id=183_notes:grav_and_spring_PE (Near Earth) Gravitational and Spring Potential Energy]
* [http://p3server.pa.msu.edu/coursewiki/doku.php?id=183_notes:force_and_PE Force and Potential Energy]
* [http://p3server.pa.msu.edu/coursewiki/doku.php?id=183_notes:newton_grav_pe Newtonian Gravitational Potential Energy]
* [http://p3server.pa.msu.edu/coursewiki/doku.php?id=183_notes:spring_PE Spring Potential Energy]

</div>

===Week 8===
====Student Content====
<div class=“toccolours \
mw-collapsible mw-collapsed”>
=====Work by Non-Constant Forces=====
<div \
class=“mw-collapsible-content”>
*[[Work Done By A Nonconstant Force]]
</div>
</div>
<div class=“toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed”>
=====Potential Energy=====
<div class=“mw-collapsible-content”>
*[[Potential Energy]]
*[[Potential Energy of Macroscopic Springs]]
*[[Spring Potential Energy]]
**[[Ball and Spring Model]]
*[[Gravitational Potential Energy]]
*[[Energy Graphs]]
*[[Escape Velocity]]
</div>
</div>

====Expert Content====
<div class=“toccolours mw-collapsible \
mw-collapsed”>

* [http://p3server.pa.msu.edu/coursewiki/doku.php?id=183_notes:work_by_nc_forces Work Done by Non-Constant Forces]
* [http://p3server.pa.msu.edu/coursewiki/doku.php?id=183_notes:potential_energy Potential Energy]
* [http://p3server.pa.msu.edu/coursewiki/doku.php?id=183_notes:grav_and_spring_PE (Near Earth) Gravitational and Spring Potential Energy]
* [http://p3server.pa.msu.edu/coursewiki/doku.php?id=183_notes:rest_mass Changes of Rest Mass Energy]
* [http://p3server.pa.msu.edu/coursewiki/doku.php?id=183_notes:force_and_PE Force and Potential Energy]
* [http://p3server.pa.msu.edu/coursewiki/doku.php?id=183_notes:newton_grav_pe Newtonian Gravitational Potential Energy]
* [http://p3server.pa.msu.edu/coursewiki/doku.php?id=183_notes:grav_pe_graphs Graphing Energy for Gravitationally Interacting Systems]
* [http://p3server.pa.msu.edu/coursewiki/doku.php?id=183_notes:spring_PE Spring Potential Energy]
* [http://p3server.pa.msu.edu/coursewiki/doku.php?id=183_notes:power Power: The Rate of Energy Change]
* [http://p3server.pa.msu.edu/coursewiki/doku.php?id=183_notes:energy_dissipation Dissipation of Energy]

</div>

===Week 9===
====Student Content====
<div class=“toccolours \
mw-collapsible mw-collapsed”>
=====Multiparticle Systems=====
<div class=“mw-collapsible-content”>
*[[Center of Mass]]
*[[Multi-particle analysis of Momentum]]
*[[Momentum with respect to external Forces]]
*[[Potential Energy of a Multiparticle System]]
*[[Work and Energy for an Extended System]]
*[[Internal Energy]]
**[[Potential Energy of a Pair of Neutral Atoms]]
</div>
</div>

====Expert Content====
<div class=“toccolours mw-collapsible \
mw-collapsed”>

* [http://p3server.pa.msu.edu/coursewiki/doku.php?id=183_notes:mp_multi The Momentum Principle in Multi-particle Systems]
* [http://p3server.pa.msu.edu/coursewiki/doku.php?id=183_notes:center_of_mass Center of Mass Motion]
* [http://p3server.pa.msu.edu/coursewiki/doku.php?id=183_notes:center_of_mass Center of Mass Motion]
* [http://p3server.pa.msu.edu/coursewiki/doku.php?id=183_notes:energy_sep Separating Energy in Multi-Particle Systems]

</div>

===Week 10===
====Student Content====
<div class=“toccolours \
mw-collapsible mw-collapsed”>
=====Choice of System=====
<div class=“mw-collapsible-content”>
*[[System & Surroundings]]
</div>
</div>
<div class=“toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed”>
=====Thermal Energy, Dissipation and Transfer of Energy=====
<div \
class=“mw-collapsible-content”>
*[[Thermal Energy]]
*[[Specific Heat]]
*[[Heat Capacity]]
*[[Specific Heat Capacity]]
*[[First Law of Thermodynamics]]
*[[Second Law of Thermodynamics and Entropy]]
*[[Temperature]]
*[[Predicting Change]]
*[[Energy Transfer due to a Temperature Difference]]
*[[Transformation of Energy]]
*[[The Maxwell-Boltzmann Distribution]]
*[[Air Resistance]]
</div>
</div>
<div class=“toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed”>
=====Rotational and Vibrational Energy=====
<div \
class=“mw-collapsible-content”>
*[[Translational, Rotational and Vibrational Energy]]
</div>
</div>

====Expert Content====
<div class=“toccolours mw-collapsible \
mw-collapsed”>

* [http://p3server.pa.msu.edu/coursewiki/doku.php?id=183_notes:grav_and_spring_PE (Near Earth) Gravitational and Spring Potential Energy]
* [http://p3server.pa.msu.edu/coursewiki/doku.php?id=183_notes:rest_mass Changes of Rest Mass Energy]
* [http://p3server.pa.msu.edu/coursewiki/doku.php?id=183_notes:newton_grav_pe Newtonian Gravitational Potential Energy]
* [http://p3server.pa.msu.edu/coursewiki/doku.php?id=183_notes:grav_pe_graphs Graphing Energy for Gravitationally Interacting Systems]
* [http://p3server.pa.msu.edu/coursewiki/doku.php?id=183_notes:escape_speed Escape Speed]
* [http://p3server.pa.msu.edu/coursewiki/doku.php?id=183_notes:spring_PE Spring Potential Energy]
* [http://p3server.pa.msu.edu/coursewiki/doku.php?id=183_notes:internal_energy Internal Energy]
* [http://p3server.pa.msu.edu/coursewiki/doku.php?id=183_notes:system_choice Choosing a System Matters]
* [http://p3server.pa.msu.edu/coursewiki/doku.php?id=183_notes:energy_dissipation Dissipation of Energy]

</div>

===Week 11===
====Student Content====
<div class=“toccolours \
mw-collapsible mw-collapsed”>
=====Different Models of a System=====
<div \
class=“mw-collapsible-content”>
*[[Real Systems]]
*[[Point Particle Systems]]
</div>
</div>
<div class=“toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed”>

=====Models of Friction=====
<div class=“mw-collapsible-content”>
*[[Friction]]
*[[Static Friction]]
</div>
</div>

====Expert Content====
<div class=“toccolours mw-collapsible \
mw-collapsed”>

* [http://p3server.pa.msu.edu/coursewiki/doku.php?id=183_notes:system_choice Choosing a System Matters]
* [http://p3server.pa.msu.edu/coursewiki/doku.php?id=183_notes:energy_dissipation Dissipation of Energy]

</div>

===Week 12===
====Student Content====
<div class=“toccolours \
mw-collapsible mw-collapsed”>
=====Collisions=====
<div class=“mw-collapsible-content”>
*[[Newton’s Third Law of Motion]]
*[[Collisions]]
*[[Elastic Collisions]]
*[[Inelastic Collisions]]
*[[Maximally Inelastic Collision]]
*[[Head-on Collision of Equal Masses]]
*[[Head-on Collision of Unequal Masses]]
*[[Scattering: Collisions in 2D and 3D]]
*[[Rutherford Experiment and Atomic Collisions]]
*[[Coefficient of Restitution]]
</div>
</div>

====Expert Content====
<div class=“toccolours mw-collapsible \
mw-collapsed”>

* [http://p3server.pa.msu.edu/coursewiki/doku.php?id=183_notes:collisions Colliding Objects]
* [http://p3server.pa.msu.edu/coursewiki/doku.php?id=183_notes:center_of_mass Center of Mass Motion]
* [http://p3server.pa.msu.edu/coursewiki/doku.php?id=183_notes:center_of_mass Center of Mass Motion]
* [http://p3server.pa.msu.edu/coursewiki/doku.php?id=183_notes:rot_KE Rotational Kinetic Energy]
* [http://p3server.pa.msu.edu/coursewiki/doku.php?id=183_notes:pp_vs_real Point Particle and Real Systems]
* [http://p3server.pa.msu.edu/coursewiki/doku.php?id=183_notes:colliding_systems Collisions]

</div>

===Week 13===
====Student Content====
<div class=“toccolours \
mw-collapsible mw-collapsed”>
=====Rotations=====
<div class=“mw-collapsible-content”>
*[[Rotation]]
*[[Angular Velocity]]
*[[Eulerian Angles]]
</div>
</div>
<div class=“toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed”>
=====Angular Momentum=====
<div class=“mw-collapsible-content”>
*[[Total Angular Momentum]]
*[[Translational Angular Momentum]]
*[[Rotational Angular Momentum]]
*[[The Angular Momentum Principle]]
*[[Angular Momentum Compared to Linear Momentum]]
*[[Angular Impulse]]
*[[Predicting the Position of a Rotating System]]
*[[Angular Momentum of Multiparticle Systems]]
*[[The Moments of Inertia]]
*[[Moment of Inertia for a cylinder]]
*[[Right Hand Rule]]
</div>
</div>

====Expert Content====
<div class=“toccolours mw-collapsible \
mw-collapsed”>

* [http://p3server.pa.msu.edu/coursewiki/doku.php?id=183_notes:rot_KE Rotational Kinetic Energy]
* [http://p3server.pa.msu.edu/coursewiki/doku.php?id=183_notes:angular_motivation Why Angular Momentum?]
* [http://p3server.pa.msu.edu/coursewiki/doku.php?id=183_notes:ang_momentum Angular Momentum]
* [http://p3server.pa.msu.edu/coursewiki/doku.php?id=183_notes:L_principle Net Torque & The Angular Momentum Principle]
* [http://p3server.pa.msu.edu/coursewiki/doku.php?id=183_notes:L_conservation Angular Momentum Conservation]

</div>
===Week 14===

====Student Content====
<div class=“toccolours mw-collapsible \
mw-collapsed”>
=====Analyzing Motion with and without Torque=====
<div \
class=“mw-collapsible-content”>
*[[Torque]]
*[[Torque 2]]
*[[Systems with Zero Torque]]
*[[Systems with Nonzero Torque]]
*[[Torque vs Work]]
*[[Gyroscopes]]
</div>
</div>

====Expert Content====
<div class=“toccolours mw-collapsible \
mw-collapsed”>

* [http://p3server.pa.msu.edu/coursewiki/doku.php?id=183_notes:discovery_of_the_nucleus Discovery of the Nucleus]
* [http://p3server.pa.msu.edu/coursewiki/doku.php?id=183_notes:torque Torques Cause Changes in Rotation]
* [http://p3server.pa.msu.edu/coursewiki/doku.php?id=183_notes:L_principle Net Torque & The Angular Momentum Principle]

</div>

===Week 15===

====Student Content====
<div class=“toccolours mw-collapsible \
mw-collapsed”>
=====Introduction to Quantum Concepts=====
<div \class=“mw-collapsible-content”>
*[[Bohr Model]]
*[[Energy graphs and the Bohr model]]
*[[Quantized energy levels]]
</div>
</div>

====Expert Content====
<div class=“toccolours mw-collapsible \
mw-collapsed”>

* [http://p3server.pa.msu.edu/coursewiki/doku.php?id=183_notes:discovery_of_the_nucleus Discovery of the Nucleus]

</div>

<div style=“float:left; width:30%; padding:1%;”>

==Physics 2==
===Week 1===
<div class="toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">
====3D Vectors====
<div class="mw-collapsible-content">
*[[Page claimed by Laura Winalski]]*
*[[Vectors]]
*[[Right-Hand Rule]]
*[[Right Hand Rule]]
</div>
</div>

<div class="toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">

'''CLAIMED BY DIPRO CHAKRABORTY'''

'''CLAIMED BY DIPRO CHAKRABORTY'''
'''CLAIMED BY DIPRO CHAKRABORTY'''
'''CLAIMED BY DIPRO CHAKRABORTY'''

'''CLAIMED BY DIPRO CHAKRABORTY'''
====Electric field====
<div class="mw-collapsible-content">

[[Electric field]]

The electric field created by a charge is present throughout space at all times, whether or not there is another charge around to feel its effects. The electric field created by a charge penetrates through matter. The field permeates the neighboring space, biding its time until it can affect anything brought into its space of interaction.

==The Main Idea==
To be exact, the definition of the Electric Field is as follows:
The electric field is a region around a charged particle or object within which a force would be exerted on other objects.
If we put a charged particle at a location and it experiences a force, it would be logical to assume that there is something present that
is interacting with the particle. This "virtual force" is in essence the electric field.
===A Mathematical Model===

The electric field can be expressed mathematically as follows:

<math>{\vec{F_{net}} = 0 \Leftrightarrow \frac{d\vec{v}}{dt}} = 0</math>

<math>{\vec{F_{2}} = {q_{1}}{\vec{E_{1}}} \Leftrightarrow \frac{d\vec{v}}{dt}} </math>

which can be translated to postulate that the force on particle 2 is determined by the charge of particle 2 and the electric
field.

==Examples==

The following examples are to test your basic understanding of the Electric Field. For more examples that test your knowledge of all three of the laws, peruse the class textbook.

===Simple===
Which way is the electric field going for a negatively charged particle?

[[File:Simple111.png]]

It's easy to see that the electric field is pointing toward the negatively charged particle. The electric field is tending
toward the negatively charged particle.

===Middling===
Does the object in the following image have a net force of zero? Does it have a constant velocity?

This example is slightly more difficult, but is still quite trivial. If we sum the forces in the x direction, we see that the net force is 2 newtons in the -x direction. Therefore, the object does not have a constant velocity, and will be accelerating in the -x direction.

===Difficult===
Does the object in the following image have a net force of zero? Does it have a constant velocity?

This final example tests your knowledge and understanding of Newton's First Law. We're able to see that the box will accelerate in the -x direction because the net force in the x direction is 5 newtons to the left. However, the box itself has a velocity of 5m/s upwards, which would indeed stay constant. This is because forces (and motion) in perpendicular directions are of each other.

==Connectedness==

Newton's laws of motion tie into almost everything that we see or do. The first law, in particular, explains why we suddenly lurch forward when a car suddenly stops (our bodies are in a state of motion and thus resist the sudden stop), why it's much harder to stop when ice skating than walking (there's less friction, thus less net force to decelerate), and much, much, more. The importance of Newton's first law (and by extension, the other laws of motion) is not readily apparent, but serves as a basis to explain much of our daily interactions with our surroundings.

It can also apply to things outside of our daily interactions - space, for example. Newton's first law describes why an astronaut in space will continuously float in a direction forever if they are not pulled in by an asteroid or a planet's gravitational force. There is a lack of a net force opposing the astronaut's motion (due to the fact that there is no air in space) which results in the astronaut having a constant velocity. Floating off into space is probably an astronaut's worst nightmare, a scenario that a recent movie, ''Gravity'', explored. The entire premise of the movie (Sandra Bullock becomes untethered from her space station) relies on Newton's first law of motion.
==History==

While Galileo is the one credited with the idea of inertia motion, it was René Descartes, a French philosopher, who would expand upon Galileo's ideas. Descartes went on to propose three fundamental laws of nature in his book, ''Principles of Philosophy'', the first of which stated that "each thing, as far as is in its power, always remains in the same state; and that consequently, when it is once moved, it always continues to move." Thus, while the concept of inertia is often referred to as Newton's First Law, it was first described by Galileo and then perfected by Descartes decades before Newton published his findings.

As for Newton, he first described his three laws of motion in ''The Mathematical Principle of Natural Philosophy'', for the Principia, which was published in 1687. These laws described the relationship between an object and the forces acting upon it and laid the foundation for classical mechanics. While Newton's first law came from the work of Descartes and Galileo, his other laws are the work of himself.

==The Main Idea==
To be exact, the definition of the Electric Field is as follows:
The electric field is a region around a charged particle or object within which a force would be exerted on other objects.
If we put a charged particle at a location and it experiences a force, it would be logical to assume that there is something present that
is interacting with the particle. This "virtual force" is in essence the electric field.
===A Mathematical Model===

The electric field can be expressed mathematically as follows:

<math>{\vec{F_{net}} = 0 \Leftrightarrow \frac{d\vec{v}}{dt}} = 0</math>

<math>{\vec{F_{2}} = {q_{1}}{\vec{E_{1}}} \Leftrightarrow \frac{d\vec{v}}{dt}} </math>

which can be translated to postulate that the force on particle 2 is determined by the charge of particle 2 and the electric
field.

==Examples==

The following examples are to test your basic understanding of the Electric Field. For more examples that test your knowledge of all three of the laws, peruse the class textbook.

===Simple===
Which way is the electric field going for a negatively charged particle?

[[File:Simple111.png]]

It's easy to see that the electric field is pointing toward the negatively charged particle. The electric field is tending
toward the negatively charged particle.

===Middling===
Does the object in the following image have a net force of zero? Does it have a constant velocity?

This example is slightly more difficult, but is still quite trivial. If we sum the forces in the x direction, we see that the net force is 2 newtons in the -x direction. Therefore, the object does not have a constant velocity, and will be accelerating in the -x direction.

===Difficult===
Does the object in the following image have a net force of zero? Does it have a constant velocity?

This final example tests your knowledge and understanding of Newton's First Law. We're able to see that the box will accelerate in the -x direction because the net force in the x direction is 5 newtons to the left. However, the box itself has a velocity of 5m/s upwards, which would indeed stay constant. This is because forces (and motion) in perpendicular directions are of each other.

==Connectedness==

Newton's laws of motion tie into almost everything that we see or do. The first law, in particular, explains why we suddenly lurch forward when a car suddenly stops (our bodies are in a state of motion and thus resist the sudden stop), why it's much harder to stop when ice skating than walking (there's less friction, thus less net force to decelerate), and much, much, more. The importance of Newton's first law (and by extension, the other laws of motion) is not readily apparent, but serves as a basis to explain much of our daily interactions with our surroundings.

It can also apply to things outside of our daily interactions - space, for example. Newton's first law describes why an astronaut in space will continuously float in a direction forever if they are not pulled in by an asteroid or a planet's gravitational force. There is a lack of a net force opposing the astronaut's motion (due to the fact that there is no air in space) which results in the astronaut having a constant velocity. Floating off into space is probably an astronaut's worst nightmare, a scenario that a recent movie, ''Gravity'', explored. The entire premise of the movie (Sandra Bullock becomes untethered from her space station) relies on Newton's first law of motion.
==History==

While Galileo is the one credited with the idea of inertia motion, it was René Descartes, a French philosopher, who would expand upon Galileo's ideas. Descartes went on to propose three fundamental laws of nature in his book, ''Principles of Philosophy'', the first of which stated that "each thing, as far as is in its power, always remains in the same state; and that consequently, when it is once moved, it always continues to move." Thus, while the concept of inertia is often referred to as Newton's First Law, it was first described by Galileo and then perfected by Descartes decades before Newton published his findings.

As for Newton, he first described his three laws of motion in ''The Mathematical Principle of Natural Philosophy'', for the Principia, which was published in 1687. These laws described the relationship between an object and the forces acting upon it and laid the foundation for classical mechanics. While Newton's first law came from the work of Descartes and Galileo, his other laws are the work of himself.

==The Main Idea==
To be exact, the definition of the Electric Field is as follows:
The electric field is a region around a charged particle or object within which a force would be exerted on other objects.
If we put a charged particle at a location and it experiences a force, it would be logical to assume that there is something present that
is interacting with the particle. This "virtual force" is in essence the electric field.
===A Mathematical Model===

The electric field can be expressed mathematically as follows:

<math>{\vec{F_{net}} = 0 \Leftrightarrow \frac{d\vec{v}}{dt}} = 0</math>

<math>{\vec{F_{2}} = {q_{1}}{\vec{E_{1}}} \Leftrightarrow \frac{d\vec{v}}{dt}} </math>

which can be translated to postulate that the force on particle 2 is determined by the charge of particle 2 and the electric
field.

==Examples==

The following examples are to test your basic understanding of the Electric Field. For more examples that test your knowledge of all three of the laws, peruse the class textbook.

===Simple===
Which way is the electric field going for a negatively charged particle?

[[File:Simple111.png]]

It's easy to see that the electric field is pointing toward the negatively charged particle. The electric field is tending
toward the negatively charged particle.

===Middling===
Does the object in the following image have a net force of zero? Does it have a constant velocity?

This example is slightly more difficult, but is still quite trivial. If we sum the forces in the x direction, we see that the net force is 2 newtons in the -x direction. Therefore, the object does not have a constant velocity, and will be accelerating in the -x direction.

===Difficult===
Does the object in the following image have a net force of zero? Does it have a constant velocity?

This final example tests your knowledge and understanding of Newton's First Law. We're able to see that the box will accelerate in the -x direction because the net force in the x direction is 5 newtons to the left. However, the box itself has a velocity of 5m/s upwards, which would indeed stay constant. This is because forces (and motion) in perpendicular directions are of each other.

==Connectedness==

Newton's laws of motion tie into almost everything that we see or do. The first law, in particular, explains why we suddenly lurch forward when a car suddenly stops (our bodies are in a state of motion and thus resist the sudden stop), why it's much harder to stop when ice skating than walking (there's less friction, thus less net force to decelerate), and much, much, more. The importance of Newton's first law (and by extension, the other laws of motion) is not readily apparent, but serves as a basis to explain much of our daily interactions with our surroundings.

It can also apply to things outside of our daily interactions - space, for example. Newton's first law describes why an astronaut in space will continuously float in a direction forever if they are not pulled in by an asteroid or a planet's gravitational force. There is a lack of a net force opposing the astronaut's motion (due to the fact that there is no air in space) which results in the astronaut having a constant velocity. Floating off into space is probably an astronaut's worst nightmare, a scenario that a recent movie, ''Gravity'', explored. The entire premise of the movie (Sandra Bullock becomes untethered from her space station) relies on Newton's first law of motion.
==History==

While Galileo is the one credited with the idea of inertia motion, it was René Descartes, a French philosopher, who would expand upon Galileo's ideas. Descartes went on to propose three fundamental laws of nature in his book, ''Principles of Philosophy'', the first of which stated that "each thing, as far as is in its power, always remains in the same state; and that consequently, when it is once moved, it always continues to move." Thus, while the concept of inertia is often referred to as Newton's First Law, it was first described by Galileo and then perfected by Descartes decades before Newton published his findings.

As for Newton, he first described his three laws of motion in ''The Mathematical Principle of Natural Philosophy'', for the Principia, which was published in 1687. These laws described the relationship between an object and the forces acting upon it and laid the foundation for classical mechanics. While Newton's first law came from the work of Descartes and Galileo, his other laws are the work of himself.

==The Main Idea==
To be exact, the definition of the Electric Field is as follows:
The electric field is a region around a charged particle or object within which a force would be exerted on other objects.
If we put a charged particle at a location and it experiences a force, it would be logical to assume that there is something present that
is interacting with the particle. This "virtual force" is in essence the electric field.
===A Mathematical Model===

The electric field can be expressed mathematically as follows:

<math>{\vec{F_{net}} = 0 \Leftrightarrow \frac{d\vec{v}}{dt}} = 0</math>

<math>{\vec{F_{2}} = {q_{1}}{\vec{E_{1}}} \Leftrightarrow \frac{d\vec{v}}{dt}} </math>

which can be translated to postulate that the force on particle 2 is determined by the charge of particle 2 and the electric
field.

==Examples==

The following examples are to test your basic understanding of the Electric Field. For more examples that test your knowledge of all three of the laws, peruse the class textbook.

===Simple===
Which way is the electric field going for a negatively charged particle?

[[File:Simple111.png]]

It's easy to see that the electric field is pointing toward the negatively charged particle. The electric field is tending
toward the negatively charged particle.

===Middling===
Does the object in the following image have a net force of zero? Does it have a constant velocity?

This example is slightly more difficult, but is still quite trivial. If we sum the forces in the x direction, we see that the net force is 2 newtons in the -x direction. Therefore, the object does not have a constant velocity, and will be accelerating in the -x direction.

===Difficult===
Does the object in the following image have a net force of zero? Does it have a constant velocity?

This final example tests your knowledge and understanding of Newton's First Law. We're able to see that the box will accelerate in the -x direction because the net force in the x direction is 5 newtons to the left. However, the box itself has a velocity of 5m/s upwards, which would indeed stay constant. This is because forces (and motion) in perpendicular directions are of each other.

==Connectedness==

Newton's laws of motion tie into almost everything that we see or do. The first law, in particular, explains why we suddenly lurch forward when a car suddenly stops (our bodies are in a state of motion and thus resist the sudden stop), why it's much harder to stop when ice skating than walking (there's less friction, thus less net force to decelerate), and much, much, more. The importance of Newton's first law (and by extension, the other laws of motion) is not readily apparent, but serves as a basis to explain much of our daily interactions with our surroundings.

It can also apply to things outside of our daily interactions - space, for example. Newton's first law describes why an astronaut in space will continuously float in a direction forever if they are not pulled in by an asteroid or a planet's gravitational force. There is a lack of a net force opposing the astronaut's motion (due to the fact that there is no air in space) which results in the astronaut having a constant velocity. Floating off into space is probably an astronaut's worst nightmare, a scenario that a recent movie, ''Gravity'', explored. The entire premise of the movie (Sandra Bullock becomes untethered from her space station) relies on Newton's first law of motion.
==History==

While Galileo is the one credited with the idea of inertia motion, it was René Descartes, a French philosopher, who would expand upon Galileo's ideas. Descartes went on to propose three fundamental laws of nature in his book, ''Principles of Philosophy'', the first of which stated that "each thing, as far as is in its power, always remains in the same state; and that consequently, when it is once moved, it always continues to move." Thus, while the concept of inertia is often referred to as Newton's First Law, it was first described by Galileo and then perfected by Descartes decades before Newton published his findings.

As for Newton, he first described his three laws of motion in ''The Mathematical Principle of Natural Philosophy'', for the Principia, which was published in 1687. These laws described the relationship between an object and the forces acting upon it and laid the foundation for classical mechanics. While Newton's first law came from the work of Descartes and Galileo, his other laws are the work of himself.

==The Main Idea==
To be exact, the definition of the Electric Field is as follows:
The electric field is a region around a charged particle or object within which a force would be exerted on other objects.
If we put a charged particle at a location and it experiences a force, it would be logical to assume that there is something present that
is interacting with the particle. This "virtual force" is in essence the electric field.
===A Mathematical Model===

The electric field can be expressed mathematically as follows:

<math>{\vec{F_{net}} = 0 \Leftrightarrow \frac{d\vec{v}}{dt}} = 0</math>

<math>{\vec{F_{2}} = {q_{1}}{\vec{E_{1}}} \Leftrightarrow \frac{d\vec{v}}{dt}} = 0</math>

which can be translated to postulate that the force on particle 2 is determined by the charge of particle 2 and the electric
field.

==Examples==

The following examples are to test your basic understanding of the Electric Field. For more examples that test your knowledge of all three of the laws, peruse the class textbook.

===Simple===
Which way is the electric field going for a negatively charged particle?

[[File:Example.jpg]]

It's easy to see that the electric field is pointing toward the negatively charged particle. The electric field is tending
toward the negatively charged particle.

===Middling===
Does the object in the following image have a net force of zero? Does it have a constant velocity?

This example is slightly more difficult, but is still quite trivial. If we sum the forces in the x direction, we see that the net force is 2 newtons in the -x direction. Therefore, the object does not have a constant velocity, and will be accelerating in the -x direction.

===Difficult===
Does the object in the following image have a net force of zero? Does it have a constant velocity?

This final example tests your knowledge and understanding of Newton's First Law. We're able to see that the box will accelerate in the -x direction because the net force in the x direction is 5 newtons to the left. However, the box itself has a velocity of 5m/s upwards, which would indeed stay constant. This is because forces (and motion) in perpendicular directions are of each other.

==Connectedness==

Newton's laws of motion tie into almost everything that we see or do. The first law, in particular, explains why we suddenly lurch forward when a car suddenly stops (our bodies are in a state of motion and thus resist the sudden stop), why it's much harder to stop when ice skating than walking (there's less friction, thus less net force to decelerate), and much, much, more. The importance of Newton's first law (and by extension, the other laws of motion) is not readily apparent, but serves as a basis to explain much of our daily interactions with our surroundings.

It can also apply to things outside of our daily interactions - space, for example. Newton's first law describes why an astronaut in space will continuously float in a direction forever if they are not pulled in by an asteroid or a planet's gravitational force. There is a lack of a net force opposing the astronaut's motion (due to the fact that there is no air in space) which results in the astronaut having a constant velocity. Floating off into space is probably an astronaut's worst nightmare, a scenario that a recent movie, ''Gravity'', explored. The entire premise of the movie (Sandra Bullock becomes untethered from her space station) relies on Newton's first law of motion.
==History==

While Galileo is the one credited with the idea of inertia motion, it was René Descartes, a French philosopher, who would expand upon Galileo's ideas. Descartes went on to propose three fundamental laws of nature in his book, ''Principles of Philosophy'', the first of which stated that "each thing, as far as is in its power, always remains in the same state; and that consequently, when it is once moved, it always continues to move." Thus, while the concept of inertia is often referred to as Newton's First Law, it was first described by Galileo and then perfected by Descartes decades before Newton published his findings.

As for Newton, he first described his three laws of motion in ''The Mathematical Principle of Natural Philosophy'', for the Principia, which was published in 1687. These laws described the relationship between an object and the forces acting upon it and laid the foundation for classical mechanics. While Newton's first law came from the work of Descartes and Galileo, his other laws are the work of himself.

==The Main Idea==
To be exact, the definition of the Electric Field is as follows:
The electric field is a region around a charged particle or object within which a force would be exerted on other charged particles or objects.
If we put a charged particle at a location and it experiences a force, it would be logical to assume that there is something present that
is interacting with the particle. This "virtual force" is in essence the electric field.
===A Mathematical Model===

The electric field can be expressed mathematically as follows:

<math>{\vec{F_{net}} = 0 \Leftrightarrow \frac{d\vec{v}}{dt}} = 0</math>

<math>{\vec{F_{2}} = {q_{1}}{\vec{E_{1}}} \Leftrightarrow \frac{d\vec{v}}{dt}} = 0</math>

which can be translated to postulate that the force on particle 2 is determined by the charge of particle 2 and the electric
field.

==Examples==

The following examples are to test your basic understanding of Newton's First Law. For more examples that test your knowledge of all three of the laws, click .

===Simple===
Does the object in the following image have a net force of zero? Does it have a constant velocity?

It's easy to see that the only force on the object is acting in the +x direction, with a magnitude of 5 newtons. Therefore, the object does not have a net force of zero or a constant velocity. It will be accelerating in the +x direction.

===Middling===
Does the object in the following image have a net force of zero? Does it have a constant velocity?

This example is slightly more difficult, but is still quite trivial. If we sum the forces in the x direction, we see that the net force is 2 newtons in the -x direction. Therefore, the object does not have a constant velocity, and will be accelerating in the -x direction.

===Difficult===
Does the object in the following image have a net force of zero? Does it have a constant velocity?

This final example tests your knowledge and understanding of Newton's First Law. We're able to see that the box will accelerate in the -x direction because the net force in the x direction is 5 newtons to the left. However, the box itself has a velocity of 5m/s upwards, which would indeed stay constant. This is because forces (and motion) in perpendicular directions are of each other.

==Connectedness==

Newton's laws of motion tie into almost everything that we see or do. The first law, in particular, explains why we suddenly lurch forward when a car suddenly stops (our bodies are in a state of motion and thus resist the sudden stop), why it's much harder to stop when ice skating than walking (there's less friction, thus less net force to decelerate), and much, much, more. The importance of Newton's first law (and by extension, the other laws of motion) is not readily apparent, but serves as a basis to explain much of our daily interactions with our surroundings.

It can also apply to things outside of our daily interactions - space, for example. Newton's first law describes why an astronaut in space will continuously float in a direction forever if they are not pulled in by an asteroid or a planet's gravitational force. There is a lack of a net force opposing the astronaut's motion (due to the fact that there is no air in space) which results in the astronaut having a constant velocity. Floating off into space is probably an astronaut's worst nightmare, a scenario that a recent movie, ''Gravity'', explored. The entire premise of the movie (Sandra Bullock becomes untethered from her space station) relies on Newton's first law of motion.
==History==

While Galileo is the one credited with the idea of inertia motion, it was René Descartes, a French philosopher, who would expand upon Galileo's ideas. Descartes went on to propose three fundamental laws of nature in his book, ''Principles of Philosophy'', the first of which stated that "each thing, as far as is in its power, always remains in the same state; and that consequently, when it is once moved, it always continues to move." Thus, while the concept of inertia is often referred to as Newton's First Law, it was first described by Galileo and then perfected by Descartes decades before Newton published his findings.

As for Newton, he first described his three laws of motion in ''The Mathematical Principle of Natural Philosophy'', for the Principia, which was published in 1687. These laws described the relationship between an object and the forces acting upon it and laid the foundation for classical mechanics. While Newton's first law came from the work of Descartes and Galileo, his other laws are the work of himself.

==The Main Idea==
To be exact, the definition of the First Law of Motion is as follows:
The electric field is a region around a charged particle or object within which a force would be exerted on other charged particles or objects.
In other (and much simpler) terms, it means that an object at rest stays at rest and an object in in motion stays in motion at a constant velocity unless acted on by an unbalanced net force. It's important to keep in mind that only a difference in affect the velocity of an object. The amount of change in velocity is determined by
===A Mathematical Model===

Newton's first law can be stated mathematically as follows:

<math>{\vec{F_{net}} = 0 \Leftrightarrow \frac{d\vec{v}}{dt}} = 0</math>

Where...

<math>\vec{F_{net}}</math> is the net force from the surroundings.

<math>d\vec{v}</math> is the change in velocity of the system.

<math>dt</math> is the change in time of the system

If we trace this formula from the left to the right, we can see that if the net force on an object is zero, then the change in velocity of an object is also zero. Conversely, if we were given an object and told that its change in momentum is zero, then we can deduce that the net force acting on the object is also zero. Keep in mind, however, that this formula simple deals with the '''change''' in velocity. It does '''not''' mean that the object is at rest, only that its velocity remains constant.

==Examples==

The following examples are to test your basic understanding of Newton's First Law. For more examples that test your knowledge of all three of the laws, click .

===Simple===
Does the object in the following image have a net force of zero? Does it have a constant velocity?

It's easy to see that the only force on the object is acting in the +x direction, with a magnitude of 5 newtons. Therefore, the object does not have a net force of zero or a constant velocity. It will be accelerating in the +x direction.

===Middling===
Does the object in the following image have a net force of zero? Does it have a constant velocity?

This example is slightly more difficult, but is still quite trivial. If we sum the forces in the x direction, we see that the net force is 2 newtons in the -x direction. Therefore, the object does not have a constant velocity, and will be accelerating in the -x direction.

===Difficult===
Does the object in the following image have a net force of zero? Does it have a constant velocity?

This final example tests your knowledge and understanding of Newton's First Law. We're able to see that the box will accelerate in the -x direction because the net force in the x direction is 5 newtons to the left. However, the box itself has a velocity of 5m/s upwards, which would indeed stay constant. This is because forces (and motion) in perpendicular directions are of each other.

==Connectedness==

Newton's laws of motion tie into almost everything that we see or do. The first law, in particular, explains why we suddenly lurch forward when a car suddenly stops (our bodies are in a state of motion and thus resist the sudden stop), why it's much harder to stop when ice skating than walking (there's less friction, thus less net force to decelerate), and much, much, more. The importance of Newton's first law (and by extension, the other laws of motion) is not readily apparent, but serves as a basis to explain much of our daily interactions with our surroundings.

It can also apply to things outside of our daily interactions - space, for example. Newton's first law describes why an astronaut in space will continuously float in a direction forever if they are not pulled in by an asteroid or a planet's gravitational force. There is a lack of a net force opposing the astronaut's motion (due to the fact that there is no air in space) which results in the astronaut having a constant velocity. Floating off into space is probably an astronaut's worst nightmare, a scenario that a recent movie, ''Gravity'', explored. The entire premise of the movie (Sandra Bullock becomes untethered from her space station) relies on Newton's first law of motion.
==History==

While Galileo is the one credited with the idea of inertia motion, it was René Descartes, a French philosopher, who would expand upon Galileo's ideas. Descartes went on to propose three fundamental laws of nature in his book, ''Principles of Philosophy'', the first of which stated that "each thing, as far as is in its power, always remains in the same state; and that consequently, when it is once moved, it always continues to move." Thus, while the concept of inertia is often referred to as Newton's First Law, it was first described by Galileo and then perfected by Descartes decades before Newton published his findings.

As for Newton, he first described his three laws of motion in ''The Mathematical Principle of Natural Philosophy'', for the Principia, which was published in 1687. These laws described the relationship between an object and the forces acting upon it and laid the foundation for classical mechanics. While Newton's first law came from the work of Descartes and Galileo, his other laws are the work of himself.

==The Main Idea==
To be exact, the definition of the First Law of Motion is as follows:
The electric field is a region around a charged particle or object within which a force would be exerted on other charged particles or objects.
In other (and much simpler) terms, it means that an object at rest stays at rest and an object in in motion stays in motion at a constant velocity unless acted on by an unbalanced net force. It's important to keep in mind that only a difference in affect the velocity of an object. The amount of change in velocity is determined by
===A Mathematical Model===

Newton's first law can be stated mathematically as follows:

<math>{\vec{F_{net}} = 0 \Leftrightarrow \frac{d\vec{v}}{dt}} = 0</math>

Where...

<math>\vec{F_{net}}</math> is the net force from the surroundings.

<math>d\vec{v}</math> is the change in velocity of the system.

<math>dt</math> is the change in time of the system

If we trace this formula from the left to the right, we can see that if the net force on an object is zero, then the change in velocity of an object is also zero. Conversely, if we were given an object and told that its change in momentum is zero, then we can deduce that the net force acting on the object is also zero. Keep in mind, however, that this formula simple deals with the '''change''' in velocity. It does '''not''' mean that the object is at rest, only that its velocity remains constant.

==Examples==

The following examples are to test your basic understanding of Newton's First Law. For more examples that test your knowledge of all three of the laws, click .

===Simple===
Does the object in the following image have a net force of zero? Does it have a constant velocity?

It's easy to see that the only force on the object is acting in the +x direction, with a magnitude of 5 newtons. Therefore, the object does not have a net force of zero or a constant velocity. It will be accelerating in the +x direction.

===Middling===
Does the object in the following image have a net force of zero? Does it have a constant velocity?

This example is slightly more difficult, but is still quite trivial. If we sum the forces in the x direction, we see that the net force is 2 newtons in the -x direction. Therefore, the object does not have a constant velocity, and will be accelerating in the -x direction.

===Difficult===
Does the object in the following image have a net force of zero? Does it have a constant velocity?

This final example tests your knowledge and understanding of Newton's First Law. We're able to see that the box will accelerate in the -x direction because the net force in the x direction is 5 newtons to the left. However, the box itself has a velocity of 5m/s upwards, which would indeed stay constant. This is because forces (and motion) in perpendicular directions are of each other.

==Connectedness==

Newton's laws of motion tie into almost everything that we see or do. The first law, in particular, explains why we suddenly lurch forward when a car suddenly stops (our bodies are in a state of motion and thus resist the sudden stop), why it's much harder to stop when ice skating than walking (there's less friction, thus less net force to decelerate), and much, much, more. The importance of Newton's first law (and by extension, the other laws of motion) is not readily apparent, but serves as a basis to explain much of our daily interactions with our surroundings.

It can also apply to things outside of our daily interactions - space, for example. Newton's first law describes why an astronaut in space will continuously float in a direction forever if they are not pulled in by an asteroid or a planet's gravitational force. There is a lack of a net force opposing the astronaut's motion (due to the fact that there is no air in space) which results in the astronaut having a constant velocity. Floating off into space is probably an astronaut's worst nightmare, a scenario that a recent movie, ''Gravity'', explored. The entire premise of the movie (Sandra Bullock becomes untethered from her space station) relies on Newton's first law of motion.
==History==

While Galileo is the one credited with the idea of inertia motion, it was René Descartes, a French philosopher, who would expand upon Galileo's ideas. Descartes went on to propose three fundamental laws of nature in his book, ''Principles of Philosophy'', the first of which stated that "each thing, as far as is in its power, always remains in the same state; and that consequently, when it is once moved, it always continues to move." Thus, while the concept of inertia is often referred to as Newton's First Law, it was first described by Galileo and then perfected by Descartes decades before Newton published his findings.

As for Newton, he first described his three laws of motion in ''The Mathematical Principle of Natural Philosophy'', for the Principia, which was published in 1687. These laws described the relationship between an object and the forces acting upon it and laid the foundation for classical mechanics. While Newton's first law came from the work of Descartes and Galileo, his other laws are the work of himself.

==The Main Idea==
To be exact, the definition of the First Law of Motion is as follows:
Every body persists in its state of rest or of moving with constant speed in a constant direction, except to the extent that it is compelled to change that state by forces acting on it.
In other (and much simpler) terms, it means that an object at rest stays at rest and an object in in motion stays in motion at a constant velocity unless acted on by an unbalanced net force. It's important to keep in mind that only a difference in [http://www.physicsclassroom.com/class/newtlaws/Lesson-2/Determining-the-Net-Force net force] can affect the velocity of an object. The amount of change in velocity is determined by [http://www.physicsclassroom.com/class/newtlaws/Lesson-3/Newton-s-Second-Law Newton's Second Law of Motion].

===A Mathematical Model===

Newton's first law can be stated mathematically as follows:

<math>{\vec{F_{net}} = 0 \Leftrightarrow \frac{d\vec{v}}{dt}} = 0</math>

Where...

<math>\vec{F_{net}}</math> is the net force from the surroundings.

<math>d\vec{v}</math> is the change in velocity of the system.

<math>dt</math> is the change in time of the system

If we trace this formula from the left to the right, we can see that if the net force on an object is zero, then the change in velocity of an object is also zero. Conversely, if we were given an object and told that its change in momentum is zero, then we can deduce that the net force acting on the object is also zero. Keep in mind, however, that this formula simple deals with the '''change''' in velocity. It does '''not''' mean that the object is at rest, only that its velocity remains constant.

==Examples==

The following examples are to test your basic understanding of Newton's First Law. For more examples that test your knowledge of all three of the laws, click [http://www.physicsclassroom.com/calcpad/newtlaws/problems here].

===Simple===
Does the object in the following image have a net force of zero? Does it have a constant velocity?

[[File:Newtonfirstlawsimple.png|400px]]

It's easy to see that the only force on the object is acting in the +x direction, with a magnitude of 5 newtons. Therefore, the object does not have a net force of zero or a constant velocity. It will be accelerating in the +x direction.

===Middling===
Does the object in the following image have a net force of zero? Does it have a constant velocity?

[[File:Newtonfirstlawmedium.png|400px]]

This example is slightly more difficult, but is still quite trivial. If we sum the forces in the x direction, we see that the net force is 2 newtons in the -x direction. Therefore, the object does not have a constant velocity, and will be accelerating in the -x direction.

===Difficult===
Does the object in the following image have a net force of zero? Does it have a constant velocity?

[[File:Newtonsfirstlawhard.png|400px]]

This final example tests your knowledge and understanding of Newton's First Law. We're able to see that the box will accelerate in the -x direction because the net force in the x direction is 5 newtons to the left. However, the box itself has a velocity of 5m/s upwards, which would indeed stay constant. This is because forces (and motion) in perpendicular directions are [http://www.physicsclassroom.com/class/vectors/Lesson-1/Independence-of-Perpendicular-Components-of-Motion independent] of each other.

==Connectedness==

[[File:Tablecloth.gif|left|300px|thumb|The "magic trick" of ripping off a table cloth without the plates on top moving is an example of Newton's First Law. The tableware is in a state of rest, and thus want to remain in such a state.]]

Newton's laws of motion tie into almost everything that we see or do. The first law, in particular, explains why we suddenly lurch forward when a car suddenly stops (our bodies are in a state of motion and thus resist the sudden stop), why it's much harder to stop when ice skating than walking (there's less friction, thus less net force to decelerate), and much, much, more. The importance of Newton's first law (and by extension, the other laws of motion) is not readily apparent, but serves as a basis to explain much of our daily interactions with our surroundings.

It can also apply to things outside of our daily interactions - space, for example. Newton's first law describes why an astronaut in space will continuously float in a direction forever if they are not pulled in by an asteroid or a planet's gravitational force. There is a lack of a net force opposing the astronaut's motion (due to the fact that there is no air in space) which results in the astronaut having a constant velocity. Floating off into space is probably an astronaut's worst nightmare, a scenario that a recent movie, ''Gravity'', explored. The entire premise of the movie (Sandra Bullock becomes untethered from her space station) relies on Newton's first law of motion.
==History==

While Galileo is the one credited with the idea of inertia motion, it was René Descartes, a French philosopher, who would expand upon Galileo's ideas. Descartes went on to propose three fundamental laws of nature in his book, ''Principles of Philosophy'', the first of which stated that "each thing, as far as is in its power, always remains in the same state; and that consequently, when it is once moved, it always continues to move." Thus, while the concept of inertia is often referred to as Newton's First Law, it was first described by Galileo and then perfected by Descartes decades before Newton published his findings.

As for Newton, he first described his three laws of motion in ''The Mathematical Principle of Natural Philosophy'', for the Principia, which was published in 1687. These laws described the relationship between an object and the forces acting upon it and laid the foundation for classical mechanics. While Newton's first law came from the work of Descartes and Galileo, his other laws are the work of himself.

==Electric Field==
The electric field created by a charge is present throughout space at all times, whether or not there is another charge around to feel its effects. The electric field created by a charge penetrates through matter. The field permeates the neighboring space, biding its time until it can affect anything brought into its space of interaction.
*[[Vectors]]
*[[Right-Hand Rule]]
*[[Right Hand Rule]]
</div>
</div>

<div class="toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">

====Electric force====
<div class="mw-collapsible-content">

*[[Electric Force]] Claimed by Amarachi Eze
*[[Lorentz Force]]
</div>
</div>

<div class="toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">

====Electric field of a point particle====

<div class="mw-collapsible-content">
*[[Point Charge]]
</div>
</div>

<div class="toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">

'''Bold text'''====Superposition====
<div class="mw-collapsible-content">
*[[Superposition Principle]]
*[[Superposition principle]]
</div>
</div>

<div class="toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">

====Dipoles====
<div class="mw-collapsible-content">
*[[Electric Dipole]]
*[[Magnetic Dipole]]
</div>
</div>

===Week 2===
<div class="toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">
====Interactions of charged objects====
<div class="mw-collapsible-content">
*[[Electric Field]]
*[[Electric Potential]]
*[[Electric Force]]
*[[Lorentz Force]]
</div>
</div>

<div class="toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">
====Tape experiments====
<div class="mw-collapsible-content">
*[[Polarization]]
*[[Electric Polarization]]
</div>
</div>

<div class="toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">
====Polarization====
<div class="mw-collapsible-content">
*[[Polarization]]
*[[Electric Polarization]]
*[[Polarization of an Atom]]
</div>
</div>

===Week 3===
<div class="toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">
====Insulators====
<div class="mw-collapsible-content">
*[[Insulators]]
*[[Potential Difference in an Insulator]]
*[[Charged Conductor and Charged Insulator]]
*[[Charged conductor and charged insulator]]
</div>
</div>

<div class="toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">
====Conductors====
<div class="mw-collapsible-content">
*[[Conductivity]]
*[[Charge Transfer]]
*[[Resistivity]]
*[[Polarization of a conductor]]
*[[Charged Conductor and Charged Insulator]]
*[[Charged conductor and charged insulator]]
</div>
</div>

<div class="toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">
====Charging and discharging====
<div class="mw-collapsible-content">
*[[Charge Transfer]]
*[[Electrostatic Discharge]]
*[[Charged Conductor and Charged Insulator]]
*[[Charged conductor and charged insulator]]
</div>
</div>

===Week 4===
<div class="toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">
====Field of a charged rod====
<div class="mw-collapsible-content">
*[[Charged Rod]]
</div>
</div>

<div class="toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">

====Field of a charged ring/disk/capacitor====
<div class="mw-collapsible-content">
*[[Charged Ring]]
*[[Charged Disk]]
*[[Charged Capacitor]]
</div>
</div>

<div class="toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">

====Field of a charged sphere====
<div class="mw-collapsible-content">
*[[Charged Spherical Shell]]
*[[Field of a Charged Ball]]
</div>
</div>

===Week 5===
<div class="toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">
====Potential energy====
<div class="mw-collapsible-content">
*[[Potential Energy]]
</div>
</div>

<div class="toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">
====Electric potential====
<div class="mw-collapsible-content">
*[[Electric Potential]]
*[[Path Independence of Electric Potential]]
*[[Potential Difference Path Independence, claimed by Aditya Mohile]]
*[[Potential Difference in a Uniform Field]]
*[[Potential Difference of Point Charge in a Non-Uniform Field]]
</div>
</div>
<div class="toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">

====Sign of Potential Difference====
----
<div class="mw-collapsible-content">
*[[Sign of Potential Differenece]]
'''Overview of Electric Potential'''
----
text here

'''Determining the Sign of Potential Difference'''
----
text here

'''Understanding Sign of Potential Difference'''
----
more text here

</div>
</div>
<div class="toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">

====Potential at a single location====
<div class="mw-collapsible-content">
*[[Electric Potential]]
*[[Potential Difference at One Location]]
</div>
</div>

<div class="toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">

====Path independence and round trip potential====
<div class="mw-collapsible-content">
*[[Path Independence of Electric Potential]]
*[[Potential Difference Path Independence, claimed by Aditya Mohile]]
</div>
</div>

===Week 6===
<div class="toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">
====Electric field and potential in an insulator====
<div class="mw-collapsible-content">
*[[Potential Difference in an Insulator]]
*[[Electric Field in an Insulator]]
</div>
</div>
<div class="toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">

====Moving charges in a magnetic field====
<div class="mw-collapsible-content">
*[[Magnetic Field]]
*[[Magnetic Force]]
*[[Lorentz Force]]
</div>
</div>
<div class="toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">

====Biot-Savart Law====
<div class="mw-collapsible-content">
*[[Biot-Savart Law]]
*[[Biot-Savart Law for Currents]]
</div>
</div>
<div class="toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">

====Moving charges, electron current, and conventional current====
<div class="mw-collapsible-content">
*[[Moving Point Charge]]
*[[Current]]
</div>
</div>

===Week 7=== Claimed by Diem Tran
<div class="toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">
====Magnetic field of a wire====
<div class="mw-collapsible-content">
*[[Magnetic Field of a Long Straight Wire]]
</div>
</div>

<div class="toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">
====Magnetic field of a current-carrying loop====
<div class="mw-collapsible-content">
*[[Magnetic Field of a Loop]]
</div>
</div>

<div class="toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">
====Magnetic dipoles====
<div class="mw-collapsible-content">
*[[Magnetic Dipole Moment]]
*[[Bar Magnet]]
</div>
</div>

<div class="toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">
====Atomic structure of magnets====
<div class="mw-collapsible-content">
*[[Atomic Structure of Magnets]]
</div>
</div>

===Week 8===
<div class="toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">
====Steady state current====
<div class="mw-collapsible-content">
*[[Steady State]]
*[[Non Steady State]]
</div>
</div>

<div class="toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">
====Node rule====
<div class="mw-collapsible-content">
*[[Node Rule]]
</div>
</div>

<div class="toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">
====Electric fields and energy in circuits====
<div class="mw-collapsible-content">
*[[Series circuit]] claimed by Hannah Jang
*[[Node Rule]]
*[[Loop Rule]]
*[[Electric Potential Difference]]
</div>
</div>

<div class="toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">

====Macroscopic analysis of circuits====
<div class="mw-collapsible-content">
*[[Series Circuits]]
*[[Parallel CIrcuits]]
*[[Parallel Circuits vs. Series Circuits*]]
*[[Loop Rule]]
*[[Node Rule]]
*[[Resistors*]]
</div>
</div>

===Week 9===
<div class="toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">
====Electric field and potential in circuits with capacitors====
<div class="mw-collapsible-content">
*[[Charging and Discharging a Capacitor]]
*[[RC Circuit]]
*[[R Circuit]]
*[[AC and DC]]

</div>
</div>

<div class="toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">

====Magnetic forces on charges and currents====
<div class="mw-collapsible-content">
*[[Magnetic Force]]
*[[Lorentz Force]]
*[[Applying Magnetic Force to Currents]]
*[[Magnetic Force in a Moving Reference Frame]]
*[[Right-Hand Rule]]
*[[Analysis of Railgun vs Coil gun technologies]]
</div>
</div>

<div class="toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">
====Electric and magnetic forces====
<div class="mw-collapsible-content">
*[[Electric Force]]
*[[Magnetic Force]]
*[[Lorentz Force]]
*[[VPython Modelling of Electric and Magnetic Forces]]
</div>
</div>

<div class="toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">
====Velocity selector====
<div class="mw-collapsible-content">
*[[Lorentz Force]]
*[[Combining Electric and Magnetic Forces]]
</div>
</div>

===Week 10===

====Student Content====

<div class=“toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed”>
==== Hall Effect ====
<div class="mw-collapsible-content">
*[[Hall Effect]]
*[[Motional Emf]]
*[[Magnetic Force]]
*[[Magnetic Torque]]

</div>
</div>

==Physics 3==

===Week 1===
<div class="toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">
====Classical Physics====
<div class="mw-collapsible-content">
</div>
</div>

===Week 2===
<div class="toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">
====Special Relativity====
<div class="mw-collapsible-content">
*[[Frame of Reference]]
*[[Einstein's Theory of Special Relativity]]
*[[Time Dilation]]
*[[Einstein's Theory of General Relativity]]
*[[Albert A. Micheleson & Edward W. Morley]]
*[[Magnetic Force in a Moving Reference Frame]]
</div>
</div>

===Week 3===
<div class="toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">
====Photons====
<div class="mw-collapsible-content">
*[[Spontaneous Photon Emission]]
*[[Light Scattering: Why is the Sky Blue]]
*[[Lasers]]
*[[Electronic Energy Levels and Photons]]
*[[Quantum Properties of Light]]
</div>
</div>

===Week 4===
<div class="toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">
====Matter Waves====
<div class="mw-collapsible-content">
*[[Wave-Particle Duality]]
</div>
</div>

===Week 5===
<div class="toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">
====Wave Mechanics====
<div class="mw-collapsible-content">
*[[Standing Waves]]
*[[Wavelength]]
*[[Wavelength and Frequency]]
*[[Mechanical Waves]]
*[[Transverse and Longitudinal Waves]]
</div>
</div>

===Week 6===
<div class="toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">
====Rutherford-Bohr Model====
<div class="mw-collapsible-content">
*[[Rutherford Experiment and Atomic Collisions]]
*[[Bohr Model]]
*[[Quantized energy levels]]
*[[Energy graphs and the Bohr model]]
</div>
</div>

===Week 7===
<div class="toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">
====The Hydrogen Atom====
<div class="mw-collapsible-content">
*[[Quantum Theory]]
*[[Atomic Theory]]
</div>
</div>

===Week 8===
<div class="toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">
====Many-Electron Atoms====
<div class="mw-collapsible-content">
*[[Quantum Theory]]
*[[Atomic Theory]]
*[[Pauli exclusion principle]]
</div>
</div>

===Week 9===
<div class="toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">
====Molecules====
<div class="mw-collapsible-content">
</div>
</div>

===Week 10===
<div class="toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">
====Statistical Physics====
<div class="mw-collapsible-content">
</div>
</div>

===Week 11===
<div class="toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">
====Condensed Matter Physics====
<div class="mw-collapsible-content">
</div>
</div>

===Week 12===
<div class="toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">
====The Nucleus====
<div class="mw-collapsible-content">
</div>
</div>

===Week 13===
<div class="toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">
====Nuclear Physics====
<div class="mw-collapsible-content">
*[[Nuclear Fission]]
*[[Nuclear Energy from Fission and Fusion]]
</div>
</div>

===Week 14===
<div class="toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">
====Particle Physics====
<div class="mw-collapsible-content">
*[[Elementary Particles and Particle Physics Theory]]
*[[String Theory]]
</div>
</div>

Main Page

2016-04-17T06:11:36Z

Tquill: /* Sign of Potential Difference */

__NOTOC__
Welcome to the Georgia Tech Wiki for Introductory Physics. This resource was created so that students can contribute and curate content to help those with limited or no access to a textbook. When reading this website, please correct any errors you may come across. If you read something that isn't clear, please consider revising it for future students!

Looking to make a contribution?
#Pick one of the topics from intro physics listed below
#Add content to that topic or improve the quality of what is already there.
#Need to make a new topic? Edit this page and add it to the list under the appropriate category. Then copy and paste the default [[Template]] into your new page and start editing.

Please remember that this is not a textbook and you are not limited to expressing your ideas with only text and equations. Whenever possible embed: pictures, videos, diagrams, simulations, computational models (e.g. Glowscript), and whatever content you think makes learning physics easier for other students.

== Source Material ==
All of the content added to this resource must be in the public domain or similar free resource. If you are unsure about a source, contact the original author for permission. That said, there is a surprisingly large amount of introductory physics content scattered across the web. Here is an incomplete list of intro physics resources (please update as needed).
* A physics resource written by experts for an expert audience [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:Physics Physics Portal]
* A wiki written for students by a physics expert [http://p3server.pa.msu.edu/coursewiki/doku.php?id=183_notes MSU Physics Wiki]
* A wiki book on modern physics [https://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Modern_Physics Modern Physics Wiki]
* The MIT open courseware for intro physics [http://ocw.mit.edu/resources/res-8-002-a-wikitextbook-for-introductory-mechanics-fall-2009/index.htm MITOCW Wiki]
* An online concept map of intro physics [http://hyperphysics.phy-astr.gsu.edu/hbase/hph.html HyperPhysics]
* Interactive physics simulations [https://phet.colorado.edu/en/simulations/category/physics PhET]
* OpenStax algebra based intro physics textbook [https://openstaxcollege.org/textbooks/college-physics College Physics]
* The Open Source Physics project is a collection of online physics resources [http://www.opensourcephysics.org/ OSP]
* A resource guide compiled by the [http://www.aapt.org/ AAPT] for educators [http://www.compadre.org/ ComPADRE]

== Organizing Categories ==
These are the broad, overarching categories, that we cover in three semester of introductory physics. You can add subcategories as needed but a single topic should direct readers to a page in one of these categories.

== Resources ==
* Commonly used wiki commands [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:Cheatsheet Wiki Cheatsheet]
* A guide to representing equations in math mode [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:Displaying_a_formula Wiki Math Mode]
* A page to keep track of all the physics [[Constants]]
* A page for review of [[Vectors]] and vector operations
* A listing of [[Notable Scientist]] with links to their individual pages

<div style="float:left; width:30%; padding:1%;">
==Physics 1==
===Week 1===

====Student Content====
<div class=“toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed”>
=====Help with VPython=====
<div class=“mw-collapsible-content”>
*[[VPython]]
*[[VPython basics]]
*[[VPython Common Errors and Troubleshooting]]
*[[VPython Functions]]
*[[VPython Lists]]
*[[VPython Loops]]
*[[VPython Multithreading]]
*[[VPython Animation]]
*[[VPython Objects]]
*[[VPython 3D Objects]]
*[[VPython Reference]]
*[[VPython MapReduceFilter]]
*[[VPython GUIs]]
</div>
</div>

<div class=“toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed”>
=====Vectors and Units=====
<div class=“mw-collapsible-content”>
*[[Vectors]]
*[[SI units]]
</div>
</div>

<div class=“toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed”>

=====Interactions=====
<div class=“mw-collapsible-content”>
</div>
</div>
*[[Types of Interactions and How to Detect Them]]

<div class=“toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed”>

=====Velocity and Momentum=====
<div class=“mw-collapsible-content”>
*[[Newton’s First Law of Motion]]
*[[Velocity]]
*[[Mass]]
*[[Speed and Velocity]]
*[[Relative Velocity]]
*[[Derivation of Average Velocity]]
*[[2-Dimensional Motion]]
*[[3-Dimensional Position and Motion]]
</div>
</div>

====Expert Content====
<div class=“toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed”>

* [http://p3server.pa.msu.edu/coursewiki/doku.php?id=183_notes:vpython_resources Software for Projects]

</div>

===Week 2===
====Student Content====
<div class=“toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed”>
=====Momentum and the Momentum Principle=====
<div class=“mw-collapsible-content”>
*[[Momentum Principle]]
*[[Inertia]]
*[[Net Force]]
*[[Derivation of the Momentum Principle]]
*[[Impulse Momentum]]
*[[Acceleration]]
*[[Momentum with respect to external Forces]]
</div>
</div>

<div class=“toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed”>
=====Iterative Prediction with a Constant Force=====
<div class=“mw-collapsible-content”>
*[[Newton’s Second Law of Motion]]
*[[Iterative Prediction]]
*[[Kinematics]]
*[[Newton’s Laws and Linear Momentum]]
*[[Projectile Motion]]
</div>
</div>

====Expert Content====
<div class=“toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed”>

* [http://p3server.pa.msu.edu/coursewiki/doku.php?id=183_notes:scalars_and_vectors Scalars and Vectors]
* [http://p3server.pa.msu.edu/coursewiki/doku.php?id=183_notes:displacement_and_velocity Displacement and Velocity]
* [http://p3server.pa.msu.edu/coursewiki/doku.php?id=183_notes:modeling_with_vpython Modeling Motion with VPython]
* [http://p3server.pa.msu.edu/coursewiki/doku.php?id=183_notes:relative_motion Relative Motion]
* [http://p3server.pa.msu.edu/coursewiki/doku.php?id=183_notes:graphing_motion Graphing Motion]
* [http://p3server.pa.msu.edu/coursewiki/doku.php?id=183_notes:momentum Momentum]
* [http://p3server.pa.msu.edu/coursewiki/doku.php?id=183_notes:momentum_principle The Momentum Principle]
* [http://p3server.pa.msu.edu/coursewiki/doku.php?id=183_notes:acceleration Acceleration & The Change in Momentum]
* [http://p3server.pa.msu.edu/coursewiki/doku.php?id=183_notes:motionPredict Applying the Momentum Principle]
* [http://p3server.pa.msu.edu/coursewiki/doku.php?id=183_notes:constantF Constant Force Motion]
* [http://p3server.pa.msu.edu/coursewiki/doku.php?id=183_notes:iterativePredict Iterative Prediction of Motion]
* [http://p3server.pa.msu.edu/coursewiki/doku.php?id=183_notes:mp_multi The Momentum Principle in Multi-particle Systems]
* [http://p3server.pa.msu.edu/coursewiki/doku.php?id=183_notes:angular_motivation Why Angular Momentum?]
* [http://p3server.pa.msu.edu/coursewiki/doku.php?id=183_notes:ang_momentum Angular Momentum]
* [http://p3server.pa.msu.edu/coursewiki/doku.php?id=183_notes:L_principle Net Torque & The Angular Momentum Principle]
* [http://p3server.pa.msu.edu/coursewiki/doku.php?id=183_notes:L_conservation Angular Momentum Conservation]

</div>

===Week 3===
====Student Content====
<div class=“toccolours \
mw-collapsible mw-collapsed”>
=====Analytic Prediction with a Constant Force=====
<div \
class=“mw-collapsible-content”>
*[[Analytical Prediction]]
</div>
</div>

<div class=“toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed”>
=====Iterative Prediction with a Varying Force=====
<div \
class=“mw-collapsible-content”>
*[[Predicting Change in multiple dimensions]]
*[[Spring Force]]
*[[Hooke’s Law]]
*[[Simple Harmonic Motion]]
*[[Iterative Prediction of Spring-Mass System]]
*[[Terminal Speed]]
*[[Determinism]]
</div>
</div>

====Expert Content====
<div class=“toccolours mw-collapsible \
mw-collapsed”>

* [http://p3server.pa.msu.edu/coursewiki/doku.php?id=183_notes:drag Drag]
* [http://p3server.pa.msu.edu/coursewiki/doku.php?id=183_notes:gravitation Non-constant Force: Newtonian Gravitation]
* [http://p3server.pa.msu.edu/coursewiki/doku.php?id=183_notes:ucm Uniform Circular Motion]
* [http://p3server.pa.msu.edu/coursewiki/doku.php?id=183_notes:impulseGraphs Impulse Graphs]
* [http://p3server.pa.msu.edu/coursewiki/doku.php?id=183_notes:springMotion Non-constant Force: Springs & Spring-like Interactions]
* [http://p3server.pa.msu.edu/coursewiki/doku.php?id=183_notes:friction Contact Interactions: The Normal Force & Friction]

</div>

===Week 4===
====Student Content====
<div class=“toccolours \
mw-collapsible mw-collapsed”>
=====Fundamental Interactions=====
<div class=“mw-collapsible-content”>
*[[Gravitational Force]]
*[[Electric Force]]
*[[Reciprocity]]
</div>
</div>

====Expert Content====
<div class=“toccolours mw-collapsible \
mw-collapsed”>

* [http://p3server.pa.msu.edu/coursewiki/doku.php?id=183_notes:gravitation Non-constant Force: Newtonian Gravitation]

</div>

===Week 5===
====Student Content====
<div class=“toccolours \
mw-collapsible mw-collapsed”>
=====Conservation of Momentum=====
<div class=“mw-collapsible-content”>
*[[Conservation of Momentum]]
</div>
</div>
<div class=“toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed”>

=====Properties of Matter=====
<div class=“mw-collapsible-content”>
*[[Kinds of Matter]]
**[[Ball and Spring Model of Matter]]
*[[Density]]
*[[Length and Stiffness of an Interatomic Bond]]
*[[Young’s Modulus]]
*[[Speed of Sound in Solids]]
*[[Malleability]]
*[[Ductility]]
*[[Weight]]
*[[Hardness]]
*[[Boiling Point]]
*[[Melting Point]]
</div>
</div>

====Expert Content====
<div class=“toccolours mw-collapsible \
mw-collapsed”>

* [http://p3server.pa.msu.edu/coursewiki/doku.php?id=183_notes:model_of_a_wire Modeling a Solid Wire: springs in series and parallel]

</div>

===Week 6===
====Student Content====
<div class=“toccolours \
mw-collapsible mw-collapsed”>
=====Identifying Forces=====
<div class=“mw-collapsible-content”>
*[[Free Body Diagram]]
*[[Compression or Normal Force]]
*[[Tension]]
</div>
</div>
<div class=“toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed”>
=====Curving Motion=====
<div class=“mw-collapsible-content”>
*[[Curving Motion]]
*[[Centripetal Force and Curving Motion]]
*[[Perpetual Freefall (Orbit)]]
</div>
</div>

====Expert Content====
<div class=“toccolours mw-collapsible \
mw-collapsed”>

* [http://p3server.pa.msu.edu/coursewiki/doku.php?id=183_notes:gravitation Non-constant Force: Newtonian Gravitation]
* [http://p3server.pa.msu.edu/coursewiki/doku.php?id=183_notes:grav_accel Gravitational Acceleration]
* [http://p3server.pa.msu.edu/coursewiki/doku.php?id=183_notes:ucm Uniform Circular Motion]
* [http://p3server.pa.msu.edu/coursewiki/doku.php?id=183_notes:freebodydiagrams Free Body Diagrams]
* [http://p3server.pa.msu.edu/coursewiki/doku.php?id=183_notes:curving_motion Curved Motion]

</div>

===Week 7===
====Student Content====
<div class=“toccolours \
mw-collapsible mw-collapsed”>
=====Energy Principle=====
<div class=“mw-collapsible-content”>
*[[The Energy Principle]]
*[[Conservation of Energy]]
*[[Kinetic Energy]]
*[[Work]]
*[[Power (Mechanical)]]
</div>
</div>

====Expert Content====
<div class=“toccolours mw-collapsible \
mw-collapsed”>

* [http://p3server.pa.msu.edu/coursewiki/doku.php?id=183_notes:define_energy What is Energy?]
* [http://p3server.pa.msu.edu/coursewiki/doku.php?id=183_notes:point_particle The Simplest System: A Single Particle]
* [http://p3server.pa.msu.edu/coursewiki/doku.php?id=183_notes:work Work: Mechanical Energy Transfer]
* [http://p3server.pa.msu.edu/coursewiki/doku.php?id=183_notes:energy_cons Conservation of Energy]
* [http://p3server.pa.msu.edu/coursewiki/doku.php?id=183_notes:potential_energy Potential Energy]
* [http://p3server.pa.msu.edu/coursewiki/doku.php?id=183_notes:grav_and_spring_PE (Near Earth) Gravitational and Spring Potential Energy]
* [http://p3server.pa.msu.edu/coursewiki/doku.php?id=183_notes:force_and_PE Force and Potential Energy]
* [http://p3server.pa.msu.edu/coursewiki/doku.php?id=183_notes:newton_grav_pe Newtonian Gravitational Potential Energy]
* [http://p3server.pa.msu.edu/coursewiki/doku.php?id=183_notes:spring_PE Spring Potential Energy]

</div>

===Week 8===
====Student Content====
<div class=“toccolours \
mw-collapsible mw-collapsed”>
=====Work by Non-Constant Forces=====
<div \
class=“mw-collapsible-content”>
*[[Work Done By A Nonconstant Force]]
</div>
</div>
<div class=“toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed”>
=====Potential Energy=====
<div class=“mw-collapsible-content”>
*[[Potential Energy]]
*[[Potential Energy of Macroscopic Springs]]
*[[Spring Potential Energy]]
**[[Ball and Spring Model]]
*[[Gravitational Potential Energy]]
*[[Energy Graphs]]
*[[Escape Velocity]]
</div>
</div>

====Expert Content====
<div class=“toccolours mw-collapsible \
mw-collapsed”>

* [http://p3server.pa.msu.edu/coursewiki/doku.php?id=183_notes:work_by_nc_forces Work Done by Non-Constant Forces]
* [http://p3server.pa.msu.edu/coursewiki/doku.php?id=183_notes:potential_energy Potential Energy]
* [http://p3server.pa.msu.edu/coursewiki/doku.php?id=183_notes:grav_and_spring_PE (Near Earth) Gravitational and Spring Potential Energy]
* [http://p3server.pa.msu.edu/coursewiki/doku.php?id=183_notes:rest_mass Changes of Rest Mass Energy]
* [http://p3server.pa.msu.edu/coursewiki/doku.php?id=183_notes:force_and_PE Force and Potential Energy]
* [http://p3server.pa.msu.edu/coursewiki/doku.php?id=183_notes:newton_grav_pe Newtonian Gravitational Potential Energy]
* [http://p3server.pa.msu.edu/coursewiki/doku.php?id=183_notes:grav_pe_graphs Graphing Energy for Gravitationally Interacting Systems]
* [http://p3server.pa.msu.edu/coursewiki/doku.php?id=183_notes:spring_PE Spring Potential Energy]
* [http://p3server.pa.msu.edu/coursewiki/doku.php?id=183_notes:power Power: The Rate of Energy Change]
* [http://p3server.pa.msu.edu/coursewiki/doku.php?id=183_notes:energy_dissipation Dissipation of Energy]

</div>

===Week 9===
====Student Content====
<div class=“toccolours \
mw-collapsible mw-collapsed”>
=====Multiparticle Systems=====
<div class=“mw-collapsible-content”>
*[[Center of Mass]]
*[[Multi-particle analysis of Momentum]]
*[[Momentum with respect to external Forces]]
*[[Potential Energy of a Multiparticle System]]
*[[Work and Energy for an Extended System]]
*[[Internal Energy]]
**[[Potential Energy of a Pair of Neutral Atoms]]
</div>
</div>

====Expert Content====
<div class=“toccolours mw-collapsible \
mw-collapsed”>

* [http://p3server.pa.msu.edu/coursewiki/doku.php?id=183_notes:mp_multi The Momentum Principle in Multi-particle Systems]
* [http://p3server.pa.msu.edu/coursewiki/doku.php?id=183_notes:center_of_mass Center of Mass Motion]
* [http://p3server.pa.msu.edu/coursewiki/doku.php?id=183_notes:center_of_mass Center of Mass Motion]
* [http://p3server.pa.msu.edu/coursewiki/doku.php?id=183_notes:energy_sep Separating Energy in Multi-Particle Systems]

</div>

===Week 10===
====Student Content====
<div class=“toccolours \
mw-collapsible mw-collapsed”>
=====Choice of System=====
<div class=“mw-collapsible-content”>
*[[System & Surroundings]]
</div>
</div>
<div class=“toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed”>
=====Thermal Energy, Dissipation and Transfer of Energy=====
<div \
class=“mw-collapsible-content”>
*[[Thermal Energy]]
*[[Specific Heat]]
*[[Heat Capacity]]
*[[Specific Heat Capacity]]
*[[First Law of Thermodynamics]]
*[[Second Law of Thermodynamics and Entropy]]
*[[Temperature]]
*[[Predicting Change]]
*[[Energy Transfer due to a Temperature Difference]]
*[[Transformation of Energy]]
*[[The Maxwell-Boltzmann Distribution]]
*[[Air Resistance]]
</div>
</div>
<div class=“toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed”>
=====Rotational and Vibrational Energy=====
<div \
class=“mw-collapsible-content”>
*[[Translational, Rotational and Vibrational Energy]]
</div>
</div>

====Expert Content====
<div class=“toccolours mw-collapsible \
mw-collapsed”>

* [http://p3server.pa.msu.edu/coursewiki/doku.php?id=183_notes:grav_and_spring_PE (Near Earth) Gravitational and Spring Potential Energy]
* [http://p3server.pa.msu.edu/coursewiki/doku.php?id=183_notes:rest_mass Changes of Rest Mass Energy]
* [http://p3server.pa.msu.edu/coursewiki/doku.php?id=183_notes:newton_grav_pe Newtonian Gravitational Potential Energy]
* [http://p3server.pa.msu.edu/coursewiki/doku.php?id=183_notes:grav_pe_graphs Graphing Energy for Gravitationally Interacting Systems]
* [http://p3server.pa.msu.edu/coursewiki/doku.php?id=183_notes:escape_speed Escape Speed]
* [http://p3server.pa.msu.edu/coursewiki/doku.php?id=183_notes:spring_PE Spring Potential Energy]
* [http://p3server.pa.msu.edu/coursewiki/doku.php?id=183_notes:internal_energy Internal Energy]
* [http://p3server.pa.msu.edu/coursewiki/doku.php?id=183_notes:system_choice Choosing a System Matters]
* [http://p3server.pa.msu.edu/coursewiki/doku.php?id=183_notes:energy_dissipation Dissipation of Energy]

</div>

===Week 11===
====Student Content====
<div class=“toccolours \
mw-collapsible mw-collapsed”>
=====Different Models of a System=====
<div \
class=“mw-collapsible-content”>
*[[Real Systems]]
*[[Point Particle Systems]]
</div>
</div>
<div class=“toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed”>

=====Models of Friction=====
<div class=“mw-collapsible-content”>
*[[Friction]]
*[[Static Friction]]
</div>
</div>

====Expert Content====
<div class=“toccolours mw-collapsible \
mw-collapsed”>

* [http://p3server.pa.msu.edu/coursewiki/doku.php?id=183_notes:system_choice Choosing a System Matters]
* [http://p3server.pa.msu.edu/coursewiki/doku.php?id=183_notes:energy_dissipation Dissipation of Energy]

</div>

===Week 12===
====Student Content====
<div class=“toccolours \
mw-collapsible mw-collapsed”>
=====Collisions=====
<div class=“mw-collapsible-content”>
*[[Newton’s Third Law of Motion]]
*[[Collisions]]
*[[Elastic Collisions]]
*[[Inelastic Collisions]]
*[[Maximally Inelastic Collision]]
*[[Head-on Collision of Equal Masses]]
*[[Head-on Collision of Unequal Masses]]
*[[Scattering: Collisions in 2D and 3D]]
*[[Rutherford Experiment and Atomic Collisions]]
*[[Coefficient of Restitution]]
</div>
</div>

====Expert Content====
<div class=“toccolours mw-collapsible \
mw-collapsed”>

* [http://p3server.pa.msu.edu/coursewiki/doku.php?id=183_notes:collisions Colliding Objects]
* [http://p3server.pa.msu.edu/coursewiki/doku.php?id=183_notes:center_of_mass Center of Mass Motion]
* [http://p3server.pa.msu.edu/coursewiki/doku.php?id=183_notes:center_of_mass Center of Mass Motion]
* [http://p3server.pa.msu.edu/coursewiki/doku.php?id=183_notes:rot_KE Rotational Kinetic Energy]
* [http://p3server.pa.msu.edu/coursewiki/doku.php?id=183_notes:pp_vs_real Point Particle and Real Systems]
* [http://p3server.pa.msu.edu/coursewiki/doku.php?id=183_notes:colliding_systems Collisions]

</div>

===Week 13===
====Student Content====
<div class=“toccolours \
mw-collapsible mw-collapsed”>
=====Rotations=====
<div class=“mw-collapsible-content”>
*[[Rotation]]
*[[Angular Velocity]]
*[[Eulerian Angles]]
</div>
</div>
<div class=“toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed”>
=====Angular Momentum=====
<div class=“mw-collapsible-content”>
*[[Total Angular Momentum]]
*[[Translational Angular Momentum]]
*[[Rotational Angular Momentum]]
*[[The Angular Momentum Principle]]
*[[Angular Momentum Compared to Linear Momentum]]
*[[Angular Impulse]]
*[[Predicting the Position of a Rotating System]]
*[[Angular Momentum of Multiparticle Systems]]
*[[The Moments of Inertia]]
*[[Moment of Inertia for a cylinder]]
*[[Right Hand Rule]]
</div>
</div>

====Expert Content====
<div class=“toccolours mw-collapsible \
mw-collapsed”>

* [http://p3server.pa.msu.edu/coursewiki/doku.php?id=183_notes:rot_KE Rotational Kinetic Energy]
* [http://p3server.pa.msu.edu/coursewiki/doku.php?id=183_notes:angular_motivation Why Angular Momentum?]
* [http://p3server.pa.msu.edu/coursewiki/doku.php?id=183_notes:ang_momentum Angular Momentum]
* [http://p3server.pa.msu.edu/coursewiki/doku.php?id=183_notes:L_principle Net Torque & The Angular Momentum Principle]
* [http://p3server.pa.msu.edu/coursewiki/doku.php?id=183_notes:L_conservation Angular Momentum Conservation]

</div>
===Week 14===

====Student Content====
<div class=“toccolours mw-collapsible \
mw-collapsed”>
=====Analyzing Motion with and without Torque=====
<div \
class=“mw-collapsible-content”>
*[[Torque]]
*[[Torque 2]]
*[[Systems with Zero Torque]]
*[[Systems with Nonzero Torque]]
*[[Torque vs Work]]
*[[Gyroscopes]]
</div>
</div>

====Expert Content====
<div class=“toccolours mw-collapsible \
mw-collapsed”>

* [http://p3server.pa.msu.edu/coursewiki/doku.php?id=183_notes:discovery_of_the_nucleus Discovery of the Nucleus]
* [http://p3server.pa.msu.edu/coursewiki/doku.php?id=183_notes:torque Torques Cause Changes in Rotation]
* [http://p3server.pa.msu.edu/coursewiki/doku.php?id=183_notes:L_principle Net Torque & The Angular Momentum Principle]

</div>

===Week 15===

====Student Content====
<div class=“toccolours mw-collapsible \
mw-collapsed”>
=====Introduction to Quantum Concepts=====
<div \class=“mw-collapsible-content”>
*[[Bohr Model]]
*[[Energy graphs and the Bohr model]]
*[[Quantized energy levels]]
</div>
</div>

====Expert Content====
<div class=“toccolours mw-collapsible \
mw-collapsed”>

* [http://p3server.pa.msu.edu/coursewiki/doku.php?id=183_notes:discovery_of_the_nucleus Discovery of the Nucleus]

</div>

<div style=“float:left; width:30%; padding:1%;”>

==Physics 2==
===Week 1===
<div class="toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">
====3D Vectors====
<div class="mw-collapsible-content">
*[[Page claimed by Laura Winalski]]*
*[[Vectors]]
*[[Right-Hand Rule]]
*[[Right Hand Rule]]
</div>
</div>

<div class="toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">

'''CLAIMED BY DIPRO CHAKRABORTY'''

'''CLAIMED BY DIPRO CHAKRABORTY'''
'''CLAIMED BY DIPRO CHAKRABORTY'''
'''CLAIMED BY DIPRO CHAKRABORTY'''

'''CLAIMED BY DIPRO CHAKRABORTY'''
====Electric field====
<div class="mw-collapsible-content">

[[Electric field]]

The electric field created by a charge is present throughout space at all times, whether or not there is another charge around to feel its effects. The electric field created by a charge penetrates through matter. The field permeates the neighboring space, biding its time until it can affect anything brought into its space of interaction.

==The Main Idea==
To be exact, the definition of the Electric Field is as follows:
The electric field is a region around a charged particle or object within which a force would be exerted on other objects.
If we put a charged particle at a location and it experiences a force, it would be logical to assume that there is something present that
is interacting with the particle. This "virtual force" is in essence the electric field.
===A Mathematical Model===

The electric field can be expressed mathematically as follows:

<math>{\vec{F_{net}} = 0 \Leftrightarrow \frac{d\vec{v}}{dt}} = 0</math>

<math>{\vec{F_{2}} = {q_{1}}{\vec{E_{1}}} \Leftrightarrow \frac{d\vec{v}}{dt}} </math>

which can be translated to postulate that the force on particle 2 is determined by the charge of particle 2 and the electric
field.

==Examples==

The following examples are to test your basic understanding of the Electric Field. For more examples that test your knowledge of all three of the laws, peruse the class textbook.

===Simple===
Which way is the electric field going for a negatively charged particle?

[[File:Simple111.png]]

It's easy to see that the electric field is pointing toward the negatively charged particle. The electric field is tending
toward the negatively charged particle.

===Middling===
Does the object in the following image have a net force of zero? Does it have a constant velocity?

This example is slightly more difficult, but is still quite trivial. If we sum the forces in the x direction, we see that the net force is 2 newtons in the -x direction. Therefore, the object does not have a constant velocity, and will be accelerating in the -x direction.

===Difficult===
Does the object in the following image have a net force of zero? Does it have a constant velocity?

This final example tests your knowledge and understanding of Newton's First Law. We're able to see that the box will accelerate in the -x direction because the net force in the x direction is 5 newtons to the left. However, the box itself has a velocity of 5m/s upwards, which would indeed stay constant. This is because forces (and motion) in perpendicular directions are of each other.

==Connectedness==

Newton's laws of motion tie into almost everything that we see or do. The first law, in particular, explains why we suddenly lurch forward when a car suddenly stops (our bodies are in a state of motion and thus resist the sudden stop), why it's much harder to stop when ice skating than walking (there's less friction, thus less net force to decelerate), and much, much, more. The importance of Newton's first law (and by extension, the other laws of motion) is not readily apparent, but serves as a basis to explain much of our daily interactions with our surroundings.

It can also apply to things outside of our daily interactions - space, for example. Newton's first law describes why an astronaut in space will continuously float in a direction forever if they are not pulled in by an asteroid or a planet's gravitational force. There is a lack of a net force opposing the astronaut's motion (due to the fact that there is no air in space) which results in the astronaut having a constant velocity. Floating off into space is probably an astronaut's worst nightmare, a scenario that a recent movie, ''Gravity'', explored. The entire premise of the movie (Sandra Bullock becomes untethered from her space station) relies on Newton's first law of motion.
==History==

While Galileo is the one credited with the idea of inertia motion, it was René Descartes, a French philosopher, who would expand upon Galileo's ideas. Descartes went on to propose three fundamental laws of nature in his book, ''Principles of Philosophy'', the first of which stated that "each thing, as far as is in its power, always remains in the same state; and that consequently, when it is once moved, it always continues to move." Thus, while the concept of inertia is often referred to as Newton's First Law, it was first described by Galileo and then perfected by Descartes decades before Newton published his findings.

As for Newton, he first described his three laws of motion in ''The Mathematical Principle of Natural Philosophy'', for the Principia, which was published in 1687. These laws described the relationship between an object and the forces acting upon it and laid the foundation for classical mechanics. While Newton's first law came from the work of Descartes and Galileo, his other laws are the work of himself.

==The Main Idea==
To be exact, the definition of the Electric Field is as follows:
The electric field is a region around a charged particle or object within which a force would be exerted on other objects.
If we put a charged particle at a location and it experiences a force, it would be logical to assume that there is something present that
is interacting with the particle. This "virtual force" is in essence the electric field.
===A Mathematical Model===

The electric field can be expressed mathematically as follows:

<math>{\vec{F_{net}} = 0 \Leftrightarrow \frac{d\vec{v}}{dt}} = 0</math>

<math>{\vec{F_{2}} = {q_{1}}{\vec{E_{1}}} \Leftrightarrow \frac{d\vec{v}}{dt}} </math>

which can be translated to postulate that the force on particle 2 is determined by the charge of particle 2 and the electric
field.

==Examples==

The following examples are to test your basic understanding of the Electric Field. For more examples that test your knowledge of all three of the laws, peruse the class textbook.

===Simple===
Which way is the electric field going for a negatively charged particle?

[[File:Simple111.png]]

It's easy to see that the electric field is pointing toward the negatively charged particle. The electric field is tending
toward the negatively charged particle.

===Middling===
Does the object in the following image have a net force of zero? Does it have a constant velocity?

This example is slightly more difficult, but is still quite trivial. If we sum the forces in the x direction, we see that the net force is 2 newtons in the -x direction. Therefore, the object does not have a constant velocity, and will be accelerating in the -x direction.

===Difficult===
Does the object in the following image have a net force of zero? Does it have a constant velocity?

This final example tests your knowledge and understanding of Newton's First Law. We're able to see that the box will accelerate in the -x direction because the net force in the x direction is 5 newtons to the left. However, the box itself has a velocity of 5m/s upwards, which would indeed stay constant. This is because forces (and motion) in perpendicular directions are of each other.

==Connectedness==

Newton's laws of motion tie into almost everything that we see or do. The first law, in particular, explains why we suddenly lurch forward when a car suddenly stops (our bodies are in a state of motion and thus resist the sudden stop), why it's much harder to stop when ice skating than walking (there's less friction, thus less net force to decelerate), and much, much, more. The importance of Newton's first law (and by extension, the other laws of motion) is not readily apparent, but serves as a basis to explain much of our daily interactions with our surroundings.

It can also apply to things outside of our daily interactions - space, for example. Newton's first law describes why an astronaut in space will continuously float in a direction forever if they are not pulled in by an asteroid or a planet's gravitational force. There is a lack of a net force opposing the astronaut's motion (due to the fact that there is no air in space) which results in the astronaut having a constant velocity. Floating off into space is probably an astronaut's worst nightmare, a scenario that a recent movie, ''Gravity'', explored. The entire premise of the movie (Sandra Bullock becomes untethered from her space station) relies on Newton's first law of motion.
==History==

While Galileo is the one credited with the idea of inertia motion, it was René Descartes, a French philosopher, who would expand upon Galileo's ideas. Descartes went on to propose three fundamental laws of nature in his book, ''Principles of Philosophy'', the first of which stated that "each thing, as far as is in its power, always remains in the same state; and that consequently, when it is once moved, it always continues to move." Thus, while the concept of inertia is often referred to as Newton's First Law, it was first described by Galileo and then perfected by Descartes decades before Newton published his findings.

As for Newton, he first described his three laws of motion in ''The Mathematical Principle of Natural Philosophy'', for the Principia, which was published in 1687. These laws described the relationship between an object and the forces acting upon it and laid the foundation for classical mechanics. While Newton's first law came from the work of Descartes and Galileo, his other laws are the work of himself.

==The Main Idea==
To be exact, the definition of the Electric Field is as follows:
The electric field is a region around a charged particle or object within which a force would be exerted on other objects.
If we put a charged particle at a location and it experiences a force, it would be logical to assume that there is something present that
is interacting with the particle. This "virtual force" is in essence the electric field.
===A Mathematical Model===

The electric field can be expressed mathematically as follows:

<math>{\vec{F_{net}} = 0 \Leftrightarrow \frac{d\vec{v}}{dt}} = 0</math>

<math>{\vec{F_{2}} = {q_{1}}{\vec{E_{1}}} \Leftrightarrow \frac{d\vec{v}}{dt}} </math>

which can be translated to postulate that the force on particle 2 is determined by the charge of particle 2 and the electric
field.

==Examples==

The following examples are to test your basic understanding of the Electric Field. For more examples that test your knowledge of all three of the laws, peruse the class textbook.

===Simple===
Which way is the electric field going for a negatively charged particle?

[[File:Simple111.png]]

It's easy to see that the electric field is pointing toward the negatively charged particle. The electric field is tending
toward the negatively charged particle.

===Middling===
Does the object in the following image have a net force of zero? Does it have a constant velocity?

This example is slightly more difficult, but is still quite trivial. If we sum the forces in the x direction, we see that the net force is 2 newtons in the -x direction. Therefore, the object does not have a constant velocity, and will be accelerating in the -x direction.

===Difficult===
Does the object in the following image have a net force of zero? Does it have a constant velocity?

This final example tests your knowledge and understanding of Newton's First Law. We're able to see that the box will accelerate in the -x direction because the net force in the x direction is 5 newtons to the left. However, the box itself has a velocity of 5m/s upwards, which would indeed stay constant. This is because forces (and motion) in perpendicular directions are of each other.

==Connectedness==

Newton's laws of motion tie into almost everything that we see or do. The first law, in particular, explains why we suddenly lurch forward when a car suddenly stops (our bodies are in a state of motion and thus resist the sudden stop), why it's much harder to stop when ice skating than walking (there's less friction, thus less net force to decelerate), and much, much, more. The importance of Newton's first law (and by extension, the other laws of motion) is not readily apparent, but serves as a basis to explain much of our daily interactions with our surroundings.

It can also apply to things outside of our daily interactions - space, for example. Newton's first law describes why an astronaut in space will continuously float in a direction forever if they are not pulled in by an asteroid or a planet's gravitational force. There is a lack of a net force opposing the astronaut's motion (due to the fact that there is no air in space) which results in the astronaut having a constant velocity. Floating off into space is probably an astronaut's worst nightmare, a scenario that a recent movie, ''Gravity'', explored. The entire premise of the movie (Sandra Bullock becomes untethered from her space station) relies on Newton's first law of motion.
==History==

While Galileo is the one credited with the idea of inertia motion, it was René Descartes, a French philosopher, who would expand upon Galileo's ideas. Descartes went on to propose three fundamental laws of nature in his book, ''Principles of Philosophy'', the first of which stated that "each thing, as far as is in its power, always remains in the same state; and that consequently, when it is once moved, it always continues to move." Thus, while the concept of inertia is often referred to as Newton's First Law, it was first described by Galileo and then perfected by Descartes decades before Newton published his findings.

As for Newton, he first described his three laws of motion in ''The Mathematical Principle of Natural Philosophy'', for the Principia, which was published in 1687. These laws described the relationship between an object and the forces acting upon it and laid the foundation for classical mechanics. While Newton's first law came from the work of Descartes and Galileo, his other laws are the work of himself.

==The Main Idea==
To be exact, the definition of the Electric Field is as follows:
The electric field is a region around a charged particle or object within which a force would be exerted on other objects.
If we put a charged particle at a location and it experiences a force, it would be logical to assume that there is something present that
is interacting with the particle. This "virtual force" is in essence the electric field.
===A Mathematical Model===

The electric field can be expressed mathematically as follows:

<math>{\vec{F_{net}} = 0 \Leftrightarrow \frac{d\vec{v}}{dt}} = 0</math>

<math>{\vec{F_{2}} = {q_{1}}{\vec{E_{1}}} \Leftrightarrow \frac{d\vec{v}}{dt}} </math>

which can be translated to postulate that the force on particle 2 is determined by the charge of particle 2 and the electric
field.

==Examples==

The following examples are to test your basic understanding of the Electric Field. For more examples that test your knowledge of all three of the laws, peruse the class textbook.

===Simple===
Which way is the electric field going for a negatively charged particle?

[[File:Simple111.png]]

It's easy to see that the electric field is pointing toward the negatively charged particle. The electric field is tending
toward the negatively charged particle.

===Middling===
Does the object in the following image have a net force of zero? Does it have a constant velocity?

This example is slightly more difficult, but is still quite trivial. If we sum the forces in the x direction, we see that the net force is 2 newtons in the -x direction. Therefore, the object does not have a constant velocity, and will be accelerating in the -x direction.

===Difficult===
Does the object in the following image have a net force of zero? Does it have a constant velocity?

This final example tests your knowledge and understanding of Newton's First Law. We're able to see that the box will accelerate in the -x direction because the net force in the x direction is 5 newtons to the left. However, the box itself has a velocity of 5m/s upwards, which would indeed stay constant. This is because forces (and motion) in perpendicular directions are of each other.

==Connectedness==

Newton's laws of motion tie into almost everything that we see or do. The first law, in particular, explains why we suddenly lurch forward when a car suddenly stops (our bodies are in a state of motion and thus resist the sudden stop), why it's much harder to stop when ice skating than walking (there's less friction, thus less net force to decelerate), and much, much, more. The importance of Newton's first law (and by extension, the other laws of motion) is not readily apparent, but serves as a basis to explain much of our daily interactions with our surroundings.

It can also apply to things outside of our daily interactions - space, for example. Newton's first law describes why an astronaut in space will continuously float in a direction forever if they are not pulled in by an asteroid or a planet's gravitational force. There is a lack of a net force opposing the astronaut's motion (due to the fact that there is no air in space) which results in the astronaut having a constant velocity. Floating off into space is probably an astronaut's worst nightmare, a scenario that a recent movie, ''Gravity'', explored. The entire premise of the movie (Sandra Bullock becomes untethered from her space station) relies on Newton's first law of motion.
==History==

While Galileo is the one credited with the idea of inertia motion, it was René Descartes, a French philosopher, who would expand upon Galileo's ideas. Descartes went on to propose three fundamental laws of nature in his book, ''Principles of Philosophy'', the first of which stated that "each thing, as far as is in its power, always remains in the same state; and that consequently, when it is once moved, it always continues to move." Thus, while the concept of inertia is often referred to as Newton's First Law, it was first described by Galileo and then perfected by Descartes decades before Newton published his findings.

As for Newton, he first described his three laws of motion in ''The Mathematical Principle of Natural Philosophy'', for the Principia, which was published in 1687. These laws described the relationship between an object and the forces acting upon it and laid the foundation for classical mechanics. While Newton's first law came from the work of Descartes and Galileo, his other laws are the work of himself.

==The Main Idea==
To be exact, the definition of the Electric Field is as follows:
The electric field is a region around a charged particle or object within which a force would be exerted on other objects.
If we put a charged particle at a location and it experiences a force, it would be logical to assume that there is something present that
is interacting with the particle. This "virtual force" is in essence the electric field.
===A Mathematical Model===

The electric field can be expressed mathematically as follows:

<math>{\vec{F_{net}} = 0 \Leftrightarrow \frac{d\vec{v}}{dt}} = 0</math>

<math>{\vec{F_{2}} = {q_{1}}{\vec{E_{1}}} \Leftrightarrow \frac{d\vec{v}}{dt}} = 0</math>

which can be translated to postulate that the force on particle 2 is determined by the charge of particle 2 and the electric
field.

==Examples==

The following examples are to test your basic understanding of the Electric Field. For more examples that test your knowledge of all three of the laws, peruse the class textbook.

===Simple===
Which way is the electric field going for a negatively charged particle?

[[File:Example.jpg]]

It's easy to see that the electric field is pointing toward the negatively charged particle. The electric field is tending
toward the negatively charged particle.

===Middling===
Does the object in the following image have a net force of zero? Does it have a constant velocity?

This example is slightly more difficult, but is still quite trivial. If we sum the forces in the x direction, we see that the net force is 2 newtons in the -x direction. Therefore, the object does not have a constant velocity, and will be accelerating in the -x direction.

===Difficult===
Does the object in the following image have a net force of zero? Does it have a constant velocity?

This final example tests your knowledge and understanding of Newton's First Law. We're able to see that the box will accelerate in the -x direction because the net force in the x direction is 5 newtons to the left. However, the box itself has a velocity of 5m/s upwards, which would indeed stay constant. This is because forces (and motion) in perpendicular directions are of each other.

==Connectedness==

Newton's laws of motion tie into almost everything that we see or do. The first law, in particular, explains why we suddenly lurch forward when a car suddenly stops (our bodies are in a state of motion and thus resist the sudden stop), why it's much harder to stop when ice skating than walking (there's less friction, thus less net force to decelerate), and much, much, more. The importance of Newton's first law (and by extension, the other laws of motion) is not readily apparent, but serves as a basis to explain much of our daily interactions with our surroundings.

It can also apply to things outside of our daily interactions - space, for example. Newton's first law describes why an astronaut in space will continuously float in a direction forever if they are not pulled in by an asteroid or a planet's gravitational force. There is a lack of a net force opposing the astronaut's motion (due to the fact that there is no air in space) which results in the astronaut having a constant velocity. Floating off into space is probably an astronaut's worst nightmare, a scenario that a recent movie, ''Gravity'', explored. The entire premise of the movie (Sandra Bullock becomes untethered from her space station) relies on Newton's first law of motion.
==History==

While Galileo is the one credited with the idea of inertia motion, it was René Descartes, a French philosopher, who would expand upon Galileo's ideas. Descartes went on to propose three fundamental laws of nature in his book, ''Principles of Philosophy'', the first of which stated that "each thing, as far as is in its power, always remains in the same state; and that consequently, when it is once moved, it always continues to move." Thus, while the concept of inertia is often referred to as Newton's First Law, it was first described by Galileo and then perfected by Descartes decades before Newton published his findings.

As for Newton, he first described his three laws of motion in ''The Mathematical Principle of Natural Philosophy'', for the Principia, which was published in 1687. These laws described the relationship between an object and the forces acting upon it and laid the foundation for classical mechanics. While Newton's first law came from the work of Descartes and Galileo, his other laws are the work of himself.

==The Main Idea==
To be exact, the definition of the Electric Field is as follows:
The electric field is a region around a charged particle or object within which a force would be exerted on other charged particles or objects.
If we put a charged particle at a location and it experiences a force, it would be logical to assume that there is something present that
is interacting with the particle. This "virtual force" is in essence the electric field.
===A Mathematical Model===

The electric field can be expressed mathematically as follows:

<math>{\vec{F_{net}} = 0 \Leftrightarrow \frac{d\vec{v}}{dt}} = 0</math>

<math>{\vec{F_{2}} = {q_{1}}{\vec{E_{1}}} \Leftrightarrow \frac{d\vec{v}}{dt}} = 0</math>

which can be translated to postulate that the force on particle 2 is determined by the charge of particle 2 and the electric
field.

==Examples==

The following examples are to test your basic understanding of Newton's First Law. For more examples that test your knowledge of all three of the laws, click .

===Simple===
Does the object in the following image have a net force of zero? Does it have a constant velocity?

It's easy to see that the only force on the object is acting in the +x direction, with a magnitude of 5 newtons. Therefore, the object does not have a net force of zero or a constant velocity. It will be accelerating in the +x direction.

===Middling===
Does the object in the following image have a net force of zero? Does it have a constant velocity?

This example is slightly more difficult, but is still quite trivial. If we sum the forces in the x direction, we see that the net force is 2 newtons in the -x direction. Therefore, the object does not have a constant velocity, and will be accelerating in the -x direction.

===Difficult===
Does the object in the following image have a net force of zero? Does it have a constant velocity?

This final example tests your knowledge and understanding of Newton's First Law. We're able to see that the box will accelerate in the -x direction because the net force in the x direction is 5 newtons to the left. However, the box itself has a velocity of 5m/s upwards, which would indeed stay constant. This is because forces (and motion) in perpendicular directions are of each other.

==Connectedness==

Newton's laws of motion tie into almost everything that we see or do. The first law, in particular, explains why we suddenly lurch forward when a car suddenly stops (our bodies are in a state of motion and thus resist the sudden stop), why it's much harder to stop when ice skating than walking (there's less friction, thus less net force to decelerate), and much, much, more. The importance of Newton's first law (and by extension, the other laws of motion) is not readily apparent, but serves as a basis to explain much of our daily interactions with our surroundings.

It can also apply to things outside of our daily interactions - space, for example. Newton's first law describes why an astronaut in space will continuously float in a direction forever if they are not pulled in by an asteroid or a planet's gravitational force. There is a lack of a net force opposing the astronaut's motion (due to the fact that there is no air in space) which results in the astronaut having a constant velocity. Floating off into space is probably an astronaut's worst nightmare, a scenario that a recent movie, ''Gravity'', explored. The entire premise of the movie (Sandra Bullock becomes untethered from her space station) relies on Newton's first law of motion.
==History==

While Galileo is the one credited with the idea of inertia motion, it was René Descartes, a French philosopher, who would expand upon Galileo's ideas. Descartes went on to propose three fundamental laws of nature in his book, ''Principles of Philosophy'', the first of which stated that "each thing, as far as is in its power, always remains in the same state; and that consequently, when it is once moved, it always continues to move." Thus, while the concept of inertia is often referred to as Newton's First Law, it was first described by Galileo and then perfected by Descartes decades before Newton published his findings.

As for Newton, he first described his three laws of motion in ''The Mathematical Principle of Natural Philosophy'', for the Principia, which was published in 1687. These laws described the relationship between an object and the forces acting upon it and laid the foundation for classical mechanics. While Newton's first law came from the work of Descartes and Galileo, his other laws are the work of himself.

==The Main Idea==
To be exact, the definition of the First Law of Motion is as follows:
The electric field is a region around a charged particle or object within which a force would be exerted on other charged particles or objects.
In other (and much simpler) terms, it means that an object at rest stays at rest and an object in in motion stays in motion at a constant velocity unless acted on by an unbalanced net force. It's important to keep in mind that only a difference in affect the velocity of an object. The amount of change in velocity is determined by
===A Mathematical Model===

Newton's first law can be stated mathematically as follows:

<math>{\vec{F_{net}} = 0 \Leftrightarrow \frac{d\vec{v}}{dt}} = 0</math>

Where...

<math>\vec{F_{net}}</math> is the net force from the surroundings.

<math>d\vec{v}</math> is the change in velocity of the system.

<math>dt</math> is the change in time of the system

If we trace this formula from the left to the right, we can see that if the net force on an object is zero, then the change in velocity of an object is also zero. Conversely, if we were given an object and told that its change in momentum is zero, then we can deduce that the net force acting on the object is also zero. Keep in mind, however, that this formula simple deals with the '''change''' in velocity. It does '''not''' mean that the object is at rest, only that its velocity remains constant.

==Examples==

The following examples are to test your basic understanding of Newton's First Law. For more examples that test your knowledge of all three of the laws, click .

===Simple===
Does the object in the following image have a net force of zero? Does it have a constant velocity?

It's easy to see that the only force on the object is acting in the +x direction, with a magnitude of 5 newtons. Therefore, the object does not have a net force of zero or a constant velocity. It will be accelerating in the +x direction.

===Middling===
Does the object in the following image have a net force of zero? Does it have a constant velocity?

This example is slightly more difficult, but is still quite trivial. If we sum the forces in the x direction, we see that the net force is 2 newtons in the -x direction. Therefore, the object does not have a constant velocity, and will be accelerating in the -x direction.

===Difficult===
Does the object in the following image have a net force of zero? Does it have a constant velocity?

This final example tests your knowledge and understanding of Newton's First Law. We're able to see that the box will accelerate in the -x direction because the net force in the x direction is 5 newtons to the left. However, the box itself has a velocity of 5m/s upwards, which would indeed stay constant. This is because forces (and motion) in perpendicular directions are of each other.

==Connectedness==

Newton's laws of motion tie into almost everything that we see or do. The first law, in particular, explains why we suddenly lurch forward when a car suddenly stops (our bodies are in a state of motion and thus resist the sudden stop), why it's much harder to stop when ice skating than walking (there's less friction, thus less net force to decelerate), and much, much, more. The importance of Newton's first law (and by extension, the other laws of motion) is not readily apparent, but serves as a basis to explain much of our daily interactions with our surroundings.

It can also apply to things outside of our daily interactions - space, for example. Newton's first law describes why an astronaut in space will continuously float in a direction forever if they are not pulled in by an asteroid or a planet's gravitational force. There is a lack of a net force opposing the astronaut's motion (due to the fact that there is no air in space) which results in the astronaut having a constant velocity. Floating off into space is probably an astronaut's worst nightmare, a scenario that a recent movie, ''Gravity'', explored. The entire premise of the movie (Sandra Bullock becomes untethered from her space station) relies on Newton's first law of motion.
==History==

While Galileo is the one credited with the idea of inertia motion, it was René Descartes, a French philosopher, who would expand upon Galileo's ideas. Descartes went on to propose three fundamental laws of nature in his book, ''Principles of Philosophy'', the first of which stated that "each thing, as far as is in its power, always remains in the same state; and that consequently, when it is once moved, it always continues to move." Thus, while the concept of inertia is often referred to as Newton's First Law, it was first described by Galileo and then perfected by Descartes decades before Newton published his findings.

As for Newton, he first described his three laws of motion in ''The Mathematical Principle of Natural Philosophy'', for the Principia, which was published in 1687. These laws described the relationship between an object and the forces acting upon it and laid the foundation for classical mechanics. While Newton's first law came from the work of Descartes and Galileo, his other laws are the work of himself.

==The Main Idea==
To be exact, the definition of the First Law of Motion is as follows:
The electric field is a region around a charged particle or object within which a force would be exerted on other charged particles or objects.
In other (and much simpler) terms, it means that an object at rest stays at rest and an object in in motion stays in motion at a constant velocity unless acted on by an unbalanced net force. It's important to keep in mind that only a difference in affect the velocity of an object. The amount of change in velocity is determined by
===A Mathematical Model===

Newton's first law can be stated mathematically as follows:

<math>{\vec{F_{net}} = 0 \Leftrightarrow \frac{d\vec{v}}{dt}} = 0</math>

Where...

<math>\vec{F_{net}}</math> is the net force from the surroundings.

<math>d\vec{v}</math> is the change in velocity of the system.

<math>dt</math> is the change in time of the system

If we trace this formula from the left to the right, we can see that if the net force on an object is zero, then the change in velocity of an object is also zero. Conversely, if we were given an object and told that its change in momentum is zero, then we can deduce that the net force acting on the object is also zero. Keep in mind, however, that this formula simple deals with the '''change''' in velocity. It does '''not''' mean that the object is at rest, only that its velocity remains constant.

==Examples==

The following examples are to test your basic understanding of Newton's First Law. For more examples that test your knowledge of all three of the laws, click .

===Simple===
Does the object in the following image have a net force of zero? Does it have a constant velocity?

It's easy to see that the only force on the object is acting in the +x direction, with a magnitude of 5 newtons. Therefore, the object does not have a net force of zero or a constant velocity. It will be accelerating in the +x direction.

===Middling===
Does the object in the following image have a net force of zero? Does it have a constant velocity?

This example is slightly more difficult, but is still quite trivial. If we sum the forces in the x direction, we see that the net force is 2 newtons in the -x direction. Therefore, the object does not have a constant velocity, and will be accelerating in the -x direction.

===Difficult===
Does the object in the following image have a net force of zero? Does it have a constant velocity?

This final example tests your knowledge and understanding of Newton's First Law. We're able to see that the box will accelerate in the -x direction because the net force in the x direction is 5 newtons to the left. However, the box itself has a velocity of 5m/s upwards, which would indeed stay constant. This is because forces (and motion) in perpendicular directions are of each other.

==Connectedness==

Newton's laws of motion tie into almost everything that we see or do. The first law, in particular, explains why we suddenly lurch forward when a car suddenly stops (our bodies are in a state of motion and thus resist the sudden stop), why it's much harder to stop when ice skating than walking (there's less friction, thus less net force to decelerate), and much, much, more. The importance of Newton's first law (and by extension, the other laws of motion) is not readily apparent, but serves as a basis to explain much of our daily interactions with our surroundings.

It can also apply to things outside of our daily interactions - space, for example. Newton's first law describes why an astronaut in space will continuously float in a direction forever if they are not pulled in by an asteroid or a planet's gravitational force. There is a lack of a net force opposing the astronaut's motion (due to the fact that there is no air in space) which results in the astronaut having a constant velocity. Floating off into space is probably an astronaut's worst nightmare, a scenario that a recent movie, ''Gravity'', explored. The entire premise of the movie (Sandra Bullock becomes untethered from her space station) relies on Newton's first law of motion.
==History==

While Galileo is the one credited with the idea of inertia motion, it was René Descartes, a French philosopher, who would expand upon Galileo's ideas. Descartes went on to propose three fundamental laws of nature in his book, ''Principles of Philosophy'', the first of which stated that "each thing, as far as is in its power, always remains in the same state; and that consequently, when it is once moved, it always continues to move." Thus, while the concept of inertia is often referred to as Newton's First Law, it was first described by Galileo and then perfected by Descartes decades before Newton published his findings.

As for Newton, he first described his three laws of motion in ''The Mathematical Principle of Natural Philosophy'', for the Principia, which was published in 1687. These laws described the relationship between an object and the forces acting upon it and laid the foundation for classical mechanics. While Newton's first law came from the work of Descartes and Galileo, his other laws are the work of himself.

==The Main Idea==
To be exact, the definition of the First Law of Motion is as follows:
Every body persists in its state of rest or of moving with constant speed in a constant direction, except to the extent that it is compelled to change that state by forces acting on it.
In other (and much simpler) terms, it means that an object at rest stays at rest and an object in in motion stays in motion at a constant velocity unless acted on by an unbalanced net force. It's important to keep in mind that only a difference in [http://www.physicsclassroom.com/class/newtlaws/Lesson-2/Determining-the-Net-Force net force] can affect the velocity of an object. The amount of change in velocity is determined by [http://www.physicsclassroom.com/class/newtlaws/Lesson-3/Newton-s-Second-Law Newton's Second Law of Motion].

===A Mathematical Model===

Newton's first law can be stated mathematically as follows:

<math>{\vec{F_{net}} = 0 \Leftrightarrow \frac{d\vec{v}}{dt}} = 0</math>

Where...

<math>\vec{F_{net}}</math> is the net force from the surroundings.

<math>d\vec{v}</math> is the change in velocity of the system.

<math>dt</math> is the change in time of the system

If we trace this formula from the left to the right, we can see that if the net force on an object is zero, then the change in velocity of an object is also zero. Conversely, if we were given an object and told that its change in momentum is zero, then we can deduce that the net force acting on the object is also zero. Keep in mind, however, that this formula simple deals with the '''change''' in velocity. It does '''not''' mean that the object is at rest, only that its velocity remains constant.

==Examples==

The following examples are to test your basic understanding of Newton's First Law. For more examples that test your knowledge of all three of the laws, click [http://www.physicsclassroom.com/calcpad/newtlaws/problems here].

===Simple===
Does the object in the following image have a net force of zero? Does it have a constant velocity?

[[File:Newtonfirstlawsimple.png|400px]]

It's easy to see that the only force on the object is acting in the +x direction, with a magnitude of 5 newtons. Therefore, the object does not have a net force of zero or a constant velocity. It will be accelerating in the +x direction.

===Middling===
Does the object in the following image have a net force of zero? Does it have a constant velocity?

[[File:Newtonfirstlawmedium.png|400px]]

This example is slightly more difficult, but is still quite trivial. If we sum the forces in the x direction, we see that the net force is 2 newtons in the -x direction. Therefore, the object does not have a constant velocity, and will be accelerating in the -x direction.

===Difficult===
Does the object in the following image have a net force of zero? Does it have a constant velocity?

[[File:Newtonsfirstlawhard.png|400px]]

This final example tests your knowledge and understanding of Newton's First Law. We're able to see that the box will accelerate in the -x direction because the net force in the x direction is 5 newtons to the left. However, the box itself has a velocity of 5m/s upwards, which would indeed stay constant. This is because forces (and motion) in perpendicular directions are [http://www.physicsclassroom.com/class/vectors/Lesson-1/Independence-of-Perpendicular-Components-of-Motion independent] of each other.

==Connectedness==

[[File:Tablecloth.gif|left|300px|thumb|The "magic trick" of ripping off a table cloth without the plates on top moving is an example of Newton's First Law. The tableware is in a state of rest, and thus want to remain in such a state.]]

Newton's laws of motion tie into almost everything that we see or do. The first law, in particular, explains why we suddenly lurch forward when a car suddenly stops (our bodies are in a state of motion and thus resist the sudden stop), why it's much harder to stop when ice skating than walking (there's less friction, thus less net force to decelerate), and much, much, more. The importance of Newton's first law (and by extension, the other laws of motion) is not readily apparent, but serves as a basis to explain much of our daily interactions with our surroundings.

It can also apply to things outside of our daily interactions - space, for example. Newton's first law describes why an astronaut in space will continuously float in a direction forever if they are not pulled in by an asteroid or a planet's gravitational force. There is a lack of a net force opposing the astronaut's motion (due to the fact that there is no air in space) which results in the astronaut having a constant velocity. Floating off into space is probably an astronaut's worst nightmare, a scenario that a recent movie, ''Gravity'', explored. The entire premise of the movie (Sandra Bullock becomes untethered from her space station) relies on Newton's first law of motion.
==History==

While Galileo is the one credited with the idea of inertia motion, it was René Descartes, a French philosopher, who would expand upon Galileo's ideas. Descartes went on to propose three fundamental laws of nature in his book, ''Principles of Philosophy'', the first of which stated that "each thing, as far as is in its power, always remains in the same state; and that consequently, when it is once moved, it always continues to move." Thus, while the concept of inertia is often referred to as Newton's First Law, it was first described by Galileo and then perfected by Descartes decades before Newton published his findings.

As for Newton, he first described his three laws of motion in ''The Mathematical Principle of Natural Philosophy'', for the Principia, which was published in 1687. These laws described the relationship between an object and the forces acting upon it and laid the foundation for classical mechanics. While Newton's first law came from the work of Descartes and Galileo, his other laws are the work of himself.

==Electric Field==
The electric field created by a charge is present throughout space at all times, whether or not there is another charge around to feel its effects. The electric field created by a charge penetrates through matter. The field permeates the neighboring space, biding its time until it can affect anything brought into its space of interaction.
*[[Vectors]]
*[[Right-Hand Rule]]
*[[Right Hand Rule]]
</div>
</div>

<div class="toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">

====Electric force====
<div class="mw-collapsible-content">

*[[Electric Force]] Claimed by Amarachi Eze
*[[Lorentz Force]]
</div>
</div>

<div class="toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">

====Electric field of a point particle====

<div class="mw-collapsible-content">
*[[Point Charge]]
</div>
</div>

<div class="toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">

'''Bold text'''====Superposition====
<div class="mw-collapsible-content">
*[[Superposition Principle]]
*[[Superposition principle]]
</div>
</div>

<div class="toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">

====Dipoles====
<div class="mw-collapsible-content">
*[[Electric Dipole]]
*[[Magnetic Dipole]]
</div>
</div>

===Week 2===
<div class="toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">
====Interactions of charged objects====
<div class="mw-collapsible-content">
*[[Electric Field]]
*[[Electric Potential]]
*[[Electric Force]]
*[[Lorentz Force]]
</div>
</div>

<div class="toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">
====Tape experiments====
<div class="mw-collapsible-content">
*[[Polarization]]
*[[Electric Polarization]]
</div>
</div>

<div class="toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">
====Polarization====
<div class="mw-collapsible-content">
*[[Polarization]]
*[[Electric Polarization]]
*[[Polarization of an Atom]]
</div>
</div>

===Week 3===
<div class="toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">
====Insulators====
<div class="mw-collapsible-content">
*[[Insulators]]
*[[Potential Difference in an Insulator]]
*[[Charged Conductor and Charged Insulator]]
*[[Charged conductor and charged insulator]]
</div>
</div>

<div class="toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">
====Conductors====
<div class="mw-collapsible-content">
*[[Conductivity]]
*[[Charge Transfer]]
*[[Resistivity]]
*[[Polarization of a conductor]]
*[[Charged Conductor and Charged Insulator]]
*[[Charged conductor and charged insulator]]
</div>
</div>

<div class="toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">
====Charging and discharging====
<div class="mw-collapsible-content">
*[[Charge Transfer]]
*[[Electrostatic Discharge]]
*[[Charged Conductor and Charged Insulator]]
*[[Charged conductor and charged insulator]]
</div>
</div>

===Week 4===
<div class="toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">
====Field of a charged rod====
<div class="mw-collapsible-content">
*[[Charged Rod]]
</div>
</div>

<div class="toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">

====Field of a charged ring/disk/capacitor====
<div class="mw-collapsible-content">
*[[Charged Ring]]
*[[Charged Disk]]
*[[Charged Capacitor]]
</div>
</div>

<div class="toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">

====Field of a charged sphere====
<div class="mw-collapsible-content">
*[[Charged Spherical Shell]]
*[[Field of a Charged Ball]]
</div>
</div>

===Week 5===
<div class="toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">
====Potential energy====
<div class="mw-collapsible-content">
*[[Potential Energy]]
</div>
</div>

<div class="toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">
====Electric potential====
<div class="mw-collapsible-content">
*[[Electric Potential]]
*[[Path Independence of Electric Potential]]
*[[Potential Difference Path Independence, claimed by Aditya Mohile]]
*[[Potential Difference in a Uniform Field]]
*[[Potential Difference of Point Charge in a Non-Uniform Field]]
</div>
</div>
<div class="toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">

====Sign of Potential Difference====
----
<div class="mw-collapsible-content">
'''Overview of Electric Potential'''
----
text here

'''Determining the Sign of Potential Difference'''
----
text here

'''Understanding Sign of Potential Difference'''
----
more text here

</div>
</div>
<div class="toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">

====Potential at a single location====
<div class="mw-collapsible-content">
*[[Electric Potential]]
*[[Potential Difference at One Location]]
</div>
</div>

<div class="toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">

====Path independence and round trip potential====
<div class="mw-collapsible-content">
*[[Path Independence of Electric Potential]]
*[[Potential Difference Path Independence, claimed by Aditya Mohile]]
</div>
</div>

===Week 6===
<div class="toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">
====Electric field and potential in an insulator====
<div class="mw-collapsible-content">
*[[Potential Difference in an Insulator]]
*[[Electric Field in an Insulator]]
</div>
</div>
<div class="toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">

====Moving charges in a magnetic field====
<div class="mw-collapsible-content">
*[[Magnetic Field]]
*[[Magnetic Force]]
*[[Lorentz Force]]
</div>
</div>
<div class="toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">

====Biot-Savart Law====
<div class="mw-collapsible-content">
*[[Biot-Savart Law]]
*[[Biot-Savart Law for Currents]]
</div>
</div>
<div class="toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">

====Moving charges, electron current, and conventional current====
<div class="mw-collapsible-content">
*[[Moving Point Charge]]
*[[Current]]
</div>
</div>

===Week 7=== Claimed by Diem Tran
<div class="toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">
====Magnetic field of a wire====
<div class="mw-collapsible-content">
*[[Magnetic Field of a Long Straight Wire]]
</div>
</div>

<div class="toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">
====Magnetic field of a current-carrying loop====
<div class="mw-collapsible-content">
*[[Magnetic Field of a Loop]]
</div>
</div>

<div class="toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">
====Magnetic dipoles====
<div class="mw-collapsible-content">
*[[Magnetic Dipole Moment]]
*[[Bar Magnet]]
</div>
</div>

<div class="toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">
====Atomic structure of magnets====
<div class="mw-collapsible-content">
*[[Atomic Structure of Magnets]]
</div>
</div>

===Week 8===
<div class="toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">
====Steady state current====
<div class="mw-collapsible-content">
*[[Steady State]]
*[[Non Steady State]]
</div>
</div>

<div class="toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">
====Node rule====
<div class="mw-collapsible-content">
*[[Node Rule]]
</div>
</div>

<div class="toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">
====Electric fields and energy in circuits====
<div class="mw-collapsible-content">
*[[Series circuit]] claimed by Hannah Jang
*[[Node Rule]]
*[[Loop Rule]]
*[[Electric Potential Difference]]
</div>
</div>

<div class="toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">

====Macroscopic analysis of circuits====
<div class="mw-collapsible-content">
*[[Series Circuits]]
*[[Parallel CIrcuits]]
*[[Parallel Circuits vs. Series Circuits*]]
*[[Loop Rule]]
*[[Node Rule]]
*[[Resistors*]]
</div>
</div>

===Week 9===
<div class="toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">
====Electric field and potential in circuits with capacitors====
<div class="mw-collapsible-content">
*[[Charging and Discharging a Capacitor]]
*[[RC Circuit]]
*[[R Circuit]]
*[[AC and DC]]

</div>
</div>

<div class="toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">

====Magnetic forces on charges and currents====
<div class="mw-collapsible-content">
*[[Magnetic Force]]
*[[Lorentz Force]]
*[[Applying Magnetic Force to Currents]]
*[[Magnetic Force in a Moving Reference Frame]]
*[[Right-Hand Rule]]
*[[Analysis of Railgun vs Coil gun technologies]]
</div>
</div>

<div class="toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">
====Electric and magnetic forces====
<div class="mw-collapsible-content">
*[[Electric Force]]
*[[Magnetic Force]]
*[[Lorentz Force]]
*[[VPython Modelling of Electric and Magnetic Forces]]
</div>
</div>

<div class="toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">
====Velocity selector====
<div class="mw-collapsible-content">
*[[Lorentz Force]]
*[[Combining Electric and Magnetic Forces]]
</div>
</div>

===Week 10===

====Student Content====

<div class=“toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed”>
==== Hall Effect ====
<div class="mw-collapsible-content">
*[[Hall Effect]]
*[[Motional Emf]]
*[[Magnetic Force]]
*[[Magnetic Torque]]

</div>
</div>

==Physics 3==

===Week 1===
<div class="toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">
====Classical Physics====
<div class="mw-collapsible-content">
</div>
</div>

===Week 2===
<div class="toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">
====Special Relativity====
<div class="mw-collapsible-content">
*[[Frame of Reference]]
*[[Einstein's Theory of Special Relativity]]
*[[Time Dilation]]
*[[Einstein's Theory of General Relativity]]
*[[Albert A. Micheleson & Edward W. Morley]]
*[[Magnetic Force in a Moving Reference Frame]]
</div>
</div>

===Week 3===
<div class="toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">
====Photons====
<div class="mw-collapsible-content">
*[[Spontaneous Photon Emission]]
*[[Light Scattering: Why is the Sky Blue]]
*[[Lasers]]
*[[Electronic Energy Levels and Photons]]
*[[Quantum Properties of Light]]
</div>
</div>

===Week 4===
<div class="toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">
====Matter Waves====
<div class="mw-collapsible-content">
*[[Wave-Particle Duality]]
</div>
</div>

===Week 5===
<div class="toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">
====Wave Mechanics====
<div class="mw-collapsible-content">
*[[Standing Waves]]
*[[Wavelength]]
*[[Wavelength and Frequency]]
*[[Mechanical Waves]]
*[[Transverse and Longitudinal Waves]]
</div>
</div>

===Week 6===
<div class="toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">
====Rutherford-Bohr Model====
<div class="mw-collapsible-content">
*[[Rutherford Experiment and Atomic Collisions]]
*[[Bohr Model]]
*[[Quantized energy levels]]
*[[Energy graphs and the Bohr model]]
</div>
</div>

===Week 7===
<div class="toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">
====The Hydrogen Atom====
<div class="mw-collapsible-content">
*[[Quantum Theory]]
*[[Atomic Theory]]
</div>
</div>

===Week 8===
<div class="toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">
====Many-Electron Atoms====
<div class="mw-collapsible-content">
*[[Quantum Theory]]
*[[Atomic Theory]]
*[[Pauli exclusion principle]]
</div>
</div>

===Week 9===
<div class="toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">
====Molecules====
<div class="mw-collapsible-content">
</div>
</div>

===Week 10===
<div class="toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">
====Statistical Physics====
<div class="mw-collapsible-content">
</div>
</div>

===Week 11===
<div class="toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">
====Condensed Matter Physics====
<div class="mw-collapsible-content">
</div>
</div>

===Week 12===
<div class="toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">
====The Nucleus====
<div class="mw-collapsible-content">
</div>
</div>

===Week 13===
<div class="toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">
====Nuclear Physics====
<div class="mw-collapsible-content">
*[[Nuclear Fission]]
*[[Nuclear Energy from Fission and Fusion]]
</div>
</div>

===Week 14===
<div class="toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">
====Particle Physics====
<div class="mw-collapsible-content">
*[[Elementary Particles and Particle Physics Theory]]
*[[String Theory]]
</div>
</div>

Main Page

2016-04-17T06:08:45Z

Tquill: /* Sign of Potential Difference */

__NOTOC__
Welcome to the Georgia Tech Wiki for Introductory Physics. This resource was created so that students can contribute and curate content to help those with limited or no access to a textbook. When reading this website, please correct any errors you may come across. If you read something that isn't clear, please consider revising it for future students!

Looking to make a contribution?
#Pick one of the topics from intro physics listed below
#Add content to that topic or improve the quality of what is already there.
#Need to make a new topic? Edit this page and add it to the list under the appropriate category. Then copy and paste the default [[Template]] into your new page and start editing.

Please remember that this is not a textbook and you are not limited to expressing your ideas with only text and equations. Whenever possible embed: pictures, videos, diagrams, simulations, computational models (e.g. Glowscript), and whatever content you think makes learning physics easier for other students.

== Source Material ==
All of the content added to this resource must be in the public domain or similar free resource. If you are unsure about a source, contact the original author for permission. That said, there is a surprisingly large amount of introductory physics content scattered across the web. Here is an incomplete list of intro physics resources (please update as needed).
* A physics resource written by experts for an expert audience [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:Physics Physics Portal]
* A wiki written for students by a physics expert [http://p3server.pa.msu.edu/coursewiki/doku.php?id=183_notes MSU Physics Wiki]
* A wiki book on modern physics [https://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Modern_Physics Modern Physics Wiki]
* The MIT open courseware for intro physics [http://ocw.mit.edu/resources/res-8-002-a-wikitextbook-for-introductory-mechanics-fall-2009/index.htm MITOCW Wiki]
* An online concept map of intro physics [http://hyperphysics.phy-astr.gsu.edu/hbase/hph.html HyperPhysics]
* Interactive physics simulations [https://phet.colorado.edu/en/simulations/category/physics PhET]
* OpenStax algebra based intro physics textbook [https://openstaxcollege.org/textbooks/college-physics College Physics]
* The Open Source Physics project is a collection of online physics resources [http://www.opensourcephysics.org/ OSP]
* A resource guide compiled by the [http://www.aapt.org/ AAPT] for educators [http://www.compadre.org/ ComPADRE]

== Organizing Categories ==
These are the broad, overarching categories, that we cover in three semester of introductory physics. You can add subcategories as needed but a single topic should direct readers to a page in one of these categories.

== Resources ==
* Commonly used wiki commands [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:Cheatsheet Wiki Cheatsheet]
* A guide to representing equations in math mode [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:Displaying_a_formula Wiki Math Mode]
* A page to keep track of all the physics [[Constants]]
* A page for review of [[Vectors]] and vector operations
* A listing of [[Notable Scientist]] with links to their individual pages

<div style="float:left; width:30%; padding:1%;">
==Physics 1==
===Week 1===

====Student Content====
<div class=“toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed”>
=====Help with VPython=====
<div class=“mw-collapsible-content”>
*[[VPython]]
*[[VPython basics]]
*[[VPython Common Errors and Troubleshooting]]
*[[VPython Functions]]
*[[VPython Lists]]
*[[VPython Loops]]
*[[VPython Multithreading]]
*[[VPython Animation]]
*[[VPython Objects]]
*[[VPython 3D Objects]]
*[[VPython Reference]]
*[[VPython MapReduceFilter]]
*[[VPython GUIs]]
</div>
</div>

<div class=“toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed”>
=====Vectors and Units=====
<div class=“mw-collapsible-content”>
*[[Vectors]]
*[[SI units]]
</div>
</div>

<div class=“toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed”>

=====Interactions=====
<div class=“mw-collapsible-content”>
</div>
</div>
*[[Types of Interactions and How to Detect Them]]

<div class=“toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed”>

=====Velocity and Momentum=====
<div class=“mw-collapsible-content”>
*[[Newton’s First Law of Motion]]
*[[Velocity]]
*[[Mass]]
*[[Speed and Velocity]]
*[[Relative Velocity]]
*[[Derivation of Average Velocity]]
*[[2-Dimensional Motion]]
*[[3-Dimensional Position and Motion]]
</div>
</div>

====Expert Content====
<div class=“toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed”>

* [http://p3server.pa.msu.edu/coursewiki/doku.php?id=183_notes:vpython_resources Software for Projects]

</div>

===Week 2===
====Student Content====
<div class=“toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed”>
=====Momentum and the Momentum Principle=====
<div class=“mw-collapsible-content”>
*[[Momentum Principle]]
*[[Inertia]]
*[[Net Force]]
*[[Derivation of the Momentum Principle]]
*[[Impulse Momentum]]
*[[Acceleration]]
*[[Momentum with respect to external Forces]]
</div>
</div>

<div class=“toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed”>
=====Iterative Prediction with a Constant Force=====
<div class=“mw-collapsible-content”>
*[[Newton’s Second Law of Motion]]
*[[Iterative Prediction]]
*[[Kinematics]]
*[[Newton’s Laws and Linear Momentum]]
*[[Projectile Motion]]
</div>
</div>

====Expert Content====
<div class=“toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed”>

* [http://p3server.pa.msu.edu/coursewiki/doku.php?id=183_notes:scalars_and_vectors Scalars and Vectors]
* [http://p3server.pa.msu.edu/coursewiki/doku.php?id=183_notes:displacement_and_velocity Displacement and Velocity]
* [http://p3server.pa.msu.edu/coursewiki/doku.php?id=183_notes:modeling_with_vpython Modeling Motion with VPython]
* [http://p3server.pa.msu.edu/coursewiki/doku.php?id=183_notes:relative_motion Relative Motion]
* [http://p3server.pa.msu.edu/coursewiki/doku.php?id=183_notes:graphing_motion Graphing Motion]
* [http://p3server.pa.msu.edu/coursewiki/doku.php?id=183_notes:momentum Momentum]
* [http://p3server.pa.msu.edu/coursewiki/doku.php?id=183_notes:momentum_principle The Momentum Principle]
* [http://p3server.pa.msu.edu/coursewiki/doku.php?id=183_notes:acceleration Acceleration & The Change in Momentum]
* [http://p3server.pa.msu.edu/coursewiki/doku.php?id=183_notes:motionPredict Applying the Momentum Principle]
* [http://p3server.pa.msu.edu/coursewiki/doku.php?id=183_notes:constantF Constant Force Motion]
* [http://p3server.pa.msu.edu/coursewiki/doku.php?id=183_notes:iterativePredict Iterative Prediction of Motion]
* [http://p3server.pa.msu.edu/coursewiki/doku.php?id=183_notes:mp_multi The Momentum Principle in Multi-particle Systems]
* [http://p3server.pa.msu.edu/coursewiki/doku.php?id=183_notes:angular_motivation Why Angular Momentum?]
* [http://p3server.pa.msu.edu/coursewiki/doku.php?id=183_notes:ang_momentum Angular Momentum]
* [http://p3server.pa.msu.edu/coursewiki/doku.php?id=183_notes:L_principle Net Torque & The Angular Momentum Principle]
* [http://p3server.pa.msu.edu/coursewiki/doku.php?id=183_notes:L_conservation Angular Momentum Conservation]

</div>

===Week 3===
====Student Content====
<div class=“toccolours \
mw-collapsible mw-collapsed”>
=====Analytic Prediction with a Constant Force=====
<div \
class=“mw-collapsible-content”>
*[[Analytical Prediction]]
</div>
</div>

<div class=“toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed”>
=====Iterative Prediction with a Varying Force=====
<div \
class=“mw-collapsible-content”>
*[[Predicting Change in multiple dimensions]]
*[[Spring Force]]
*[[Hooke’s Law]]
*[[Simple Harmonic Motion]]
*[[Iterative Prediction of Spring-Mass System]]
*[[Terminal Speed]]
*[[Determinism]]
</div>
</div>

====Expert Content====
<div class=“toccolours mw-collapsible \
mw-collapsed”>

* [http://p3server.pa.msu.edu/coursewiki/doku.php?id=183_notes:drag Drag]
* [http://p3server.pa.msu.edu/coursewiki/doku.php?id=183_notes:gravitation Non-constant Force: Newtonian Gravitation]
* [http://p3server.pa.msu.edu/coursewiki/doku.php?id=183_notes:ucm Uniform Circular Motion]
* [http://p3server.pa.msu.edu/coursewiki/doku.php?id=183_notes:impulseGraphs Impulse Graphs]
* [http://p3server.pa.msu.edu/coursewiki/doku.php?id=183_notes:springMotion Non-constant Force: Springs & Spring-like Interactions]
* [http://p3server.pa.msu.edu/coursewiki/doku.php?id=183_notes:friction Contact Interactions: The Normal Force & Friction]

</div>

===Week 4===
====Student Content====
<div class=“toccolours \
mw-collapsible mw-collapsed”>
=====Fundamental Interactions=====
<div class=“mw-collapsible-content”>
*[[Gravitational Force]]
*[[Electric Force]]
*[[Reciprocity]]
</div>
</div>

====Expert Content====
<div class=“toccolours mw-collapsible \
mw-collapsed”>

* [http://p3server.pa.msu.edu/coursewiki/doku.php?id=183_notes:gravitation Non-constant Force: Newtonian Gravitation]

</div>

===Week 5===
====Student Content====
<div class=“toccolours \
mw-collapsible mw-collapsed”>
=====Conservation of Momentum=====
<div class=“mw-collapsible-content”>
*[[Conservation of Momentum]]
</div>
</div>
<div class=“toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed”>

=====Properties of Matter=====
<div class=“mw-collapsible-content”>
*[[Kinds of Matter]]
**[[Ball and Spring Model of Matter]]
*[[Density]]
*[[Length and Stiffness of an Interatomic Bond]]
*[[Young’s Modulus]]
*[[Speed of Sound in Solids]]
*[[Malleability]]
*[[Ductility]]
*[[Weight]]
*[[Hardness]]
*[[Boiling Point]]
*[[Melting Point]]
</div>
</div>

====Expert Content====
<div class=“toccolours mw-collapsible \
mw-collapsed”>

* [http://p3server.pa.msu.edu/coursewiki/doku.php?id=183_notes:model_of_a_wire Modeling a Solid Wire: springs in series and parallel]

</div>

===Week 6===
====Student Content====
<div class=“toccolours \
mw-collapsible mw-collapsed”>
=====Identifying Forces=====
<div class=“mw-collapsible-content”>
*[[Free Body Diagram]]
*[[Compression or Normal Force]]
*[[Tension]]
</div>
</div>
<div class=“toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed”>
=====Curving Motion=====
<div class=“mw-collapsible-content”>
*[[Curving Motion]]
*[[Centripetal Force and Curving Motion]]
*[[Perpetual Freefall (Orbit)]]
</div>
</div>

====Expert Content====
<div class=“toccolours mw-collapsible \
mw-collapsed”>

* [http://p3server.pa.msu.edu/coursewiki/doku.php?id=183_notes:gravitation Non-constant Force: Newtonian Gravitation]
* [http://p3server.pa.msu.edu/coursewiki/doku.php?id=183_notes:grav_accel Gravitational Acceleration]
* [http://p3server.pa.msu.edu/coursewiki/doku.php?id=183_notes:ucm Uniform Circular Motion]
* [http://p3server.pa.msu.edu/coursewiki/doku.php?id=183_notes:freebodydiagrams Free Body Diagrams]
* [http://p3server.pa.msu.edu/coursewiki/doku.php?id=183_notes:curving_motion Curved Motion]

</div>

===Week 7===
====Student Content====
<div class=“toccolours \
mw-collapsible mw-collapsed”>
=====Energy Principle=====
<div class=“mw-collapsible-content”>
*[[The Energy Principle]]
*[[Conservation of Energy]]
*[[Kinetic Energy]]
*[[Work]]
*[[Power (Mechanical)]]
</div>
</div>

====Expert Content====
<div class=“toccolours mw-collapsible \
mw-collapsed”>

* [http://p3server.pa.msu.edu/coursewiki/doku.php?id=183_notes:define_energy What is Energy?]
* [http://p3server.pa.msu.edu/coursewiki/doku.php?id=183_notes:point_particle The Simplest System: A Single Particle]
* [http://p3server.pa.msu.edu/coursewiki/doku.php?id=183_notes:work Work: Mechanical Energy Transfer]
* [http://p3server.pa.msu.edu/coursewiki/doku.php?id=183_notes:energy_cons Conservation of Energy]
* [http://p3server.pa.msu.edu/coursewiki/doku.php?id=183_notes:potential_energy Potential Energy]
* [http://p3server.pa.msu.edu/coursewiki/doku.php?id=183_notes:grav_and_spring_PE (Near Earth) Gravitational and Spring Potential Energy]
* [http://p3server.pa.msu.edu/coursewiki/doku.php?id=183_notes:force_and_PE Force and Potential Energy]
* [http://p3server.pa.msu.edu/coursewiki/doku.php?id=183_notes:newton_grav_pe Newtonian Gravitational Potential Energy]
* [http://p3server.pa.msu.edu/coursewiki/doku.php?id=183_notes:spring_PE Spring Potential Energy]

</div>

===Week 8===
====Student Content====
<div class=“toccolours \
mw-collapsible mw-collapsed”>
=====Work by Non-Constant Forces=====
<div \
class=“mw-collapsible-content”>
*[[Work Done By A Nonconstant Force]]
</div>
</div>
<div class=“toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed”>
=====Potential Energy=====
<div class=“mw-collapsible-content”>
*[[Potential Energy]]
*[[Potential Energy of Macroscopic Springs]]
*[[Spring Potential Energy]]
**[[Ball and Spring Model]]
*[[Gravitational Potential Energy]]
*[[Energy Graphs]]
*[[Escape Velocity]]
</div>
</div>

====Expert Content====
<div class=“toccolours mw-collapsible \
mw-collapsed”>

* [http://p3server.pa.msu.edu/coursewiki/doku.php?id=183_notes:work_by_nc_forces Work Done by Non-Constant Forces]
* [http://p3server.pa.msu.edu/coursewiki/doku.php?id=183_notes:potential_energy Potential Energy]
* [http://p3server.pa.msu.edu/coursewiki/doku.php?id=183_notes:grav_and_spring_PE (Near Earth) Gravitational and Spring Potential Energy]
* [http://p3server.pa.msu.edu/coursewiki/doku.php?id=183_notes:rest_mass Changes of Rest Mass Energy]
* [http://p3server.pa.msu.edu/coursewiki/doku.php?id=183_notes:force_and_PE Force and Potential Energy]
* [http://p3server.pa.msu.edu/coursewiki/doku.php?id=183_notes:newton_grav_pe Newtonian Gravitational Potential Energy]
* [http://p3server.pa.msu.edu/coursewiki/doku.php?id=183_notes:grav_pe_graphs Graphing Energy for Gravitationally Interacting Systems]
* [http://p3server.pa.msu.edu/coursewiki/doku.php?id=183_notes:spring_PE Spring Potential Energy]
* [http://p3server.pa.msu.edu/coursewiki/doku.php?id=183_notes:power Power: The Rate of Energy Change]
* [http://p3server.pa.msu.edu/coursewiki/doku.php?id=183_notes:energy_dissipation Dissipation of Energy]

</div>

===Week 9===
====Student Content====
<div class=“toccolours \
mw-collapsible mw-collapsed”>
=====Multiparticle Systems=====
<div class=“mw-collapsible-content”>
*[[Center of Mass]]
*[[Multi-particle analysis of Momentum]]
*[[Momentum with respect to external Forces]]
*[[Potential Energy of a Multiparticle System]]
*[[Work and Energy for an Extended System]]
*[[Internal Energy]]
**[[Potential Energy of a Pair of Neutral Atoms]]
</div>
</div>

====Expert Content====
<div class=“toccolours mw-collapsible \
mw-collapsed”>

* [http://p3server.pa.msu.edu/coursewiki/doku.php?id=183_notes:mp_multi The Momentum Principle in Multi-particle Systems]
* [http://p3server.pa.msu.edu/coursewiki/doku.php?id=183_notes:center_of_mass Center of Mass Motion]
* [http://p3server.pa.msu.edu/coursewiki/doku.php?id=183_notes:center_of_mass Center of Mass Motion]
* [http://p3server.pa.msu.edu/coursewiki/doku.php?id=183_notes:energy_sep Separating Energy in Multi-Particle Systems]

</div>

===Week 10===
====Student Content====
<div class=“toccolours \
mw-collapsible mw-collapsed”>
=====Choice of System=====
<div class=“mw-collapsible-content”>
*[[System & Surroundings]]
</div>
</div>
<div class=“toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed”>
=====Thermal Energy, Dissipation and Transfer of Energy=====
<div \
class=“mw-collapsible-content”>
*[[Thermal Energy]]
*[[Specific Heat]]
*[[Heat Capacity]]
*[[Specific Heat Capacity]]
*[[First Law of Thermodynamics]]
*[[Second Law of Thermodynamics and Entropy]]
*[[Temperature]]
*[[Predicting Change]]
*[[Energy Transfer due to a Temperature Difference]]
*[[Transformation of Energy]]
*[[The Maxwell-Boltzmann Distribution]]
*[[Air Resistance]]
</div>
</div>
<div class=“toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed”>
=====Rotational and Vibrational Energy=====
<div \
class=“mw-collapsible-content”>
*[[Translational, Rotational and Vibrational Energy]]
</div>
</div>

====Expert Content====
<div class=“toccolours mw-collapsible \
mw-collapsed”>

* [http://p3server.pa.msu.edu/coursewiki/doku.php?id=183_notes:grav_and_spring_PE (Near Earth) Gravitational and Spring Potential Energy]
* [http://p3server.pa.msu.edu/coursewiki/doku.php?id=183_notes:rest_mass Changes of Rest Mass Energy]
* [http://p3server.pa.msu.edu/coursewiki/doku.php?id=183_notes:newton_grav_pe Newtonian Gravitational Potential Energy]
* [http://p3server.pa.msu.edu/coursewiki/doku.php?id=183_notes:grav_pe_graphs Graphing Energy for Gravitationally Interacting Systems]
* [http://p3server.pa.msu.edu/coursewiki/doku.php?id=183_notes:escape_speed Escape Speed]
* [http://p3server.pa.msu.edu/coursewiki/doku.php?id=183_notes:spring_PE Spring Potential Energy]
* [http://p3server.pa.msu.edu/coursewiki/doku.php?id=183_notes:internal_energy Internal Energy]
* [http://p3server.pa.msu.edu/coursewiki/doku.php?id=183_notes:system_choice Choosing a System Matters]
* [http://p3server.pa.msu.edu/coursewiki/doku.php?id=183_notes:energy_dissipation Dissipation of Energy]

</div>

===Week 11===
====Student Content====
<div class=“toccolours \
mw-collapsible mw-collapsed”>
=====Different Models of a System=====
<div \
class=“mw-collapsible-content”>
*[[Real Systems]]
*[[Point Particle Systems]]
</div>
</div>
<div class=“toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed”>

=====Models of Friction=====
<div class=“mw-collapsible-content”>
*[[Friction]]
*[[Static Friction]]
</div>
</div>

====Expert Content====
<div class=“toccolours mw-collapsible \
mw-collapsed”>

* [http://p3server.pa.msu.edu/coursewiki/doku.php?id=183_notes:system_choice Choosing a System Matters]
* [http://p3server.pa.msu.edu/coursewiki/doku.php?id=183_notes:energy_dissipation Dissipation of Energy]

</div>

===Week 12===
====Student Content====
<div class=“toccolours \
mw-collapsible mw-collapsed”>
=====Collisions=====
<div class=“mw-collapsible-content”>
*[[Newton’s Third Law of Motion]]
*[[Collisions]]
*[[Elastic Collisions]]
*[[Inelastic Collisions]]
*[[Maximally Inelastic Collision]]
*[[Head-on Collision of Equal Masses]]
*[[Head-on Collision of Unequal Masses]]
*[[Scattering: Collisions in 2D and 3D]]
*[[Rutherford Experiment and Atomic Collisions]]
*[[Coefficient of Restitution]]
</div>
</div>

====Expert Content====
<div class=“toccolours mw-collapsible \
mw-collapsed”>

* [http://p3server.pa.msu.edu/coursewiki/doku.php?id=183_notes:collisions Colliding Objects]
* [http://p3server.pa.msu.edu/coursewiki/doku.php?id=183_notes:center_of_mass Center of Mass Motion]
* [http://p3server.pa.msu.edu/coursewiki/doku.php?id=183_notes:center_of_mass Center of Mass Motion]
* [http://p3server.pa.msu.edu/coursewiki/doku.php?id=183_notes:rot_KE Rotational Kinetic Energy]
* [http://p3server.pa.msu.edu/coursewiki/doku.php?id=183_notes:pp_vs_real Point Particle and Real Systems]
* [http://p3server.pa.msu.edu/coursewiki/doku.php?id=183_notes:colliding_systems Collisions]

</div>

===Week 13===
====Student Content====
<div class=“toccolours \
mw-collapsible mw-collapsed”>
=====Rotations=====
<div class=“mw-collapsible-content”>
*[[Rotation]]
*[[Angular Velocity]]
*[[Eulerian Angles]]
</div>
</div>
<div class=“toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed”>
=====Angular Momentum=====
<div class=“mw-collapsible-content”>
*[[Total Angular Momentum]]
*[[Translational Angular Momentum]]
*[[Rotational Angular Momentum]]
*[[The Angular Momentum Principle]]
*[[Angular Momentum Compared to Linear Momentum]]
*[[Angular Impulse]]
*[[Predicting the Position of a Rotating System]]
*[[Angular Momentum of Multiparticle Systems]]
*[[The Moments of Inertia]]
*[[Moment of Inertia for a cylinder]]
*[[Right Hand Rule]]
</div>
</div>

====Expert Content====
<div class=“toccolours mw-collapsible \
mw-collapsed”>

* [http://p3server.pa.msu.edu/coursewiki/doku.php?id=183_notes:rot_KE Rotational Kinetic Energy]
* [http://p3server.pa.msu.edu/coursewiki/doku.php?id=183_notes:angular_motivation Why Angular Momentum?]
* [http://p3server.pa.msu.edu/coursewiki/doku.php?id=183_notes:ang_momentum Angular Momentum]
* [http://p3server.pa.msu.edu/coursewiki/doku.php?id=183_notes:L_principle Net Torque & The Angular Momentum Principle]
* [http://p3server.pa.msu.edu/coursewiki/doku.php?id=183_notes:L_conservation Angular Momentum Conservation]

</div>
===Week 14===

====Student Content====
<div class=“toccolours mw-collapsible \
mw-collapsed”>
=====Analyzing Motion with and without Torque=====
<div \
class=“mw-collapsible-content”>
*[[Torque]]
*[[Torque 2]]
*[[Systems with Zero Torque]]
*[[Systems with Nonzero Torque]]
*[[Torque vs Work]]
*[[Gyroscopes]]
</div>
</div>

====Expert Content====
<div class=“toccolours mw-collapsible \
mw-collapsed”>

* [http://p3server.pa.msu.edu/coursewiki/doku.php?id=183_notes:discovery_of_the_nucleus Discovery of the Nucleus]
* [http://p3server.pa.msu.edu/coursewiki/doku.php?id=183_notes:torque Torques Cause Changes in Rotation]
* [http://p3server.pa.msu.edu/coursewiki/doku.php?id=183_notes:L_principle Net Torque & The Angular Momentum Principle]

</div>

===Week 15===

====Student Content====
<div class=“toccolours mw-collapsible \
mw-collapsed”>
=====Introduction to Quantum Concepts=====
<div \class=“mw-collapsible-content”>
*[[Bohr Model]]
*[[Energy graphs and the Bohr model]]
*[[Quantized energy levels]]
</div>
</div>

====Expert Content====
<div class=“toccolours mw-collapsible \
mw-collapsed”>

* [http://p3server.pa.msu.edu/coursewiki/doku.php?id=183_notes:discovery_of_the_nucleus Discovery of the Nucleus]

</div>

<div style=“float:left; width:30%; padding:1%;”>

==Physics 2==
===Week 1===
<div class="toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">
====3D Vectors====
<div class="mw-collapsible-content">
*[[Page claimed by Laura Winalski]]*
*[[Vectors]]
*[[Right-Hand Rule]]
*[[Right Hand Rule]]
</div>
</div>

<div class="toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">

'''CLAIMED BY DIPRO CHAKRABORTY'''

'''CLAIMED BY DIPRO CHAKRABORTY'''
'''CLAIMED BY DIPRO CHAKRABORTY'''
'''CLAIMED BY DIPRO CHAKRABORTY'''

'''CLAIMED BY DIPRO CHAKRABORTY'''
====Electric field====
<div class="mw-collapsible-content">

[[Electric field]]

The electric field created by a charge is present throughout space at all times, whether or not there is another charge around to feel its effects. The electric field created by a charge penetrates through matter. The field permeates the neighboring space, biding its time until it can affect anything brought into its space of interaction.

==The Main Idea==
To be exact, the definition of the Electric Field is as follows:
The electric field is a region around a charged particle or object within which a force would be exerted on other objects.
If we put a charged particle at a location and it experiences a force, it would be logical to assume that there is something present that
is interacting with the particle. This "virtual force" is in essence the electric field.
===A Mathematical Model===

The electric field can be expressed mathematically as follows:

<math>{\vec{F_{net}} = 0 \Leftrightarrow \frac{d\vec{v}}{dt}} = 0</math>

<math>{\vec{F_{2}} = {q_{1}}{\vec{E_{1}}} \Leftrightarrow \frac{d\vec{v}}{dt}} </math>

which can be translated to postulate that the force on particle 2 is determined by the charge of particle 2 and the electric
field.

==Examples==

The following examples are to test your basic understanding of the Electric Field. For more examples that test your knowledge of all three of the laws, peruse the class textbook.

===Simple===
Which way is the electric field going for a negatively charged particle?

[[File:Simple111.png]]

It's easy to see that the electric field is pointing toward the negatively charged particle. The electric field is tending
toward the negatively charged particle.

===Middling===
Does the object in the following image have a net force of zero? Does it have a constant velocity?

This example is slightly more difficult, but is still quite trivial. If we sum the forces in the x direction, we see that the net force is 2 newtons in the -x direction. Therefore, the object does not have a constant velocity, and will be accelerating in the -x direction.

===Difficult===
Does the object in the following image have a net force of zero? Does it have a constant velocity?

This final example tests your knowledge and understanding of Newton's First Law. We're able to see that the box will accelerate in the -x direction because the net force in the x direction is 5 newtons to the left. However, the box itself has a velocity of 5m/s upwards, which would indeed stay constant. This is because forces (and motion) in perpendicular directions are of each other.

==Connectedness==

Newton's laws of motion tie into almost everything that we see or do. The first law, in particular, explains why we suddenly lurch forward when a car suddenly stops (our bodies are in a state of motion and thus resist the sudden stop), why it's much harder to stop when ice skating than walking (there's less friction, thus less net force to decelerate), and much, much, more. The importance of Newton's first law (and by extension, the other laws of motion) is not readily apparent, but serves as a basis to explain much of our daily interactions with our surroundings.

It can also apply to things outside of our daily interactions - space, for example. Newton's first law describes why an astronaut in space will continuously float in a direction forever if they are not pulled in by an asteroid or a planet's gravitational force. There is a lack of a net force opposing the astronaut's motion (due to the fact that there is no air in space) which results in the astronaut having a constant velocity. Floating off into space is probably an astronaut's worst nightmare, a scenario that a recent movie, ''Gravity'', explored. The entire premise of the movie (Sandra Bullock becomes untethered from her space station) relies on Newton's first law of motion.
==History==

While Galileo is the one credited with the idea of inertia motion, it was René Descartes, a French philosopher, who would expand upon Galileo's ideas. Descartes went on to propose three fundamental laws of nature in his book, ''Principles of Philosophy'', the first of which stated that "each thing, as far as is in its power, always remains in the same state; and that consequently, when it is once moved, it always continues to move." Thus, while the concept of inertia is often referred to as Newton's First Law, it was first described by Galileo and then perfected by Descartes decades before Newton published his findings.

As for Newton, he first described his three laws of motion in ''The Mathematical Principle of Natural Philosophy'', for the Principia, which was published in 1687. These laws described the relationship between an object and the forces acting upon it and laid the foundation for classical mechanics. While Newton's first law came from the work of Descartes and Galileo, his other laws are the work of himself.

==The Main Idea==
To be exact, the definition of the Electric Field is as follows:
The electric field is a region around a charged particle or object within which a force would be exerted on other objects.
If we put a charged particle at a location and it experiences a force, it would be logical to assume that there is something present that
is interacting with the particle. This "virtual force" is in essence the electric field.
===A Mathematical Model===

The electric field can be expressed mathematically as follows:

<math>{\vec{F_{net}} = 0 \Leftrightarrow \frac{d\vec{v}}{dt}} = 0</math>

<math>{\vec{F_{2}} = {q_{1}}{\vec{E_{1}}} \Leftrightarrow \frac{d\vec{v}}{dt}} </math>

which can be translated to postulate that the force on particle 2 is determined by the charge of particle 2 and the electric
field.

==Examples==

The following examples are to test your basic understanding of the Electric Field. For more examples that test your knowledge of all three of the laws, peruse the class textbook.

===Simple===
Which way is the electric field going for a negatively charged particle?

[[File:Simple111.png]]

It's easy to see that the electric field is pointing toward the negatively charged particle. The electric field is tending
toward the negatively charged particle.

===Middling===
Does the object in the following image have a net force of zero? Does it have a constant velocity?

This example is slightly more difficult, but is still quite trivial. If we sum the forces in the x direction, we see that the net force is 2 newtons in the -x direction. Therefore, the object does not have a constant velocity, and will be accelerating in the -x direction.

===Difficult===
Does the object in the following image have a net force of zero? Does it have a constant velocity?

This final example tests your knowledge and understanding of Newton's First Law. We're able to see that the box will accelerate in the -x direction because the net force in the x direction is 5 newtons to the left. However, the box itself has a velocity of 5m/s upwards, which would indeed stay constant. This is because forces (and motion) in perpendicular directions are of each other.

==Connectedness==

Newton's laws of motion tie into almost everything that we see or do. The first law, in particular, explains why we suddenly lurch forward when a car suddenly stops (our bodies are in a state of motion and thus resist the sudden stop), why it's much harder to stop when ice skating than walking (there's less friction, thus less net force to decelerate), and much, much, more. The importance of Newton's first law (and by extension, the other laws of motion) is not readily apparent, but serves as a basis to explain much of our daily interactions with our surroundings.

It can also apply to things outside of our daily interactions - space, for example. Newton's first law describes why an astronaut in space will continuously float in a direction forever if they are not pulled in by an asteroid or a planet's gravitational force. There is a lack of a net force opposing the astronaut's motion (due to the fact that there is no air in space) which results in the astronaut having a constant velocity. Floating off into space is probably an astronaut's worst nightmare, a scenario that a recent movie, ''Gravity'', explored. The entire premise of the movie (Sandra Bullock becomes untethered from her space station) relies on Newton's first law of motion.
==History==

While Galileo is the one credited with the idea of inertia motion, it was René Descartes, a French philosopher, who would expand upon Galileo's ideas. Descartes went on to propose three fundamental laws of nature in his book, ''Principles of Philosophy'', the first of which stated that "each thing, as far as is in its power, always remains in the same state; and that consequently, when it is once moved, it always continues to move." Thus, while the concept of inertia is often referred to as Newton's First Law, it was first described by Galileo and then perfected by Descartes decades before Newton published his findings.

As for Newton, he first described his three laws of motion in ''The Mathematical Principle of Natural Philosophy'', for the Principia, which was published in 1687. These laws described the relationship between an object and the forces acting upon it and laid the foundation for classical mechanics. While Newton's first law came from the work of Descartes and Galileo, his other laws are the work of himself.

==The Main Idea==
To be exact, the definition of the Electric Field is as follows:
The electric field is a region around a charged particle or object within which a force would be exerted on other objects.
If we put a charged particle at a location and it experiences a force, it would be logical to assume that there is something present that
is interacting with the particle. This "virtual force" is in essence the electric field.
===A Mathematical Model===

The electric field can be expressed mathematically as follows:

<math>{\vec{F_{net}} = 0 \Leftrightarrow \frac{d\vec{v}}{dt}} = 0</math>

<math>{\vec{F_{2}} = {q_{1}}{\vec{E_{1}}} \Leftrightarrow \frac{d\vec{v}}{dt}} </math>

which can be translated to postulate that the force on particle 2 is determined by the charge of particle 2 and the electric
field.

==Examples==

The following examples are to test your basic understanding of the Electric Field. For more examples that test your knowledge of all three of the laws, peruse the class textbook.

===Simple===
Which way is the electric field going for a negatively charged particle?

[[File:Simple111.png]]

It's easy to see that the electric field is pointing toward the negatively charged particle. The electric field is tending
toward the negatively charged particle.

===Middling===
Does the object in the following image have a net force of zero? Does it have a constant velocity?

This example is slightly more difficult, but is still quite trivial. If we sum the forces in the x direction, we see that the net force is 2 newtons in the -x direction. Therefore, the object does not have a constant velocity, and will be accelerating in the -x direction.

===Difficult===
Does the object in the following image have a net force of zero? Does it have a constant velocity?

This final example tests your knowledge and understanding of Newton's First Law. We're able to see that the box will accelerate in the -x direction because the net force in the x direction is 5 newtons to the left. However, the box itself has a velocity of 5m/s upwards, which would indeed stay constant. This is because forces (and motion) in perpendicular directions are of each other.

==Connectedness==

Newton's laws of motion tie into almost everything that we see or do. The first law, in particular, explains why we suddenly lurch forward when a car suddenly stops (our bodies are in a state of motion and thus resist the sudden stop), why it's much harder to stop when ice skating than walking (there's less friction, thus less net force to decelerate), and much, much, more. The importance of Newton's first law (and by extension, the other laws of motion) is not readily apparent, but serves as a basis to explain much of our daily interactions with our surroundings.

It can also apply to things outside of our daily interactions - space, for example. Newton's first law describes why an astronaut in space will continuously float in a direction forever if they are not pulled in by an asteroid or a planet's gravitational force. There is a lack of a net force opposing the astronaut's motion (due to the fact that there is no air in space) which results in the astronaut having a constant velocity. Floating off into space is probably an astronaut's worst nightmare, a scenario that a recent movie, ''Gravity'', explored. The entire premise of the movie (Sandra Bullock becomes untethered from her space station) relies on Newton's first law of motion.
==History==

While Galileo is the one credited with the idea of inertia motion, it was René Descartes, a French philosopher, who would expand upon Galileo's ideas. Descartes went on to propose three fundamental laws of nature in his book, ''Principles of Philosophy'', the first of which stated that "each thing, as far as is in its power, always remains in the same state; and that consequently, when it is once moved, it always continues to move." Thus, while the concept of inertia is often referred to as Newton's First Law, it was first described by Galileo and then perfected by Descartes decades before Newton published his findings.

As for Newton, he first described his three laws of motion in ''The Mathematical Principle of Natural Philosophy'', for the Principia, which was published in 1687. These laws described the relationship between an object and the forces acting upon it and laid the foundation for classical mechanics. While Newton's first law came from the work of Descartes and Galileo, his other laws are the work of himself.

==The Main Idea==
To be exact, the definition of the Electric Field is as follows:
The electric field is a region around a charged particle or object within which a force would be exerted on other objects.
If we put a charged particle at a location and it experiences a force, it would be logical to assume that there is something present that
is interacting with the particle. This "virtual force" is in essence the electric field.
===A Mathematical Model===

The electric field can be expressed mathematically as follows:

<math>{\vec{F_{net}} = 0 \Leftrightarrow \frac{d\vec{v}}{dt}} = 0</math>

<math>{\vec{F_{2}} = {q_{1}}{\vec{E_{1}}} \Leftrightarrow \frac{d\vec{v}}{dt}} </math>

which can be translated to postulate that the force on particle 2 is determined by the charge of particle 2 and the electric
field.

==Examples==

The following examples are to test your basic understanding of the Electric Field. For more examples that test your knowledge of all three of the laws, peruse the class textbook.

===Simple===
Which way is the electric field going for a negatively charged particle?

[[File:Simple111.png]]

It's easy to see that the electric field is pointing toward the negatively charged particle. The electric field is tending
toward the negatively charged particle.

===Middling===
Does the object in the following image have a net force of zero? Does it have a constant velocity?

This example is slightly more difficult, but is still quite trivial. If we sum the forces in the x direction, we see that the net force is 2 newtons in the -x direction. Therefore, the object does not have a constant velocity, and will be accelerating in the -x direction.

===Difficult===
Does the object in the following image have a net force of zero? Does it have a constant velocity?

This final example tests your knowledge and understanding of Newton's First Law. We're able to see that the box will accelerate in the -x direction because the net force in the x direction is 5 newtons to the left. However, the box itself has a velocity of 5m/s upwards, which would indeed stay constant. This is because forces (and motion) in perpendicular directions are of each other.

==Connectedness==

Newton's laws of motion tie into almost everything that we see or do. The first law, in particular, explains why we suddenly lurch forward when a car suddenly stops (our bodies are in a state of motion and thus resist the sudden stop), why it's much harder to stop when ice skating than walking (there's less friction, thus less net force to decelerate), and much, much, more. The importance of Newton's first law (and by extension, the other laws of motion) is not readily apparent, but serves as a basis to explain much of our daily interactions with our surroundings.

It can also apply to things outside of our daily interactions - space, for example. Newton's first law describes why an astronaut in space will continuously float in a direction forever if they are not pulled in by an asteroid or a planet's gravitational force. There is a lack of a net force opposing the astronaut's motion (due to the fact that there is no air in space) which results in the astronaut having a constant velocity. Floating off into space is probably an astronaut's worst nightmare, a scenario that a recent movie, ''Gravity'', explored. The entire premise of the movie (Sandra Bullock becomes untethered from her space station) relies on Newton's first law of motion.
==History==

While Galileo is the one credited with the idea of inertia motion, it was René Descartes, a French philosopher, who would expand upon Galileo's ideas. Descartes went on to propose three fundamental laws of nature in his book, ''Principles of Philosophy'', the first of which stated that "each thing, as far as is in its power, always remains in the same state; and that consequently, when it is once moved, it always continues to move." Thus, while the concept of inertia is often referred to as Newton's First Law, it was first described by Galileo and then perfected by Descartes decades before Newton published his findings.

As for Newton, he first described his three laws of motion in ''The Mathematical Principle of Natural Philosophy'', for the Principia, which was published in 1687. These laws described the relationship between an object and the forces acting upon it and laid the foundation for classical mechanics. While Newton's first law came from the work of Descartes and Galileo, his other laws are the work of himself.

==The Main Idea==
To be exact, the definition of the Electric Field is as follows:
The electric field is a region around a charged particle or object within which a force would be exerted on other objects.
If we put a charged particle at a location and it experiences a force, it would be logical to assume that there is something present that
is interacting with the particle. This "virtual force" is in essence the electric field.
===A Mathematical Model===

The electric field can be expressed mathematically as follows:

<math>{\vec{F_{net}} = 0 \Leftrightarrow \frac{d\vec{v}}{dt}} = 0</math>

<math>{\vec{F_{2}} = {q_{1}}{\vec{E_{1}}} \Leftrightarrow \frac{d\vec{v}}{dt}} = 0</math>

which can be translated to postulate that the force on particle 2 is determined by the charge of particle 2 and the electric
field.

==Examples==

The following examples are to test your basic understanding of the Electric Field. For more examples that test your knowledge of all three of the laws, peruse the class textbook.

===Simple===
Which way is the electric field going for a negatively charged particle?

[[File:Example.jpg]]

It's easy to see that the electric field is pointing toward the negatively charged particle. The electric field is tending
toward the negatively charged particle.

===Middling===
Does the object in the following image have a net force of zero? Does it have a constant velocity?

This example is slightly more difficult, but is still quite trivial. If we sum the forces in the x direction, we see that the net force is 2 newtons in the -x direction. Therefore, the object does not have a constant velocity, and will be accelerating in the -x direction.

===Difficult===
Does the object in the following image have a net force of zero? Does it have a constant velocity?

This final example tests your knowledge and understanding of Newton's First Law. We're able to see that the box will accelerate in the -x direction because the net force in the x direction is 5 newtons to the left. However, the box itself has a velocity of 5m/s upwards, which would indeed stay constant. This is because forces (and motion) in perpendicular directions are of each other.

==Connectedness==

Newton's laws of motion tie into almost everything that we see or do. The first law, in particular, explains why we suddenly lurch forward when a car suddenly stops (our bodies are in a state of motion and thus resist the sudden stop), why it's much harder to stop when ice skating than walking (there's less friction, thus less net force to decelerate), and much, much, more. The importance of Newton's first law (and by extension, the other laws of motion) is not readily apparent, but serves as a basis to explain much of our daily interactions with our surroundings.

It can also apply to things outside of our daily interactions - space, for example. Newton's first law describes why an astronaut in space will continuously float in a direction forever if they are not pulled in by an asteroid or a planet's gravitational force. There is a lack of a net force opposing the astronaut's motion (due to the fact that there is no air in space) which results in the astronaut having a constant velocity. Floating off into space is probably an astronaut's worst nightmare, a scenario that a recent movie, ''Gravity'', explored. The entire premise of the movie (Sandra Bullock becomes untethered from her space station) relies on Newton's first law of motion.
==History==

While Galileo is the one credited with the idea of inertia motion, it was René Descartes, a French philosopher, who would expand upon Galileo's ideas. Descartes went on to propose three fundamental laws of nature in his book, ''Principles of Philosophy'', the first of which stated that "each thing, as far as is in its power, always remains in the same state; and that consequently, when it is once moved, it always continues to move." Thus, while the concept of inertia is often referred to as Newton's First Law, it was first described by Galileo and then perfected by Descartes decades before Newton published his findings.

As for Newton, he first described his three laws of motion in ''The Mathematical Principle of Natural Philosophy'', for the Principia, which was published in 1687. These laws described the relationship between an object and the forces acting upon it and laid the foundation for classical mechanics. While Newton's first law came from the work of Descartes and Galileo, his other laws are the work of himself.

==The Main Idea==
To be exact, the definition of the Electric Field is as follows:
The electric field is a region around a charged particle or object within which a force would be exerted on other charged particles or objects.
If we put a charged particle at a location and it experiences a force, it would be logical to assume that there is something present that
is interacting with the particle. This "virtual force" is in essence the electric field.
===A Mathematical Model===

The electric field can be expressed mathematically as follows:

<math>{\vec{F_{net}} = 0 \Leftrightarrow \frac{d\vec{v}}{dt}} = 0</math>

<math>{\vec{F_{2}} = {q_{1}}{\vec{E_{1}}} \Leftrightarrow \frac{d\vec{v}}{dt}} = 0</math>

which can be translated to postulate that the force on particle 2 is determined by the charge of particle 2 and the electric
field.

==Examples==

The following examples are to test your basic understanding of Newton's First Law. For more examples that test your knowledge of all three of the laws, click .

===Simple===
Does the object in the following image have a net force of zero? Does it have a constant velocity?

It's easy to see that the only force on the object is acting in the +x direction, with a magnitude of 5 newtons. Therefore, the object does not have a net force of zero or a constant velocity. It will be accelerating in the +x direction.

===Middling===
Does the object in the following image have a net force of zero? Does it have a constant velocity?

This example is slightly more difficult, but is still quite trivial. If we sum the forces in the x direction, we see that the net force is 2 newtons in the -x direction. Therefore, the object does not have a constant velocity, and will be accelerating in the -x direction.

===Difficult===
Does the object in the following image have a net force of zero? Does it have a constant velocity?

This final example tests your knowledge and understanding of Newton's First Law. We're able to see that the box will accelerate in the -x direction because the net force in the x direction is 5 newtons to the left. However, the box itself has a velocity of 5m/s upwards, which would indeed stay constant. This is because forces (and motion) in perpendicular directions are of each other.

==Connectedness==

Newton's laws of motion tie into almost everything that we see or do. The first law, in particular, explains why we suddenly lurch forward when a car suddenly stops (our bodies are in a state of motion and thus resist the sudden stop), why it's much harder to stop when ice skating than walking (there's less friction, thus less net force to decelerate), and much, much, more. The importance of Newton's first law (and by extension, the other laws of motion) is not readily apparent, but serves as a basis to explain much of our daily interactions with our surroundings.

It can also apply to things outside of our daily interactions - space, for example. Newton's first law describes why an astronaut in space will continuously float in a direction forever if they are not pulled in by an asteroid or a planet's gravitational force. There is a lack of a net force opposing the astronaut's motion (due to the fact that there is no air in space) which results in the astronaut having a constant velocity. Floating off into space is probably an astronaut's worst nightmare, a scenario that a recent movie, ''Gravity'', explored. The entire premise of the movie (Sandra Bullock becomes untethered from her space station) relies on Newton's first law of motion.
==History==

While Galileo is the one credited with the idea of inertia motion, it was René Descartes, a French philosopher, who would expand upon Galileo's ideas. Descartes went on to propose three fundamental laws of nature in his book, ''Principles of Philosophy'', the first of which stated that "each thing, as far as is in its power, always remains in the same state; and that consequently, when it is once moved, it always continues to move." Thus, while the concept of inertia is often referred to as Newton's First Law, it was first described by Galileo and then perfected by Descartes decades before Newton published his findings.

As for Newton, he first described his three laws of motion in ''The Mathematical Principle of Natural Philosophy'', for the Principia, which was published in 1687. These laws described the relationship between an object and the forces acting upon it and laid the foundation for classical mechanics. While Newton's first law came from the work of Descartes and Galileo, his other laws are the work of himself.

==The Main Idea==
To be exact, the definition of the First Law of Motion is as follows:
The electric field is a region around a charged particle or object within which a force would be exerted on other charged particles or objects.
In other (and much simpler) terms, it means that an object at rest stays at rest and an object in in motion stays in motion at a constant velocity unless acted on by an unbalanced net force. It's important to keep in mind that only a difference in affect the velocity of an object. The amount of change in velocity is determined by
===A Mathematical Model===

Newton's first law can be stated mathematically as follows:

<math>{\vec{F_{net}} = 0 \Leftrightarrow \frac{d\vec{v}}{dt}} = 0</math>

Where...

<math>\vec{F_{net}}</math> is the net force from the surroundings.

<math>d\vec{v}</math> is the change in velocity of the system.

<math>dt</math> is the change in time of the system

If we trace this formula from the left to the right, we can see that if the net force on an object is zero, then the change in velocity of an object is also zero. Conversely, if we were given an object and told that its change in momentum is zero, then we can deduce that the net force acting on the object is also zero. Keep in mind, however, that this formula simple deals with the '''change''' in velocity. It does '''not''' mean that the object is at rest, only that its velocity remains constant.

==Examples==

The following examples are to test your basic understanding of Newton's First Law. For more examples that test your knowledge of all three of the laws, click .

===Simple===
Does the object in the following image have a net force of zero? Does it have a constant velocity?

It's easy to see that the only force on the object is acting in the +x direction, with a magnitude of 5 newtons. Therefore, the object does not have a net force of zero or a constant velocity. It will be accelerating in the +x direction.

===Middling===
Does the object in the following image have a net force of zero? Does it have a constant velocity?

This example is slightly more difficult, but is still quite trivial. If we sum the forces in the x direction, we see that the net force is 2 newtons in the -x direction. Therefore, the object does not have a constant velocity, and will be accelerating in the -x direction.

===Difficult===
Does the object in the following image have a net force of zero? Does it have a constant velocity?

This final example tests your knowledge and understanding of Newton's First Law. We're able to see that the box will accelerate in the -x direction because the net force in the x direction is 5 newtons to the left. However, the box itself has a velocity of 5m/s upwards, which would indeed stay constant. This is because forces (and motion) in perpendicular directions are of each other.

==Connectedness==

Newton's laws of motion tie into almost everything that we see or do. The first law, in particular, explains why we suddenly lurch forward when a car suddenly stops (our bodies are in a state of motion and thus resist the sudden stop), why it's much harder to stop when ice skating than walking (there's less friction, thus less net force to decelerate), and much, much, more. The importance of Newton's first law (and by extension, the other laws of motion) is not readily apparent, but serves as a basis to explain much of our daily interactions with our surroundings.

It can also apply to things outside of our daily interactions - space, for example. Newton's first law describes why an astronaut in space will continuously float in a direction forever if they are not pulled in by an asteroid or a planet's gravitational force. There is a lack of a net force opposing the astronaut's motion (due to the fact that there is no air in space) which results in the astronaut having a constant velocity. Floating off into space is probably an astronaut's worst nightmare, a scenario that a recent movie, ''Gravity'', explored. The entire premise of the movie (Sandra Bullock becomes untethered from her space station) relies on Newton's first law of motion.
==History==

While Galileo is the one credited with the idea of inertia motion, it was René Descartes, a French philosopher, who would expand upon Galileo's ideas. Descartes went on to propose three fundamental laws of nature in his book, ''Principles of Philosophy'', the first of which stated that "each thing, as far as is in its power, always remains in the same state; and that consequently, when it is once moved, it always continues to move." Thus, while the concept of inertia is often referred to as Newton's First Law, it was first described by Galileo and then perfected by Descartes decades before Newton published his findings.

As for Newton, he first described his three laws of motion in ''The Mathematical Principle of Natural Philosophy'', for the Principia, which was published in 1687. These laws described the relationship between an object and the forces acting upon it and laid the foundation for classical mechanics. While Newton's first law came from the work of Descartes and Galileo, his other laws are the work of himself.

==The Main Idea==
To be exact, the definition of the First Law of Motion is as follows:
The electric field is a region around a charged particle or object within which a force would be exerted on other charged particles or objects.
In other (and much simpler) terms, it means that an object at rest stays at rest and an object in in motion stays in motion at a constant velocity unless acted on by an unbalanced net force. It's important to keep in mind that only a difference in affect the velocity of an object. The amount of change in velocity is determined by
===A Mathematical Model===

Newton's first law can be stated mathematically as follows:

<math>{\vec{F_{net}} = 0 \Leftrightarrow \frac{d\vec{v}}{dt}} = 0</math>

Where...

<math>\vec{F_{net}}</math> is the net force from the surroundings.

<math>d\vec{v}</math> is the change in velocity of the system.

<math>dt</math> is the change in time of the system

If we trace this formula from the left to the right, we can see that if the net force on an object is zero, then the change in velocity of an object is also zero. Conversely, if we were given an object and told that its change in momentum is zero, then we can deduce that the net force acting on the object is also zero. Keep in mind, however, that this formula simple deals with the '''change''' in velocity. It does '''not''' mean that the object is at rest, only that its velocity remains constant.

==Examples==

The following examples are to test your basic understanding of Newton's First Law. For more examples that test your knowledge of all three of the laws, click .

===Simple===
Does the object in the following image have a net force of zero? Does it have a constant velocity?

It's easy to see that the only force on the object is acting in the +x direction, with a magnitude of 5 newtons. Therefore, the object does not have a net force of zero or a constant velocity. It will be accelerating in the +x direction.

===Middling===
Does the object in the following image have a net force of zero? Does it have a constant velocity?

This example is slightly more difficult, but is still quite trivial. If we sum the forces in the x direction, we see that the net force is 2 newtons in the -x direction. Therefore, the object does not have a constant velocity, and will be accelerating in the -x direction.

===Difficult===
Does the object in the following image have a net force of zero? Does it have a constant velocity?

This final example tests your knowledge and understanding of Newton's First Law. We're able to see that the box will accelerate in the -x direction because the net force in the x direction is 5 newtons to the left. However, the box itself has a velocity of 5m/s upwards, which would indeed stay constant. This is because forces (and motion) in perpendicular directions are of each other.

==Connectedness==

Newton's laws of motion tie into almost everything that we see or do. The first law, in particular, explains why we suddenly lurch forward when a car suddenly stops (our bodies are in a state of motion and thus resist the sudden stop), why it's much harder to stop when ice skating than walking (there's less friction, thus less net force to decelerate), and much, much, more. The importance of Newton's first law (and by extension, the other laws of motion) is not readily apparent, but serves as a basis to explain much of our daily interactions with our surroundings.

It can also apply to things outside of our daily interactions - space, for example. Newton's first law describes why an astronaut in space will continuously float in a direction forever if they are not pulled in by an asteroid or a planet's gravitational force. There is a lack of a net force opposing the astronaut's motion (due to the fact that there is no air in space) which results in the astronaut having a constant velocity. Floating off into space is probably an astronaut's worst nightmare, a scenario that a recent movie, ''Gravity'', explored. The entire premise of the movie (Sandra Bullock becomes untethered from her space station) relies on Newton's first law of motion.
==History==

While Galileo is the one credited with the idea of inertia motion, it was René Descartes, a French philosopher, who would expand upon Galileo's ideas. Descartes went on to propose three fundamental laws of nature in his book, ''Principles of Philosophy'', the first of which stated that "each thing, as far as is in its power, always remains in the same state; and that consequently, when it is once moved, it always continues to move." Thus, while the concept of inertia is often referred to as Newton's First Law, it was first described by Galileo and then perfected by Descartes decades before Newton published his findings.

As for Newton, he first described his three laws of motion in ''The Mathematical Principle of Natural Philosophy'', for the Principia, which was published in 1687. These laws described the relationship between an object and the forces acting upon it and laid the foundation for classical mechanics. While Newton's first law came from the work of Descartes and Galileo, his other laws are the work of himself.

==The Main Idea==
To be exact, the definition of the First Law of Motion is as follows:
Every body persists in its state of rest or of moving with constant speed in a constant direction, except to the extent that it is compelled to change that state by forces acting on it.
In other (and much simpler) terms, it means that an object at rest stays at rest and an object in in motion stays in motion at a constant velocity unless acted on by an unbalanced net force. It's important to keep in mind that only a difference in [http://www.physicsclassroom.com/class/newtlaws/Lesson-2/Determining-the-Net-Force net force] can affect the velocity of an object. The amount of change in velocity is determined by [http://www.physicsclassroom.com/class/newtlaws/Lesson-3/Newton-s-Second-Law Newton's Second Law of Motion].

===A Mathematical Model===

Newton's first law can be stated mathematically as follows:

<math>{\vec{F_{net}} = 0 \Leftrightarrow \frac{d\vec{v}}{dt}} = 0</math>

Where...

<math>\vec{F_{net}}</math> is the net force from the surroundings.

<math>d\vec{v}</math> is the change in velocity of the system.

<math>dt</math> is the change in time of the system

If we trace this formula from the left to the right, we can see that if the net force on an object is zero, then the change in velocity of an object is also zero. Conversely, if we were given an object and told that its change in momentum is zero, then we can deduce that the net force acting on the object is also zero. Keep in mind, however, that this formula simple deals with the '''change''' in velocity. It does '''not''' mean that the object is at rest, only that its velocity remains constant.

==Examples==

The following examples are to test your basic understanding of Newton's First Law. For more examples that test your knowledge of all three of the laws, click [http://www.physicsclassroom.com/calcpad/newtlaws/problems here].

===Simple===
Does the object in the following image have a net force of zero? Does it have a constant velocity?

[[File:Newtonfirstlawsimple.png|400px]]

It's easy to see that the only force on the object is acting in the +x direction, with a magnitude of 5 newtons. Therefore, the object does not have a net force of zero or a constant velocity. It will be accelerating in the +x direction.

===Middling===
Does the object in the following image have a net force of zero? Does it have a constant velocity?

[[File:Newtonfirstlawmedium.png|400px]]

This example is slightly more difficult, but is still quite trivial. If we sum the forces in the x direction, we see that the net force is 2 newtons in the -x direction. Therefore, the object does not have a constant velocity, and will be accelerating in the -x direction.

===Difficult===
Does the object in the following image have a net force of zero? Does it have a constant velocity?

[[File:Newtonsfirstlawhard.png|400px]]

This final example tests your knowledge and understanding of Newton's First Law. We're able to see that the box will accelerate in the -x direction because the net force in the x direction is 5 newtons to the left. However, the box itself has a velocity of 5m/s upwards, which would indeed stay constant. This is because forces (and motion) in perpendicular directions are [http://www.physicsclassroom.com/class/vectors/Lesson-1/Independence-of-Perpendicular-Components-of-Motion independent] of each other.

==Connectedness==

[[File:Tablecloth.gif|left|300px|thumb|The "magic trick" of ripping off a table cloth without the plates on top moving is an example of Newton's First Law. The tableware is in a state of rest, and thus want to remain in such a state.]]

Newton's laws of motion tie into almost everything that we see or do. The first law, in particular, explains why we suddenly lurch forward when a car suddenly stops (our bodies are in a state of motion and thus resist the sudden stop), why it's much harder to stop when ice skating than walking (there's less friction, thus less net force to decelerate), and much, much, more. The importance of Newton's first law (and by extension, the other laws of motion) is not readily apparent, but serves as a basis to explain much of our daily interactions with our surroundings.

It can also apply to things outside of our daily interactions - space, for example. Newton's first law describes why an astronaut in space will continuously float in a direction forever if they are not pulled in by an asteroid or a planet's gravitational force. There is a lack of a net force opposing the astronaut's motion (due to the fact that there is no air in space) which results in the astronaut having a constant velocity. Floating off into space is probably an astronaut's worst nightmare, a scenario that a recent movie, ''Gravity'', explored. The entire premise of the movie (Sandra Bullock becomes untethered from her space station) relies on Newton's first law of motion.
==History==

While Galileo is the one credited with the idea of inertia motion, it was René Descartes, a French philosopher, who would expand upon Galileo's ideas. Descartes went on to propose three fundamental laws of nature in his book, ''Principles of Philosophy'', the first of which stated that "each thing, as far as is in its power, always remains in the same state; and that consequently, when it is once moved, it always continues to move." Thus, while the concept of inertia is often referred to as Newton's First Law, it was first described by Galileo and then perfected by Descartes decades before Newton published his findings.

As for Newton, he first described his three laws of motion in ''The Mathematical Principle of Natural Philosophy'', for the Principia, which was published in 1687. These laws described the relationship between an object and the forces acting upon it and laid the foundation for classical mechanics. While Newton's first law came from the work of Descartes and Galileo, his other laws are the work of himself.

==Electric Field==
The electric field created by a charge is present throughout space at all times, whether or not there is another charge around to feel its effects. The electric field created by a charge penetrates through matter. The field permeates the neighboring space, biding its time until it can affect anything brought into its space of interaction.
*[[Vectors]]
*[[Right-Hand Rule]]
*[[Right Hand Rule]]
</div>
</div>

<div class="toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">

====Electric force====
<div class="mw-collapsible-content">

*[[Electric Force]] Claimed by Amarachi Eze
*[[Lorentz Force]]
</div>
</div>

<div class="toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">

====Electric field of a point particle====

<div class="mw-collapsible-content">
*[[Point Charge]]
</div>
</div>

<div class="toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">

'''Bold text'''====Superposition====
<div class="mw-collapsible-content">
*[[Superposition Principle]]
*[[Superposition principle]]
</div>
</div>

<div class="toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">

====Dipoles====
<div class="mw-collapsible-content">
*[[Electric Dipole]]
*[[Magnetic Dipole]]
</div>
</div>

===Week 2===
<div class="toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">
====Interactions of charged objects====
<div class="mw-collapsible-content">
*[[Electric Field]]
*[[Electric Potential]]
*[[Electric Force]]
*[[Lorentz Force]]
</div>
</div>

<div class="toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">
====Tape experiments====
<div class="mw-collapsible-content">
*[[Polarization]]
*[[Electric Polarization]]
</div>
</div>

<div class="toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">
====Polarization====
<div class="mw-collapsible-content">
*[[Polarization]]
*[[Electric Polarization]]
*[[Polarization of an Atom]]
</div>
</div>

===Week 3===
<div class="toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">
====Insulators====
<div class="mw-collapsible-content">
*[[Insulators]]
*[[Potential Difference in an Insulator]]
*[[Charged Conductor and Charged Insulator]]
*[[Charged conductor and charged insulator]]
</div>
</div>

<div class="toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">
====Conductors====
<div class="mw-collapsible-content">
*[[Conductivity]]
*[[Charge Transfer]]
*[[Resistivity]]
*[[Polarization of a conductor]]
*[[Charged Conductor and Charged Insulator]]
*[[Charged conductor and charged insulator]]
</div>
</div>

<div class="toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">
====Charging and discharging====
<div class="mw-collapsible-content">
*[[Charge Transfer]]
*[[Electrostatic Discharge]]
*[[Charged Conductor and Charged Insulator]]
*[[Charged conductor and charged insulator]]
</div>
</div>

===Week 4===
<div class="toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">
====Field of a charged rod====
<div class="mw-collapsible-content">
*[[Charged Rod]]
</div>
</div>

<div class="toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">

====Field of a charged ring/disk/capacitor====
<div class="mw-collapsible-content">
*[[Charged Ring]]
*[[Charged Disk]]
*[[Charged Capacitor]]
</div>
</div>

<div class="toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">

====Field of a charged sphere====
<div class="mw-collapsible-content">
*[[Charged Spherical Shell]]
*[[Field of a Charged Ball]]
</div>
</div>

===Week 5===
<div class="toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">
====Potential energy====
<div class="mw-collapsible-content">
*[[Potential Energy]]
</div>
</div>

<div class="toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">
====Electric potential====
<div class="mw-collapsible-content">
*[[Electric Potential]]
*[[Path Independence of Electric Potential]]
*[[Potential Difference Path Independence, claimed by Aditya Mohile]]
*[[Potential Difference in a Uniform Field]]
*[[Potential Difference of Point Charge in a Non-Uniform Field]]
</div>
</div>
<div class="toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">

====Sign of Potential Difference====
<div class="mw-collapsible-content">
*[[Overview of Electric Potential]]
'''Bold text'''
*[[Determining the Sign of Potential Difference]]
*[[Understanding the Sign of Potential Difference]]
</div>
</div>
<div class="toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">

====Potential at a single location====
<div class="mw-collapsible-content">
*[[Electric Potential]]
*[[Potential Difference at One Location]]
</div>
</div>

<div class="toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">

====Path independence and round trip potential====
<div class="mw-collapsible-content">
*[[Path Independence of Electric Potential]]
*[[Potential Difference Path Independence, claimed by Aditya Mohile]]
</div>
</div>

===Week 6===
<div class="toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">
====Electric field and potential in an insulator====
<div class="mw-collapsible-content">
*[[Potential Difference in an Insulator]]
*[[Electric Field in an Insulator]]
</div>
</div>
<div class="toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">

====Moving charges in a magnetic field====
<div class="mw-collapsible-content">
*[[Magnetic Field]]
*[[Magnetic Force]]
*[[Lorentz Force]]
</div>
</div>
<div class="toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">

====Biot-Savart Law====
<div class="mw-collapsible-content">
*[[Biot-Savart Law]]
*[[Biot-Savart Law for Currents]]
</div>
</div>
<div class="toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">

====Moving charges, electron current, and conventional current====
<div class="mw-collapsible-content">
*[[Moving Point Charge]]
*[[Current]]
</div>
</div>

===Week 7=== Claimed by Diem Tran
<div class="toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">
====Magnetic field of a wire====
<div class="mw-collapsible-content">
*[[Magnetic Field of a Long Straight Wire]]
</div>
</div>

<div class="toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">
====Magnetic field of a current-carrying loop====
<div class="mw-collapsible-content">
*[[Magnetic Field of a Loop]]
</div>
</div>

<div class="toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">
====Magnetic dipoles====
<div class="mw-collapsible-content">
*[[Magnetic Dipole Moment]]
*[[Bar Magnet]]
</div>
</div>

<div class="toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">
====Atomic structure of magnets====
<div class="mw-collapsible-content">
*[[Atomic Structure of Magnets]]
</div>
</div>

===Week 8===
<div class="toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">
====Steady state current====
<div class="mw-collapsible-content">
*[[Steady State]]
*[[Non Steady State]]
</div>
</div>

<div class="toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">
====Node rule====
<div class="mw-collapsible-content">
*[[Node Rule]]
</div>
</div>

<div class="toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">
====Electric fields and energy in circuits====
<div class="mw-collapsible-content">
*[[Series circuit]] claimed by Hannah Jang
*[[Node Rule]]
*[[Loop Rule]]
*[[Electric Potential Difference]]
</div>
</div>

<div class="toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">

====Macroscopic analysis of circuits====
<div class="mw-collapsible-content">
*[[Series Circuits]]
*[[Parallel CIrcuits]]
*[[Parallel Circuits vs. Series Circuits*]]
*[[Loop Rule]]
*[[Node Rule]]
*[[Resistors*]]
</div>
</div>

===Week 9===
<div class="toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">
====Electric field and potential in circuits with capacitors====
<div class="mw-collapsible-content">
*[[Charging and Discharging a Capacitor]]
*[[RC Circuit]]
*[[R Circuit]]
*[[AC and DC]]

</div>
</div>

<div class="toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">

====Magnetic forces on charges and currents====
<div class="mw-collapsible-content">
*[[Magnetic Force]]
*[[Lorentz Force]]
*[[Applying Magnetic Force to Currents]]
*[[Magnetic Force in a Moving Reference Frame]]
*[[Right-Hand Rule]]
*[[Analysis of Railgun vs Coil gun technologies]]
</div>
</div>

<div class="toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">
====Electric and magnetic forces====
<div class="mw-collapsible-content">
*[[Electric Force]]
*[[Magnetic Force]]
*[[Lorentz Force]]
*[[VPython Modelling of Electric and Magnetic Forces]]
</div>
</div>

<div class="toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">
====Velocity selector====
<div class="mw-collapsible-content">
*[[Lorentz Force]]
*[[Combining Electric and Magnetic Forces]]
</div>
</div>

===Week 10===

====Student Content====

<div class=“toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed”>
==== Hall Effect ====
<div class="mw-collapsible-content">
*[[Hall Effect]]
*[[Motional Emf]]
*[[Magnetic Force]]
*[[Magnetic Torque]]

</div>
</div>

==Physics 3==

===Week 1===
<div class="toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">
====Classical Physics====
<div class="mw-collapsible-content">
</div>
</div>

===Week 2===
<div class="toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">
====Special Relativity====
<div class="mw-collapsible-content">
*[[Frame of Reference]]
*[[Einstein's Theory of Special Relativity]]
*[[Time Dilation]]
*[[Einstein's Theory of General Relativity]]
*[[Albert A. Micheleson & Edward W. Morley]]
*[[Magnetic Force in a Moving Reference Frame]]
</div>
</div>

===Week 3===
<div class="toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">
====Photons====
<div class="mw-collapsible-content">
*[[Spontaneous Photon Emission]]
*[[Light Scattering: Why is the Sky Blue]]
*[[Lasers]]
*[[Electronic Energy Levels and Photons]]
*[[Quantum Properties of Light]]
</div>
</div>

===Week 4===
<div class="toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">
====Matter Waves====
<div class="mw-collapsible-content">
*[[Wave-Particle Duality]]
</div>
</div>

===Week 5===
<div class="toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">
====Wave Mechanics====
<div class="mw-collapsible-content">
*[[Standing Waves]]
*[[Wavelength]]
*[[Wavelength and Frequency]]
*[[Mechanical Waves]]
*[[Transverse and Longitudinal Waves]]
</div>
</div>

===Week 6===
<div class="toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">
====Rutherford-Bohr Model====
<div class="mw-collapsible-content">
*[[Rutherford Experiment and Atomic Collisions]]
*[[Bohr Model]]
*[[Quantized energy levels]]
*[[Energy graphs and the Bohr model]]
</div>
</div>

===Week 7===
<div class="toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">
====The Hydrogen Atom====
<div class="mw-collapsible-content">
*[[Quantum Theory]]
*[[Atomic Theory]]
</div>
</div>

===Week 8===
<div class="toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">
====Many-Electron Atoms====
<div class="mw-collapsible-content">
*[[Quantum Theory]]
*[[Atomic Theory]]
*[[Pauli exclusion principle]]
</div>
</div>

===Week 9===
<div class="toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">
====Molecules====
<div class="mw-collapsible-content">
</div>
</div>

===Week 10===
<div class="toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">
====Statistical Physics====
<div class="mw-collapsible-content">
</div>
</div>

===Week 11===
<div class="toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">
====Condensed Matter Physics====
<div class="mw-collapsible-content">
</div>
</div>

===Week 12===
<div class="toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">
====The Nucleus====
<div class="mw-collapsible-content">
</div>
</div>

===Week 13===
<div class="toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">
====Nuclear Physics====
<div class="mw-collapsible-content">
*[[Nuclear Fission]]
*[[Nuclear Energy from Fission and Fusion]]
</div>
</div>

===Week 14===
<div class="toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">
====Particle Physics====
<div class="mw-collapsible-content">
*[[Elementary Particles and Particle Physics Theory]]
*[[String Theory]]
</div>
</div>

Main Page

2016-04-17T06:03:00Z

Tquill: /* Electric potential */

__NOTOC__
Welcome to the Georgia Tech Wiki for Introductory Physics. This resource was created so that students can contribute and curate content to help those with limited or no access to a textbook. When reading this website, please correct any errors you may come across. If you read something that isn't clear, please consider revising it for future students!

Looking to make a contribution?
#Pick one of the topics from intro physics listed below
#Add content to that topic or improve the quality of what is already there.
#Need to make a new topic? Edit this page and add it to the list under the appropriate category. Then copy and paste the default [[Template]] into your new page and start editing.

Please remember that this is not a textbook and you are not limited to expressing your ideas with only text and equations. Whenever possible embed: pictures, videos, diagrams, simulations, computational models (e.g. Glowscript), and whatever content you think makes learning physics easier for other students.

== Source Material ==
All of the content added to this resource must be in the public domain or similar free resource. If you are unsure about a source, contact the original author for permission. That said, there is a surprisingly large amount of introductory physics content scattered across the web. Here is an incomplete list of intro physics resources (please update as needed).
* A physics resource written by experts for an expert audience [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:Physics Physics Portal]
* A wiki written for students by a physics expert [http://p3server.pa.msu.edu/coursewiki/doku.php?id=183_notes MSU Physics Wiki]
* A wiki book on modern physics [https://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Modern_Physics Modern Physics Wiki]
* The MIT open courseware for intro physics [http://ocw.mit.edu/resources/res-8-002-a-wikitextbook-for-introductory-mechanics-fall-2009/index.htm MITOCW Wiki]
* An online concept map of intro physics [http://hyperphysics.phy-astr.gsu.edu/hbase/hph.html HyperPhysics]
* Interactive physics simulations [https://phet.colorado.edu/en/simulations/category/physics PhET]
* OpenStax algebra based intro physics textbook [https://openstaxcollege.org/textbooks/college-physics College Physics]
* The Open Source Physics project is a collection of online physics resources [http://www.opensourcephysics.org/ OSP]
* A resource guide compiled by the [http://www.aapt.org/ AAPT] for educators [http://www.compadre.org/ ComPADRE]

== Organizing Categories ==
These are the broad, overarching categories, that we cover in three semester of introductory physics. You can add subcategories as needed but a single topic should direct readers to a page in one of these categories.

== Resources ==
* Commonly used wiki commands [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:Cheatsheet Wiki Cheatsheet]
* A guide to representing equations in math mode [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:Displaying_a_formula Wiki Math Mode]
* A page to keep track of all the physics [[Constants]]
* A page for review of [[Vectors]] and vector operations
* A listing of [[Notable Scientist]] with links to their individual pages

<div style="float:left; width:30%; padding:1%;">
==Physics 1==
===Week 1===

====Student Content====
<div class=“toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed”>
=====Help with VPython=====
<div class=“mw-collapsible-content”>
*[[VPython]]
*[[VPython basics]]
*[[VPython Common Errors and Troubleshooting]]
*[[VPython Functions]]
*[[VPython Lists]]
*[[VPython Loops]]
*[[VPython Multithreading]]
*[[VPython Animation]]
*[[VPython Objects]]
*[[VPython 3D Objects]]
*[[VPython Reference]]
*[[VPython MapReduceFilter]]
*[[VPython GUIs]]
</div>
</div>

<div class=“toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed”>
=====Vectors and Units=====
<div class=“mw-collapsible-content”>
*[[Vectors]]
*[[SI units]]
</div>
</div>

<div class=“toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed”>

=====Interactions=====
<div class=“mw-collapsible-content”>
</div>
</div>
*[[Types of Interactions and How to Detect Them]]

<div class=“toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed”>

=====Velocity and Momentum=====
<div class=“mw-collapsible-content”>
*[[Newton’s First Law of Motion]]
*[[Velocity]]
*[[Mass]]
*[[Speed and Velocity]]
*[[Relative Velocity]]
*[[Derivation of Average Velocity]]
*[[2-Dimensional Motion]]
*[[3-Dimensional Position and Motion]]
</div>
</div>

====Expert Content====
<div class=“toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed”>

* [http://p3server.pa.msu.edu/coursewiki/doku.php?id=183_notes:vpython_resources Software for Projects]

</div>

===Week 2===
====Student Content====
<div class=“toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed”>
=====Momentum and the Momentum Principle=====
<div class=“mw-collapsible-content”>
*[[Momentum Principle]]
*[[Inertia]]
*[[Net Force]]
*[[Derivation of the Momentum Principle]]
*[[Impulse Momentum]]
*[[Acceleration]]
*[[Momentum with respect to external Forces]]
</div>
</div>

<div class=“toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed”>
=====Iterative Prediction with a Constant Force=====
<div class=“mw-collapsible-content”>
*[[Newton’s Second Law of Motion]]
*[[Iterative Prediction]]
*[[Kinematics]]
*[[Newton’s Laws and Linear Momentum]]
*[[Projectile Motion]]
</div>
</div>

====Expert Content====
<div class=“toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed”>

* [http://p3server.pa.msu.edu/coursewiki/doku.php?id=183_notes:scalars_and_vectors Scalars and Vectors]
* [http://p3server.pa.msu.edu/coursewiki/doku.php?id=183_notes:displacement_and_velocity Displacement and Velocity]
* [http://p3server.pa.msu.edu/coursewiki/doku.php?id=183_notes:modeling_with_vpython Modeling Motion with VPython]
* [http://p3server.pa.msu.edu/coursewiki/doku.php?id=183_notes:relative_motion Relative Motion]
* [http://p3server.pa.msu.edu/coursewiki/doku.php?id=183_notes:graphing_motion Graphing Motion]
* [http://p3server.pa.msu.edu/coursewiki/doku.php?id=183_notes:momentum Momentum]
* [http://p3server.pa.msu.edu/coursewiki/doku.php?id=183_notes:momentum_principle The Momentum Principle]
* [http://p3server.pa.msu.edu/coursewiki/doku.php?id=183_notes:acceleration Acceleration & The Change in Momentum]
* [http://p3server.pa.msu.edu/coursewiki/doku.php?id=183_notes:motionPredict Applying the Momentum Principle]
* [http://p3server.pa.msu.edu/coursewiki/doku.php?id=183_notes:constantF Constant Force Motion]
* [http://p3server.pa.msu.edu/coursewiki/doku.php?id=183_notes:iterativePredict Iterative Prediction of Motion]
* [http://p3server.pa.msu.edu/coursewiki/doku.php?id=183_notes:mp_multi The Momentum Principle in Multi-particle Systems]
* [http://p3server.pa.msu.edu/coursewiki/doku.php?id=183_notes:angular_motivation Why Angular Momentum?]
* [http://p3server.pa.msu.edu/coursewiki/doku.php?id=183_notes:ang_momentum Angular Momentum]
* [http://p3server.pa.msu.edu/coursewiki/doku.php?id=183_notes:L_principle Net Torque & The Angular Momentum Principle]
* [http://p3server.pa.msu.edu/coursewiki/doku.php?id=183_notes:L_conservation Angular Momentum Conservation]

</div>

===Week 3===
====Student Content====
<div class=“toccolours \
mw-collapsible mw-collapsed”>
=====Analytic Prediction with a Constant Force=====
<div \
class=“mw-collapsible-content”>
*[[Analytical Prediction]]
</div>
</div>

<div class=“toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed”>
=====Iterative Prediction with a Varying Force=====
<div \
class=“mw-collapsible-content”>
*[[Predicting Change in multiple dimensions]]
*[[Spring Force]]
*[[Hooke’s Law]]
*[[Simple Harmonic Motion]]
*[[Iterative Prediction of Spring-Mass System]]
*[[Terminal Speed]]
*[[Determinism]]
</div>
</div>

====Expert Content====
<div class=“toccolours mw-collapsible \
mw-collapsed”>

* [http://p3server.pa.msu.edu/coursewiki/doku.php?id=183_notes:drag Drag]
* [http://p3server.pa.msu.edu/coursewiki/doku.php?id=183_notes:gravitation Non-constant Force: Newtonian Gravitation]
* [http://p3server.pa.msu.edu/coursewiki/doku.php?id=183_notes:ucm Uniform Circular Motion]
* [http://p3server.pa.msu.edu/coursewiki/doku.php?id=183_notes:impulseGraphs Impulse Graphs]
* [http://p3server.pa.msu.edu/coursewiki/doku.php?id=183_notes:springMotion Non-constant Force: Springs & Spring-like Interactions]
* [http://p3server.pa.msu.edu/coursewiki/doku.php?id=183_notes:friction Contact Interactions: The Normal Force & Friction]

</div>

===Week 4===
====Student Content====
<div class=“toccolours \
mw-collapsible mw-collapsed”>
=====Fundamental Interactions=====
<div class=“mw-collapsible-content”>
*[[Gravitational Force]]
*[[Electric Force]]
*[[Reciprocity]]
</div>
</div>

====Expert Content====
<div class=“toccolours mw-collapsible \
mw-collapsed”>

* [http://p3server.pa.msu.edu/coursewiki/doku.php?id=183_notes:gravitation Non-constant Force: Newtonian Gravitation]

</div>

===Week 5===
====Student Content====
<div class=“toccolours \
mw-collapsible mw-collapsed”>
=====Conservation of Momentum=====
<div class=“mw-collapsible-content”>
*[[Conservation of Momentum]]
</div>
</div>
<div class=“toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed”>

=====Properties of Matter=====
<div class=“mw-collapsible-content”>
*[[Kinds of Matter]]
**[[Ball and Spring Model of Matter]]
*[[Density]]
*[[Length and Stiffness of an Interatomic Bond]]
*[[Young’s Modulus]]
*[[Speed of Sound in Solids]]
*[[Malleability]]
*[[Ductility]]
*[[Weight]]
*[[Hardness]]
*[[Boiling Point]]
*[[Melting Point]]
</div>
</div>

====Expert Content====
<div class=“toccolours mw-collapsible \
mw-collapsed”>

* [http://p3server.pa.msu.edu/coursewiki/doku.php?id=183_notes:model_of_a_wire Modeling a Solid Wire: springs in series and parallel]

</div>

===Week 6===
====Student Content====
<div class=“toccolours \
mw-collapsible mw-collapsed”>
=====Identifying Forces=====
<div class=“mw-collapsible-content”>
*[[Free Body Diagram]]
*[[Compression or Normal Force]]
*[[Tension]]
</div>
</div>
<div class=“toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed”>
=====Curving Motion=====
<div class=“mw-collapsible-content”>
*[[Curving Motion]]
*[[Centripetal Force and Curving Motion]]
*[[Perpetual Freefall (Orbit)]]
</div>
</div>

====Expert Content====
<div class=“toccolours mw-collapsible \
mw-collapsed”>

* [http://p3server.pa.msu.edu/coursewiki/doku.php?id=183_notes:gravitation Non-constant Force: Newtonian Gravitation]
* [http://p3server.pa.msu.edu/coursewiki/doku.php?id=183_notes:grav_accel Gravitational Acceleration]
* [http://p3server.pa.msu.edu/coursewiki/doku.php?id=183_notes:ucm Uniform Circular Motion]
* [http://p3server.pa.msu.edu/coursewiki/doku.php?id=183_notes:freebodydiagrams Free Body Diagrams]
* [http://p3server.pa.msu.edu/coursewiki/doku.php?id=183_notes:curving_motion Curved Motion]

</div>

===Week 7===
====Student Content====
<div class=“toccolours \
mw-collapsible mw-collapsed”>
=====Energy Principle=====
<div class=“mw-collapsible-content”>
*[[The Energy Principle]]
*[[Conservation of Energy]]
*[[Kinetic Energy]]
*[[Work]]
*[[Power (Mechanical)]]
</div>
</div>

====Expert Content====
<div class=“toccolours mw-collapsible \
mw-collapsed”>

* [http://p3server.pa.msu.edu/coursewiki/doku.php?id=183_notes:define_energy What is Energy?]
* [http://p3server.pa.msu.edu/coursewiki/doku.php?id=183_notes:point_particle The Simplest System: A Single Particle]
* [http://p3server.pa.msu.edu/coursewiki/doku.php?id=183_notes:work Work: Mechanical Energy Transfer]
* [http://p3server.pa.msu.edu/coursewiki/doku.php?id=183_notes:energy_cons Conservation of Energy]
* [http://p3server.pa.msu.edu/coursewiki/doku.php?id=183_notes:potential_energy Potential Energy]
* [http://p3server.pa.msu.edu/coursewiki/doku.php?id=183_notes:grav_and_spring_PE (Near Earth) Gravitational and Spring Potential Energy]
* [http://p3server.pa.msu.edu/coursewiki/doku.php?id=183_notes:force_and_PE Force and Potential Energy]
* [http://p3server.pa.msu.edu/coursewiki/doku.php?id=183_notes:newton_grav_pe Newtonian Gravitational Potential Energy]
* [http://p3server.pa.msu.edu/coursewiki/doku.php?id=183_notes:spring_PE Spring Potential Energy]

</div>

===Week 8===
====Student Content====
<div class=“toccolours \
mw-collapsible mw-collapsed”>
=====Work by Non-Constant Forces=====
<div \
class=“mw-collapsible-content”>
*[[Work Done By A Nonconstant Force]]
</div>
</div>
<div class=“toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed”>
=====Potential Energy=====
<div class=“mw-collapsible-content”>
*[[Potential Energy]]
*[[Potential Energy of Macroscopic Springs]]
*[[Spring Potential Energy]]
**[[Ball and Spring Model]]
*[[Gravitational Potential Energy]]
*[[Energy Graphs]]
*[[Escape Velocity]]
</div>
</div>

====Expert Content====
<div class=“toccolours mw-collapsible \
mw-collapsed”>

* [http://p3server.pa.msu.edu/coursewiki/doku.php?id=183_notes:work_by_nc_forces Work Done by Non-Constant Forces]
* [http://p3server.pa.msu.edu/coursewiki/doku.php?id=183_notes:potential_energy Potential Energy]
* [http://p3server.pa.msu.edu/coursewiki/doku.php?id=183_notes:grav_and_spring_PE (Near Earth) Gravitational and Spring Potential Energy]
* [http://p3server.pa.msu.edu/coursewiki/doku.php?id=183_notes:rest_mass Changes of Rest Mass Energy]
* [http://p3server.pa.msu.edu/coursewiki/doku.php?id=183_notes:force_and_PE Force and Potential Energy]
* [http://p3server.pa.msu.edu/coursewiki/doku.php?id=183_notes:newton_grav_pe Newtonian Gravitational Potential Energy]
* [http://p3server.pa.msu.edu/coursewiki/doku.php?id=183_notes:grav_pe_graphs Graphing Energy for Gravitationally Interacting Systems]
* [http://p3server.pa.msu.edu/coursewiki/doku.php?id=183_notes:spring_PE Spring Potential Energy]
* [http://p3server.pa.msu.edu/coursewiki/doku.php?id=183_notes:power Power: The Rate of Energy Change]
* [http://p3server.pa.msu.edu/coursewiki/doku.php?id=183_notes:energy_dissipation Dissipation of Energy]

</div>

===Week 9===
====Student Content====
<div class=“toccolours \
mw-collapsible mw-collapsed”>
=====Multiparticle Systems=====
<div class=“mw-collapsible-content”>
*[[Center of Mass]]
*[[Multi-particle analysis of Momentum]]
*[[Momentum with respect to external Forces]]
*[[Potential Energy of a Multiparticle System]]
*[[Work and Energy for an Extended System]]
*[[Internal Energy]]
**[[Potential Energy of a Pair of Neutral Atoms]]
</div>
</div>

====Expert Content====
<div class=“toccolours mw-collapsible \
mw-collapsed”>

* [http://p3server.pa.msu.edu/coursewiki/doku.php?id=183_notes:mp_multi The Momentum Principle in Multi-particle Systems]
* [http://p3server.pa.msu.edu/coursewiki/doku.php?id=183_notes:center_of_mass Center of Mass Motion]
* [http://p3server.pa.msu.edu/coursewiki/doku.php?id=183_notes:center_of_mass Center of Mass Motion]
* [http://p3server.pa.msu.edu/coursewiki/doku.php?id=183_notes:energy_sep Separating Energy in Multi-Particle Systems]

</div>

===Week 10===
====Student Content====
<div class=“toccolours \
mw-collapsible mw-collapsed”>
=====Choice of System=====
<div class=“mw-collapsible-content”>
*[[System & Surroundings]]
</div>
</div>
<div class=“toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed”>
=====Thermal Energy, Dissipation and Transfer of Energy=====
<div \
class=“mw-collapsible-content”>
*[[Thermal Energy]]
*[[Specific Heat]]
*[[Heat Capacity]]
*[[Specific Heat Capacity]]
*[[First Law of Thermodynamics]]
*[[Second Law of Thermodynamics and Entropy]]
*[[Temperature]]
*[[Predicting Change]]
*[[Energy Transfer due to a Temperature Difference]]
*[[Transformation of Energy]]
*[[The Maxwell-Boltzmann Distribution]]
*[[Air Resistance]]
</div>
</div>
<div class=“toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed”>
=====Rotational and Vibrational Energy=====
<div \
class=“mw-collapsible-content”>
*[[Translational, Rotational and Vibrational Energy]]
</div>
</div>

====Expert Content====
<div class=“toccolours mw-collapsible \
mw-collapsed”>

* [http://p3server.pa.msu.edu/coursewiki/doku.php?id=183_notes:grav_and_spring_PE (Near Earth) Gravitational and Spring Potential Energy]
* [http://p3server.pa.msu.edu/coursewiki/doku.php?id=183_notes:rest_mass Changes of Rest Mass Energy]
* [http://p3server.pa.msu.edu/coursewiki/doku.php?id=183_notes:newton_grav_pe Newtonian Gravitational Potential Energy]
* [http://p3server.pa.msu.edu/coursewiki/doku.php?id=183_notes:grav_pe_graphs Graphing Energy for Gravitationally Interacting Systems]
* [http://p3server.pa.msu.edu/coursewiki/doku.php?id=183_notes:escape_speed Escape Speed]
* [http://p3server.pa.msu.edu/coursewiki/doku.php?id=183_notes:spring_PE Spring Potential Energy]
* [http://p3server.pa.msu.edu/coursewiki/doku.php?id=183_notes:internal_energy Internal Energy]
* [http://p3server.pa.msu.edu/coursewiki/doku.php?id=183_notes:system_choice Choosing a System Matters]
* [http://p3server.pa.msu.edu/coursewiki/doku.php?id=183_notes:energy_dissipation Dissipation of Energy]

</div>

===Week 11===
====Student Content====
<div class=“toccolours \
mw-collapsible mw-collapsed”>
=====Different Models of a System=====
<div \
class=“mw-collapsible-content”>
*[[Real Systems]]
*[[Point Particle Systems]]
</div>
</div>
<div class=“toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed”>

=====Models of Friction=====
<div class=“mw-collapsible-content”>
*[[Friction]]
*[[Static Friction]]
</div>
</div>

====Expert Content====
<div class=“toccolours mw-collapsible \
mw-collapsed”>

* [http://p3server.pa.msu.edu/coursewiki/doku.php?id=183_notes:system_choice Choosing a System Matters]
* [http://p3server.pa.msu.edu/coursewiki/doku.php?id=183_notes:energy_dissipation Dissipation of Energy]

</div>

===Week 12===
====Student Content====
<div class=“toccolours \
mw-collapsible mw-collapsed”>
=====Collisions=====
<div class=“mw-collapsible-content”>
*[[Newton’s Third Law of Motion]]
*[[Collisions]]
*[[Elastic Collisions]]
*[[Inelastic Collisions]]
*[[Maximally Inelastic Collision]]
*[[Head-on Collision of Equal Masses]]
*[[Head-on Collision of Unequal Masses]]
*[[Scattering: Collisions in 2D and 3D]]
*[[Rutherford Experiment and Atomic Collisions]]
*[[Coefficient of Restitution]]
</div>
</div>

====Expert Content====
<div class=“toccolours mw-collapsible \
mw-collapsed”>

* [http://p3server.pa.msu.edu/coursewiki/doku.php?id=183_notes:collisions Colliding Objects]
* [http://p3server.pa.msu.edu/coursewiki/doku.php?id=183_notes:center_of_mass Center of Mass Motion]
* [http://p3server.pa.msu.edu/coursewiki/doku.php?id=183_notes:center_of_mass Center of Mass Motion]
* [http://p3server.pa.msu.edu/coursewiki/doku.php?id=183_notes:rot_KE Rotational Kinetic Energy]
* [http://p3server.pa.msu.edu/coursewiki/doku.php?id=183_notes:pp_vs_real Point Particle and Real Systems]
* [http://p3server.pa.msu.edu/coursewiki/doku.php?id=183_notes:colliding_systems Collisions]

</div>

===Week 13===
====Student Content====
<div class=“toccolours \
mw-collapsible mw-collapsed”>
=====Rotations=====
<div class=“mw-collapsible-content”>
*[[Rotation]]
*[[Angular Velocity]]
*[[Eulerian Angles]]
</div>
</div>
<div class=“toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed”>
=====Angular Momentum=====
<div class=“mw-collapsible-content”>
*[[Total Angular Momentum]]
*[[Translational Angular Momentum]]
*[[Rotational Angular Momentum]]
*[[The Angular Momentum Principle]]
*[[Angular Momentum Compared to Linear Momentum]]
*[[Angular Impulse]]
*[[Predicting the Position of a Rotating System]]
*[[Angular Momentum of Multiparticle Systems]]
*[[The Moments of Inertia]]
*[[Moment of Inertia for a cylinder]]
*[[Right Hand Rule]]
</div>
</div>

====Expert Content====
<div class=“toccolours mw-collapsible \
mw-collapsed”>

* [http://p3server.pa.msu.edu/coursewiki/doku.php?id=183_notes:rot_KE Rotational Kinetic Energy]
* [http://p3server.pa.msu.edu/coursewiki/doku.php?id=183_notes:angular_motivation Why Angular Momentum?]
* [http://p3server.pa.msu.edu/coursewiki/doku.php?id=183_notes:ang_momentum Angular Momentum]
* [http://p3server.pa.msu.edu/coursewiki/doku.php?id=183_notes:L_principle Net Torque & The Angular Momentum Principle]
* [http://p3server.pa.msu.edu/coursewiki/doku.php?id=183_notes:L_conservation Angular Momentum Conservation]

</div>
===Week 14===

====Student Content====
<div class=“toccolours mw-collapsible \
mw-collapsed”>
=====Analyzing Motion with and without Torque=====
<div \
class=“mw-collapsible-content”>
*[[Torque]]
*[[Torque 2]]
*[[Systems with Zero Torque]]
*[[Systems with Nonzero Torque]]
*[[Torque vs Work]]
*[[Gyroscopes]]
</div>
</div>

====Expert Content====
<div class=“toccolours mw-collapsible \
mw-collapsed”>

* [http://p3server.pa.msu.edu/coursewiki/doku.php?id=183_notes:discovery_of_the_nucleus Discovery of the Nucleus]
* [http://p3server.pa.msu.edu/coursewiki/doku.php?id=183_notes:torque Torques Cause Changes in Rotation]
* [http://p3server.pa.msu.edu/coursewiki/doku.php?id=183_notes:L_principle Net Torque & The Angular Momentum Principle]

</div>

===Week 15===

====Student Content====
<div class=“toccolours mw-collapsible \
mw-collapsed”>
=====Introduction to Quantum Concepts=====
<div \class=“mw-collapsible-content”>
*[[Bohr Model]]
*[[Energy graphs and the Bohr model]]
*[[Quantized energy levels]]
</div>
</div>

====Expert Content====
<div class=“toccolours mw-collapsible \
mw-collapsed”>

* [http://p3server.pa.msu.edu/coursewiki/doku.php?id=183_notes:discovery_of_the_nucleus Discovery of the Nucleus]

</div>

<div style=“float:left; width:30%; padding:1%;”>

==Physics 2==
===Week 1===
<div class="toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">
====3D Vectors====
<div class="mw-collapsible-content">
*[[Page claimed by Laura Winalski]]*
*[[Vectors]]
*[[Right-Hand Rule]]
*[[Right Hand Rule]]
</div>
</div>

<div class="toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">

'''CLAIMED BY DIPRO CHAKRABORTY'''

'''CLAIMED BY DIPRO CHAKRABORTY'''
'''CLAIMED BY DIPRO CHAKRABORTY'''
'''CLAIMED BY DIPRO CHAKRABORTY'''

'''CLAIMED BY DIPRO CHAKRABORTY'''
====Electric field====
<div class="mw-collapsible-content">

[[Electric field]]

The electric field created by a charge is present throughout space at all times, whether or not there is another charge around to feel its effects. The electric field created by a charge penetrates through matter. The field permeates the neighboring space, biding its time until it can affect anything brought into its space of interaction.

==The Main Idea==
To be exact, the definition of the Electric Field is as follows:
The electric field is a region around a charged particle or object within which a force would be exerted on other objects.
If we put a charged particle at a location and it experiences a force, it would be logical to assume that there is something present that
is interacting with the particle. This "virtual force" is in essence the electric field.
===A Mathematical Model===

The electric field can be expressed mathematically as follows:

<math>{\vec{F_{net}} = 0 \Leftrightarrow \frac{d\vec{v}}{dt}} = 0</math>

<math>{\vec{F_{2}} = {q_{1}}{\vec{E_{1}}} \Leftrightarrow \frac{d\vec{v}}{dt}} </math>

which can be translated to postulate that the force on particle 2 is determined by the charge of particle 2 and the electric
field.

==Examples==

The following examples are to test your basic understanding of the Electric Field. For more examples that test your knowledge of all three of the laws, peruse the class textbook.

===Simple===
Which way is the electric field going for a negatively charged particle?

[[File:Simple111.png]]

It's easy to see that the electric field is pointing toward the negatively charged particle. The electric field is tending
toward the negatively charged particle.

===Middling===
Does the object in the following image have a net force of zero? Does it have a constant velocity?

This example is slightly more difficult, but is still quite trivial. If we sum the forces in the x direction, we see that the net force is 2 newtons in the -x direction. Therefore, the object does not have a constant velocity, and will be accelerating in the -x direction.

===Difficult===
Does the object in the following image have a net force of zero? Does it have a constant velocity?

This final example tests your knowledge and understanding of Newton's First Law. We're able to see that the box will accelerate in the -x direction because the net force in the x direction is 5 newtons to the left. However, the box itself has a velocity of 5m/s upwards, which would indeed stay constant. This is because forces (and motion) in perpendicular directions are of each other.

==Connectedness==

Newton's laws of motion tie into almost everything that we see or do. The first law, in particular, explains why we suddenly lurch forward when a car suddenly stops (our bodies are in a state of motion and thus resist the sudden stop), why it's much harder to stop when ice skating than walking (there's less friction, thus less net force to decelerate), and much, much, more. The importance of Newton's first law (and by extension, the other laws of motion) is not readily apparent, but serves as a basis to explain much of our daily interactions with our surroundings.

It can also apply to things outside of our daily interactions - space, for example. Newton's first law describes why an astronaut in space will continuously float in a direction forever if they are not pulled in by an asteroid or a planet's gravitational force. There is a lack of a net force opposing the astronaut's motion (due to the fact that there is no air in space) which results in the astronaut having a constant velocity. Floating off into space is probably an astronaut's worst nightmare, a scenario that a recent movie, ''Gravity'', explored. The entire premise of the movie (Sandra Bullock becomes untethered from her space station) relies on Newton's first law of motion.
==History==

While Galileo is the one credited with the idea of inertia motion, it was René Descartes, a French philosopher, who would expand upon Galileo's ideas. Descartes went on to propose three fundamental laws of nature in his book, ''Principles of Philosophy'', the first of which stated that "each thing, as far as is in its power, always remains in the same state; and that consequently, when it is once moved, it always continues to move." Thus, while the concept of inertia is often referred to as Newton's First Law, it was first described by Galileo and then perfected by Descartes decades before Newton published his findings.

As for Newton, he first described his three laws of motion in ''The Mathematical Principle of Natural Philosophy'', for the Principia, which was published in 1687. These laws described the relationship between an object and the forces acting upon it and laid the foundation for classical mechanics. While Newton's first law came from the work of Descartes and Galileo, his other laws are the work of himself.

==The Main Idea==
To be exact, the definition of the Electric Field is as follows:
The electric field is a region around a charged particle or object within which a force would be exerted on other objects.
If we put a charged particle at a location and it experiences a force, it would be logical to assume that there is something present that
is interacting with the particle. This "virtual force" is in essence the electric field.
===A Mathematical Model===

The electric field can be expressed mathematically as follows:

<math>{\vec{F_{net}} = 0 \Leftrightarrow \frac{d\vec{v}}{dt}} = 0</math>

<math>{\vec{F_{2}} = {q_{1}}{\vec{E_{1}}} \Leftrightarrow \frac{d\vec{v}}{dt}} </math>

which can be translated to postulate that the force on particle 2 is determined by the charge of particle 2 and the electric
field.

==Examples==

The following examples are to test your basic understanding of the Electric Field. For more examples that test your knowledge of all three of the laws, peruse the class textbook.

===Simple===
Which way is the electric field going for a negatively charged particle?

[[File:Simple111.png]]

It's easy to see that the electric field is pointing toward the negatively charged particle. The electric field is tending
toward the negatively charged particle.

===Middling===
Does the object in the following image have a net force of zero? Does it have a constant velocity?

This example is slightly more difficult, but is still quite trivial. If we sum the forces in the x direction, we see that the net force is 2 newtons in the -x direction. Therefore, the object does not have a constant velocity, and will be accelerating in the -x direction.

===Difficult===
Does the object in the following image have a net force of zero? Does it have a constant velocity?

This final example tests your knowledge and understanding of Newton's First Law. We're able to see that the box will accelerate in the -x direction because the net force in the x direction is 5 newtons to the left. However, the box itself has a velocity of 5m/s upwards, which would indeed stay constant. This is because forces (and motion) in perpendicular directions are of each other.

==Connectedness==

Newton's laws of motion tie into almost everything that we see or do. The first law, in particular, explains why we suddenly lurch forward when a car suddenly stops (our bodies are in a state of motion and thus resist the sudden stop), why it's much harder to stop when ice skating than walking (there's less friction, thus less net force to decelerate), and much, much, more. The importance of Newton's first law (and by extension, the other laws of motion) is not readily apparent, but serves as a basis to explain much of our daily interactions with our surroundings.

It can also apply to things outside of our daily interactions - space, for example. Newton's first law describes why an astronaut in space will continuously float in a direction forever if they are not pulled in by an asteroid or a planet's gravitational force. There is a lack of a net force opposing the astronaut's motion (due to the fact that there is no air in space) which results in the astronaut having a constant velocity. Floating off into space is probably an astronaut's worst nightmare, a scenario that a recent movie, ''Gravity'', explored. The entire premise of the movie (Sandra Bullock becomes untethered from her space station) relies on Newton's first law of motion.
==History==

While Galileo is the one credited with the idea of inertia motion, it was René Descartes, a French philosopher, who would expand upon Galileo's ideas. Descartes went on to propose three fundamental laws of nature in his book, ''Principles of Philosophy'', the first of which stated that "each thing, as far as is in its power, always remains in the same state; and that consequently, when it is once moved, it always continues to move." Thus, while the concept of inertia is often referred to as Newton's First Law, it was first described by Galileo and then perfected by Descartes decades before Newton published his findings.

As for Newton, he first described his three laws of motion in ''The Mathematical Principle of Natural Philosophy'', for the Principia, which was published in 1687. These laws described the relationship between an object and the forces acting upon it and laid the foundation for classical mechanics. While Newton's first law came from the work of Descartes and Galileo, his other laws are the work of himself.

==The Main Idea==
To be exact, the definition of the Electric Field is as follows:
The electric field is a region around a charged particle or object within which a force would be exerted on other objects.
If we put a charged particle at a location and it experiences a force, it would be logical to assume that there is something present that
is interacting with the particle. This "virtual force" is in essence the electric field.
===A Mathematical Model===

The electric field can be expressed mathematically as follows:

<math>{\vec{F_{net}} = 0 \Leftrightarrow \frac{d\vec{v}}{dt}} = 0</math>

<math>{\vec{F_{2}} = {q_{1}}{\vec{E_{1}}} \Leftrightarrow \frac{d\vec{v}}{dt}} </math>

which can be translated to postulate that the force on particle 2 is determined by the charge of particle 2 and the electric
field.

==Examples==

The following examples are to test your basic understanding of the Electric Field. For more examples that test your knowledge of all three of the laws, peruse the class textbook.

===Simple===
Which way is the electric field going for a negatively charged particle?

[[File:Simple111.png]]

It's easy to see that the electric field is pointing toward the negatively charged particle. The electric field is tending
toward the negatively charged particle.

===Middling===
Does the object in the following image have a net force of zero? Does it have a constant velocity?

This example is slightly more difficult, but is still quite trivial. If we sum the forces in the x direction, we see that the net force is 2 newtons in the -x direction. Therefore, the object does not have a constant velocity, and will be accelerating in the -x direction.

===Difficult===
Does the object in the following image have a net force of zero? Does it have a constant velocity?

This final example tests your knowledge and understanding of Newton's First Law. We're able to see that the box will accelerate in the -x direction because the net force in the x direction is 5 newtons to the left. However, the box itself has a velocity of 5m/s upwards, which would indeed stay constant. This is because forces (and motion) in perpendicular directions are of each other.

==Connectedness==

Newton's laws of motion tie into almost everything that we see or do. The first law, in particular, explains why we suddenly lurch forward when a car suddenly stops (our bodies are in a state of motion and thus resist the sudden stop), why it's much harder to stop when ice skating than walking (there's less friction, thus less net force to decelerate), and much, much, more. The importance of Newton's first law (and by extension, the other laws of motion) is not readily apparent, but serves as a basis to explain much of our daily interactions with our surroundings.

It can also apply to things outside of our daily interactions - space, for example. Newton's first law describes why an astronaut in space will continuously float in a direction forever if they are not pulled in by an asteroid or a planet's gravitational force. There is a lack of a net force opposing the astronaut's motion (due to the fact that there is no air in space) which results in the astronaut having a constant velocity. Floating off into space is probably an astronaut's worst nightmare, a scenario that a recent movie, ''Gravity'', explored. The entire premise of the movie (Sandra Bullock becomes untethered from her space station) relies on Newton's first law of motion.
==History==

While Galileo is the one credited with the idea of inertia motion, it was René Descartes, a French philosopher, who would expand upon Galileo's ideas. Descartes went on to propose three fundamental laws of nature in his book, ''Principles of Philosophy'', the first of which stated that "each thing, as far as is in its power, always remains in the same state; and that consequently, when it is once moved, it always continues to move." Thus, while the concept of inertia is often referred to as Newton's First Law, it was first described by Galileo and then perfected by Descartes decades before Newton published his findings.

As for Newton, he first described his three laws of motion in ''The Mathematical Principle of Natural Philosophy'', for the Principia, which was published in 1687. These laws described the relationship between an object and the forces acting upon it and laid the foundation for classical mechanics. While Newton's first law came from the work of Descartes and Galileo, his other laws are the work of himself.

==The Main Idea==
To be exact, the definition of the Electric Field is as follows:
The electric field is a region around a charged particle or object within which a force would be exerted on other objects.
If we put a charged particle at a location and it experiences a force, it would be logical to assume that there is something present that
is interacting with the particle. This "virtual force" is in essence the electric field.
===A Mathematical Model===

The electric field can be expressed mathematically as follows:

<math>{\vec{F_{net}} = 0 \Leftrightarrow \frac{d\vec{v}}{dt}} = 0</math>

<math>{\vec{F_{2}} = {q_{1}}{\vec{E_{1}}} \Leftrightarrow \frac{d\vec{v}}{dt}} </math>

which can be translated to postulate that the force on particle 2 is determined by the charge of particle 2 and the electric
field.

==Examples==

The following examples are to test your basic understanding of the Electric Field. For more examples that test your knowledge of all three of the laws, peruse the class textbook.

===Simple===
Which way is the electric field going for a negatively charged particle?

[[File:Simple111.png]]

It's easy to see that the electric field is pointing toward the negatively charged particle. The electric field is tending
toward the negatively charged particle.

===Middling===
Does the object in the following image have a net force of zero? Does it have a constant velocity?

This example is slightly more difficult, but is still quite trivial. If we sum the forces in the x direction, we see that the net force is 2 newtons in the -x direction. Therefore, the object does not have a constant velocity, and will be accelerating in the -x direction.

===Difficult===
Does the object in the following image have a net force of zero? Does it have a constant velocity?

This final example tests your knowledge and understanding of Newton's First Law. We're able to see that the box will accelerate in the -x direction because the net force in the x direction is 5 newtons to the left. However, the box itself has a velocity of 5m/s upwards, which would indeed stay constant. This is because forces (and motion) in perpendicular directions are of each other.

==Connectedness==

Newton's laws of motion tie into almost everything that we see or do. The first law, in particular, explains why we suddenly lurch forward when a car suddenly stops (our bodies are in a state of motion and thus resist the sudden stop), why it's much harder to stop when ice skating than walking (there's less friction, thus less net force to decelerate), and much, much, more. The importance of Newton's first law (and by extension, the other laws of motion) is not readily apparent, but serves as a basis to explain much of our daily interactions with our surroundings.

It can also apply to things outside of our daily interactions - space, for example. Newton's first law describes why an astronaut in space will continuously float in a direction forever if they are not pulled in by an asteroid or a planet's gravitational force. There is a lack of a net force opposing the astronaut's motion (due to the fact that there is no air in space) which results in the astronaut having a constant velocity. Floating off into space is probably an astronaut's worst nightmare, a scenario that a recent movie, ''Gravity'', explored. The entire premise of the movie (Sandra Bullock becomes untethered from her space station) relies on Newton's first law of motion.
==History==

While Galileo is the one credited with the idea of inertia motion, it was René Descartes, a French philosopher, who would expand upon Galileo's ideas. Descartes went on to propose three fundamental laws of nature in his book, ''Principles of Philosophy'', the first of which stated that "each thing, as far as is in its power, always remains in the same state; and that consequently, when it is once moved, it always continues to move." Thus, while the concept of inertia is often referred to as Newton's First Law, it was first described by Galileo and then perfected by Descartes decades before Newton published his findings.

As for Newton, he first described his three laws of motion in ''The Mathematical Principle of Natural Philosophy'', for the Principia, which was published in 1687. These laws described the relationship between an object and the forces acting upon it and laid the foundation for classical mechanics. While Newton's first law came from the work of Descartes and Galileo, his other laws are the work of himself.

==The Main Idea==
To be exact, the definition of the Electric Field is as follows:
The electric field is a region around a charged particle or object within which a force would be exerted on other objects.
If we put a charged particle at a location and it experiences a force, it would be logical to assume that there is something present that
is interacting with the particle. This "virtual force" is in essence the electric field.
===A Mathematical Model===

The electric field can be expressed mathematically as follows:

<math>{\vec{F_{net}} = 0 \Leftrightarrow \frac{d\vec{v}}{dt}} = 0</math>

<math>{\vec{F_{2}} = {q_{1}}{\vec{E_{1}}} \Leftrightarrow \frac{d\vec{v}}{dt}} = 0</math>

which can be translated to postulate that the force on particle 2 is determined by the charge of particle 2 and the electric
field.

==Examples==

The following examples are to test your basic understanding of the Electric Field. For more examples that test your knowledge of all three of the laws, peruse the class textbook.

===Simple===
Which way is the electric field going for a negatively charged particle?

[[File:Example.jpg]]

It's easy to see that the electric field is pointing toward the negatively charged particle. The electric field is tending
toward the negatively charged particle.

===Middling===
Does the object in the following image have a net force of zero? Does it have a constant velocity?

This example is slightly more difficult, but is still quite trivial. If we sum the forces in the x direction, we see that the net force is 2 newtons in the -x direction. Therefore, the object does not have a constant velocity, and will be accelerating in the -x direction.

===Difficult===
Does the object in the following image have a net force of zero? Does it have a constant velocity?

This final example tests your knowledge and understanding of Newton's First Law. We're able to see that the box will accelerate in the -x direction because the net force in the x direction is 5 newtons to the left. However, the box itself has a velocity of 5m/s upwards, which would indeed stay constant. This is because forces (and motion) in perpendicular directions are of each other.

==Connectedness==

Newton's laws of motion tie into almost everything that we see or do. The first law, in particular, explains why we suddenly lurch forward when a car suddenly stops (our bodies are in a state of motion and thus resist the sudden stop), why it's much harder to stop when ice skating than walking (there's less friction, thus less net force to decelerate), and much, much, more. The importance of Newton's first law (and by extension, the other laws of motion) is not readily apparent, but serves as a basis to explain much of our daily interactions with our surroundings.

It can also apply to things outside of our daily interactions - space, for example. Newton's first law describes why an astronaut in space will continuously float in a direction forever if they are not pulled in by an asteroid or a planet's gravitational force. There is a lack of a net force opposing the astronaut's motion (due to the fact that there is no air in space) which results in the astronaut having a constant velocity. Floating off into space is probably an astronaut's worst nightmare, a scenario that a recent movie, ''Gravity'', explored. The entire premise of the movie (Sandra Bullock becomes untethered from her space station) relies on Newton's first law of motion.
==History==

While Galileo is the one credited with the idea of inertia motion, it was René Descartes, a French philosopher, who would expand upon Galileo's ideas. Descartes went on to propose three fundamental laws of nature in his book, ''Principles of Philosophy'', the first of which stated that "each thing, as far as is in its power, always remains in the same state; and that consequently, when it is once moved, it always continues to move." Thus, while the concept of inertia is often referred to as Newton's First Law, it was first described by Galileo and then perfected by Descartes decades before Newton published his findings.

As for Newton, he first described his three laws of motion in ''The Mathematical Principle of Natural Philosophy'', for the Principia, which was published in 1687. These laws described the relationship between an object and the forces acting upon it and laid the foundation for classical mechanics. While Newton's first law came from the work of Descartes and Galileo, his other laws are the work of himself.

==The Main Idea==
To be exact, the definition of the Electric Field is as follows:
The electric field is a region around a charged particle or object within which a force would be exerted on other charged particles or objects.
If we put a charged particle at a location and it experiences a force, it would be logical to assume that there is something present that
is interacting with the particle. This "virtual force" is in essence the electric field.
===A Mathematical Model===

The electric field can be expressed mathematically as follows:

<math>{\vec{F_{net}} = 0 \Leftrightarrow \frac{d\vec{v}}{dt}} = 0</math>

<math>{\vec{F_{2}} = {q_{1}}{\vec{E_{1}}} \Leftrightarrow \frac{d\vec{v}}{dt}} = 0</math>

which can be translated to postulate that the force on particle 2 is determined by the charge of particle 2 and the electric
field.

==Examples==

The following examples are to test your basic understanding of Newton's First Law. For more examples that test your knowledge of all three of the laws, click .

===Simple===
Does the object in the following image have a net force of zero? Does it have a constant velocity?

It's easy to see that the only force on the object is acting in the +x direction, with a magnitude of 5 newtons. Therefore, the object does not have a net force of zero or a constant velocity. It will be accelerating in the +x direction.

===Middling===
Does the object in the following image have a net force of zero? Does it have a constant velocity?

This example is slightly more difficult, but is still quite trivial. If we sum the forces in the x direction, we see that the net force is 2 newtons in the -x direction. Therefore, the object does not have a constant velocity, and will be accelerating in the -x direction.

===Difficult===
Does the object in the following image have a net force of zero? Does it have a constant velocity?

This final example tests your knowledge and understanding of Newton's First Law. We're able to see that the box will accelerate in the -x direction because the net force in the x direction is 5 newtons to the left. However, the box itself has a velocity of 5m/s upwards, which would indeed stay constant. This is because forces (and motion) in perpendicular directions are of each other.

==Connectedness==

Newton's laws of motion tie into almost everything that we see or do. The first law, in particular, explains why we suddenly lurch forward when a car suddenly stops (our bodies are in a state of motion and thus resist the sudden stop), why it's much harder to stop when ice skating than walking (there's less friction, thus less net force to decelerate), and much, much, more. The importance of Newton's first law (and by extension, the other laws of motion) is not readily apparent, but serves as a basis to explain much of our daily interactions with our surroundings.

It can also apply to things outside of our daily interactions - space, for example. Newton's first law describes why an astronaut in space will continuously float in a direction forever if they are not pulled in by an asteroid or a planet's gravitational force. There is a lack of a net force opposing the astronaut's motion (due to the fact that there is no air in space) which results in the astronaut having a constant velocity. Floating off into space is probably an astronaut's worst nightmare, a scenario that a recent movie, ''Gravity'', explored. The entire premise of the movie (Sandra Bullock becomes untethered from her space station) relies on Newton's first law of motion.
==History==

While Galileo is the one credited with the idea of inertia motion, it was René Descartes, a French philosopher, who would expand upon Galileo's ideas. Descartes went on to propose three fundamental laws of nature in his book, ''Principles of Philosophy'', the first of which stated that "each thing, as far as is in its power, always remains in the same state; and that consequently, when it is once moved, it always continues to move." Thus, while the concept of inertia is often referred to as Newton's First Law, it was first described by Galileo and then perfected by Descartes decades before Newton published his findings.

As for Newton, he first described his three laws of motion in ''The Mathematical Principle of Natural Philosophy'', for the Principia, which was published in 1687. These laws described the relationship between an object and the forces acting upon it and laid the foundation for classical mechanics. While Newton's first law came from the work of Descartes and Galileo, his other laws are the work of himself.

==The Main Idea==
To be exact, the definition of the First Law of Motion is as follows:
The electric field is a region around a charged particle or object within which a force would be exerted on other charged particles or objects.
In other (and much simpler) terms, it means that an object at rest stays at rest and an object in in motion stays in motion at a constant velocity unless acted on by an unbalanced net force. It's important to keep in mind that only a difference in affect the velocity of an object. The amount of change in velocity is determined by
===A Mathematical Model===

Newton's first law can be stated mathematically as follows:

<math>{\vec{F_{net}} = 0 \Leftrightarrow \frac{d\vec{v}}{dt}} = 0</math>

Where...

<math>\vec{F_{net}}</math> is the net force from the surroundings.

<math>d\vec{v}</math> is the change in velocity of the system.

<math>dt</math> is the change in time of the system

If we trace this formula from the left to the right, we can see that if the net force on an object is zero, then the change in velocity of an object is also zero. Conversely, if we were given an object and told that its change in momentum is zero, then we can deduce that the net force acting on the object is also zero. Keep in mind, however, that this formula simple deals with the '''change''' in velocity. It does '''not''' mean that the object is at rest, only that its velocity remains constant.

==Examples==

The following examples are to test your basic understanding of Newton's First Law. For more examples that test your knowledge of all three of the laws, click .

===Simple===
Does the object in the following image have a net force of zero? Does it have a constant velocity?

It's easy to see that the only force on the object is acting in the +x direction, with a magnitude of 5 newtons. Therefore, the object does not have a net force of zero or a constant velocity. It will be accelerating in the +x direction.

===Middling===
Does the object in the following image have a net force of zero? Does it have a constant velocity?

This example is slightly more difficult, but is still quite trivial. If we sum the forces in the x direction, we see that the net force is 2 newtons in the -x direction. Therefore, the object does not have a constant velocity, and will be accelerating in the -x direction.

===Difficult===
Does the object in the following image have a net force of zero? Does it have a constant velocity?

This final example tests your knowledge and understanding of Newton's First Law. We're able to see that the box will accelerate in the -x direction because the net force in the x direction is 5 newtons to the left. However, the box itself has a velocity of 5m/s upwards, which would indeed stay constant. This is because forces (and motion) in perpendicular directions are of each other.

==Connectedness==

Newton's laws of motion tie into almost everything that we see or do. The first law, in particular, explains why we suddenly lurch forward when a car suddenly stops (our bodies are in a state of motion and thus resist the sudden stop), why it's much harder to stop when ice skating than walking (there's less friction, thus less net force to decelerate), and much, much, more. The importance of Newton's first law (and by extension, the other laws of motion) is not readily apparent, but serves as a basis to explain much of our daily interactions with our surroundings.

It can also apply to things outside of our daily interactions - space, for example. Newton's first law describes why an astronaut in space will continuously float in a direction forever if they are not pulled in by an asteroid or a planet's gravitational force. There is a lack of a net force opposing the astronaut's motion (due to the fact that there is no air in space) which results in the astronaut having a constant velocity. Floating off into space is probably an astronaut's worst nightmare, a scenario that a recent movie, ''Gravity'', explored. The entire premise of the movie (Sandra Bullock becomes untethered from her space station) relies on Newton's first law of motion.
==History==

While Galileo is the one credited with the idea of inertia motion, it was René Descartes, a French philosopher, who would expand upon Galileo's ideas. Descartes went on to propose three fundamental laws of nature in his book, ''Principles of Philosophy'', the first of which stated that "each thing, as far as is in its power, always remains in the same state; and that consequently, when it is once moved, it always continues to move." Thus, while the concept of inertia is often referred to as Newton's First Law, it was first described by Galileo and then perfected by Descartes decades before Newton published his findings.

As for Newton, he first described his three laws of motion in ''The Mathematical Principle of Natural Philosophy'', for the Principia, which was published in 1687. These laws described the relationship between an object and the forces acting upon it and laid the foundation for classical mechanics. While Newton's first law came from the work of Descartes and Galileo, his other laws are the work of himself.

==The Main Idea==
To be exact, the definition of the First Law of Motion is as follows:
The electric field is a region around a charged particle or object within which a force would be exerted on other charged particles or objects.
In other (and much simpler) terms, it means that an object at rest stays at rest and an object in in motion stays in motion at a constant velocity unless acted on by an unbalanced net force. It's important to keep in mind that only a difference in affect the velocity of an object. The amount of change in velocity is determined by
===A Mathematical Model===

Newton's first law can be stated mathematically as follows:

<math>{\vec{F_{net}} = 0 \Leftrightarrow \frac{d\vec{v}}{dt}} = 0</math>

Where...

<math>\vec{F_{net}}</math> is the net force from the surroundings.

<math>d\vec{v}</math> is the change in velocity of the system.

<math>dt</math> is the change in time of the system

If we trace this formula from the left to the right, we can see that if the net force on an object is zero, then the change in velocity of an object is also zero. Conversely, if we were given an object and told that its change in momentum is zero, then we can deduce that the net force acting on the object is also zero. Keep in mind, however, that this formula simple deals with the '''change''' in velocity. It does '''not''' mean that the object is at rest, only that its velocity remains constant.

==Examples==

The following examples are to test your basic understanding of Newton's First Law. For more examples that test your knowledge of all three of the laws, click .

===Simple===
Does the object in the following image have a net force of zero? Does it have a constant velocity?

It's easy to see that the only force on the object is acting in the +x direction, with a magnitude of 5 newtons. Therefore, the object does not have a net force of zero or a constant velocity. It will be accelerating in the +x direction.

===Middling===
Does the object in the following image have a net force of zero? Does it have a constant velocity?

This example is slightly more difficult, but is still quite trivial. If we sum the forces in the x direction, we see that the net force is 2 newtons in the -x direction. Therefore, the object does not have a constant velocity, and will be accelerating in the -x direction.

===Difficult===
Does the object in the following image have a net force of zero? Does it have a constant velocity?

This final example tests your knowledge and understanding of Newton's First Law. We're able to see that the box will accelerate in the -x direction because the net force in the x direction is 5 newtons to the left. However, the box itself has a velocity of 5m/s upwards, which would indeed stay constant. This is because forces (and motion) in perpendicular directions are of each other.

==Connectedness==

Newton's laws of motion tie into almost everything that we see or do. The first law, in particular, explains why we suddenly lurch forward when a car suddenly stops (our bodies are in a state of motion and thus resist the sudden stop), why it's much harder to stop when ice skating than walking (there's less friction, thus less net force to decelerate), and much, much, more. The importance of Newton's first law (and by extension, the other laws of motion) is not readily apparent, but serves as a basis to explain much of our daily interactions with our surroundings.

It can also apply to things outside of our daily interactions - space, for example. Newton's first law describes why an astronaut in space will continuously float in a direction forever if they are not pulled in by an asteroid or a planet's gravitational force. There is a lack of a net force opposing the astronaut's motion (due to the fact that there is no air in space) which results in the astronaut having a constant velocity. Floating off into space is probably an astronaut's worst nightmare, a scenario that a recent movie, ''Gravity'', explored. The entire premise of the movie (Sandra Bullock becomes untethered from her space station) relies on Newton's first law of motion.
==History==

While Galileo is the one credited with the idea of inertia motion, it was René Descartes, a French philosopher, who would expand upon Galileo's ideas. Descartes went on to propose three fundamental laws of nature in his book, ''Principles of Philosophy'', the first of which stated that "each thing, as far as is in its power, always remains in the same state; and that consequently, when it is once moved, it always continues to move." Thus, while the concept of inertia is often referred to as Newton's First Law, it was first described by Galileo and then perfected by Descartes decades before Newton published his findings.

As for Newton, he first described his three laws of motion in ''The Mathematical Principle of Natural Philosophy'', for the Principia, which was published in 1687. These laws described the relationship between an object and the forces acting upon it and laid the foundation for classical mechanics. While Newton's first law came from the work of Descartes and Galileo, his other laws are the work of himself.

==The Main Idea==
To be exact, the definition of the First Law of Motion is as follows:
Every body persists in its state of rest or of moving with constant speed in a constant direction, except to the extent that it is compelled to change that state by forces acting on it.
In other (and much simpler) terms, it means that an object at rest stays at rest and an object in in motion stays in motion at a constant velocity unless acted on by an unbalanced net force. It's important to keep in mind that only a difference in [http://www.physicsclassroom.com/class/newtlaws/Lesson-2/Determining-the-Net-Force net force] can affect the velocity of an object. The amount of change in velocity is determined by [http://www.physicsclassroom.com/class/newtlaws/Lesson-3/Newton-s-Second-Law Newton's Second Law of Motion].

===A Mathematical Model===

Newton's first law can be stated mathematically as follows:

<math>{\vec{F_{net}} = 0 \Leftrightarrow \frac{d\vec{v}}{dt}} = 0</math>

Where...

<math>\vec{F_{net}}</math> is the net force from the surroundings.

<math>d\vec{v}</math> is the change in velocity of the system.

<math>dt</math> is the change in time of the system

If we trace this formula from the left to the right, we can see that if the net force on an object is zero, then the change in velocity of an object is also zero. Conversely, if we were given an object and told that its change in momentum is zero, then we can deduce that the net force acting on the object is also zero. Keep in mind, however, that this formula simple deals with the '''change''' in velocity. It does '''not''' mean that the object is at rest, only that its velocity remains constant.

==Examples==

The following examples are to test your basic understanding of Newton's First Law. For more examples that test your knowledge of all three of the laws, click [http://www.physicsclassroom.com/calcpad/newtlaws/problems here].

===Simple===
Does the object in the following image have a net force of zero? Does it have a constant velocity?

[[File:Newtonfirstlawsimple.png|400px]]

It's easy to see that the only force on the object is acting in the +x direction, with a magnitude of 5 newtons. Therefore, the object does not have a net force of zero or a constant velocity. It will be accelerating in the +x direction.

===Middling===
Does the object in the following image have a net force of zero? Does it have a constant velocity?

[[File:Newtonfirstlawmedium.png|400px]]

This example is slightly more difficult, but is still quite trivial. If we sum the forces in the x direction, we see that the net force is 2 newtons in the -x direction. Therefore, the object does not have a constant velocity, and will be accelerating in the -x direction.

===Difficult===
Does the object in the following image have a net force of zero? Does it have a constant velocity?

[[File:Newtonsfirstlawhard.png|400px]]

This final example tests your knowledge and understanding of Newton's First Law. We're able to see that the box will accelerate in the -x direction because the net force in the x direction is 5 newtons to the left. However, the box itself has a velocity of 5m/s upwards, which would indeed stay constant. This is because forces (and motion) in perpendicular directions are [http://www.physicsclassroom.com/class/vectors/Lesson-1/Independence-of-Perpendicular-Components-of-Motion independent] of each other.

==Connectedness==

[[File:Tablecloth.gif|left|300px|thumb|The "magic trick" of ripping off a table cloth without the plates on top moving is an example of Newton's First Law. The tableware is in a state of rest, and thus want to remain in such a state.]]

Newton's laws of motion tie into almost everything that we see or do. The first law, in particular, explains why we suddenly lurch forward when a car suddenly stops (our bodies are in a state of motion and thus resist the sudden stop), why it's much harder to stop when ice skating than walking (there's less friction, thus less net force to decelerate), and much, much, more. The importance of Newton's first law (and by extension, the other laws of motion) is not readily apparent, but serves as a basis to explain much of our daily interactions with our surroundings.

It can also apply to things outside of our daily interactions - space, for example. Newton's first law describes why an astronaut in space will continuously float in a direction forever if they are not pulled in by an asteroid or a planet's gravitational force. There is a lack of a net force opposing the astronaut's motion (due to the fact that there is no air in space) which results in the astronaut having a constant velocity. Floating off into space is probably an astronaut's worst nightmare, a scenario that a recent movie, ''Gravity'', explored. The entire premise of the movie (Sandra Bullock becomes untethered from her space station) relies on Newton's first law of motion.
==History==

While Galileo is the one credited with the idea of inertia motion, it was René Descartes, a French philosopher, who would expand upon Galileo's ideas. Descartes went on to propose three fundamental laws of nature in his book, ''Principles of Philosophy'', the first of which stated that "each thing, as far as is in its power, always remains in the same state; and that consequently, when it is once moved, it always continues to move." Thus, while the concept of inertia is often referred to as Newton's First Law, it was first described by Galileo and then perfected by Descartes decades before Newton published his findings.

As for Newton, he first described his three laws of motion in ''The Mathematical Principle of Natural Philosophy'', for the Principia, which was published in 1687. These laws described the relationship between an object and the forces acting upon it and laid the foundation for classical mechanics. While Newton's first law came from the work of Descartes and Galileo, his other laws are the work of himself.

==Electric Field==
The electric field created by a charge is present throughout space at all times, whether or not there is another charge around to feel its effects. The electric field created by a charge penetrates through matter. The field permeates the neighboring space, biding its time until it can affect anything brought into its space of interaction.
*[[Vectors]]
*[[Right-Hand Rule]]
*[[Right Hand Rule]]
</div>
</div>

<div class="toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">

====Electric force====
<div class="mw-collapsible-content">

*[[Electric Force]] Claimed by Amarachi Eze
*[[Lorentz Force]]
</div>
</div>

<div class="toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">

====Electric field of a point particle====

<div class="mw-collapsible-content">
*[[Point Charge]]
</div>
</div>

<div class="toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">

'''Bold text'''====Superposition====
<div class="mw-collapsible-content">
*[[Superposition Principle]]
*[[Superposition principle]]
</div>
</div>

<div class="toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">

====Dipoles====
<div class="mw-collapsible-content">
*[[Electric Dipole]]
*[[Magnetic Dipole]]
</div>
</div>

===Week 2===
<div class="toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">
====Interactions of charged objects====
<div class="mw-collapsible-content">
*[[Electric Field]]
*[[Electric Potential]]
*[[Electric Force]]
*[[Lorentz Force]]
</div>
</div>

<div class="toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">
====Tape experiments====
<div class="mw-collapsible-content">
*[[Polarization]]
*[[Electric Polarization]]
</div>
</div>

<div class="toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">
====Polarization====
<div class="mw-collapsible-content">
*[[Polarization]]
*[[Electric Polarization]]
*[[Polarization of an Atom]]
</div>
</div>

===Week 3===
<div class="toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">
====Insulators====
<div class="mw-collapsible-content">
*[[Insulators]]
*[[Potential Difference in an Insulator]]
*[[Charged Conductor and Charged Insulator]]
*[[Charged conductor and charged insulator]]
</div>
</div>

<div class="toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">
====Conductors====
<div class="mw-collapsible-content">
*[[Conductivity]]
*[[Charge Transfer]]
*[[Resistivity]]
*[[Polarization of a conductor]]
*[[Charged Conductor and Charged Insulator]]
*[[Charged conductor and charged insulator]]
</div>
</div>

<div class="toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">
====Charging and discharging====
<div class="mw-collapsible-content">
*[[Charge Transfer]]
*[[Electrostatic Discharge]]
*[[Charged Conductor and Charged Insulator]]
*[[Charged conductor and charged insulator]]
</div>
</div>

===Week 4===
<div class="toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">
====Field of a charged rod====
<div class="mw-collapsible-content">
*[[Charged Rod]]
</div>
</div>

<div class="toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">

====Field of a charged ring/disk/capacitor====
<div class="mw-collapsible-content">
*[[Charged Ring]]
*[[Charged Disk]]
*[[Charged Capacitor]]
</div>
</div>

<div class="toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">

====Field of a charged sphere====
<div class="mw-collapsible-content">
*[[Charged Spherical Shell]]
*[[Field of a Charged Ball]]
</div>
</div>

===Week 5===
<div class="toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">
====Potential energy====
<div class="mw-collapsible-content">
*[[Potential Energy]]
</div>
</div>

<div class="toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">
====Electric potential====
<div class="mw-collapsible-content">
*[[Electric Potential]]
*[[Path Independence of Electric Potential]]
*[[Potential Difference Path Independence, claimed by Aditya Mohile]]
*[[Potential Difference in a Uniform Field]]
*[[Potential Difference of Point Charge in a Non-Uniform Field]]
</div>
</div>
<div class="toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">

====Sign of Potential Difference====
<div class="mw-collapsible-content">
*[[Overview of Electric Potential]]
*[[Determining the Sign of Potential Difference]]
*[[Understanding the Sign of Potential Difference]]
*[[Potential Difference in a Uniform Field]]
*[[Potential Difference of Point Charge in a Non-Uniform Field]]
</div>
</div>
<div class="toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">

====Potential at a single location====
<div class="mw-collapsible-content">
*[[Electric Potential]]
*[[Potential Difference at One Location]]
</div>
</div>

<div class="toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">

====Path independence and round trip potential====
<div class="mw-collapsible-content">
*[[Path Independence of Electric Potential]]
*[[Potential Difference Path Independence, claimed by Aditya Mohile]]
</div>
</div>

===Week 6===
<div class="toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">
====Electric field and potential in an insulator====
<div class="mw-collapsible-content">
*[[Potential Difference in an Insulator]]
*[[Electric Field in an Insulator]]
</div>
</div>
<div class="toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">

====Moving charges in a magnetic field====
<div class="mw-collapsible-content">
*[[Magnetic Field]]
*[[Magnetic Force]]
*[[Lorentz Force]]
</div>
</div>
<div class="toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">

====Biot-Savart Law====
<div class="mw-collapsible-content">
*[[Biot-Savart Law]]
*[[Biot-Savart Law for Currents]]
</div>
</div>
<div class="toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">

====Moving charges, electron current, and conventional current====
<div class="mw-collapsible-content">
*[[Moving Point Charge]]
*[[Current]]
</div>
</div>

===Week 7=== Claimed by Diem Tran
<div class="toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">
====Magnetic field of a wire====
<div class="mw-collapsible-content">
*[[Magnetic Field of a Long Straight Wire]]
</div>
</div>

<div class="toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">
====Magnetic field of a current-carrying loop====
<div class="mw-collapsible-content">
*[[Magnetic Field of a Loop]]
</div>
</div>

<div class="toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">
====Magnetic dipoles====
<div class="mw-collapsible-content">
*[[Magnetic Dipole Moment]]
*[[Bar Magnet]]
</div>
</div>

<div class="toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">
====Atomic structure of magnets====
<div class="mw-collapsible-content">
*[[Atomic Structure of Magnets]]
</div>
</div>

===Week 8===
<div class="toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">
====Steady state current====
<div class="mw-collapsible-content">
*[[Steady State]]
*[[Non Steady State]]
</div>
</div>

<div class="toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">
====Node rule====
<div class="mw-collapsible-content">
*[[Node Rule]]
</div>
</div>

<div class="toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">
====Electric fields and energy in circuits====
<div class="mw-collapsible-content">
*[[Series circuit]] claimed by Hannah Jang
*[[Node Rule]]
*[[Loop Rule]]
*[[Electric Potential Difference]]
</div>
</div>

<div class="toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">

====Macroscopic analysis of circuits====
<div class="mw-collapsible-content">
*[[Series Circuits]]
*[[Parallel CIrcuits]]
*[[Parallel Circuits vs. Series Circuits*]]
*[[Loop Rule]]
*[[Node Rule]]
*[[Resistors*]]
</div>
</div>

===Week 9===
<div class="toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">
====Electric field and potential in circuits with capacitors====
<div class="mw-collapsible-content">
*[[Charging and Discharging a Capacitor]]
*[[RC Circuit]]
*[[R Circuit]]
*[[AC and DC]]

</div>
</div>

<div class="toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">

====Magnetic forces on charges and currents====
<div class="mw-collapsible-content">
*[[Magnetic Force]]
*[[Lorentz Force]]
*[[Applying Magnetic Force to Currents]]
*[[Magnetic Force in a Moving Reference Frame]]
*[[Right-Hand Rule]]
*[[Analysis of Railgun vs Coil gun technologies]]
</div>
</div>

<div class="toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">
====Electric and magnetic forces====
<div class="mw-collapsible-content">
*[[Electric Force]]
*[[Magnetic Force]]
*[[Lorentz Force]]
*[[VPython Modelling of Electric and Magnetic Forces]]
</div>
</div>

<div class="toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">
====Velocity selector====
<div class="mw-collapsible-content">
*[[Lorentz Force]]
*[[Combining Electric and Magnetic Forces]]
</div>
</div>

===Week 10===

====Student Content====

<div class=“toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed”>
==== Hall Effect ====
<div class="mw-collapsible-content">
*[[Hall Effect]]
*[[Motional Emf]]
*[[Magnetic Force]]
*[[Magnetic Torque]]

</div>
</div>

==Physics 3==

===Week 1===
<div class="toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">
====Classical Physics====
<div class="mw-collapsible-content">
</div>
</div>

===Week 2===
<div class="toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">
====Special Relativity====
<div class="mw-collapsible-content">
*[[Frame of Reference]]
*[[Einstein's Theory of Special Relativity]]
*[[Time Dilation]]
*[[Einstein's Theory of General Relativity]]
*[[Albert A. Micheleson & Edward W. Morley]]
*[[Magnetic Force in a Moving Reference Frame]]
</div>
</div>

===Week 3===
<div class="toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">
====Photons====
<div class="mw-collapsible-content">
*[[Spontaneous Photon Emission]]
*[[Light Scattering: Why is the Sky Blue]]
*[[Lasers]]
*[[Electronic Energy Levels and Photons]]
*[[Quantum Properties of Light]]
</div>
</div>

===Week 4===
<div class="toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">
====Matter Waves====
<div class="mw-collapsible-content">
*[[Wave-Particle Duality]]
</div>
</div>

===Week 5===
<div class="toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">
====Wave Mechanics====
<div class="mw-collapsible-content">
*[[Standing Waves]]
*[[Wavelength]]
*[[Wavelength and Frequency]]
*[[Mechanical Waves]]
*[[Transverse and Longitudinal Waves]]
</div>
</div>

===Week 6===
<div class="toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">
====Rutherford-Bohr Model====
<div class="mw-collapsible-content">
*[[Rutherford Experiment and Atomic Collisions]]
*[[Bohr Model]]
*[[Quantized energy levels]]
*[[Energy graphs and the Bohr model]]
</div>
</div>

===Week 7===
<div class="toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">
====The Hydrogen Atom====
<div class="mw-collapsible-content">
*[[Quantum Theory]]
*[[Atomic Theory]]
</div>
</div>

===Week 8===
<div class="toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">
====Many-Electron Atoms====
<div class="mw-collapsible-content">
*[[Quantum Theory]]
*[[Atomic Theory]]
*[[Pauli exclusion principle]]
</div>
</div>

===Week 9===
<div class="toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">
====Molecules====
<div class="mw-collapsible-content">
</div>
</div>

===Week 10===
<div class="toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">
====Statistical Physics====
<div class="mw-collapsible-content">
</div>
</div>

===Week 11===
<div class="toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">
====Condensed Matter Physics====
<div class="mw-collapsible-content">
</div>
</div>

===Week 12===
<div class="toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">
====The Nucleus====
<div class="mw-collapsible-content">
</div>
</div>

===Week 13===
<div class="toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">
====Nuclear Physics====
<div class="mw-collapsible-content">
*[[Nuclear Fission]]
*[[Nuclear Energy from Fission and Fusion]]
</div>
</div>

===Week 14===
<div class="toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">
====Particle Physics====
<div class="mw-collapsible-content">
*[[Elementary Particles and Particle Physics Theory]]
*[[String Theory]]
</div>
</div>

Main Page

2016-04-17T06:01:30Z

Tquill: /* Overview */

__NOTOC__
Welcome to the Georgia Tech Wiki for Introductory Physics. This resource was created so that students can contribute and curate content to help those with limited or no access to a textbook. When reading this website, please correct any errors you may come across. If you read something that isn't clear, please consider revising it for future students!

Looking to make a contribution?
#Pick one of the topics from intro physics listed below
#Add content to that topic or improve the quality of what is already there.
#Need to make a new topic? Edit this page and add it to the list under the appropriate category. Then copy and paste the default [[Template]] into your new page and start editing.

Please remember that this is not a textbook and you are not limited to expressing your ideas with only text and equations. Whenever possible embed: pictures, videos, diagrams, simulations, computational models (e.g. Glowscript), and whatever content you think makes learning physics easier for other students.

== Source Material ==
All of the content added to this resource must be in the public domain or similar free resource. If you are unsure about a source, contact the original author for permission. That said, there is a surprisingly large amount of introductory physics content scattered across the web. Here is an incomplete list of intro physics resources (please update as needed).
* A physics resource written by experts for an expert audience [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:Physics Physics Portal]
* A wiki written for students by a physics expert [http://p3server.pa.msu.edu/coursewiki/doku.php?id=183_notes MSU Physics Wiki]
* A wiki book on modern physics [https://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Modern_Physics Modern Physics Wiki]
* The MIT open courseware for intro physics [http://ocw.mit.edu/resources/res-8-002-a-wikitextbook-for-introductory-mechanics-fall-2009/index.htm MITOCW Wiki]
* An online concept map of intro physics [http://hyperphysics.phy-astr.gsu.edu/hbase/hph.html HyperPhysics]
* Interactive physics simulations [https://phet.colorado.edu/en/simulations/category/physics PhET]
* OpenStax algebra based intro physics textbook [https://openstaxcollege.org/textbooks/college-physics College Physics]
* The Open Source Physics project is a collection of online physics resources [http://www.opensourcephysics.org/ OSP]
* A resource guide compiled by the [http://www.aapt.org/ AAPT] for educators [http://www.compadre.org/ ComPADRE]

== Organizing Categories ==
These are the broad, overarching categories, that we cover in three semester of introductory physics. You can add subcategories as needed but a single topic should direct readers to a page in one of these categories.

== Resources ==
* Commonly used wiki commands [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:Cheatsheet Wiki Cheatsheet]
* A guide to representing equations in math mode [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:Displaying_a_formula Wiki Math Mode]
* A page to keep track of all the physics [[Constants]]
* A page for review of [[Vectors]] and vector operations
* A listing of [[Notable Scientist]] with links to their individual pages

<div style="float:left; width:30%; padding:1%;">
==Physics 1==
===Week 1===

====Student Content====
<div class=“toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed”>
=====Help with VPython=====
<div class=“mw-collapsible-content”>
*[[VPython]]
*[[VPython basics]]
*[[VPython Common Errors and Troubleshooting]]
*[[VPython Functions]]
*[[VPython Lists]]
*[[VPython Loops]]
*[[VPython Multithreading]]
*[[VPython Animation]]
*[[VPython Objects]]
*[[VPython 3D Objects]]
*[[VPython Reference]]
*[[VPython MapReduceFilter]]
*[[VPython GUIs]]
</div>
</div>

<div class=“toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed”>
=====Vectors and Units=====
<div class=“mw-collapsible-content”>
*[[Vectors]]
*[[SI units]]
</div>
</div>

<div class=“toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed”>

=====Interactions=====
<div class=“mw-collapsible-content”>
</div>
</div>
*[[Types of Interactions and How to Detect Them]]

<div class=“toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed”>

=====Velocity and Momentum=====
<div class=“mw-collapsible-content”>
*[[Newton’s First Law of Motion]]
*[[Velocity]]
*[[Mass]]
*[[Speed and Velocity]]
*[[Relative Velocity]]
*[[Derivation of Average Velocity]]
*[[2-Dimensional Motion]]
*[[3-Dimensional Position and Motion]]
</div>
</div>

====Expert Content====
<div class=“toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed”>

* [http://p3server.pa.msu.edu/coursewiki/doku.php?id=183_notes:vpython_resources Software for Projects]

</div>

===Week 2===
====Student Content====
<div class=“toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed”>
=====Momentum and the Momentum Principle=====
<div class=“mw-collapsible-content”>
*[[Momentum Principle]]
*[[Inertia]]
*[[Net Force]]
*[[Derivation of the Momentum Principle]]
*[[Impulse Momentum]]
*[[Acceleration]]
*[[Momentum with respect to external Forces]]
</div>
</div>

<div class=“toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed”>
=====Iterative Prediction with a Constant Force=====
<div class=“mw-collapsible-content”>
*[[Newton’s Second Law of Motion]]
*[[Iterative Prediction]]
*[[Kinematics]]
*[[Newton’s Laws and Linear Momentum]]
*[[Projectile Motion]]
</div>
</div>

====Expert Content====
<div class=“toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed”>

* [http://p3server.pa.msu.edu/coursewiki/doku.php?id=183_notes:scalars_and_vectors Scalars and Vectors]
* [http://p3server.pa.msu.edu/coursewiki/doku.php?id=183_notes:displacement_and_velocity Displacement and Velocity]
* [http://p3server.pa.msu.edu/coursewiki/doku.php?id=183_notes:modeling_with_vpython Modeling Motion with VPython]
* [http://p3server.pa.msu.edu/coursewiki/doku.php?id=183_notes:relative_motion Relative Motion]
* [http://p3server.pa.msu.edu/coursewiki/doku.php?id=183_notes:graphing_motion Graphing Motion]
* [http://p3server.pa.msu.edu/coursewiki/doku.php?id=183_notes:momentum Momentum]
* [http://p3server.pa.msu.edu/coursewiki/doku.php?id=183_notes:momentum_principle The Momentum Principle]
* [http://p3server.pa.msu.edu/coursewiki/doku.php?id=183_notes:acceleration Acceleration & The Change in Momentum]
* [http://p3server.pa.msu.edu/coursewiki/doku.php?id=183_notes:motionPredict Applying the Momentum Principle]
* [http://p3server.pa.msu.edu/coursewiki/doku.php?id=183_notes:constantF Constant Force Motion]
* [http://p3server.pa.msu.edu/coursewiki/doku.php?id=183_notes:iterativePredict Iterative Prediction of Motion]
* [http://p3server.pa.msu.edu/coursewiki/doku.php?id=183_notes:mp_multi The Momentum Principle in Multi-particle Systems]
* [http://p3server.pa.msu.edu/coursewiki/doku.php?id=183_notes:angular_motivation Why Angular Momentum?]
* [http://p3server.pa.msu.edu/coursewiki/doku.php?id=183_notes:ang_momentum Angular Momentum]
* [http://p3server.pa.msu.edu/coursewiki/doku.php?id=183_notes:L_principle Net Torque & The Angular Momentum Principle]
* [http://p3server.pa.msu.edu/coursewiki/doku.php?id=183_notes:L_conservation Angular Momentum Conservation]

</div>

===Week 3===
====Student Content====
<div class=“toccolours \
mw-collapsible mw-collapsed”>
=====Analytic Prediction with a Constant Force=====
<div \
class=“mw-collapsible-content”>
*[[Analytical Prediction]]
</div>
</div>

<div class=“toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed”>
=====Iterative Prediction with a Varying Force=====
<div \
class=“mw-collapsible-content”>
*[[Predicting Change in multiple dimensions]]
*[[Spring Force]]
*[[Hooke’s Law]]
*[[Simple Harmonic Motion]]
*[[Iterative Prediction of Spring-Mass System]]
*[[Terminal Speed]]
*[[Determinism]]
</div>
</div>

====Expert Content====
<div class=“toccolours mw-collapsible \
mw-collapsed”>

* [http://p3server.pa.msu.edu/coursewiki/doku.php?id=183_notes:drag Drag]
* [http://p3server.pa.msu.edu/coursewiki/doku.php?id=183_notes:gravitation Non-constant Force: Newtonian Gravitation]
* [http://p3server.pa.msu.edu/coursewiki/doku.php?id=183_notes:ucm Uniform Circular Motion]
* [http://p3server.pa.msu.edu/coursewiki/doku.php?id=183_notes:impulseGraphs Impulse Graphs]
* [http://p3server.pa.msu.edu/coursewiki/doku.php?id=183_notes:springMotion Non-constant Force: Springs & Spring-like Interactions]
* [http://p3server.pa.msu.edu/coursewiki/doku.php?id=183_notes:friction Contact Interactions: The Normal Force & Friction]

</div>

===Week 4===
====Student Content====
<div class=“toccolours \
mw-collapsible mw-collapsed”>
=====Fundamental Interactions=====
<div class=“mw-collapsible-content”>
*[[Gravitational Force]]
*[[Electric Force]]
*[[Reciprocity]]
</div>
</div>

====Expert Content====
<div class=“toccolours mw-collapsible \
mw-collapsed”>

* [http://p3server.pa.msu.edu/coursewiki/doku.php?id=183_notes:gravitation Non-constant Force: Newtonian Gravitation]

</div>

===Week 5===
====Student Content====
<div class=“toccolours \
mw-collapsible mw-collapsed”>
=====Conservation of Momentum=====
<div class=“mw-collapsible-content”>
*[[Conservation of Momentum]]
</div>
</div>
<div class=“toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed”>

=====Properties of Matter=====
<div class=“mw-collapsible-content”>
*[[Kinds of Matter]]
**[[Ball and Spring Model of Matter]]
*[[Density]]
*[[Length and Stiffness of an Interatomic Bond]]
*[[Young’s Modulus]]
*[[Speed of Sound in Solids]]
*[[Malleability]]
*[[Ductility]]
*[[Weight]]
*[[Hardness]]
*[[Boiling Point]]
*[[Melting Point]]
</div>
</div>

====Expert Content====
<div class=“toccolours mw-collapsible \
mw-collapsed”>

* [http://p3server.pa.msu.edu/coursewiki/doku.php?id=183_notes:model_of_a_wire Modeling a Solid Wire: springs in series and parallel]

</div>

===Week 6===
====Student Content====
<div class=“toccolours \
mw-collapsible mw-collapsed”>
=====Identifying Forces=====
<div class=“mw-collapsible-content”>
*[[Free Body Diagram]]
*[[Compression or Normal Force]]
*[[Tension]]
</div>
</div>
<div class=“toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed”>
=====Curving Motion=====
<div class=“mw-collapsible-content”>
*[[Curving Motion]]
*[[Centripetal Force and Curving Motion]]
*[[Perpetual Freefall (Orbit)]]
</div>
</div>

====Expert Content====
<div class=“toccolours mw-collapsible \
mw-collapsed”>

* [http://p3server.pa.msu.edu/coursewiki/doku.php?id=183_notes:gravitation Non-constant Force: Newtonian Gravitation]
* [http://p3server.pa.msu.edu/coursewiki/doku.php?id=183_notes:grav_accel Gravitational Acceleration]
* [http://p3server.pa.msu.edu/coursewiki/doku.php?id=183_notes:ucm Uniform Circular Motion]
* [http://p3server.pa.msu.edu/coursewiki/doku.php?id=183_notes:freebodydiagrams Free Body Diagrams]
* [http://p3server.pa.msu.edu/coursewiki/doku.php?id=183_notes:curving_motion Curved Motion]

</div>

===Week 7===
====Student Content====
<div class=“toccolours \
mw-collapsible mw-collapsed”>
=====Energy Principle=====
<div class=“mw-collapsible-content”>
*[[The Energy Principle]]
*[[Conservation of Energy]]
*[[Kinetic Energy]]
*[[Work]]
*[[Power (Mechanical)]]
</div>
</div>

====Expert Content====
<div class=“toccolours mw-collapsible \
mw-collapsed”>

* [http://p3server.pa.msu.edu/coursewiki/doku.php?id=183_notes:define_energy What is Energy?]
* [http://p3server.pa.msu.edu/coursewiki/doku.php?id=183_notes:point_particle The Simplest System: A Single Particle]
* [http://p3server.pa.msu.edu/coursewiki/doku.php?id=183_notes:work Work: Mechanical Energy Transfer]
* [http://p3server.pa.msu.edu/coursewiki/doku.php?id=183_notes:energy_cons Conservation of Energy]
* [http://p3server.pa.msu.edu/coursewiki/doku.php?id=183_notes:potential_energy Potential Energy]
* [http://p3server.pa.msu.edu/coursewiki/doku.php?id=183_notes:grav_and_spring_PE (Near Earth) Gravitational and Spring Potential Energy]
* [http://p3server.pa.msu.edu/coursewiki/doku.php?id=183_notes:force_and_PE Force and Potential Energy]
* [http://p3server.pa.msu.edu/coursewiki/doku.php?id=183_notes:newton_grav_pe Newtonian Gravitational Potential Energy]
* [http://p3server.pa.msu.edu/coursewiki/doku.php?id=183_notes:spring_PE Spring Potential Energy]

</div>

===Week 8===
====Student Content====
<div class=“toccolours \
mw-collapsible mw-collapsed”>
=====Work by Non-Constant Forces=====
<div \
class=“mw-collapsible-content”>
*[[Work Done By A Nonconstant Force]]
</div>
</div>
<div class=“toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed”>
=====Potential Energy=====
<div class=“mw-collapsible-content”>
*[[Potential Energy]]
*[[Potential Energy of Macroscopic Springs]]
*[[Spring Potential Energy]]
**[[Ball and Spring Model]]
*[[Gravitational Potential Energy]]
*[[Energy Graphs]]
*[[Escape Velocity]]
</div>
</div>

====Expert Content====
<div class=“toccolours mw-collapsible \
mw-collapsed”>

* [http://p3server.pa.msu.edu/coursewiki/doku.php?id=183_notes:work_by_nc_forces Work Done by Non-Constant Forces]
* [http://p3server.pa.msu.edu/coursewiki/doku.php?id=183_notes:potential_energy Potential Energy]
* [http://p3server.pa.msu.edu/coursewiki/doku.php?id=183_notes:grav_and_spring_PE (Near Earth) Gravitational and Spring Potential Energy]
* [http://p3server.pa.msu.edu/coursewiki/doku.php?id=183_notes:rest_mass Changes of Rest Mass Energy]
* [http://p3server.pa.msu.edu/coursewiki/doku.php?id=183_notes:force_and_PE Force and Potential Energy]
* [http://p3server.pa.msu.edu/coursewiki/doku.php?id=183_notes:newton_grav_pe Newtonian Gravitational Potential Energy]
* [http://p3server.pa.msu.edu/coursewiki/doku.php?id=183_notes:grav_pe_graphs Graphing Energy for Gravitationally Interacting Systems]
* [http://p3server.pa.msu.edu/coursewiki/doku.php?id=183_notes:spring_PE Spring Potential Energy]
* [http://p3server.pa.msu.edu/coursewiki/doku.php?id=183_notes:power Power: The Rate of Energy Change]
* [http://p3server.pa.msu.edu/coursewiki/doku.php?id=183_notes:energy_dissipation Dissipation of Energy]

</div>

===Week 9===
====Student Content====
<div class=“toccolours \
mw-collapsible mw-collapsed”>
=====Multiparticle Systems=====
<div class=“mw-collapsible-content”>
*[[Center of Mass]]
*[[Multi-particle analysis of Momentum]]
*[[Momentum with respect to external Forces]]
*[[Potential Energy of a Multiparticle System]]
*[[Work and Energy for an Extended System]]
*[[Internal Energy]]
**[[Potential Energy of a Pair of Neutral Atoms]]
</div>
</div>

====Expert Content====
<div class=“toccolours mw-collapsible \
mw-collapsed”>

* [http://p3server.pa.msu.edu/coursewiki/doku.php?id=183_notes:mp_multi The Momentum Principle in Multi-particle Systems]
* [http://p3server.pa.msu.edu/coursewiki/doku.php?id=183_notes:center_of_mass Center of Mass Motion]
* [http://p3server.pa.msu.edu/coursewiki/doku.php?id=183_notes:center_of_mass Center of Mass Motion]
* [http://p3server.pa.msu.edu/coursewiki/doku.php?id=183_notes:energy_sep Separating Energy in Multi-Particle Systems]

</div>

===Week 10===
====Student Content====
<div class=“toccolours \
mw-collapsible mw-collapsed”>
=====Choice of System=====
<div class=“mw-collapsible-content”>
*[[System & Surroundings]]
</div>
</div>
<div class=“toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed”>
=====Thermal Energy, Dissipation and Transfer of Energy=====
<div \
class=“mw-collapsible-content”>
*[[Thermal Energy]]
*[[Specific Heat]]
*[[Heat Capacity]]
*[[Specific Heat Capacity]]
*[[First Law of Thermodynamics]]
*[[Second Law of Thermodynamics and Entropy]]
*[[Temperature]]
*[[Predicting Change]]
*[[Energy Transfer due to a Temperature Difference]]
*[[Transformation of Energy]]
*[[The Maxwell-Boltzmann Distribution]]
*[[Air Resistance]]
</div>
</div>
<div class=“toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed”>
=====Rotational and Vibrational Energy=====
<div \
class=“mw-collapsible-content”>
*[[Translational, Rotational and Vibrational Energy]]
</div>
</div>

====Expert Content====
<div class=“toccolours mw-collapsible \
mw-collapsed”>

* [http://p3server.pa.msu.edu/coursewiki/doku.php?id=183_notes:grav_and_spring_PE (Near Earth) Gravitational and Spring Potential Energy]
* [http://p3server.pa.msu.edu/coursewiki/doku.php?id=183_notes:rest_mass Changes of Rest Mass Energy]
* [http://p3server.pa.msu.edu/coursewiki/doku.php?id=183_notes:newton_grav_pe Newtonian Gravitational Potential Energy]
* [http://p3server.pa.msu.edu/coursewiki/doku.php?id=183_notes:grav_pe_graphs Graphing Energy for Gravitationally Interacting Systems]
* [http://p3server.pa.msu.edu/coursewiki/doku.php?id=183_notes:escape_speed Escape Speed]
* [http://p3server.pa.msu.edu/coursewiki/doku.php?id=183_notes:spring_PE Spring Potential Energy]
* [http://p3server.pa.msu.edu/coursewiki/doku.php?id=183_notes:internal_energy Internal Energy]
* [http://p3server.pa.msu.edu/coursewiki/doku.php?id=183_notes:system_choice Choosing a System Matters]
* [http://p3server.pa.msu.edu/coursewiki/doku.php?id=183_notes:energy_dissipation Dissipation of Energy]

</div>

===Week 11===
====Student Content====
<div class=“toccolours \
mw-collapsible mw-collapsed”>
=====Different Models of a System=====
<div \
class=“mw-collapsible-content”>
*[[Real Systems]]
*[[Point Particle Systems]]
</div>
</div>
<div class=“toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed”>

=====Models of Friction=====
<div class=“mw-collapsible-content”>
*[[Friction]]
*[[Static Friction]]
</div>
</div>

====Expert Content====
<div class=“toccolours mw-collapsible \
mw-collapsed”>

* [http://p3server.pa.msu.edu/coursewiki/doku.php?id=183_notes:system_choice Choosing a System Matters]
* [http://p3server.pa.msu.edu/coursewiki/doku.php?id=183_notes:energy_dissipation Dissipation of Energy]

</div>

===Week 12===
====Student Content====
<div class=“toccolours \
mw-collapsible mw-collapsed”>
=====Collisions=====
<div class=“mw-collapsible-content”>
*[[Newton’s Third Law of Motion]]
*[[Collisions]]
*[[Elastic Collisions]]
*[[Inelastic Collisions]]
*[[Maximally Inelastic Collision]]
*[[Head-on Collision of Equal Masses]]
*[[Head-on Collision of Unequal Masses]]
*[[Scattering: Collisions in 2D and 3D]]
*[[Rutherford Experiment and Atomic Collisions]]
*[[Coefficient of Restitution]]
</div>
</div>

====Expert Content====
<div class=“toccolours mw-collapsible \
mw-collapsed”>

* [http://p3server.pa.msu.edu/coursewiki/doku.php?id=183_notes:collisions Colliding Objects]
* [http://p3server.pa.msu.edu/coursewiki/doku.php?id=183_notes:center_of_mass Center of Mass Motion]
* [http://p3server.pa.msu.edu/coursewiki/doku.php?id=183_notes:center_of_mass Center of Mass Motion]
* [http://p3server.pa.msu.edu/coursewiki/doku.php?id=183_notes:rot_KE Rotational Kinetic Energy]
* [http://p3server.pa.msu.edu/coursewiki/doku.php?id=183_notes:pp_vs_real Point Particle and Real Systems]
* [http://p3server.pa.msu.edu/coursewiki/doku.php?id=183_notes:colliding_systems Collisions]

</div>

===Week 13===
====Student Content====
<div class=“toccolours \
mw-collapsible mw-collapsed”>
=====Rotations=====
<div class=“mw-collapsible-content”>
*[[Rotation]]
*[[Angular Velocity]]
*[[Eulerian Angles]]
</div>
</div>
<div class=“toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed”>
=====Angular Momentum=====
<div class=“mw-collapsible-content”>
*[[Total Angular Momentum]]
*[[Translational Angular Momentum]]
*[[Rotational Angular Momentum]]
*[[The Angular Momentum Principle]]
*[[Angular Momentum Compared to Linear Momentum]]
*[[Angular Impulse]]
*[[Predicting the Position of a Rotating System]]
*[[Angular Momentum of Multiparticle Systems]]
*[[The Moments of Inertia]]
*[[Moment of Inertia for a cylinder]]
*[[Right Hand Rule]]
</div>
</div>

====Expert Content====
<div class=“toccolours mw-collapsible \
mw-collapsed”>

* [http://p3server.pa.msu.edu/coursewiki/doku.php?id=183_notes:rot_KE Rotational Kinetic Energy]
* [http://p3server.pa.msu.edu/coursewiki/doku.php?id=183_notes:angular_motivation Why Angular Momentum?]
* [http://p3server.pa.msu.edu/coursewiki/doku.php?id=183_notes:ang_momentum Angular Momentum]
* [http://p3server.pa.msu.edu/coursewiki/doku.php?id=183_notes:L_principle Net Torque & The Angular Momentum Principle]
* [http://p3server.pa.msu.edu/coursewiki/doku.php?id=183_notes:L_conservation Angular Momentum Conservation]

</div>
===Week 14===

====Student Content====
<div class=“toccolours mw-collapsible \
mw-collapsed”>
=====Analyzing Motion with and without Torque=====
<div \
class=“mw-collapsible-content”>
*[[Torque]]
*[[Torque 2]]
*[[Systems with Zero Torque]]
*[[Systems with Nonzero Torque]]
*[[Torque vs Work]]
*[[Gyroscopes]]
</div>
</div>

====Expert Content====
<div class=“toccolours mw-collapsible \
mw-collapsed”>

* [http://p3server.pa.msu.edu/coursewiki/doku.php?id=183_notes:discovery_of_the_nucleus Discovery of the Nucleus]
* [http://p3server.pa.msu.edu/coursewiki/doku.php?id=183_notes:torque Torques Cause Changes in Rotation]
* [http://p3server.pa.msu.edu/coursewiki/doku.php?id=183_notes:L_principle Net Torque & The Angular Momentum Principle]

</div>

===Week 15===

====Student Content====
<div class=“toccolours mw-collapsible \
mw-collapsed”>
=====Introduction to Quantum Concepts=====
<div \class=“mw-collapsible-content”>
*[[Bohr Model]]
*[[Energy graphs and the Bohr model]]
*[[Quantized energy levels]]
</div>
</div>

====Expert Content====
<div class=“toccolours mw-collapsible \
mw-collapsed”>

* [http://p3server.pa.msu.edu/coursewiki/doku.php?id=183_notes:discovery_of_the_nucleus Discovery of the Nucleus]

</div>

<div style=“float:left; width:30%; padding:1%;”>

==Physics 2==
===Week 1===
<div class="toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">
====3D Vectors====
<div class="mw-collapsible-content">
*[[Page claimed by Laura Winalski]]*
*[[Vectors]]
*[[Right-Hand Rule]]
*[[Right Hand Rule]]
</div>
</div>

<div class="toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">

'''CLAIMED BY DIPRO CHAKRABORTY'''

'''CLAIMED BY DIPRO CHAKRABORTY'''
'''CLAIMED BY DIPRO CHAKRABORTY'''
'''CLAIMED BY DIPRO CHAKRABORTY'''

'''CLAIMED BY DIPRO CHAKRABORTY'''
====Electric field====
<div class="mw-collapsible-content">

[[Electric field]]

The electric field created by a charge is present throughout space at all times, whether or not there is another charge around to feel its effects. The electric field created by a charge penetrates through matter. The field permeates the neighboring space, biding its time until it can affect anything brought into its space of interaction.

==The Main Idea==
To be exact, the definition of the Electric Field is as follows:
The electric field is a region around a charged particle or object within which a force would be exerted on other objects.
If we put a charged particle at a location and it experiences a force, it would be logical to assume that there is something present that
is interacting with the particle. This "virtual force" is in essence the electric field.
===A Mathematical Model===

The electric field can be expressed mathematically as follows:

<math>{\vec{F_{net}} = 0 \Leftrightarrow \frac{d\vec{v}}{dt}} = 0</math>

<math>{\vec{F_{2}} = {q_{1}}{\vec{E_{1}}} \Leftrightarrow \frac{d\vec{v}}{dt}} </math>

which can be translated to postulate that the force on particle 2 is determined by the charge of particle 2 and the electric
field.

==Examples==

The following examples are to test your basic understanding of the Electric Field. For more examples that test your knowledge of all three of the laws, peruse the class textbook.

===Simple===
Which way is the electric field going for a negatively charged particle?

[[File:Simple111.png]]

It's easy to see that the electric field is pointing toward the negatively charged particle. The electric field is tending
toward the negatively charged particle.

===Middling===
Does the object in the following image have a net force of zero? Does it have a constant velocity?

This example is slightly more difficult, but is still quite trivial. If we sum the forces in the x direction, we see that the net force is 2 newtons in the -x direction. Therefore, the object does not have a constant velocity, and will be accelerating in the -x direction.

===Difficult===
Does the object in the following image have a net force of zero? Does it have a constant velocity?

This final example tests your knowledge and understanding of Newton's First Law. We're able to see that the box will accelerate in the -x direction because the net force in the x direction is 5 newtons to the left. However, the box itself has a velocity of 5m/s upwards, which would indeed stay constant. This is because forces (and motion) in perpendicular directions are of each other.

==Connectedness==

Newton's laws of motion tie into almost everything that we see or do. The first law, in particular, explains why we suddenly lurch forward when a car suddenly stops (our bodies are in a state of motion and thus resist the sudden stop), why it's much harder to stop when ice skating than walking (there's less friction, thus less net force to decelerate), and much, much, more. The importance of Newton's first law (and by extension, the other laws of motion) is not readily apparent, but serves as a basis to explain much of our daily interactions with our surroundings.

It can also apply to things outside of our daily interactions - space, for example. Newton's first law describes why an astronaut in space will continuously float in a direction forever if they are not pulled in by an asteroid or a planet's gravitational force. There is a lack of a net force opposing the astronaut's motion (due to the fact that there is no air in space) which results in the astronaut having a constant velocity. Floating off into space is probably an astronaut's worst nightmare, a scenario that a recent movie, ''Gravity'', explored. The entire premise of the movie (Sandra Bullock becomes untethered from her space station) relies on Newton's first law of motion.
==History==

While Galileo is the one credited with the idea of inertia motion, it was René Descartes, a French philosopher, who would expand upon Galileo's ideas. Descartes went on to propose three fundamental laws of nature in his book, ''Principles of Philosophy'', the first of which stated that "each thing, as far as is in its power, always remains in the same state; and that consequently, when it is once moved, it always continues to move." Thus, while the concept of inertia is often referred to as Newton's First Law, it was first described by Galileo and then perfected by Descartes decades before Newton published his findings.

As for Newton, he first described his three laws of motion in ''The Mathematical Principle of Natural Philosophy'', for the Principia, which was published in 1687. These laws described the relationship between an object and the forces acting upon it and laid the foundation for classical mechanics. While Newton's first law came from the work of Descartes and Galileo, his other laws are the work of himself.

==The Main Idea==
To be exact, the definition of the Electric Field is as follows:
The electric field is a region around a charged particle or object within which a force would be exerted on other objects.
If we put a charged particle at a location and it experiences a force, it would be logical to assume that there is something present that
is interacting with the particle. This "virtual force" is in essence the electric field.
===A Mathematical Model===

The electric field can be expressed mathematically as follows:

<math>{\vec{F_{net}} = 0 \Leftrightarrow \frac{d\vec{v}}{dt}} = 0</math>

<math>{\vec{F_{2}} = {q_{1}}{\vec{E_{1}}} \Leftrightarrow \frac{d\vec{v}}{dt}} </math>

which can be translated to postulate that the force on particle 2 is determined by the charge of particle 2 and the electric
field.

==Examples==

The following examples are to test your basic understanding of the Electric Field. For more examples that test your knowledge of all three of the laws, peruse the class textbook.

===Simple===
Which way is the electric field going for a negatively charged particle?

[[File:Simple111.png]]

It's easy to see that the electric field is pointing toward the negatively charged particle. The electric field is tending
toward the negatively charged particle.

===Middling===
Does the object in the following image have a net force of zero? Does it have a constant velocity?

This example is slightly more difficult, but is still quite trivial. If we sum the forces in the x direction, we see that the net force is 2 newtons in the -x direction. Therefore, the object does not have a constant velocity, and will be accelerating in the -x direction.

===Difficult===
Does the object in the following image have a net force of zero? Does it have a constant velocity?

This final example tests your knowledge and understanding of Newton's First Law. We're able to see that the box will accelerate in the -x direction because the net force in the x direction is 5 newtons to the left. However, the box itself has a velocity of 5m/s upwards, which would indeed stay constant. This is because forces (and motion) in perpendicular directions are of each other.

==Connectedness==

Newton's laws of motion tie into almost everything that we see or do. The first law, in particular, explains why we suddenly lurch forward when a car suddenly stops (our bodies are in a state of motion and thus resist the sudden stop), why it's much harder to stop when ice skating than walking (there's less friction, thus less net force to decelerate), and much, much, more. The importance of Newton's first law (and by extension, the other laws of motion) is not readily apparent, but serves as a basis to explain much of our daily interactions with our surroundings.

It can also apply to things outside of our daily interactions - space, for example. Newton's first law describes why an astronaut in space will continuously float in a direction forever if they are not pulled in by an asteroid or a planet's gravitational force. There is a lack of a net force opposing the astronaut's motion (due to the fact that there is no air in space) which results in the astronaut having a constant velocity. Floating off into space is probably an astronaut's worst nightmare, a scenario that a recent movie, ''Gravity'', explored. The entire premise of the movie (Sandra Bullock becomes untethered from her space station) relies on Newton's first law of motion.
==History==

While Galileo is the one credited with the idea of inertia motion, it was René Descartes, a French philosopher, who would expand upon Galileo's ideas. Descartes went on to propose three fundamental laws of nature in his book, ''Principles of Philosophy'', the first of which stated that "each thing, as far as is in its power, always remains in the same state; and that consequently, when it is once moved, it always continues to move." Thus, while the concept of inertia is often referred to as Newton's First Law, it was first described by Galileo and then perfected by Descartes decades before Newton published his findings.

As for Newton, he first described his three laws of motion in ''The Mathematical Principle of Natural Philosophy'', for the Principia, which was published in 1687. These laws described the relationship between an object and the forces acting upon it and laid the foundation for classical mechanics. While Newton's first law came from the work of Descartes and Galileo, his other laws are the work of himself.

==The Main Idea==
To be exact, the definition of the Electric Field is as follows:
The electric field is a region around a charged particle or object within which a force would be exerted on other objects.
If we put a charged particle at a location and it experiences a force, it would be logical to assume that there is something present that
is interacting with the particle. This "virtual force" is in essence the electric field.
===A Mathematical Model===

The electric field can be expressed mathematically as follows:

<math>{\vec{F_{net}} = 0 \Leftrightarrow \frac{d\vec{v}}{dt}} = 0</math>

<math>{\vec{F_{2}} = {q_{1}}{\vec{E_{1}}} \Leftrightarrow \frac{d\vec{v}}{dt}} </math>

which can be translated to postulate that the force on particle 2 is determined by the charge of particle 2 and the electric
field.

==Examples==

The following examples are to test your basic understanding of the Electric Field. For more examples that test your knowledge of all three of the laws, peruse the class textbook.

===Simple===
Which way is the electric field going for a negatively charged particle?

[[File:Simple111.png]]

It's easy to see that the electric field is pointing toward the negatively charged particle. The electric field is tending
toward the negatively charged particle.

===Middling===
Does the object in the following image have a net force of zero? Does it have a constant velocity?

This example is slightly more difficult, but is still quite trivial. If we sum the forces in the x direction, we see that the net force is 2 newtons in the -x direction. Therefore, the object does not have a constant velocity, and will be accelerating in the -x direction.

===Difficult===
Does the object in the following image have a net force of zero? Does it have a constant velocity?

This final example tests your knowledge and understanding of Newton's First Law. We're able to see that the box will accelerate in the -x direction because the net force in the x direction is 5 newtons to the left. However, the box itself has a velocity of 5m/s upwards, which would indeed stay constant. This is because forces (and motion) in perpendicular directions are of each other.

==Connectedness==

Newton's laws of motion tie into almost everything that we see or do. The first law, in particular, explains why we suddenly lurch forward when a car suddenly stops (our bodies are in a state of motion and thus resist the sudden stop), why it's much harder to stop when ice skating than walking (there's less friction, thus less net force to decelerate), and much, much, more. The importance of Newton's first law (and by extension, the other laws of motion) is not readily apparent, but serves as a basis to explain much of our daily interactions with our surroundings.

It can also apply to things outside of our daily interactions - space, for example. Newton's first law describes why an astronaut in space will continuously float in a direction forever if they are not pulled in by an asteroid or a planet's gravitational force. There is a lack of a net force opposing the astronaut's motion (due to the fact that there is no air in space) which results in the astronaut having a constant velocity. Floating off into space is probably an astronaut's worst nightmare, a scenario that a recent movie, ''Gravity'', explored. The entire premise of the movie (Sandra Bullock becomes untethered from her space station) relies on Newton's first law of motion.
==History==

While Galileo is the one credited with the idea of inertia motion, it was René Descartes, a French philosopher, who would expand upon Galileo's ideas. Descartes went on to propose three fundamental laws of nature in his book, ''Principles of Philosophy'', the first of which stated that "each thing, as far as is in its power, always remains in the same state; and that consequently, when it is once moved, it always continues to move." Thus, while the concept of inertia is often referred to as Newton's First Law, it was first described by Galileo and then perfected by Descartes decades before Newton published his findings.

As for Newton, he first described his three laws of motion in ''The Mathematical Principle of Natural Philosophy'', for the Principia, which was published in 1687. These laws described the relationship between an object and the forces acting upon it and laid the foundation for classical mechanics. While Newton's first law came from the work of Descartes and Galileo, his other laws are the work of himself.

==The Main Idea==
To be exact, the definition of the Electric Field is as follows:
The electric field is a region around a charged particle or object within which a force would be exerted on other objects.
If we put a charged particle at a location and it experiences a force, it would be logical to assume that there is something present that
is interacting with the particle. This "virtual force" is in essence the electric field.
===A Mathematical Model===

The electric field can be expressed mathematically as follows:

<math>{\vec{F_{net}} = 0 \Leftrightarrow \frac{d\vec{v}}{dt}} = 0</math>

<math>{\vec{F_{2}} = {q_{1}}{\vec{E_{1}}} \Leftrightarrow \frac{d\vec{v}}{dt}} </math>

which can be translated to postulate that the force on particle 2 is determined by the charge of particle 2 and the electric
field.

==Examples==

The following examples are to test your basic understanding of the Electric Field. For more examples that test your knowledge of all three of the laws, peruse the class textbook.

===Simple===
Which way is the electric field going for a negatively charged particle?

[[File:Simple111.png]]

It's easy to see that the electric field is pointing toward the negatively charged particle. The electric field is tending
toward the negatively charged particle.

===Middling===
Does the object in the following image have a net force of zero? Does it have a constant velocity?

This example is slightly more difficult, but is still quite trivial. If we sum the forces in the x direction, we see that the net force is 2 newtons in the -x direction. Therefore, the object does not have a constant velocity, and will be accelerating in the -x direction.

===Difficult===
Does the object in the following image have a net force of zero? Does it have a constant velocity?

This final example tests your knowledge and understanding of Newton's First Law. We're able to see that the box will accelerate in the -x direction because the net force in the x direction is 5 newtons to the left. However, the box itself has a velocity of 5m/s upwards, which would indeed stay constant. This is because forces (and motion) in perpendicular directions are of each other.

==Connectedness==

Newton's laws of motion tie into almost everything that we see or do. The first law, in particular, explains why we suddenly lurch forward when a car suddenly stops (our bodies are in a state of motion and thus resist the sudden stop), why it's much harder to stop when ice skating than walking (there's less friction, thus less net force to decelerate), and much, much, more. The importance of Newton's first law (and by extension, the other laws of motion) is not readily apparent, but serves as a basis to explain much of our daily interactions with our surroundings.

It can also apply to things outside of our daily interactions - space, for example. Newton's first law describes why an astronaut in space will continuously float in a direction forever if they are not pulled in by an asteroid or a planet's gravitational force. There is a lack of a net force opposing the astronaut's motion (due to the fact that there is no air in space) which results in the astronaut having a constant velocity. Floating off into space is probably an astronaut's worst nightmare, a scenario that a recent movie, ''Gravity'', explored. The entire premise of the movie (Sandra Bullock becomes untethered from her space station) relies on Newton's first law of motion.
==History==

While Galileo is the one credited with the idea of inertia motion, it was René Descartes, a French philosopher, who would expand upon Galileo's ideas. Descartes went on to propose three fundamental laws of nature in his book, ''Principles of Philosophy'', the first of which stated that "each thing, as far as is in its power, always remains in the same state; and that consequently, when it is once moved, it always continues to move." Thus, while the concept of inertia is often referred to as Newton's First Law, it was first described by Galileo and then perfected by Descartes decades before Newton published his findings.

As for Newton, he first described his three laws of motion in ''The Mathematical Principle of Natural Philosophy'', for the Principia, which was published in 1687. These laws described the relationship between an object and the forces acting upon it and laid the foundation for classical mechanics. While Newton's first law came from the work of Descartes and Galileo, his other laws are the work of himself.

==The Main Idea==
To be exact, the definition of the Electric Field is as follows:
The electric field is a region around a charged particle or object within which a force would be exerted on other objects.
If we put a charged particle at a location and it experiences a force, it would be logical to assume that there is something present that
is interacting with the particle. This "virtual force" is in essence the electric field.
===A Mathematical Model===

The electric field can be expressed mathematically as follows:

<math>{\vec{F_{net}} = 0 \Leftrightarrow \frac{d\vec{v}}{dt}} = 0</math>

<math>{\vec{F_{2}} = {q_{1}}{\vec{E_{1}}} \Leftrightarrow \frac{d\vec{v}}{dt}} = 0</math>

which can be translated to postulate that the force on particle 2 is determined by the charge of particle 2 and the electric
field.

==Examples==

The following examples are to test your basic understanding of the Electric Field. For more examples that test your knowledge of all three of the laws, peruse the class textbook.

===Simple===
Which way is the electric field going for a negatively charged particle?

[[File:Example.jpg]]

It's easy to see that the electric field is pointing toward the negatively charged particle. The electric field is tending
toward the negatively charged particle.

===Middling===
Does the object in the following image have a net force of zero? Does it have a constant velocity?

This example is slightly more difficult, but is still quite trivial. If we sum the forces in the x direction, we see that the net force is 2 newtons in the -x direction. Therefore, the object does not have a constant velocity, and will be accelerating in the -x direction.

===Difficult===
Does the object in the following image have a net force of zero? Does it have a constant velocity?

This final example tests your knowledge and understanding of Newton's First Law. We're able to see that the box will accelerate in the -x direction because the net force in the x direction is 5 newtons to the left. However, the box itself has a velocity of 5m/s upwards, which would indeed stay constant. This is because forces (and motion) in perpendicular directions are of each other.

==Connectedness==

Newton's laws of motion tie into almost everything that we see or do. The first law, in particular, explains why we suddenly lurch forward when a car suddenly stops (our bodies are in a state of motion and thus resist the sudden stop), why it's much harder to stop when ice skating than walking (there's less friction, thus less net force to decelerate), and much, much, more. The importance of Newton's first law (and by extension, the other laws of motion) is not readily apparent, but serves as a basis to explain much of our daily interactions with our surroundings.

It can also apply to things outside of our daily interactions - space, for example. Newton's first law describes why an astronaut in space will continuously float in a direction forever if they are not pulled in by an asteroid or a planet's gravitational force. There is a lack of a net force opposing the astronaut's motion (due to the fact that there is no air in space) which results in the astronaut having a constant velocity. Floating off into space is probably an astronaut's worst nightmare, a scenario that a recent movie, ''Gravity'', explored. The entire premise of the movie (Sandra Bullock becomes untethered from her space station) relies on Newton's first law of motion.
==History==

While Galileo is the one credited with the idea of inertia motion, it was René Descartes, a French philosopher, who would expand upon Galileo's ideas. Descartes went on to propose three fundamental laws of nature in his book, ''Principles of Philosophy'', the first of which stated that "each thing, as far as is in its power, always remains in the same state; and that consequently, when it is once moved, it always continues to move." Thus, while the concept of inertia is often referred to as Newton's First Law, it was first described by Galileo and then perfected by Descartes decades before Newton published his findings.

As for Newton, he first described his three laws of motion in ''The Mathematical Principle of Natural Philosophy'', for the Principia, which was published in 1687. These laws described the relationship between an object and the forces acting upon it and laid the foundation for classical mechanics. While Newton's first law came from the work of Descartes and Galileo, his other laws are the work of himself.

==The Main Idea==
To be exact, the definition of the Electric Field is as follows:
The electric field is a region around a charged particle or object within which a force would be exerted on other charged particles or objects.
If we put a charged particle at a location and it experiences a force, it would be logical to assume that there is something present that
is interacting with the particle. This "virtual force" is in essence the electric field.
===A Mathematical Model===

The electric field can be expressed mathematically as follows:

<math>{\vec{F_{net}} = 0 \Leftrightarrow \frac{d\vec{v}}{dt}} = 0</math>

<math>{\vec{F_{2}} = {q_{1}}{\vec{E_{1}}} \Leftrightarrow \frac{d\vec{v}}{dt}} = 0</math>

which can be translated to postulate that the force on particle 2 is determined by the charge of particle 2 and the electric
field.

==Examples==

The following examples are to test your basic understanding of Newton's First Law. For more examples that test your knowledge of all three of the laws, click .

===Simple===
Does the object in the following image have a net force of zero? Does it have a constant velocity?

It's easy to see that the only force on the object is acting in the +x direction, with a magnitude of 5 newtons. Therefore, the object does not have a net force of zero or a constant velocity. It will be accelerating in the +x direction.

===Middling===
Does the object in the following image have a net force of zero? Does it have a constant velocity?

This example is slightly more difficult, but is still quite trivial. If we sum the forces in the x direction, we see that the net force is 2 newtons in the -x direction. Therefore, the object does not have a constant velocity, and will be accelerating in the -x direction.

===Difficult===
Does the object in the following image have a net force of zero? Does it have a constant velocity?

This final example tests your knowledge and understanding of Newton's First Law. We're able to see that the box will accelerate in the -x direction because the net force in the x direction is 5 newtons to the left. However, the box itself has a velocity of 5m/s upwards, which would indeed stay constant. This is because forces (and motion) in perpendicular directions are of each other.

==Connectedness==

Newton's laws of motion tie into almost everything that we see or do. The first law, in particular, explains why we suddenly lurch forward when a car suddenly stops (our bodies are in a state of motion and thus resist the sudden stop), why it's much harder to stop when ice skating than walking (there's less friction, thus less net force to decelerate), and much, much, more. The importance of Newton's first law (and by extension, the other laws of motion) is not readily apparent, but serves as a basis to explain much of our daily interactions with our surroundings.

It can also apply to things outside of our daily interactions - space, for example. Newton's first law describes why an astronaut in space will continuously float in a direction forever if they are not pulled in by an asteroid or a planet's gravitational force. There is a lack of a net force opposing the astronaut's motion (due to the fact that there is no air in space) which results in the astronaut having a constant velocity. Floating off into space is probably an astronaut's worst nightmare, a scenario that a recent movie, ''Gravity'', explored. The entire premise of the movie (Sandra Bullock becomes untethered from her space station) relies on Newton's first law of motion.
==History==

While Galileo is the one credited with the idea of inertia motion, it was René Descartes, a French philosopher, who would expand upon Galileo's ideas. Descartes went on to propose three fundamental laws of nature in his book, ''Principles of Philosophy'', the first of which stated that "each thing, as far as is in its power, always remains in the same state; and that consequently, when it is once moved, it always continues to move." Thus, while the concept of inertia is often referred to as Newton's First Law, it was first described by Galileo and then perfected by Descartes decades before Newton published his findings.

As for Newton, he first described his three laws of motion in ''The Mathematical Principle of Natural Philosophy'', for the Principia, which was published in 1687. These laws described the relationship between an object and the forces acting upon it and laid the foundation for classical mechanics. While Newton's first law came from the work of Descartes and Galileo, his other laws are the work of himself.

==The Main Idea==
To be exact, the definition of the First Law of Motion is as follows:
The electric field is a region around a charged particle or object within which a force would be exerted on other charged particles or objects.
In other (and much simpler) terms, it means that an object at rest stays at rest and an object in in motion stays in motion at a constant velocity unless acted on by an unbalanced net force. It's important to keep in mind that only a difference in affect the velocity of an object. The amount of change in velocity is determined by
===A Mathematical Model===

Newton's first law can be stated mathematically as follows:

<math>{\vec{F_{net}} = 0 \Leftrightarrow \frac{d\vec{v}}{dt}} = 0</math>

Where...

<math>\vec{F_{net}}</math> is the net force from the surroundings.

<math>d\vec{v}</math> is the change in velocity of the system.

<math>dt</math> is the change in time of the system

If we trace this formula from the left to the right, we can see that if the net force on an object is zero, then the change in velocity of an object is also zero. Conversely, if we were given an object and told that its change in momentum is zero, then we can deduce that the net force acting on the object is also zero. Keep in mind, however, that this formula simple deals with the '''change''' in velocity. It does '''not''' mean that the object is at rest, only that its velocity remains constant.

==Examples==

The following examples are to test your basic understanding of Newton's First Law. For more examples that test your knowledge of all three of the laws, click .

===Simple===
Does the object in the following image have a net force of zero? Does it have a constant velocity?

It's easy to see that the only force on the object is acting in the +x direction, with a magnitude of 5 newtons. Therefore, the object does not have a net force of zero or a constant velocity. It will be accelerating in the +x direction.

===Middling===
Does the object in the following image have a net force of zero? Does it have a constant velocity?

This example is slightly more difficult, but is still quite trivial. If we sum the forces in the x direction, we see that the net force is 2 newtons in the -x direction. Therefore, the object does not have a constant velocity, and will be accelerating in the -x direction.

===Difficult===
Does the object in the following image have a net force of zero? Does it have a constant velocity?

This final example tests your knowledge and understanding of Newton's First Law. We're able to see that the box will accelerate in the -x direction because the net force in the x direction is 5 newtons to the left. However, the box itself has a velocity of 5m/s upwards, which would indeed stay constant. This is because forces (and motion) in perpendicular directions are of each other.

==Connectedness==

Newton's laws of motion tie into almost everything that we see or do. The first law, in particular, explains why we suddenly lurch forward when a car suddenly stops (our bodies are in a state of motion and thus resist the sudden stop), why it's much harder to stop when ice skating than walking (there's less friction, thus less net force to decelerate), and much, much, more. The importance of Newton's first law (and by extension, the other laws of motion) is not readily apparent, but serves as a basis to explain much of our daily interactions with our surroundings.

It can also apply to things outside of our daily interactions - space, for example. Newton's first law describes why an astronaut in space will continuously float in a direction forever if they are not pulled in by an asteroid or a planet's gravitational force. There is a lack of a net force opposing the astronaut's motion (due to the fact that there is no air in space) which results in the astronaut having a constant velocity. Floating off into space is probably an astronaut's worst nightmare, a scenario that a recent movie, ''Gravity'', explored. The entire premise of the movie (Sandra Bullock becomes untethered from her space station) relies on Newton's first law of motion.
==History==

While Galileo is the one credited with the idea of inertia motion, it was René Descartes, a French philosopher, who would expand upon Galileo's ideas. Descartes went on to propose three fundamental laws of nature in his book, ''Principles of Philosophy'', the first of which stated that "each thing, as far as is in its power, always remains in the same state; and that consequently, when it is once moved, it always continues to move." Thus, while the concept of inertia is often referred to as Newton's First Law, it was first described by Galileo and then perfected by Descartes decades before Newton published his findings.

As for Newton, he first described his three laws of motion in ''The Mathematical Principle of Natural Philosophy'', for the Principia, which was published in 1687. These laws described the relationship between an object and the forces acting upon it and laid the foundation for classical mechanics. While Newton's first law came from the work of Descartes and Galileo, his other laws are the work of himself.

==The Main Idea==
To be exact, the definition of the First Law of Motion is as follows:
The electric field is a region around a charged particle or object within which a force would be exerted on other charged particles or objects.
In other (and much simpler) terms, it means that an object at rest stays at rest and an object in in motion stays in motion at a constant velocity unless acted on by an unbalanced net force. It's important to keep in mind that only a difference in affect the velocity of an object. The amount of change in velocity is determined by
===A Mathematical Model===

Newton's first law can be stated mathematically as follows:

<math>{\vec{F_{net}} = 0 \Leftrightarrow \frac{d\vec{v}}{dt}} = 0</math>

Where...

<math>\vec{F_{net}}</math> is the net force from the surroundings.

<math>d\vec{v}</math> is the change in velocity of the system.

<math>dt</math> is the change in time of the system

If we trace this formula from the left to the right, we can see that if the net force on an object is zero, then the change in velocity of an object is also zero. Conversely, if we were given an object and told that its change in momentum is zero, then we can deduce that the net force acting on the object is also zero. Keep in mind, however, that this formula simple deals with the '''change''' in velocity. It does '''not''' mean that the object is at rest, only that its velocity remains constant.

==Examples==

The following examples are to test your basic understanding of Newton's First Law. For more examples that test your knowledge of all three of the laws, click .

===Simple===
Does the object in the following image have a net force of zero? Does it have a constant velocity?

It's easy to see that the only force on the object is acting in the +x direction, with a magnitude of 5 newtons. Therefore, the object does not have a net force of zero or a constant velocity. It will be accelerating in the +x direction.

===Middling===
Does the object in the following image have a net force of zero? Does it have a constant velocity?

This example is slightly more difficult, but is still quite trivial. If we sum the forces in the x direction, we see that the net force is 2 newtons in the -x direction. Therefore, the object does not have a constant velocity, and will be accelerating in the -x direction.

===Difficult===
Does the object in the following image have a net force of zero? Does it have a constant velocity?

This final example tests your knowledge and understanding of Newton's First Law. We're able to see that the box will accelerate in the -x direction because the net force in the x direction is 5 newtons to the left. However, the box itself has a velocity of 5m/s upwards, which would indeed stay constant. This is because forces (and motion) in perpendicular directions are of each other.

==Connectedness==

Newton's laws of motion tie into almost everything that we see or do. The first law, in particular, explains why we suddenly lurch forward when a car suddenly stops (our bodies are in a state of motion and thus resist the sudden stop), why it's much harder to stop when ice skating than walking (there's less friction, thus less net force to decelerate), and much, much, more. The importance of Newton's first law (and by extension, the other laws of motion) is not readily apparent, but serves as a basis to explain much of our daily interactions with our surroundings.

It can also apply to things outside of our daily interactions - space, for example. Newton's first law describes why an astronaut in space will continuously float in a direction forever if they are not pulled in by an asteroid or a planet's gravitational force. There is a lack of a net force opposing the astronaut's motion (due to the fact that there is no air in space) which results in the astronaut having a constant velocity. Floating off into space is probably an astronaut's worst nightmare, a scenario that a recent movie, ''Gravity'', explored. The entire premise of the movie (Sandra Bullock becomes untethered from her space station) relies on Newton's first law of motion.
==History==

While Galileo is the one credited with the idea of inertia motion, it was René Descartes, a French philosopher, who would expand upon Galileo's ideas. Descartes went on to propose three fundamental laws of nature in his book, ''Principles of Philosophy'', the first of which stated that "each thing, as far as is in its power, always remains in the same state; and that consequently, when it is once moved, it always continues to move." Thus, while the concept of inertia is often referred to as Newton's First Law, it was first described by Galileo and then perfected by Descartes decades before Newton published his findings.

As for Newton, he first described his three laws of motion in ''The Mathematical Principle of Natural Philosophy'', for the Principia, which was published in 1687. These laws described the relationship between an object and the forces acting upon it and laid the foundation for classical mechanics. While Newton's first law came from the work of Descartes and Galileo, his other laws are the work of himself.

==The Main Idea==
To be exact, the definition of the First Law of Motion is as follows:
Every body persists in its state of rest or of moving with constant speed in a constant direction, except to the extent that it is compelled to change that state by forces acting on it.
In other (and much simpler) terms, it means that an object at rest stays at rest and an object in in motion stays in motion at a constant velocity unless acted on by an unbalanced net force. It's important to keep in mind that only a difference in [http://www.physicsclassroom.com/class/newtlaws/Lesson-2/Determining-the-Net-Force net force] can affect the velocity of an object. The amount of change in velocity is determined by [http://www.physicsclassroom.com/class/newtlaws/Lesson-3/Newton-s-Second-Law Newton's Second Law of Motion].

===A Mathematical Model===

Newton's first law can be stated mathematically as follows:

<math>{\vec{F_{net}} = 0 \Leftrightarrow \frac{d\vec{v}}{dt}} = 0</math>

Where...

<math>\vec{F_{net}}</math> is the net force from the surroundings.

<math>d\vec{v}</math> is the change in velocity of the system.

<math>dt</math> is the change in time of the system

If we trace this formula from the left to the right, we can see that if the net force on an object is zero, then the change in velocity of an object is also zero. Conversely, if we were given an object and told that its change in momentum is zero, then we can deduce that the net force acting on the object is also zero. Keep in mind, however, that this formula simple deals with the '''change''' in velocity. It does '''not''' mean that the object is at rest, only that its velocity remains constant.

==Examples==

The following examples are to test your basic understanding of Newton's First Law. For more examples that test your knowledge of all three of the laws, click [http://www.physicsclassroom.com/calcpad/newtlaws/problems here].

===Simple===
Does the object in the following image have a net force of zero? Does it have a constant velocity?

[[File:Newtonfirstlawsimple.png|400px]]

It's easy to see that the only force on the object is acting in the +x direction, with a magnitude of 5 newtons. Therefore, the object does not have a net force of zero or a constant velocity. It will be accelerating in the +x direction.

===Middling===
Does the object in the following image have a net force of zero? Does it have a constant velocity?

[[File:Newtonfirstlawmedium.png|400px]]

This example is slightly more difficult, but is still quite trivial. If we sum the forces in the x direction, we see that the net force is 2 newtons in the -x direction. Therefore, the object does not have a constant velocity, and will be accelerating in the -x direction.

===Difficult===
Does the object in the following image have a net force of zero? Does it have a constant velocity?

[[File:Newtonsfirstlawhard.png|400px]]

This final example tests your knowledge and understanding of Newton's First Law. We're able to see that the box will accelerate in the -x direction because the net force in the x direction is 5 newtons to the left. However, the box itself has a velocity of 5m/s upwards, which would indeed stay constant. This is because forces (and motion) in perpendicular directions are [http://www.physicsclassroom.com/class/vectors/Lesson-1/Independence-of-Perpendicular-Components-of-Motion independent] of each other.

==Connectedness==

[[File:Tablecloth.gif|left|300px|thumb|The "magic trick" of ripping off a table cloth without the plates on top moving is an example of Newton's First Law. The tableware is in a state of rest, and thus want to remain in such a state.]]

Newton's laws of motion tie into almost everything that we see or do. The first law, in particular, explains why we suddenly lurch forward when a car suddenly stops (our bodies are in a state of motion and thus resist the sudden stop), why it's much harder to stop when ice skating than walking (there's less friction, thus less net force to decelerate), and much, much, more. The importance of Newton's first law (and by extension, the other laws of motion) is not readily apparent, but serves as a basis to explain much of our daily interactions with our surroundings.

It can also apply to things outside of our daily interactions - space, for example. Newton's first law describes why an astronaut in space will continuously float in a direction forever if they are not pulled in by an asteroid or a planet's gravitational force. There is a lack of a net force opposing the astronaut's motion (due to the fact that there is no air in space) which results in the astronaut having a constant velocity. Floating off into space is probably an astronaut's worst nightmare, a scenario that a recent movie, ''Gravity'', explored. The entire premise of the movie (Sandra Bullock becomes untethered from her space station) relies on Newton's first law of motion.
==History==

While Galileo is the one credited with the idea of inertia motion, it was René Descartes, a French philosopher, who would expand upon Galileo's ideas. Descartes went on to propose three fundamental laws of nature in his book, ''Principles of Philosophy'', the first of which stated that "each thing, as far as is in its power, always remains in the same state; and that consequently, when it is once moved, it always continues to move." Thus, while the concept of inertia is often referred to as Newton's First Law, it was first described by Galileo and then perfected by Descartes decades before Newton published his findings.

As for Newton, he first described his three laws of motion in ''The Mathematical Principle of Natural Philosophy'', for the Principia, which was published in 1687. These laws described the relationship between an object and the forces acting upon it and laid the foundation for classical mechanics. While Newton's first law came from the work of Descartes and Galileo, his other laws are the work of himself.

==Electric Field==
The electric field created by a charge is present throughout space at all times, whether or not there is another charge around to feel its effects. The electric field created by a charge penetrates through matter. The field permeates the neighboring space, biding its time until it can affect anything brought into its space of interaction.
*[[Vectors]]
*[[Right-Hand Rule]]
*[[Right Hand Rule]]
</div>
</div>

<div class="toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">

====Electric force====
<div class="mw-collapsible-content">

*[[Electric Force]] Claimed by Amarachi Eze
*[[Lorentz Force]]
</div>
</div>

<div class="toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">

====Electric field of a point particle====

<div class="mw-collapsible-content">
*[[Point Charge]]
</div>
</div>

<div class="toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">

'''Bold text'''====Superposition====
<div class="mw-collapsible-content">
*[[Superposition Principle]]
*[[Superposition principle]]
</div>
</div>

<div class="toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">

====Dipoles====
<div class="mw-collapsible-content">
*[[Electric Dipole]]
*[[Magnetic Dipole]]
</div>
</div>

===Week 2===
<div class="toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">
====Interactions of charged objects====
<div class="mw-collapsible-content">
*[[Electric Field]]
*[[Electric Potential]]
*[[Electric Force]]
*[[Lorentz Force]]
</div>
</div>

<div class="toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">
====Tape experiments====
<div class="mw-collapsible-content">
*[[Polarization]]
*[[Electric Polarization]]
</div>
</div>

<div class="toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">
====Polarization====
<div class="mw-collapsible-content">
*[[Polarization]]
*[[Electric Polarization]]
*[[Polarization of an Atom]]
</div>
</div>

===Week 3===
<div class="toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">
====Insulators====
<div class="mw-collapsible-content">
*[[Insulators]]
*[[Potential Difference in an Insulator]]
*[[Charged Conductor and Charged Insulator]]
*[[Charged conductor and charged insulator]]
</div>
</div>

<div class="toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">
====Conductors====
<div class="mw-collapsible-content">
*[[Conductivity]]
*[[Charge Transfer]]
*[[Resistivity]]
*[[Polarization of a conductor]]
*[[Charged Conductor and Charged Insulator]]
*[[Charged conductor and charged insulator]]
</div>
</div>

<div class="toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">
====Charging and discharging====
<div class="mw-collapsible-content">
*[[Charge Transfer]]
*[[Electrostatic Discharge]]
*[[Charged Conductor and Charged Insulator]]
*[[Charged conductor and charged insulator]]
</div>
</div>

===Week 4===
<div class="toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">
====Field of a charged rod====
<div class="mw-collapsible-content">
*[[Charged Rod]]
</div>
</div>

<div class="toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">

====Field of a charged ring/disk/capacitor====
<div class="mw-collapsible-content">
*[[Charged Ring]]
*[[Charged Disk]]
*[[Charged Capacitor]]
</div>
</div>

<div class="toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">

====Field of a charged sphere====
<div class="mw-collapsible-content">
*[[Charged Spherical Shell]]
*[[Field of a Charged Ball]]
</div>
</div>

===Week 5===
<div class="toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">
====Potential energy====
<div class="mw-collapsible-content">
*[[Potential Energy]]
</div>
</div>

<div class="toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">
====Electric potential====
<div class="mw-collapsible-content">
*[[Electric Potential]]
*[[Path Independence of Electric Potential]]
*[[Potential Difference Path Independence, claimed by Aditya Mohile]]
*[[Potential Difference in a Uniform Field]]
*[[Potential Difference of Point Charge in a Non-Uniform Field]]
</div>
</div>
<div class="toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">

====Electric potential====
<div class="mw-collapsible-content">
*[[Electric Potential]]
*[[Path Independence of Electric Potential]]
*[[Potential Difference Path Independence, claimed by Aditya Mohile]]
*[[Potential Difference in a Uniform Field]]
*[[Potential Difference of Point Charge in a Non-Uniform Field]]
</div>
</div>
<div class="toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">

====Potential at a single location====
<div class="mw-collapsible-content">
*[[Electric Potential]]
*[[Potential Difference at One Location]]
</div>
</div>

<div class="toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">

====Path independence and round trip potential====
<div class="mw-collapsible-content">
*[[Path Independence of Electric Potential]]
*[[Potential Difference Path Independence, claimed by Aditya Mohile]]
</div>
</div>

===Week 6===
<div class="toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">
====Electric field and potential in an insulator====
<div class="mw-collapsible-content">
*[[Potential Difference in an Insulator]]
*[[Electric Field in an Insulator]]
</div>
</div>
<div class="toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">

====Moving charges in a magnetic field====
<div class="mw-collapsible-content">
*[[Magnetic Field]]
*[[Magnetic Force]]
*[[Lorentz Force]]
</div>
</div>
<div class="toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">

====Biot-Savart Law====
<div class="mw-collapsible-content">
*[[Biot-Savart Law]]
*[[Biot-Savart Law for Currents]]
</div>
</div>
<div class="toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">

====Moving charges, electron current, and conventional current====
<div class="mw-collapsible-content">
*[[Moving Point Charge]]
*[[Current]]
</div>
</div>

===Week 7=== Claimed by Diem Tran
<div class="toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">
====Magnetic field of a wire====
<div class="mw-collapsible-content">
*[[Magnetic Field of a Long Straight Wire]]
</div>
</div>

<div class="toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">
====Magnetic field of a current-carrying loop====
<div class="mw-collapsible-content">
*[[Magnetic Field of a Loop]]
</div>
</div>

<div class="toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">
====Magnetic dipoles====
<div class="mw-collapsible-content">
*[[Magnetic Dipole Moment]]
*[[Bar Magnet]]
</div>
</div>

<div class="toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">
====Atomic structure of magnets====
<div class="mw-collapsible-content">
*[[Atomic Structure of Magnets]]
</div>
</div>

===Week 8===
<div class="toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">
====Steady state current====
<div class="mw-collapsible-content">
*[[Steady State]]
*[[Non Steady State]]
</div>
</div>

<div class="toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">
====Node rule====
<div class="mw-collapsible-content">
*[[Node Rule]]
</div>
</div>

<div class="toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">
====Electric fields and energy in circuits====
<div class="mw-collapsible-content">
*[[Series circuit]] claimed by Hannah Jang
*[[Node Rule]]
*[[Loop Rule]]
*[[Electric Potential Difference]]
</div>
</div>

<div class="toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">

====Macroscopic analysis of circuits====
<div class="mw-collapsible-content">
*[[Series Circuits]]
*[[Parallel CIrcuits]]
*[[Parallel Circuits vs. Series Circuits*]]
*[[Loop Rule]]
*[[Node Rule]]
*[[Resistors*]]
</div>
</div>

===Week 9===
<div class="toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">
====Electric field and potential in circuits with capacitors====
<div class="mw-collapsible-content">
*[[Charging and Discharging a Capacitor]]
*[[RC Circuit]]
*[[R Circuit]]
*[[AC and DC]]

</div>
</div>

<div class="toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">

====Magnetic forces on charges and currents====
<div class="mw-collapsible-content">
*[[Magnetic Force]]
*[[Lorentz Force]]
*[[Applying Magnetic Force to Currents]]
*[[Magnetic Force in a Moving Reference Frame]]
*[[Right-Hand Rule]]
*[[Analysis of Railgun vs Coil gun technologies]]
</div>
</div>

<div class="toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">
====Electric and magnetic forces====
<div class="mw-collapsible-content">
*[[Electric Force]]
*[[Magnetic Force]]
*[[Lorentz Force]]
*[[VPython Modelling of Electric and Magnetic Forces]]
</div>
</div>

<div class="toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">
====Velocity selector====
<div class="mw-collapsible-content">
*[[Lorentz Force]]
*[[Combining Electric and Magnetic Forces]]
</div>
</div>

===Week 10===

====Student Content====

<div class=“toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed”>
==== Hall Effect ====
<div class="mw-collapsible-content">
*[[Hall Effect]]
*[[Motional Emf]]
*[[Magnetic Force]]
*[[Magnetic Torque]]

</div>
</div>

==Physics 3==

===Week 1===
<div class="toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">
====Classical Physics====
<div class="mw-collapsible-content">
</div>
</div>

===Week 2===
<div class="toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">
====Special Relativity====
<div class="mw-collapsible-content">
*[[Frame of Reference]]
*[[Einstein's Theory of Special Relativity]]
*[[Time Dilation]]
*[[Einstein's Theory of General Relativity]]
*[[Albert A. Micheleson & Edward W. Morley]]
*[[Magnetic Force in a Moving Reference Frame]]
</div>
</div>

===Week 3===
<div class="toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">
====Photons====
<div class="mw-collapsible-content">
*[[Spontaneous Photon Emission]]
*[[Light Scattering: Why is the Sky Blue]]
*[[Lasers]]
*[[Electronic Energy Levels and Photons]]
*[[Quantum Properties of Light]]
</div>
</div>

===Week 4===
<div class="toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">
====Matter Waves====
<div class="mw-collapsible-content">
*[[Wave-Particle Duality]]
</div>
</div>

===Week 5===
<div class="toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">
====Wave Mechanics====
<div class="mw-collapsible-content">
*[[Standing Waves]]
*[[Wavelength]]
*[[Wavelength and Frequency]]
*[[Mechanical Waves]]
*[[Transverse and Longitudinal Waves]]
</div>
</div>

===Week 6===
<div class="toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">
====Rutherford-Bohr Model====
<div class="mw-collapsible-content">
*[[Rutherford Experiment and Atomic Collisions]]
*[[Bohr Model]]
*[[Quantized energy levels]]
*[[Energy graphs and the Bohr model]]
</div>
</div>

===Week 7===
<div class="toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">
====The Hydrogen Atom====
<div class="mw-collapsible-content">
*[[Quantum Theory]]
*[[Atomic Theory]]
</div>
</div>

===Week 8===
<div class="toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">
====Many-Electron Atoms====
<div class="mw-collapsible-content">
*[[Quantum Theory]]
*[[Atomic Theory]]
*[[Pauli exclusion principle]]
</div>
</div>

===Week 9===
<div class="toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">
====Molecules====
<div class="mw-collapsible-content">
</div>
</div>

===Week 10===
<div class="toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">
====Statistical Physics====
<div class="mw-collapsible-content">
</div>
</div>

===Week 11===
<div class="toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">
====Condensed Matter Physics====
<div class="mw-collapsible-content">
</div>
</div>

===Week 12===
<div class="toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">
====The Nucleus====
<div class="mw-collapsible-content">
</div>
</div>

===Week 13===
<div class="toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">
====Nuclear Physics====
<div class="mw-collapsible-content">
*[[Nuclear Fission]]
*[[Nuclear Energy from Fission and Fusion]]
</div>
</div>

===Week 14===
<div class="toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">
====Particle Physics====
<div class="mw-collapsible-content">
*[[Elementary Particles and Particle Physics Theory]]
*[[String Theory]]
</div>
</div>

Main Page

2016-04-17T05:58:02Z

Tquill: /* Sign of Potential Difference */

__NOTOC__
Welcome to the Georgia Tech Wiki for Introductory Physics. This resource was created so that students can contribute and curate content to help those with limited or no access to a textbook. When reading this website, please correct any errors you may come across. If you read something that isn't clear, please consider revising it for future students!

Looking to make a contribution?
#Pick one of the topics from intro physics listed below
#Add content to that topic or improve the quality of what is already there.
#Need to make a new topic? Edit this page and add it to the list under the appropriate category. Then copy and paste the default [[Template]] into your new page and start editing.

Please remember that this is not a textbook and you are not limited to expressing your ideas with only text and equations. Whenever possible embed: pictures, videos, diagrams, simulations, computational models (e.g. Glowscript), and whatever content you think makes learning physics easier for other students.

== Source Material ==
All of the content added to this resource must be in the public domain or similar free resource. If you are unsure about a source, contact the original author for permission. That said, there is a surprisingly large amount of introductory physics content scattered across the web. Here is an incomplete list of intro physics resources (please update as needed).
* A physics resource written by experts for an expert audience [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:Physics Physics Portal]
* A wiki written for students by a physics expert [http://p3server.pa.msu.edu/coursewiki/doku.php?id=183_notes MSU Physics Wiki]
* A wiki book on modern physics [https://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Modern_Physics Modern Physics Wiki]
* The MIT open courseware for intro physics [http://ocw.mit.edu/resources/res-8-002-a-wikitextbook-for-introductory-mechanics-fall-2009/index.htm MITOCW Wiki]
* An online concept map of intro physics [http://hyperphysics.phy-astr.gsu.edu/hbase/hph.html HyperPhysics]
* Interactive physics simulations [https://phet.colorado.edu/en/simulations/category/physics PhET]
* OpenStax algebra based intro physics textbook [https://openstaxcollege.org/textbooks/college-physics College Physics]
* The Open Source Physics project is a collection of online physics resources [http://www.opensourcephysics.org/ OSP]
* A resource guide compiled by the [http://www.aapt.org/ AAPT] for educators [http://www.compadre.org/ ComPADRE]

== Organizing Categories ==
These are the broad, overarching categories, that we cover in three semester of introductory physics. You can add subcategories as needed but a single topic should direct readers to a page in one of these categories.

== Resources ==
* Commonly used wiki commands [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:Cheatsheet Wiki Cheatsheet]
* A guide to representing equations in math mode [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:Displaying_a_formula Wiki Math Mode]
* A page to keep track of all the physics [[Constants]]
* A page for review of [[Vectors]] and vector operations
* A listing of [[Notable Scientist]] with links to their individual pages

<div style="float:left; width:30%; padding:1%;">
==Physics 1==
===Week 1===

====Student Content====
<div class=“toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed”>
=====Help with VPython=====
<div class=“mw-collapsible-content”>
*[[VPython]]
*[[VPython basics]]
*[[VPython Common Errors and Troubleshooting]]
*[[VPython Functions]]
*[[VPython Lists]]
*[[VPython Loops]]
*[[VPython Multithreading]]
*[[VPython Animation]]
*[[VPython Objects]]
*[[VPython 3D Objects]]
*[[VPython Reference]]
*[[VPython MapReduceFilter]]
*[[VPython GUIs]]
</div>
</div>

<div class=“toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed”>
=====Vectors and Units=====
<div class=“mw-collapsible-content”>
*[[Vectors]]
*[[SI units]]
</div>
</div>

<div class=“toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed”>

=====Interactions=====
<div class=“mw-collapsible-content”>
</div>
</div>
*[[Types of Interactions and How to Detect Them]]

<div class=“toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed”>

=====Velocity and Momentum=====
<div class=“mw-collapsible-content”>
*[[Newton’s First Law of Motion]]
*[[Velocity]]
*[[Mass]]
*[[Speed and Velocity]]
*[[Relative Velocity]]
*[[Derivation of Average Velocity]]
*[[2-Dimensional Motion]]
*[[3-Dimensional Position and Motion]]
</div>
</div>

====Expert Content====
<div class=“toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed”>

* [http://p3server.pa.msu.edu/coursewiki/doku.php?id=183_notes:vpython_resources Software for Projects]

</div>

===Week 2===
====Student Content====
<div class=“toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed”>
=====Momentum and the Momentum Principle=====
<div class=“mw-collapsible-content”>
*[[Momentum Principle]]
*[[Inertia]]
*[[Net Force]]
*[[Derivation of the Momentum Principle]]
*[[Impulse Momentum]]
*[[Acceleration]]
*[[Momentum with respect to external Forces]]
</div>
</div>

<div class=“toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed”>
=====Iterative Prediction with a Constant Force=====
<div class=“mw-collapsible-content”>
*[[Newton’s Second Law of Motion]]
*[[Iterative Prediction]]
*[[Kinematics]]
*[[Newton’s Laws and Linear Momentum]]
*[[Projectile Motion]]
</div>
</div>

====Expert Content====
<div class=“toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed”>

* [http://p3server.pa.msu.edu/coursewiki/doku.php?id=183_notes:scalars_and_vectors Scalars and Vectors]
* [http://p3server.pa.msu.edu/coursewiki/doku.php?id=183_notes:displacement_and_velocity Displacement and Velocity]
* [http://p3server.pa.msu.edu/coursewiki/doku.php?id=183_notes:modeling_with_vpython Modeling Motion with VPython]
* [http://p3server.pa.msu.edu/coursewiki/doku.php?id=183_notes:relative_motion Relative Motion]
* [http://p3server.pa.msu.edu/coursewiki/doku.php?id=183_notes:graphing_motion Graphing Motion]
* [http://p3server.pa.msu.edu/coursewiki/doku.php?id=183_notes:momentum Momentum]
* [http://p3server.pa.msu.edu/coursewiki/doku.php?id=183_notes:momentum_principle The Momentum Principle]
* [http://p3server.pa.msu.edu/coursewiki/doku.php?id=183_notes:acceleration Acceleration & The Change in Momentum]
* [http://p3server.pa.msu.edu/coursewiki/doku.php?id=183_notes:motionPredict Applying the Momentum Principle]
* [http://p3server.pa.msu.edu/coursewiki/doku.php?id=183_notes:constantF Constant Force Motion]
* [http://p3server.pa.msu.edu/coursewiki/doku.php?id=183_notes:iterativePredict Iterative Prediction of Motion]
* [http://p3server.pa.msu.edu/coursewiki/doku.php?id=183_notes:mp_multi The Momentum Principle in Multi-particle Systems]
* [http://p3server.pa.msu.edu/coursewiki/doku.php?id=183_notes:angular_motivation Why Angular Momentum?]
* [http://p3server.pa.msu.edu/coursewiki/doku.php?id=183_notes:ang_momentum Angular Momentum]
* [http://p3server.pa.msu.edu/coursewiki/doku.php?id=183_notes:L_principle Net Torque & The Angular Momentum Principle]
* [http://p3server.pa.msu.edu/coursewiki/doku.php?id=183_notes:L_conservation Angular Momentum Conservation]

</div>

===Week 3===
====Student Content====
<div class=“toccolours \
mw-collapsible mw-collapsed”>
=====Analytic Prediction with a Constant Force=====
<div \
class=“mw-collapsible-content”>
*[[Analytical Prediction]]
</div>
</div>

<div class=“toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed”>
=====Iterative Prediction with a Varying Force=====
<div \
class=“mw-collapsible-content”>
*[[Predicting Change in multiple dimensions]]
*[[Spring Force]]
*[[Hooke’s Law]]
*[[Simple Harmonic Motion]]
*[[Iterative Prediction of Spring-Mass System]]
*[[Terminal Speed]]
*[[Determinism]]
</div>
</div>

====Expert Content====
<div class=“toccolours mw-collapsible \
mw-collapsed”>

* [http://p3server.pa.msu.edu/coursewiki/doku.php?id=183_notes:drag Drag]
* [http://p3server.pa.msu.edu/coursewiki/doku.php?id=183_notes:gravitation Non-constant Force: Newtonian Gravitation]
* [http://p3server.pa.msu.edu/coursewiki/doku.php?id=183_notes:ucm Uniform Circular Motion]
* [http://p3server.pa.msu.edu/coursewiki/doku.php?id=183_notes:impulseGraphs Impulse Graphs]
* [http://p3server.pa.msu.edu/coursewiki/doku.php?id=183_notes:springMotion Non-constant Force: Springs & Spring-like Interactions]
* [http://p3server.pa.msu.edu/coursewiki/doku.php?id=183_notes:friction Contact Interactions: The Normal Force & Friction]

</div>

===Week 4===
====Student Content====
<div class=“toccolours \
mw-collapsible mw-collapsed”>
=====Fundamental Interactions=====
<div class=“mw-collapsible-content”>
*[[Gravitational Force]]
*[[Electric Force]]
*[[Reciprocity]]
</div>
</div>

====Expert Content====
<div class=“toccolours mw-collapsible \
mw-collapsed”>

* [http://p3server.pa.msu.edu/coursewiki/doku.php?id=183_notes:gravitation Non-constant Force: Newtonian Gravitation]

</div>

===Week 5===
====Student Content====
<div class=“toccolours \
mw-collapsible mw-collapsed”>
=====Conservation of Momentum=====
<div class=“mw-collapsible-content”>
*[[Conservation of Momentum]]
</div>
</div>
<div class=“toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed”>

=====Properties of Matter=====
<div class=“mw-collapsible-content”>
*[[Kinds of Matter]]
**[[Ball and Spring Model of Matter]]
*[[Density]]
*[[Length and Stiffness of an Interatomic Bond]]
*[[Young’s Modulus]]
*[[Speed of Sound in Solids]]
*[[Malleability]]
*[[Ductility]]
*[[Weight]]
*[[Hardness]]
*[[Boiling Point]]
*[[Melting Point]]
</div>
</div>

====Expert Content====
<div class=“toccolours mw-collapsible \
mw-collapsed”>

* [http://p3server.pa.msu.edu/coursewiki/doku.php?id=183_notes:model_of_a_wire Modeling a Solid Wire: springs in series and parallel]

</div>

===Week 6===
====Student Content====
<div class=“toccolours \
mw-collapsible mw-collapsed”>
=====Identifying Forces=====
<div class=“mw-collapsible-content”>
*[[Free Body Diagram]]
*[[Compression or Normal Force]]
*[[Tension]]
</div>
</div>
<div class=“toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed”>
=====Curving Motion=====
<div class=“mw-collapsible-content”>
*[[Curving Motion]]
*[[Centripetal Force and Curving Motion]]
*[[Perpetual Freefall (Orbit)]]
</div>
</div>

====Expert Content====
<div class=“toccolours mw-collapsible \
mw-collapsed”>

* [http://p3server.pa.msu.edu/coursewiki/doku.php?id=183_notes:gravitation Non-constant Force: Newtonian Gravitation]
* [http://p3server.pa.msu.edu/coursewiki/doku.php?id=183_notes:grav_accel Gravitational Acceleration]
* [http://p3server.pa.msu.edu/coursewiki/doku.php?id=183_notes:ucm Uniform Circular Motion]
* [http://p3server.pa.msu.edu/coursewiki/doku.php?id=183_notes:freebodydiagrams Free Body Diagrams]
* [http://p3server.pa.msu.edu/coursewiki/doku.php?id=183_notes:curving_motion Curved Motion]

</div>

===Week 7===
====Student Content====
<div class=“toccolours \
mw-collapsible mw-collapsed”>
=====Energy Principle=====
<div class=“mw-collapsible-content”>
*[[The Energy Principle]]
*[[Conservation of Energy]]
*[[Kinetic Energy]]
*[[Work]]
*[[Power (Mechanical)]]
</div>
</div>

====Expert Content====
<div class=“toccolours mw-collapsible \
mw-collapsed”>

* [http://p3server.pa.msu.edu/coursewiki/doku.php?id=183_notes:define_energy What is Energy?]
* [http://p3server.pa.msu.edu/coursewiki/doku.php?id=183_notes:point_particle The Simplest System: A Single Particle]
* [http://p3server.pa.msu.edu/coursewiki/doku.php?id=183_notes:work Work: Mechanical Energy Transfer]
* [http://p3server.pa.msu.edu/coursewiki/doku.php?id=183_notes:energy_cons Conservation of Energy]
* [http://p3server.pa.msu.edu/coursewiki/doku.php?id=183_notes:potential_energy Potential Energy]
* [http://p3server.pa.msu.edu/coursewiki/doku.php?id=183_notes:grav_and_spring_PE (Near Earth) Gravitational and Spring Potential Energy]
* [http://p3server.pa.msu.edu/coursewiki/doku.php?id=183_notes:force_and_PE Force and Potential Energy]
* [http://p3server.pa.msu.edu/coursewiki/doku.php?id=183_notes:newton_grav_pe Newtonian Gravitational Potential Energy]
* [http://p3server.pa.msu.edu/coursewiki/doku.php?id=183_notes:spring_PE Spring Potential Energy]

</div>

===Week 8===
====Student Content====
<div class=“toccolours \
mw-collapsible mw-collapsed”>
=====Work by Non-Constant Forces=====
<div \
class=“mw-collapsible-content”>
*[[Work Done By A Nonconstant Force]]
</div>
</div>
<div class=“toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed”>
=====Potential Energy=====
<div class=“mw-collapsible-content”>
*[[Potential Energy]]
*[[Potential Energy of Macroscopic Springs]]
*[[Spring Potential Energy]]
**[[Ball and Spring Model]]
*[[Gravitational Potential Energy]]
*[[Energy Graphs]]
*[[Escape Velocity]]
</div>
</div>

====Expert Content====
<div class=“toccolours mw-collapsible \
mw-collapsed”>

* [http://p3server.pa.msu.edu/coursewiki/doku.php?id=183_notes:work_by_nc_forces Work Done by Non-Constant Forces]
* [http://p3server.pa.msu.edu/coursewiki/doku.php?id=183_notes:potential_energy Potential Energy]
* [http://p3server.pa.msu.edu/coursewiki/doku.php?id=183_notes:grav_and_spring_PE (Near Earth) Gravitational and Spring Potential Energy]
* [http://p3server.pa.msu.edu/coursewiki/doku.php?id=183_notes:rest_mass Changes of Rest Mass Energy]
* [http://p3server.pa.msu.edu/coursewiki/doku.php?id=183_notes:force_and_PE Force and Potential Energy]
* [http://p3server.pa.msu.edu/coursewiki/doku.php?id=183_notes:newton_grav_pe Newtonian Gravitational Potential Energy]
* [http://p3server.pa.msu.edu/coursewiki/doku.php?id=183_notes:grav_pe_graphs Graphing Energy for Gravitationally Interacting Systems]
* [http://p3server.pa.msu.edu/coursewiki/doku.php?id=183_notes:spring_PE Spring Potential Energy]
* [http://p3server.pa.msu.edu/coursewiki/doku.php?id=183_notes:power Power: The Rate of Energy Change]
* [http://p3server.pa.msu.edu/coursewiki/doku.php?id=183_notes:energy_dissipation Dissipation of Energy]

</div>

===Week 9===
====Student Content====
<div class=“toccolours \
mw-collapsible mw-collapsed”>
=====Multiparticle Systems=====
<div class=“mw-collapsible-content”>
*[[Center of Mass]]
*[[Multi-particle analysis of Momentum]]
*[[Momentum with respect to external Forces]]
*[[Potential Energy of a Multiparticle System]]
*[[Work and Energy for an Extended System]]
*[[Internal Energy]]
**[[Potential Energy of a Pair of Neutral Atoms]]
</div>
</div>

====Expert Content====
<div class=“toccolours mw-collapsible \
mw-collapsed”>

* [http://p3server.pa.msu.edu/coursewiki/doku.php?id=183_notes:mp_multi The Momentum Principle in Multi-particle Systems]
* [http://p3server.pa.msu.edu/coursewiki/doku.php?id=183_notes:center_of_mass Center of Mass Motion]
* [http://p3server.pa.msu.edu/coursewiki/doku.php?id=183_notes:center_of_mass Center of Mass Motion]
* [http://p3server.pa.msu.edu/coursewiki/doku.php?id=183_notes:energy_sep Separating Energy in Multi-Particle Systems]

</div>

===Week 10===
====Student Content====
<div class=“toccolours \
mw-collapsible mw-collapsed”>
=====Choice of System=====
<div class=“mw-collapsible-content”>
*[[System & Surroundings]]
</div>
</div>
<div class=“toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed”>
=====Thermal Energy, Dissipation and Transfer of Energy=====
<div \
class=“mw-collapsible-content”>
*[[Thermal Energy]]
*[[Specific Heat]]
*[[Heat Capacity]]
*[[Specific Heat Capacity]]
*[[First Law of Thermodynamics]]
*[[Second Law of Thermodynamics and Entropy]]
*[[Temperature]]
*[[Predicting Change]]
*[[Energy Transfer due to a Temperature Difference]]
*[[Transformation of Energy]]
*[[The Maxwell-Boltzmann Distribution]]
*[[Air Resistance]]
</div>
</div>
<div class=“toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed”>
=====Rotational and Vibrational Energy=====
<div \
class=“mw-collapsible-content”>
*[[Translational, Rotational and Vibrational Energy]]
</div>
</div>

====Expert Content====
<div class=“toccolours mw-collapsible \
mw-collapsed”>

* [http://p3server.pa.msu.edu/coursewiki/doku.php?id=183_notes:grav_and_spring_PE (Near Earth) Gravitational and Spring Potential Energy]
* [http://p3server.pa.msu.edu/coursewiki/doku.php?id=183_notes:rest_mass Changes of Rest Mass Energy]
* [http://p3server.pa.msu.edu/coursewiki/doku.php?id=183_notes:newton_grav_pe Newtonian Gravitational Potential Energy]
* [http://p3server.pa.msu.edu/coursewiki/doku.php?id=183_notes:grav_pe_graphs Graphing Energy for Gravitationally Interacting Systems]
* [http://p3server.pa.msu.edu/coursewiki/doku.php?id=183_notes:escape_speed Escape Speed]
* [http://p3server.pa.msu.edu/coursewiki/doku.php?id=183_notes:spring_PE Spring Potential Energy]
* [http://p3server.pa.msu.edu/coursewiki/doku.php?id=183_notes:internal_energy Internal Energy]
* [http://p3server.pa.msu.edu/coursewiki/doku.php?id=183_notes:system_choice Choosing a System Matters]
* [http://p3server.pa.msu.edu/coursewiki/doku.php?id=183_notes:energy_dissipation Dissipation of Energy]

</div>

===Week 11===
====Student Content====
<div class=“toccolours \
mw-collapsible mw-collapsed”>
=====Different Models of a System=====
<div \
class=“mw-collapsible-content”>
*[[Real Systems]]
*[[Point Particle Systems]]
</div>
</div>
<div class=“toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed”>

=====Models of Friction=====
<div class=“mw-collapsible-content”>
*[[Friction]]
*[[Static Friction]]
</div>
</div>

====Expert Content====
<div class=“toccolours mw-collapsible \
mw-collapsed”>

* [http://p3server.pa.msu.edu/coursewiki/doku.php?id=183_notes:system_choice Choosing a System Matters]
* [http://p3server.pa.msu.edu/coursewiki/doku.php?id=183_notes:energy_dissipation Dissipation of Energy]

</div>

===Week 12===
====Student Content====
<div class=“toccolours \
mw-collapsible mw-collapsed”>
=====Collisions=====
<div class=“mw-collapsible-content”>
*[[Newton’s Third Law of Motion]]
*[[Collisions]]
*[[Elastic Collisions]]
*[[Inelastic Collisions]]
*[[Maximally Inelastic Collision]]
*[[Head-on Collision of Equal Masses]]
*[[Head-on Collision of Unequal Masses]]
*[[Scattering: Collisions in 2D and 3D]]
*[[Rutherford Experiment and Atomic Collisions]]
*[[Coefficient of Restitution]]
</div>
</div>

====Expert Content====
<div class=“toccolours mw-collapsible \
mw-collapsed”>

* [http://p3server.pa.msu.edu/coursewiki/doku.php?id=183_notes:collisions Colliding Objects]
* [http://p3server.pa.msu.edu/coursewiki/doku.php?id=183_notes:center_of_mass Center of Mass Motion]
* [http://p3server.pa.msu.edu/coursewiki/doku.php?id=183_notes:center_of_mass Center of Mass Motion]
* [http://p3server.pa.msu.edu/coursewiki/doku.php?id=183_notes:rot_KE Rotational Kinetic Energy]
* [http://p3server.pa.msu.edu/coursewiki/doku.php?id=183_notes:pp_vs_real Point Particle and Real Systems]
* [http://p3server.pa.msu.edu/coursewiki/doku.php?id=183_notes:colliding_systems Collisions]

</div>

===Week 13===
====Student Content====
<div class=“toccolours \
mw-collapsible mw-collapsed”>
=====Rotations=====
<div class=“mw-collapsible-content”>
*[[Rotation]]
*[[Angular Velocity]]
*[[Eulerian Angles]]
</div>
</div>
<div class=“toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed”>
=====Angular Momentum=====
<div class=“mw-collapsible-content”>
*[[Total Angular Momentum]]
*[[Translational Angular Momentum]]
*[[Rotational Angular Momentum]]
*[[The Angular Momentum Principle]]
*[[Angular Momentum Compared to Linear Momentum]]
*[[Angular Impulse]]
*[[Predicting the Position of a Rotating System]]
*[[Angular Momentum of Multiparticle Systems]]
*[[The Moments of Inertia]]
*[[Moment of Inertia for a cylinder]]
*[[Right Hand Rule]]
</div>
</div>

====Expert Content====
<div class=“toccolours mw-collapsible \
mw-collapsed”>

* [http://p3server.pa.msu.edu/coursewiki/doku.php?id=183_notes:rot_KE Rotational Kinetic Energy]
* [http://p3server.pa.msu.edu/coursewiki/doku.php?id=183_notes:angular_motivation Why Angular Momentum?]
* [http://p3server.pa.msu.edu/coursewiki/doku.php?id=183_notes:ang_momentum Angular Momentum]
* [http://p3server.pa.msu.edu/coursewiki/doku.php?id=183_notes:L_principle Net Torque & The Angular Momentum Principle]
* [http://p3server.pa.msu.edu/coursewiki/doku.php?id=183_notes:L_conservation Angular Momentum Conservation]

</div>
===Week 14===

====Student Content====
<div class=“toccolours mw-collapsible \
mw-collapsed”>
=====Analyzing Motion with and without Torque=====
<div \
class=“mw-collapsible-content”>
*[[Torque]]
*[[Torque 2]]
*[[Systems with Zero Torque]]
*[[Systems with Nonzero Torque]]
*[[Torque vs Work]]
*[[Gyroscopes]]
</div>
</div>

====Expert Content====
<div class=“toccolours mw-collapsible \
mw-collapsed”>

* [http://p3server.pa.msu.edu/coursewiki/doku.php?id=183_notes:discovery_of_the_nucleus Discovery of the Nucleus]
* [http://p3server.pa.msu.edu/coursewiki/doku.php?id=183_notes:torque Torques Cause Changes in Rotation]
* [http://p3server.pa.msu.edu/coursewiki/doku.php?id=183_notes:L_principle Net Torque & The Angular Momentum Principle]

</div>

===Week 15===

====Student Content====
<div class=“toccolours mw-collapsible \
mw-collapsed”>
=====Introduction to Quantum Concepts=====
<div \class=“mw-collapsible-content”>
*[[Bohr Model]]
*[[Energy graphs and the Bohr model]]
*[[Quantized energy levels]]
</div>
</div>

====Expert Content====
<div class=“toccolours mw-collapsible \
mw-collapsed”>

* [http://p3server.pa.msu.edu/coursewiki/doku.php?id=183_notes:discovery_of_the_nucleus Discovery of the Nucleus]

</div>

<div style=“float:left; width:30%; padding:1%;”>

==Physics 2==
===Week 1===
<div class="toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">
====3D Vectors====
<div class="mw-collapsible-content">
*[[Page claimed by Laura Winalski]]*
*[[Vectors]]
*[[Right-Hand Rule]]
*[[Right Hand Rule]]
</div>
</div>

<div class="toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">

'''CLAIMED BY DIPRO CHAKRABORTY'''

'''CLAIMED BY DIPRO CHAKRABORTY'''
'''CLAIMED BY DIPRO CHAKRABORTY'''
'''CLAIMED BY DIPRO CHAKRABORTY'''

'''CLAIMED BY DIPRO CHAKRABORTY'''
====Electric field====
<div class="mw-collapsible-content">

[[Electric field]]

The electric field created by a charge is present throughout space at all times, whether or not there is another charge around to feel its effects. The electric field created by a charge penetrates through matter. The field permeates the neighboring space, biding its time until it can affect anything brought into its space of interaction.

==The Main Idea==
To be exact, the definition of the Electric Field is as follows:
The electric field is a region around a charged particle or object within which a force would be exerted on other objects.
If we put a charged particle at a location and it experiences a force, it would be logical to assume that there is something present that
is interacting with the particle. This "virtual force" is in essence the electric field.
===A Mathematical Model===

The electric field can be expressed mathematically as follows:

<math>{\vec{F_{net}} = 0 \Leftrightarrow \frac{d\vec{v}}{dt}} = 0</math>

<math>{\vec{F_{2}} = {q_{1}}{\vec{E_{1}}} \Leftrightarrow \frac{d\vec{v}}{dt}} </math>

which can be translated to postulate that the force on particle 2 is determined by the charge of particle 2 and the electric
field.

==Examples==

The following examples are to test your basic understanding of the Electric Field. For more examples that test your knowledge of all three of the laws, peruse the class textbook.

===Simple===
Which way is the electric field going for a negatively charged particle?

[[File:Simple111.png]]

It's easy to see that the electric field is pointing toward the negatively charged particle. The electric field is tending
toward the negatively charged particle.

===Middling===
Does the object in the following image have a net force of zero? Does it have a constant velocity?

This example is slightly more difficult, but is still quite trivial. If we sum the forces in the x direction, we see that the net force is 2 newtons in the -x direction. Therefore, the object does not have a constant velocity, and will be accelerating in the -x direction.

===Difficult===
Does the object in the following image have a net force of zero? Does it have a constant velocity?

This final example tests your knowledge and understanding of Newton's First Law. We're able to see that the box will accelerate in the -x direction because the net force in the x direction is 5 newtons to the left. However, the box itself has a velocity of 5m/s upwards, which would indeed stay constant. This is because forces (and motion) in perpendicular directions are of each other.

==Connectedness==

Newton's laws of motion tie into almost everything that we see or do. The first law, in particular, explains why we suddenly lurch forward when a car suddenly stops (our bodies are in a state of motion and thus resist the sudden stop), why it's much harder to stop when ice skating than walking (there's less friction, thus less net force to decelerate), and much, much, more. The importance of Newton's first law (and by extension, the other laws of motion) is not readily apparent, but serves as a basis to explain much of our daily interactions with our surroundings.

It can also apply to things outside of our daily interactions - space, for example. Newton's first law describes why an astronaut in space will continuously float in a direction forever if they are not pulled in by an asteroid or a planet's gravitational force. There is a lack of a net force opposing the astronaut's motion (due to the fact that there is no air in space) which results in the astronaut having a constant velocity. Floating off into space is probably an astronaut's worst nightmare, a scenario that a recent movie, ''Gravity'', explored. The entire premise of the movie (Sandra Bullock becomes untethered from her space station) relies on Newton's first law of motion.
==History==

While Galileo is the one credited with the idea of inertia motion, it was René Descartes, a French philosopher, who would expand upon Galileo's ideas. Descartes went on to propose three fundamental laws of nature in his book, ''Principles of Philosophy'', the first of which stated that "each thing, as far as is in its power, always remains in the same state; and that consequently, when it is once moved, it always continues to move." Thus, while the concept of inertia is often referred to as Newton's First Law, it was first described by Galileo and then perfected by Descartes decades before Newton published his findings.

As for Newton, he first described his three laws of motion in ''The Mathematical Principle of Natural Philosophy'', for the Principia, which was published in 1687. These laws described the relationship between an object and the forces acting upon it and laid the foundation for classical mechanics. While Newton's first law came from the work of Descartes and Galileo, his other laws are the work of himself.

==The Main Idea==
To be exact, the definition of the Electric Field is as follows:
The electric field is a region around a charged particle or object within which a force would be exerted on other objects.
If we put a charged particle at a location and it experiences a force, it would be logical to assume that there is something present that
is interacting with the particle. This "virtual force" is in essence the electric field.
===A Mathematical Model===

The electric field can be expressed mathematically as follows:

<math>{\vec{F_{net}} = 0 \Leftrightarrow \frac{d\vec{v}}{dt}} = 0</math>

<math>{\vec{F_{2}} = {q_{1}}{\vec{E_{1}}} \Leftrightarrow \frac{d\vec{v}}{dt}} </math>

which can be translated to postulate that the force on particle 2 is determined by the charge of particle 2 and the electric
field.

==Examples==

The following examples are to test your basic understanding of the Electric Field. For more examples that test your knowledge of all three of the laws, peruse the class textbook.

===Simple===
Which way is the electric field going for a negatively charged particle?

[[File:Simple111.png]]

It's easy to see that the electric field is pointing toward the negatively charged particle. The electric field is tending
toward the negatively charged particle.

===Middling===
Does the object in the following image have a net force of zero? Does it have a constant velocity?

This example is slightly more difficult, but is still quite trivial. If we sum the forces in the x direction, we see that the net force is 2 newtons in the -x direction. Therefore, the object does not have a constant velocity, and will be accelerating in the -x direction.

===Difficult===
Does the object in the following image have a net force of zero? Does it have a constant velocity?

This final example tests your knowledge and understanding of Newton's First Law. We're able to see that the box will accelerate in the -x direction because the net force in the x direction is 5 newtons to the left. However, the box itself has a velocity of 5m/s upwards, which would indeed stay constant. This is because forces (and motion) in perpendicular directions are of each other.

==Connectedness==

Newton's laws of motion tie into almost everything that we see or do. The first law, in particular, explains why we suddenly lurch forward when a car suddenly stops (our bodies are in a state of motion and thus resist the sudden stop), why it's much harder to stop when ice skating than walking (there's less friction, thus less net force to decelerate), and much, much, more. The importance of Newton's first law (and by extension, the other laws of motion) is not readily apparent, but serves as a basis to explain much of our daily interactions with our surroundings.

It can also apply to things outside of our daily interactions - space, for example. Newton's first law describes why an astronaut in space will continuously float in a direction forever if they are not pulled in by an asteroid or a planet's gravitational force. There is a lack of a net force opposing the astronaut's motion (due to the fact that there is no air in space) which results in the astronaut having a constant velocity. Floating off into space is probably an astronaut's worst nightmare, a scenario that a recent movie, ''Gravity'', explored. The entire premise of the movie (Sandra Bullock becomes untethered from her space station) relies on Newton's first law of motion.
==History==

While Galileo is the one credited with the idea of inertia motion, it was René Descartes, a French philosopher, who would expand upon Galileo's ideas. Descartes went on to propose three fundamental laws of nature in his book, ''Principles of Philosophy'', the first of which stated that "each thing, as far as is in its power, always remains in the same state; and that consequently, when it is once moved, it always continues to move." Thus, while the concept of inertia is often referred to as Newton's First Law, it was first described by Galileo and then perfected by Descartes decades before Newton published his findings.

As for Newton, he first described his three laws of motion in ''The Mathematical Principle of Natural Philosophy'', for the Principia, which was published in 1687. These laws described the relationship between an object and the forces acting upon it and laid the foundation for classical mechanics. While Newton's first law came from the work of Descartes and Galileo, his other laws are the work of himself.

==The Main Idea==
To be exact, the definition of the Electric Field is as follows:
The electric field is a region around a charged particle or object within which a force would be exerted on other objects.
If we put a charged particle at a location and it experiences a force, it would be logical to assume that there is something present that
is interacting with the particle. This "virtual force" is in essence the electric field.
===A Mathematical Model===

The electric field can be expressed mathematically as follows:

<math>{\vec{F_{net}} = 0 \Leftrightarrow \frac{d\vec{v}}{dt}} = 0</math>

<math>{\vec{F_{2}} = {q_{1}}{\vec{E_{1}}} \Leftrightarrow \frac{d\vec{v}}{dt}} </math>

which can be translated to postulate that the force on particle 2 is determined by the charge of particle 2 and the electric
field.

==Examples==

The following examples are to test your basic understanding of the Electric Field. For more examples that test your knowledge of all three of the laws, peruse the class textbook.

===Simple===
Which way is the electric field going for a negatively charged particle?

[[File:Simple111.png]]

It's easy to see that the electric field is pointing toward the negatively charged particle. The electric field is tending
toward the negatively charged particle.

===Middling===
Does the object in the following image have a net force of zero? Does it have a constant velocity?

This example is slightly more difficult, but is still quite trivial. If we sum the forces in the x direction, we see that the net force is 2 newtons in the -x direction. Therefore, the object does not have a constant velocity, and will be accelerating in the -x direction.

===Difficult===
Does the object in the following image have a net force of zero? Does it have a constant velocity?

This final example tests your knowledge and understanding of Newton's First Law. We're able to see that the box will accelerate in the -x direction because the net force in the x direction is 5 newtons to the left. However, the box itself has a velocity of 5m/s upwards, which would indeed stay constant. This is because forces (and motion) in perpendicular directions are of each other.

==Connectedness==

Newton's laws of motion tie into almost everything that we see or do. The first law, in particular, explains why we suddenly lurch forward when a car suddenly stops (our bodies are in a state of motion and thus resist the sudden stop), why it's much harder to stop when ice skating than walking (there's less friction, thus less net force to decelerate), and much, much, more. The importance of Newton's first law (and by extension, the other laws of motion) is not readily apparent, but serves as a basis to explain much of our daily interactions with our surroundings.

It can also apply to things outside of our daily interactions - space, for example. Newton's first law describes why an astronaut in space will continuously float in a direction forever if they are not pulled in by an asteroid or a planet's gravitational force. There is a lack of a net force opposing the astronaut's motion (due to the fact that there is no air in space) which results in the astronaut having a constant velocity. Floating off into space is probably an astronaut's worst nightmare, a scenario that a recent movie, ''Gravity'', explored. The entire premise of the movie (Sandra Bullock becomes untethered from her space station) relies on Newton's first law of motion.
==History==

While Galileo is the one credited with the idea of inertia motion, it was René Descartes, a French philosopher, who would expand upon Galileo's ideas. Descartes went on to propose three fundamental laws of nature in his book, ''Principles of Philosophy'', the first of which stated that "each thing, as far as is in its power, always remains in the same state; and that consequently, when it is once moved, it always continues to move." Thus, while the concept of inertia is often referred to as Newton's First Law, it was first described by Galileo and then perfected by Descartes decades before Newton published his findings.

As for Newton, he first described his three laws of motion in ''The Mathematical Principle of Natural Philosophy'', for the Principia, which was published in 1687. These laws described the relationship between an object and the forces acting upon it and laid the foundation for classical mechanics. While Newton's first law came from the work of Descartes and Galileo, his other laws are the work of himself.

==The Main Idea==
To be exact, the definition of the Electric Field is as follows:
The electric field is a region around a charged particle or object within which a force would be exerted on other objects.
If we put a charged particle at a location and it experiences a force, it would be logical to assume that there is something present that
is interacting with the particle. This "virtual force" is in essence the electric field.
===A Mathematical Model===

The electric field can be expressed mathematically as follows:

<math>{\vec{F_{net}} = 0 \Leftrightarrow \frac{d\vec{v}}{dt}} = 0</math>

<math>{\vec{F_{2}} = {q_{1}}{\vec{E_{1}}} \Leftrightarrow \frac{d\vec{v}}{dt}} </math>

which can be translated to postulate that the force on particle 2 is determined by the charge of particle 2 and the electric
field.

==Examples==

The following examples are to test your basic understanding of the Electric Field. For more examples that test your knowledge of all three of the laws, peruse the class textbook.

===Simple===
Which way is the electric field going for a negatively charged particle?

[[File:Simple111.png]]

It's easy to see that the electric field is pointing toward the negatively charged particle. The electric field is tending
toward the negatively charged particle.

===Middling===
Does the object in the following image have a net force of zero? Does it have a constant velocity?

This example is slightly more difficult, but is still quite trivial. If we sum the forces in the x direction, we see that the net force is 2 newtons in the -x direction. Therefore, the object does not have a constant velocity, and will be accelerating in the -x direction.

===Difficult===
Does the object in the following image have a net force of zero? Does it have a constant velocity?

This final example tests your knowledge and understanding of Newton's First Law. We're able to see that the box will accelerate in the -x direction because the net force in the x direction is 5 newtons to the left. However, the box itself has a velocity of 5m/s upwards, which would indeed stay constant. This is because forces (and motion) in perpendicular directions are of each other.

==Connectedness==

Newton's laws of motion tie into almost everything that we see or do. The first law, in particular, explains why we suddenly lurch forward when a car suddenly stops (our bodies are in a state of motion and thus resist the sudden stop), why it's much harder to stop when ice skating than walking (there's less friction, thus less net force to decelerate), and much, much, more. The importance of Newton's first law (and by extension, the other laws of motion) is not readily apparent, but serves as a basis to explain much of our daily interactions with our surroundings.

It can also apply to things outside of our daily interactions - space, for example. Newton's first law describes why an astronaut in space will continuously float in a direction forever if they are not pulled in by an asteroid or a planet's gravitational force. There is a lack of a net force opposing the astronaut's motion (due to the fact that there is no air in space) which results in the astronaut having a constant velocity. Floating off into space is probably an astronaut's worst nightmare, a scenario that a recent movie, ''Gravity'', explored. The entire premise of the movie (Sandra Bullock becomes untethered from her space station) relies on Newton's first law of motion.
==History==

While Galileo is the one credited with the idea of inertia motion, it was René Descartes, a French philosopher, who would expand upon Galileo's ideas. Descartes went on to propose three fundamental laws of nature in his book, ''Principles of Philosophy'', the first of which stated that "each thing, as far as is in its power, always remains in the same state; and that consequently, when it is once moved, it always continues to move." Thus, while the concept of inertia is often referred to as Newton's First Law, it was first described by Galileo and then perfected by Descartes decades before Newton published his findings.

As for Newton, he first described his three laws of motion in ''The Mathematical Principle of Natural Philosophy'', for the Principia, which was published in 1687. These laws described the relationship between an object and the forces acting upon it and laid the foundation for classical mechanics. While Newton's first law came from the work of Descartes and Galileo, his other laws are the work of himself.

==The Main Idea==
To be exact, the definition of the Electric Field is as follows:
The electric field is a region around a charged particle or object within which a force would be exerted on other objects.
If we put a charged particle at a location and it experiences a force, it would be logical to assume that there is something present that
is interacting with the particle. This "virtual force" is in essence the electric field.
===A Mathematical Model===

The electric field can be expressed mathematically as follows:

<math>{\vec{F_{net}} = 0 \Leftrightarrow \frac{d\vec{v}}{dt}} = 0</math>

<math>{\vec{F_{2}} = {q_{1}}{\vec{E_{1}}} \Leftrightarrow \frac{d\vec{v}}{dt}} = 0</math>

which can be translated to postulate that the force on particle 2 is determined by the charge of particle 2 and the electric
field.

==Examples==

The following examples are to test your basic understanding of the Electric Field. For more examples that test your knowledge of all three of the laws, peruse the class textbook.

===Simple===
Which way is the electric field going for a negatively charged particle?

[[File:Example.jpg]]

It's easy to see that the electric field is pointing toward the negatively charged particle. The electric field is tending
toward the negatively charged particle.

===Middling===
Does the object in the following image have a net force of zero? Does it have a constant velocity?

This example is slightly more difficult, but is still quite trivial. If we sum the forces in the x direction, we see that the net force is 2 newtons in the -x direction. Therefore, the object does not have a constant velocity, and will be accelerating in the -x direction.

===Difficult===
Does the object in the following image have a net force of zero? Does it have a constant velocity?

This final example tests your knowledge and understanding of Newton's First Law. We're able to see that the box will accelerate in the -x direction because the net force in the x direction is 5 newtons to the left. However, the box itself has a velocity of 5m/s upwards, which would indeed stay constant. This is because forces (and motion) in perpendicular directions are of each other.

==Connectedness==

Newton's laws of motion tie into almost everything that we see or do. The first law, in particular, explains why we suddenly lurch forward when a car suddenly stops (our bodies are in a state of motion and thus resist the sudden stop), why it's much harder to stop when ice skating than walking (there's less friction, thus less net force to decelerate), and much, much, more. The importance of Newton's first law (and by extension, the other laws of motion) is not readily apparent, but serves as a basis to explain much of our daily interactions with our surroundings.

It can also apply to things outside of our daily interactions - space, for example. Newton's first law describes why an astronaut in space will continuously float in a direction forever if they are not pulled in by an asteroid or a planet's gravitational force. There is a lack of a net force opposing the astronaut's motion (due to the fact that there is no air in space) which results in the astronaut having a constant velocity. Floating off into space is probably an astronaut's worst nightmare, a scenario that a recent movie, ''Gravity'', explored. The entire premise of the movie (Sandra Bullock becomes untethered from her space station) relies on Newton's first law of motion.
==History==

While Galileo is the one credited with the idea of inertia motion, it was René Descartes, a French philosopher, who would expand upon Galileo's ideas. Descartes went on to propose three fundamental laws of nature in his book, ''Principles of Philosophy'', the first of which stated that "each thing, as far as is in its power, always remains in the same state; and that consequently, when it is once moved, it always continues to move." Thus, while the concept of inertia is often referred to as Newton's First Law, it was first described by Galileo and then perfected by Descartes decades before Newton published his findings.

As for Newton, he first described his three laws of motion in ''The Mathematical Principle of Natural Philosophy'', for the Principia, which was published in 1687. These laws described the relationship between an object and the forces acting upon it and laid the foundation for classical mechanics. While Newton's first law came from the work of Descartes and Galileo, his other laws are the work of himself.

==The Main Idea==
To be exact, the definition of the Electric Field is as follows:
The electric field is a region around a charged particle or object within which a force would be exerted on other charged particles or objects.
If we put a charged particle at a location and it experiences a force, it would be logical to assume that there is something present that
is interacting with the particle. This "virtual force" is in essence the electric field.
===A Mathematical Model===

The electric field can be expressed mathematically as follows:

<math>{\vec{F_{net}} = 0 \Leftrightarrow \frac{d\vec{v}}{dt}} = 0</math>

<math>{\vec{F_{2}} = {q_{1}}{\vec{E_{1}}} \Leftrightarrow \frac{d\vec{v}}{dt}} = 0</math>

which can be translated to postulate that the force on particle 2 is determined by the charge of particle 2 and the electric
field.

==Examples==

The following examples are to test your basic understanding of Newton's First Law. For more examples that test your knowledge of all three of the laws, click .

===Simple===
Does the object in the following image have a net force of zero? Does it have a constant velocity?

It's easy to see that the only force on the object is acting in the +x direction, with a magnitude of 5 newtons. Therefore, the object does not have a net force of zero or a constant velocity. It will be accelerating in the +x direction.

===Middling===
Does the object in the following image have a net force of zero? Does it have a constant velocity?

This example is slightly more difficult, but is still quite trivial. If we sum the forces in the x direction, we see that the net force is 2 newtons in the -x direction. Therefore, the object does not have a constant velocity, and will be accelerating in the -x direction.

===Difficult===
Does the object in the following image have a net force of zero? Does it have a constant velocity?

This final example tests your knowledge and understanding of Newton's First Law. We're able to see that the box will accelerate in the -x direction because the net force in the x direction is 5 newtons to the left. However, the box itself has a velocity of 5m/s upwards, which would indeed stay constant. This is because forces (and motion) in perpendicular directions are of each other.

==Connectedness==

Newton's laws of motion tie into almost everything that we see or do. The first law, in particular, explains why we suddenly lurch forward when a car suddenly stops (our bodies are in a state of motion and thus resist the sudden stop), why it's much harder to stop when ice skating than walking (there's less friction, thus less net force to decelerate), and much, much, more. The importance of Newton's first law (and by extension, the other laws of motion) is not readily apparent, but serves as a basis to explain much of our daily interactions with our surroundings.

It can also apply to things outside of our daily interactions - space, for example. Newton's first law describes why an astronaut in space will continuously float in a direction forever if they are not pulled in by an asteroid or a planet's gravitational force. There is a lack of a net force opposing the astronaut's motion (due to the fact that there is no air in space) which results in the astronaut having a constant velocity. Floating off into space is probably an astronaut's worst nightmare, a scenario that a recent movie, ''Gravity'', explored. The entire premise of the movie (Sandra Bullock becomes untethered from her space station) relies on Newton's first law of motion.
==History==

While Galileo is the one credited with the idea of inertia motion, it was René Descartes, a French philosopher, who would expand upon Galileo's ideas. Descartes went on to propose three fundamental laws of nature in his book, ''Principles of Philosophy'', the first of which stated that "each thing, as far as is in its power, always remains in the same state; and that consequently, when it is once moved, it always continues to move." Thus, while the concept of inertia is often referred to as Newton's First Law, it was first described by Galileo and then perfected by Descartes decades before Newton published his findings.

As for Newton, he first described his three laws of motion in ''The Mathematical Principle of Natural Philosophy'', for the Principia, which was published in 1687. These laws described the relationship between an object and the forces acting upon it and laid the foundation for classical mechanics. While Newton's first law came from the work of Descartes and Galileo, his other laws are the work of himself.

==The Main Idea==
To be exact, the definition of the First Law of Motion is as follows:
The electric field is a region around a charged particle or object within which a force would be exerted on other charged particles or objects.
In other (and much simpler) terms, it means that an object at rest stays at rest and an object in in motion stays in motion at a constant velocity unless acted on by an unbalanced net force. It's important to keep in mind that only a difference in affect the velocity of an object. The amount of change in velocity is determined by
===A Mathematical Model===

Newton's first law can be stated mathematically as follows:

<math>{\vec{F_{net}} = 0 \Leftrightarrow \frac{d\vec{v}}{dt}} = 0</math>

Where...

<math>\vec{F_{net}}</math> is the net force from the surroundings.

<math>d\vec{v}</math> is the change in velocity of the system.

<math>dt</math> is the change in time of the system

If we trace this formula from the left to the right, we can see that if the net force on an object is zero, then the change in velocity of an object is also zero. Conversely, if we were given an object and told that its change in momentum is zero, then we can deduce that the net force acting on the object is also zero. Keep in mind, however, that this formula simple deals with the '''change''' in velocity. It does '''not''' mean that the object is at rest, only that its velocity remains constant.

==Examples==

The following examples are to test your basic understanding of Newton's First Law. For more examples that test your knowledge of all three of the laws, click .

===Simple===
Does the object in the following image have a net force of zero? Does it have a constant velocity?

It's easy to see that the only force on the object is acting in the +x direction, with a magnitude of 5 newtons. Therefore, the object does not have a net force of zero or a constant velocity. It will be accelerating in the +x direction.

===Middling===
Does the object in the following image have a net force of zero? Does it have a constant velocity?

This example is slightly more difficult, but is still quite trivial. If we sum the forces in the x direction, we see that the net force is 2 newtons in the -x direction. Therefore, the object does not have a constant velocity, and will be accelerating in the -x direction.

===Difficult===
Does the object in the following image have a net force of zero? Does it have a constant velocity?

This final example tests your knowledge and understanding of Newton's First Law. We're able to see that the box will accelerate in the -x direction because the net force in the x direction is 5 newtons to the left. However, the box itself has a velocity of 5m/s upwards, which would indeed stay constant. This is because forces (and motion) in perpendicular directions are of each other.

==Connectedness==

Newton's laws of motion tie into almost everything that we see or do. The first law, in particular, explains why we suddenly lurch forward when a car suddenly stops (our bodies are in a state of motion and thus resist the sudden stop), why it's much harder to stop when ice skating than walking (there's less friction, thus less net force to decelerate), and much, much, more. The importance of Newton's first law (and by extension, the other laws of motion) is not readily apparent, but serves as a basis to explain much of our daily interactions with our surroundings.

It can also apply to things outside of our daily interactions - space, for example. Newton's first law describes why an astronaut in space will continuously float in a direction forever if they are not pulled in by an asteroid or a planet's gravitational force. There is a lack of a net force opposing the astronaut's motion (due to the fact that there is no air in space) which results in the astronaut having a constant velocity. Floating off into space is probably an astronaut's worst nightmare, a scenario that a recent movie, ''Gravity'', explored. The entire premise of the movie (Sandra Bullock becomes untethered from her space station) relies on Newton's first law of motion.
==History==

While Galileo is the one credited with the idea of inertia motion, it was René Descartes, a French philosopher, who would expand upon Galileo's ideas. Descartes went on to propose three fundamental laws of nature in his book, ''Principles of Philosophy'', the first of which stated that "each thing, as far as is in its power, always remains in the same state; and that consequently, when it is once moved, it always continues to move." Thus, while the concept of inertia is often referred to as Newton's First Law, it was first described by Galileo and then perfected by Descartes decades before Newton published his findings.

As for Newton, he first described his three laws of motion in ''The Mathematical Principle of Natural Philosophy'', for the Principia, which was published in 1687. These laws described the relationship between an object and the forces acting upon it and laid the foundation for classical mechanics. While Newton's first law came from the work of Descartes and Galileo, his other laws are the work of himself.

==The Main Idea==
To be exact, the definition of the First Law of Motion is as follows:
The electric field is a region around a charged particle or object within which a force would be exerted on other charged particles or objects.
In other (and much simpler) terms, it means that an object at rest stays at rest and an object in in motion stays in motion at a constant velocity unless acted on by an unbalanced net force. It's important to keep in mind that only a difference in affect the velocity of an object. The amount of change in velocity is determined by
===A Mathematical Model===

Newton's first law can be stated mathematically as follows:

<math>{\vec{F_{net}} = 0 \Leftrightarrow \frac{d\vec{v}}{dt}} = 0</math>

Where...

<math>\vec{F_{net}}</math> is the net force from the surroundings.

<math>d\vec{v}</math> is the change in velocity of the system.

<math>dt</math> is the change in time of the system

If we trace this formula from the left to the right, we can see that if the net force on an object is zero, then the change in velocity of an object is also zero. Conversely, if we were given an object and told that its change in momentum is zero, then we can deduce that the net force acting on the object is also zero. Keep in mind, however, that this formula simple deals with the '''change''' in velocity. It does '''not''' mean that the object is at rest, only that its velocity remains constant.

==Examples==

The following examples are to test your basic understanding of Newton's First Law. For more examples that test your knowledge of all three of the laws, click .

===Simple===
Does the object in the following image have a net force of zero? Does it have a constant velocity?

It's easy to see that the only force on the object is acting in the +x direction, with a magnitude of 5 newtons. Therefore, the object does not have a net force of zero or a constant velocity. It will be accelerating in the +x direction.

===Middling===
Does the object in the following image have a net force of zero? Does it have a constant velocity?

This example is slightly more difficult, but is still quite trivial. If we sum the forces in the x direction, we see that the net force is 2 newtons in the -x direction. Therefore, the object does not have a constant velocity, and will be accelerating in the -x direction.

===Difficult===
Does the object in the following image have a net force of zero? Does it have a constant velocity?

This final example tests your knowledge and understanding of Newton's First Law. We're able to see that the box will accelerate in the -x direction because the net force in the x direction is 5 newtons to the left. However, the box itself has a velocity of 5m/s upwards, which would indeed stay constant. This is because forces (and motion) in perpendicular directions are of each other.

==Connectedness==

Newton's laws of motion tie into almost everything that we see or do. The first law, in particular, explains why we suddenly lurch forward when a car suddenly stops (our bodies are in a state of motion and thus resist the sudden stop), why it's much harder to stop when ice skating than walking (there's less friction, thus less net force to decelerate), and much, much, more. The importance of Newton's first law (and by extension, the other laws of motion) is not readily apparent, but serves as a basis to explain much of our daily interactions with our surroundings.

It can also apply to things outside of our daily interactions - space, for example. Newton's first law describes why an astronaut in space will continuously float in a direction forever if they are not pulled in by an asteroid or a planet's gravitational force. There is a lack of a net force opposing the astronaut's motion (due to the fact that there is no air in space) which results in the astronaut having a constant velocity. Floating off into space is probably an astronaut's worst nightmare, a scenario that a recent movie, ''Gravity'', explored. The entire premise of the movie (Sandra Bullock becomes untethered from her space station) relies on Newton's first law of motion.
==History==

While Galileo is the one credited with the idea of inertia motion, it was René Descartes, a French philosopher, who would expand upon Galileo's ideas. Descartes went on to propose three fundamental laws of nature in his book, ''Principles of Philosophy'', the first of which stated that "each thing, as far as is in its power, always remains in the same state; and that consequently, when it is once moved, it always continues to move." Thus, while the concept of inertia is often referred to as Newton's First Law, it was first described by Galileo and then perfected by Descartes decades before Newton published his findings.

As for Newton, he first described his three laws of motion in ''The Mathematical Principle of Natural Philosophy'', for the Principia, which was published in 1687. These laws described the relationship between an object and the forces acting upon it and laid the foundation for classical mechanics. While Newton's first law came from the work of Descartes and Galileo, his other laws are the work of himself.

==The Main Idea==
To be exact, the definition of the First Law of Motion is as follows:
Every body persists in its state of rest or of moving with constant speed in a constant direction, except to the extent that it is compelled to change that state by forces acting on it.
In other (and much simpler) terms, it means that an object at rest stays at rest and an object in in motion stays in motion at a constant velocity unless acted on by an unbalanced net force. It's important to keep in mind that only a difference in [http://www.physicsclassroom.com/class/newtlaws/Lesson-2/Determining-the-Net-Force net force] can affect the velocity of an object. The amount of change in velocity is determined by [http://www.physicsclassroom.com/class/newtlaws/Lesson-3/Newton-s-Second-Law Newton's Second Law of Motion].

===A Mathematical Model===

Newton's first law can be stated mathematically as follows:

<math>{\vec{F_{net}} = 0 \Leftrightarrow \frac{d\vec{v}}{dt}} = 0</math>

Where...

<math>\vec{F_{net}}</math> is the net force from the surroundings.

<math>d\vec{v}</math> is the change in velocity of the system.

<math>dt</math> is the change in time of the system

If we trace this formula from the left to the right, we can see that if the net force on an object is zero, then the change in velocity of an object is also zero. Conversely, if we were given an object and told that its change in momentum is zero, then we can deduce that the net force acting on the object is also zero. Keep in mind, however, that this formula simple deals with the '''change''' in velocity. It does '''not''' mean that the object is at rest, only that its velocity remains constant.

==Examples==

The following examples are to test your basic understanding of Newton's First Law. For more examples that test your knowledge of all three of the laws, click [http://www.physicsclassroom.com/calcpad/newtlaws/problems here].

===Simple===
Does the object in the following image have a net force of zero? Does it have a constant velocity?

[[File:Newtonfirstlawsimple.png|400px]]

It's easy to see that the only force on the object is acting in the +x direction, with a magnitude of 5 newtons. Therefore, the object does not have a net force of zero or a constant velocity. It will be accelerating in the +x direction.

===Middling===
Does the object in the following image have a net force of zero? Does it have a constant velocity?

[[File:Newtonfirstlawmedium.png|400px]]

This example is slightly more difficult, but is still quite trivial. If we sum the forces in the x direction, we see that the net force is 2 newtons in the -x direction. Therefore, the object does not have a constant velocity, and will be accelerating in the -x direction.

===Difficult===
Does the object in the following image have a net force of zero? Does it have a constant velocity?

[[File:Newtonsfirstlawhard.png|400px]]

This final example tests your knowledge and understanding of Newton's First Law. We're able to see that the box will accelerate in the -x direction because the net force in the x direction is 5 newtons to the left. However, the box itself has a velocity of 5m/s upwards, which would indeed stay constant. This is because forces (and motion) in perpendicular directions are [http://www.physicsclassroom.com/class/vectors/Lesson-1/Independence-of-Perpendicular-Components-of-Motion independent] of each other.

==Connectedness==

[[File:Tablecloth.gif|left|300px|thumb|The "magic trick" of ripping off a table cloth without the plates on top moving is an example of Newton's First Law. The tableware is in a state of rest, and thus want to remain in such a state.]]

Newton's laws of motion tie into almost everything that we see or do. The first law, in particular, explains why we suddenly lurch forward when a car suddenly stops (our bodies are in a state of motion and thus resist the sudden stop), why it's much harder to stop when ice skating than walking (there's less friction, thus less net force to decelerate), and much, much, more. The importance of Newton's first law (and by extension, the other laws of motion) is not readily apparent, but serves as a basis to explain much of our daily interactions with our surroundings.

It can also apply to things outside of our daily interactions - space, for example. Newton's first law describes why an astronaut in space will continuously float in a direction forever if they are not pulled in by an asteroid or a planet's gravitational force. There is a lack of a net force opposing the astronaut's motion (due to the fact that there is no air in space) which results in the astronaut having a constant velocity. Floating off into space is probably an astronaut's worst nightmare, a scenario that a recent movie, ''Gravity'', explored. The entire premise of the movie (Sandra Bullock becomes untethered from her space station) relies on Newton's first law of motion.
==History==

While Galileo is the one credited with the idea of inertia motion, it was René Descartes, a French philosopher, who would expand upon Galileo's ideas. Descartes went on to propose three fundamental laws of nature in his book, ''Principles of Philosophy'', the first of which stated that "each thing, as far as is in its power, always remains in the same state; and that consequently, when it is once moved, it always continues to move." Thus, while the concept of inertia is often referred to as Newton's First Law, it was first described by Galileo and then perfected by Descartes decades before Newton published his findings.

As for Newton, he first described his three laws of motion in ''The Mathematical Principle of Natural Philosophy'', for the Principia, which was published in 1687. These laws described the relationship between an object and the forces acting upon it and laid the foundation for classical mechanics. While Newton's first law came from the work of Descartes and Galileo, his other laws are the work of himself.

==Electric Field==
The electric field created by a charge is present throughout space at all times, whether or not there is another charge around to feel its effects. The electric field created by a charge penetrates through matter. The field permeates the neighboring space, biding its time until it can affect anything brought into its space of interaction.
*[[Vectors]]
*[[Right-Hand Rule]]
*[[Right Hand Rule]]
</div>
</div>

<div class="toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">

====Electric force====
<div class="mw-collapsible-content">

*[[Electric Force]] Claimed by Amarachi Eze
*[[Lorentz Force]]
</div>
</div>

<div class="toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">

====Electric field of a point particle====

<div class="mw-collapsible-content">
*[[Point Charge]]
</div>
</div>

<div class="toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">

'''Bold text'''====Superposition====
<div class="mw-collapsible-content">
*[[Superposition Principle]]
*[[Superposition principle]]
</div>
</div>

<div class="toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">

====Dipoles====
<div class="mw-collapsible-content">
*[[Electric Dipole]]
*[[Magnetic Dipole]]
</div>
</div>

===Week 2===
<div class="toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">
====Interactions of charged objects====
<div class="mw-collapsible-content">
*[[Electric Field]]
*[[Electric Potential]]
*[[Electric Force]]
*[[Lorentz Force]]
</div>
</div>

<div class="toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">
====Tape experiments====
<div class="mw-collapsible-content">
*[[Polarization]]
*[[Electric Polarization]]
</div>
</div>

<div class="toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">
====Polarization====
<div class="mw-collapsible-content">
*[[Polarization]]
*[[Electric Polarization]]
*[[Polarization of an Atom]]
</div>
</div>

===Week 3===
<div class="toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">
====Insulators====
<div class="mw-collapsible-content">
*[[Insulators]]
*[[Potential Difference in an Insulator]]
*[[Charged Conductor and Charged Insulator]]
*[[Charged conductor and charged insulator]]
</div>
</div>

<div class="toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">
====Conductors====
<div class="mw-collapsible-content">
*[[Conductivity]]
*[[Charge Transfer]]
*[[Resistivity]]
*[[Polarization of a conductor]]
*[[Charged Conductor and Charged Insulator]]
*[[Charged conductor and charged insulator]]
</div>
</div>

<div class="toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">
====Charging and discharging====
<div class="mw-collapsible-content">
*[[Charge Transfer]]
*[[Electrostatic Discharge]]
*[[Charged Conductor and Charged Insulator]]
*[[Charged conductor and charged insulator]]
</div>
</div>

===Week 4===
<div class="toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">
====Field of a charged rod====
<div class="mw-collapsible-content">
*[[Charged Rod]]
</div>
</div>

<div class="toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">

====Field of a charged ring/disk/capacitor====
<div class="mw-collapsible-content">
*[[Charged Ring]]
*[[Charged Disk]]
*[[Charged Capacitor]]
</div>
</div>

<div class="toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">

====Field of a charged sphere====
<div class="mw-collapsible-content">
*[[Charged Spherical Shell]]
*[[Field of a Charged Ball]]
</div>
</div>

===Week 5===
<div class="toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">
====Potential energy====
<div class="mw-collapsible-content">
*[[Potential Energy]]
</div>
</div>

<div class="toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">
====Electric potential====
<div class="mw-collapsible-content">
*[[Electric Potential]]
*[[Path Independence of Electric Potential]]
*[[Potential Difference Path Independence, claimed by Aditya Mohile]]
*[[Potential Difference in a Uniform Field]]
*[[Potential Difference of Point Charge in a Non-Uniform Field]]
</div>
</div>
<div class="toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">

====Overview====
----
text here
*[[Determining the Sign of Potential Difference]]
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*[[Understanding the Sign of Potential Difference]]
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</div>
</div>
<div class="toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">

====Potential at a single location====
<div class="mw-collapsible-content">
*[[Electric Potential]]
*[[Potential Difference at One Location]]
</div>
</div>

<div class="toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">

====Path independence and round trip potential====
<div class="mw-collapsible-content">
*[[Path Independence of Electric Potential]]
*[[Potential Difference Path Independence, claimed by Aditya Mohile]]
</div>
</div>

===Week 6===
<div class="toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">
====Electric field and potential in an insulator====
<div class="mw-collapsible-content">
*[[Potential Difference in an Insulator]]
*[[Electric Field in an Insulator]]
</div>
</div>
<div class="toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">

====Moving charges in a magnetic field====
<div class="mw-collapsible-content">
*[[Magnetic Field]]
*[[Magnetic Force]]
*[[Lorentz Force]]
</div>
</div>
<div class="toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">

====Biot-Savart Law====
<div class="mw-collapsible-content">
*[[Biot-Savart Law]]
*[[Biot-Savart Law for Currents]]
</div>
</div>
<div class="toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">

====Moving charges, electron current, and conventional current====
<div class="mw-collapsible-content">
*[[Moving Point Charge]]
*[[Current]]
</div>
</div>

===Week 7=== Claimed by Diem Tran
<div class="toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">
====Magnetic field of a wire====
<div class="mw-collapsible-content">
*[[Magnetic Field of a Long Straight Wire]]
</div>
</div>

<div class="toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">
====Magnetic field of a current-carrying loop====
<div class="mw-collapsible-content">
*[[Magnetic Field of a Loop]]
</div>
</div>

<div class="toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">
====Magnetic dipoles====
<div class="mw-collapsible-content">
*[[Magnetic Dipole Moment]]
*[[Bar Magnet]]
</div>
</div>

<div class="toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">
====Atomic structure of magnets====
<div class="mw-collapsible-content">
*[[Atomic Structure of Magnets]]
</div>
</div>

===Week 8===
<div class="toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">
====Steady state current====
<div class="mw-collapsible-content">
*[[Steady State]]
*[[Non Steady State]]
</div>
</div>

<div class="toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">
====Node rule====
<div class="mw-collapsible-content">
*[[Node Rule]]
</div>
</div>

<div class="toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">
====Electric fields and energy in circuits====
<div class="mw-collapsible-content">
*[[Series circuit]] claimed by Hannah Jang
*[[Node Rule]]
*[[Loop Rule]]
*[[Electric Potential Difference]]
</div>
</div>

<div class="toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">

====Macroscopic analysis of circuits====
<div class="mw-collapsible-content">
*[[Series Circuits]]
*[[Parallel CIrcuits]]
*[[Parallel Circuits vs. Series Circuits*]]
*[[Loop Rule]]
*[[Node Rule]]
*[[Resistors*]]
</div>
</div>

===Week 9===
<div class="toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">
====Electric field and potential in circuits with capacitors====
<div class="mw-collapsible-content">
*[[Charging and Discharging a Capacitor]]
*[[RC Circuit]]
*[[R Circuit]]
*[[AC and DC]]

</div>
</div>

<div class="toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">

====Magnetic forces on charges and currents====
<div class="mw-collapsible-content">
*[[Magnetic Force]]
*[[Lorentz Force]]
*[[Applying Magnetic Force to Currents]]
*[[Magnetic Force in a Moving Reference Frame]]
*[[Right-Hand Rule]]
*[[Analysis of Railgun vs Coil gun technologies]]
</div>
</div>

<div class="toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">
====Electric and magnetic forces====
<div class="mw-collapsible-content">
*[[Electric Force]]
*[[Magnetic Force]]
*[[Lorentz Force]]
*[[VPython Modelling of Electric and Magnetic Forces]]
</div>
</div>

<div class="toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">
====Velocity selector====
<div class="mw-collapsible-content">
*[[Lorentz Force]]
*[[Combining Electric and Magnetic Forces]]
</div>
</div>

===Week 10===

====Student Content====

<div class=“toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed”>
==== Hall Effect ====
<div class="mw-collapsible-content">
*[[Hall Effect]]
*[[Motional Emf]]
*[[Magnetic Force]]
*[[Magnetic Torque]]

</div>
</div>

==Physics 3==

===Week 1===
<div class="toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">
====Classical Physics====
<div class="mw-collapsible-content">
</div>
</div>

===Week 2===
<div class="toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">
====Special Relativity====
<div class="mw-collapsible-content">
*[[Frame of Reference]]
*[[Einstein's Theory of Special Relativity]]
*[[Time Dilation]]
*[[Einstein's Theory of General Relativity]]
*[[Albert A. Micheleson & Edward W. Morley]]
*[[Magnetic Force in a Moving Reference Frame]]
</div>
</div>

===Week 3===
<div class="toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">
====Photons====
<div class="mw-collapsible-content">
*[[Spontaneous Photon Emission]]
*[[Light Scattering: Why is the Sky Blue]]
*[[Lasers]]
*[[Electronic Energy Levels and Photons]]
*[[Quantum Properties of Light]]
</div>
</div>

===Week 4===
<div class="toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">
====Matter Waves====
<div class="mw-collapsible-content">
*[[Wave-Particle Duality]]
</div>
</div>

===Week 5===
<div class="toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">
====Wave Mechanics====
<div class="mw-collapsible-content">
*[[Standing Waves]]
*[[Wavelength]]
*[[Wavelength and Frequency]]
*[[Mechanical Waves]]
*[[Transverse and Longitudinal Waves]]
</div>
</div>

===Week 6===
<div class="toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">
====Rutherford-Bohr Model====
<div class="mw-collapsible-content">
*[[Rutherford Experiment and Atomic Collisions]]
*[[Bohr Model]]
*[[Quantized energy levels]]
*[[Energy graphs and the Bohr model]]
</div>
</div>

===Week 7===
<div class="toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">
====The Hydrogen Atom====
<div class="mw-collapsible-content">
*[[Quantum Theory]]
*[[Atomic Theory]]
</div>
</div>

===Week 8===
<div class="toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">
====Many-Electron Atoms====
<div class="mw-collapsible-content">
*[[Quantum Theory]]
*[[Atomic Theory]]
*[[Pauli exclusion principle]]
</div>
</div>

===Week 9===
<div class="toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">
====Molecules====
<div class="mw-collapsible-content">
</div>
</div>

===Week 10===
<div class="toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">
====Statistical Physics====
<div class="mw-collapsible-content">
</div>
</div>

===Week 11===
<div class="toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">
====Condensed Matter Physics====
<div class="mw-collapsible-content">
</div>
</div>

===Week 12===
<div class="toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">
====The Nucleus====
<div class="mw-collapsible-content">
</div>
</div>

===Week 13===
<div class="toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">
====Nuclear Physics====
<div class="mw-collapsible-content">
*[[Nuclear Fission]]
*[[Nuclear Energy from Fission and Fusion]]
</div>
</div>

===Week 14===
<div class="toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">
====Particle Physics====
<div class="mw-collapsible-content">
*[[Elementary Particles and Particle Physics Theory]]
*[[String Theory]]
</div>
</div>

Main Page

2016-04-17T05:56:53Z

Tquill: /* Sign of Potential Difference */

__NOTOC__
Welcome to the Georgia Tech Wiki for Introductory Physics. This resource was created so that students can contribute and curate content to help those with limited or no access to a textbook. When reading this website, please correct any errors you may come across. If you read something that isn't clear, please consider revising it for future students!

Looking to make a contribution?
#Pick one of the topics from intro physics listed below
#Add content to that topic or improve the quality of what is already there.
#Need to make a new topic? Edit this page and add it to the list under the appropriate category. Then copy and paste the default [[Template]] into your new page and start editing.

Please remember that this is not a textbook and you are not limited to expressing your ideas with only text and equations. Whenever possible embed: pictures, videos, diagrams, simulations, computational models (e.g. Glowscript), and whatever content you think makes learning physics easier for other students.

== Source Material ==
All of the content added to this resource must be in the public domain or similar free resource. If you are unsure about a source, contact the original author for permission. That said, there is a surprisingly large amount of introductory physics content scattered across the web. Here is an incomplete list of intro physics resources (please update as needed).
* A physics resource written by experts for an expert audience [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:Physics Physics Portal]
* A wiki written for students by a physics expert [http://p3server.pa.msu.edu/coursewiki/doku.php?id=183_notes MSU Physics Wiki]
* A wiki book on modern physics [https://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Modern_Physics Modern Physics Wiki]
* The MIT open courseware for intro physics [http://ocw.mit.edu/resources/res-8-002-a-wikitextbook-for-introductory-mechanics-fall-2009/index.htm MITOCW Wiki]
* An online concept map of intro physics [http://hyperphysics.phy-astr.gsu.edu/hbase/hph.html HyperPhysics]
* Interactive physics simulations [https://phet.colorado.edu/en/simulations/category/physics PhET]
* OpenStax algebra based intro physics textbook [https://openstaxcollege.org/textbooks/college-physics College Physics]
* The Open Source Physics project is a collection of online physics resources [http://www.opensourcephysics.org/ OSP]
* A resource guide compiled by the [http://www.aapt.org/ AAPT] for educators [http://www.compadre.org/ ComPADRE]

== Organizing Categories ==
These are the broad, overarching categories, that we cover in three semester of introductory physics. You can add subcategories as needed but a single topic should direct readers to a page in one of these categories.

== Resources ==
* Commonly used wiki commands [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:Cheatsheet Wiki Cheatsheet]
* A guide to representing equations in math mode [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:Displaying_a_formula Wiki Math Mode]
* A page to keep track of all the physics [[Constants]]
* A page for review of [[Vectors]] and vector operations
* A listing of [[Notable Scientist]] with links to their individual pages

<div style="float:left; width:30%; padding:1%;">
==Physics 1==
===Week 1===

====Student Content====
<div class=“toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed”>
=====Help with VPython=====
<div class=“mw-collapsible-content”>
*[[VPython]]
*[[VPython basics]]
*[[VPython Common Errors and Troubleshooting]]
*[[VPython Functions]]
*[[VPython Lists]]
*[[VPython Loops]]
*[[VPython Multithreading]]
*[[VPython Animation]]
*[[VPython Objects]]
*[[VPython 3D Objects]]
*[[VPython Reference]]
*[[VPython MapReduceFilter]]
*[[VPython GUIs]]
</div>
</div>

<div class=“toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed”>
=====Vectors and Units=====
<div class=“mw-collapsible-content”>
*[[Vectors]]
*[[SI units]]
</div>
</div>

<div class=“toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed”>

=====Interactions=====
<div class=“mw-collapsible-content”>
</div>
</div>
*[[Types of Interactions and How to Detect Them]]

<div class=“toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed”>

=====Velocity and Momentum=====
<div class=“mw-collapsible-content”>
*[[Newton’s First Law of Motion]]
*[[Velocity]]
*[[Mass]]
*[[Speed and Velocity]]
*[[Relative Velocity]]
*[[Derivation of Average Velocity]]
*[[2-Dimensional Motion]]
*[[3-Dimensional Position and Motion]]
</div>
</div>

====Expert Content====
<div class=“toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed”>

* [http://p3server.pa.msu.edu/coursewiki/doku.php?id=183_notes:vpython_resources Software for Projects]

</div>

===Week 2===
====Student Content====
<div class=“toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed”>
=====Momentum and the Momentum Principle=====
<div class=“mw-collapsible-content”>
*[[Momentum Principle]]
*[[Inertia]]
*[[Net Force]]
*[[Derivation of the Momentum Principle]]
*[[Impulse Momentum]]
*[[Acceleration]]
*[[Momentum with respect to external Forces]]
</div>
</div>

<div class=“toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed”>
=====Iterative Prediction with a Constant Force=====
<div class=“mw-collapsible-content”>
*[[Newton’s Second Law of Motion]]
*[[Iterative Prediction]]
*[[Kinematics]]
*[[Newton’s Laws and Linear Momentum]]
*[[Projectile Motion]]
</div>
</div>

====Expert Content====
<div class=“toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed”>

* [http://p3server.pa.msu.edu/coursewiki/doku.php?id=183_notes:scalars_and_vectors Scalars and Vectors]
* [http://p3server.pa.msu.edu/coursewiki/doku.php?id=183_notes:displacement_and_velocity Displacement and Velocity]
* [http://p3server.pa.msu.edu/coursewiki/doku.php?id=183_notes:modeling_with_vpython Modeling Motion with VPython]
* [http://p3server.pa.msu.edu/coursewiki/doku.php?id=183_notes:relative_motion Relative Motion]
* [http://p3server.pa.msu.edu/coursewiki/doku.php?id=183_notes:graphing_motion Graphing Motion]
* [http://p3server.pa.msu.edu/coursewiki/doku.php?id=183_notes:momentum Momentum]
* [http://p3server.pa.msu.edu/coursewiki/doku.php?id=183_notes:momentum_principle The Momentum Principle]
* [http://p3server.pa.msu.edu/coursewiki/doku.php?id=183_notes:acceleration Acceleration & The Change in Momentum]
* [http://p3server.pa.msu.edu/coursewiki/doku.php?id=183_notes:motionPredict Applying the Momentum Principle]
* [http://p3server.pa.msu.edu/coursewiki/doku.php?id=183_notes:constantF Constant Force Motion]
* [http://p3server.pa.msu.edu/coursewiki/doku.php?id=183_notes:iterativePredict Iterative Prediction of Motion]
* [http://p3server.pa.msu.edu/coursewiki/doku.php?id=183_notes:mp_multi The Momentum Principle in Multi-particle Systems]
* [http://p3server.pa.msu.edu/coursewiki/doku.php?id=183_notes:angular_motivation Why Angular Momentum?]
* [http://p3server.pa.msu.edu/coursewiki/doku.php?id=183_notes:ang_momentum Angular Momentum]
* [http://p3server.pa.msu.edu/coursewiki/doku.php?id=183_notes:L_principle Net Torque & The Angular Momentum Principle]
* [http://p3server.pa.msu.edu/coursewiki/doku.php?id=183_notes:L_conservation Angular Momentum Conservation]

</div>

===Week 3===
====Student Content====
<div class=“toccolours \
mw-collapsible mw-collapsed”>
=====Analytic Prediction with a Constant Force=====
<div \
class=“mw-collapsible-content”>
*[[Analytical Prediction]]
</div>
</div>

<div class=“toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed”>
=====Iterative Prediction with a Varying Force=====
<div \
class=“mw-collapsible-content”>
*[[Predicting Change in multiple dimensions]]
*[[Spring Force]]
*[[Hooke’s Law]]
*[[Simple Harmonic Motion]]
*[[Iterative Prediction of Spring-Mass System]]
*[[Terminal Speed]]
*[[Determinism]]
</div>
</div>

====Expert Content====
<div class=“toccolours mw-collapsible \
mw-collapsed”>

* [http://p3server.pa.msu.edu/coursewiki/doku.php?id=183_notes:drag Drag]
* [http://p3server.pa.msu.edu/coursewiki/doku.php?id=183_notes:gravitation Non-constant Force: Newtonian Gravitation]
* [http://p3server.pa.msu.edu/coursewiki/doku.php?id=183_notes:ucm Uniform Circular Motion]
* [http://p3server.pa.msu.edu/coursewiki/doku.php?id=183_notes:impulseGraphs Impulse Graphs]
* [http://p3server.pa.msu.edu/coursewiki/doku.php?id=183_notes:springMotion Non-constant Force: Springs & Spring-like Interactions]
* [http://p3server.pa.msu.edu/coursewiki/doku.php?id=183_notes:friction Contact Interactions: The Normal Force & Friction]

</div>

===Week 4===
====Student Content====
<div class=“toccolours \
mw-collapsible mw-collapsed”>
=====Fundamental Interactions=====
<div class=“mw-collapsible-content”>
*[[Gravitational Force]]
*[[Electric Force]]
*[[Reciprocity]]
</div>
</div>

====Expert Content====
<div class=“toccolours mw-collapsible \
mw-collapsed”>

* [http://p3server.pa.msu.edu/coursewiki/doku.php?id=183_notes:gravitation Non-constant Force: Newtonian Gravitation]

</div>

===Week 5===
====Student Content====
<div class=“toccolours \
mw-collapsible mw-collapsed”>
=====Conservation of Momentum=====
<div class=“mw-collapsible-content”>
*[[Conservation of Momentum]]
</div>
</div>
<div class=“toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed”>

=====Properties of Matter=====
<div class=“mw-collapsible-content”>
*[[Kinds of Matter]]
**[[Ball and Spring Model of Matter]]
*[[Density]]
*[[Length and Stiffness of an Interatomic Bond]]
*[[Young’s Modulus]]
*[[Speed of Sound in Solids]]
*[[Malleability]]
*[[Ductility]]
*[[Weight]]
*[[Hardness]]
*[[Boiling Point]]
*[[Melting Point]]
</div>
</div>

====Expert Content====
<div class=“toccolours mw-collapsible \
mw-collapsed”>

* [http://p3server.pa.msu.edu/coursewiki/doku.php?id=183_notes:model_of_a_wire Modeling a Solid Wire: springs in series and parallel]

</div>

===Week 6===
====Student Content====
<div class=“toccolours \
mw-collapsible mw-collapsed”>
=====Identifying Forces=====
<div class=“mw-collapsible-content”>
*[[Free Body Diagram]]
*[[Compression or Normal Force]]
*[[Tension]]
</div>
</div>
<div class=“toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed”>
=====Curving Motion=====
<div class=“mw-collapsible-content”>
*[[Curving Motion]]
*[[Centripetal Force and Curving Motion]]
*[[Perpetual Freefall (Orbit)]]
</div>
</div>

====Expert Content====
<div class=“toccolours mw-collapsible \
mw-collapsed”>

* [http://p3server.pa.msu.edu/coursewiki/doku.php?id=183_notes:gravitation Non-constant Force: Newtonian Gravitation]
* [http://p3server.pa.msu.edu/coursewiki/doku.php?id=183_notes:grav_accel Gravitational Acceleration]
* [http://p3server.pa.msu.edu/coursewiki/doku.php?id=183_notes:ucm Uniform Circular Motion]
* [http://p3server.pa.msu.edu/coursewiki/doku.php?id=183_notes:freebodydiagrams Free Body Diagrams]
* [http://p3server.pa.msu.edu/coursewiki/doku.php?id=183_notes:curving_motion Curved Motion]

</div>

===Week 7===
====Student Content====
<div class=“toccolours \
mw-collapsible mw-collapsed”>
=====Energy Principle=====
<div class=“mw-collapsible-content”>
*[[The Energy Principle]]
*[[Conservation of Energy]]
*[[Kinetic Energy]]
*[[Work]]
*[[Power (Mechanical)]]
</div>
</div>

====Expert Content====
<div class=“toccolours mw-collapsible \
mw-collapsed”>

* [http://p3server.pa.msu.edu/coursewiki/doku.php?id=183_notes:define_energy What is Energy?]
* [http://p3server.pa.msu.edu/coursewiki/doku.php?id=183_notes:point_particle The Simplest System: A Single Particle]
* [http://p3server.pa.msu.edu/coursewiki/doku.php?id=183_notes:work Work: Mechanical Energy Transfer]
* [http://p3server.pa.msu.edu/coursewiki/doku.php?id=183_notes:energy_cons Conservation of Energy]
* [http://p3server.pa.msu.edu/coursewiki/doku.php?id=183_notes:potential_energy Potential Energy]
* [http://p3server.pa.msu.edu/coursewiki/doku.php?id=183_notes:grav_and_spring_PE (Near Earth) Gravitational and Spring Potential Energy]
* [http://p3server.pa.msu.edu/coursewiki/doku.php?id=183_notes:force_and_PE Force and Potential Energy]
* [http://p3server.pa.msu.edu/coursewiki/doku.php?id=183_notes:newton_grav_pe Newtonian Gravitational Potential Energy]
* [http://p3server.pa.msu.edu/coursewiki/doku.php?id=183_notes:spring_PE Spring Potential Energy]

</div>

===Week 8===
====Student Content====
<div class=“toccolours \
mw-collapsible mw-collapsed”>
=====Work by Non-Constant Forces=====
<div \
class=“mw-collapsible-content”>
*[[Work Done By A Nonconstant Force]]
</div>
</div>
<div class=“toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed”>
=====Potential Energy=====
<div class=“mw-collapsible-content”>
*[[Potential Energy]]
*[[Potential Energy of Macroscopic Springs]]
*[[Spring Potential Energy]]
**[[Ball and Spring Model]]
*[[Gravitational Potential Energy]]
*[[Energy Graphs]]
*[[Escape Velocity]]
</div>
</div>

====Expert Content====
<div class=“toccolours mw-collapsible \
mw-collapsed”>

* [http://p3server.pa.msu.edu/coursewiki/doku.php?id=183_notes:work_by_nc_forces Work Done by Non-Constant Forces]
* [http://p3server.pa.msu.edu/coursewiki/doku.php?id=183_notes:potential_energy Potential Energy]
* [http://p3server.pa.msu.edu/coursewiki/doku.php?id=183_notes:grav_and_spring_PE (Near Earth) Gravitational and Spring Potential Energy]
* [http://p3server.pa.msu.edu/coursewiki/doku.php?id=183_notes:rest_mass Changes of Rest Mass Energy]
* [http://p3server.pa.msu.edu/coursewiki/doku.php?id=183_notes:force_and_PE Force and Potential Energy]
* [http://p3server.pa.msu.edu/coursewiki/doku.php?id=183_notes:newton_grav_pe Newtonian Gravitational Potential Energy]
* [http://p3server.pa.msu.edu/coursewiki/doku.php?id=183_notes:grav_pe_graphs Graphing Energy for Gravitationally Interacting Systems]
* [http://p3server.pa.msu.edu/coursewiki/doku.php?id=183_notes:spring_PE Spring Potential Energy]
* [http://p3server.pa.msu.edu/coursewiki/doku.php?id=183_notes:power Power: The Rate of Energy Change]
* [http://p3server.pa.msu.edu/coursewiki/doku.php?id=183_notes:energy_dissipation Dissipation of Energy]

</div>

===Week 9===
====Student Content====
<div class=“toccolours \
mw-collapsible mw-collapsed”>
=====Multiparticle Systems=====
<div class=“mw-collapsible-content”>
*[[Center of Mass]]
*[[Multi-particle analysis of Momentum]]
*[[Momentum with respect to external Forces]]
*[[Potential Energy of a Multiparticle System]]
*[[Work and Energy for an Extended System]]
*[[Internal Energy]]
**[[Potential Energy of a Pair of Neutral Atoms]]
</div>
</div>

====Expert Content====
<div class=“toccolours mw-collapsible \
mw-collapsed”>

* [http://p3server.pa.msu.edu/coursewiki/doku.php?id=183_notes:mp_multi The Momentum Principle in Multi-particle Systems]
* [http://p3server.pa.msu.edu/coursewiki/doku.php?id=183_notes:center_of_mass Center of Mass Motion]
* [http://p3server.pa.msu.edu/coursewiki/doku.php?id=183_notes:center_of_mass Center of Mass Motion]
* [http://p3server.pa.msu.edu/coursewiki/doku.php?id=183_notes:energy_sep Separating Energy in Multi-Particle Systems]

</div>

===Week 10===
====Student Content====
<div class=“toccolours \
mw-collapsible mw-collapsed”>
=====Choice of System=====
<div class=“mw-collapsible-content”>
*[[System & Surroundings]]
</div>
</div>
<div class=“toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed”>
=====Thermal Energy, Dissipation and Transfer of Energy=====
<div \
class=“mw-collapsible-content”>
*[[Thermal Energy]]
*[[Specific Heat]]
*[[Heat Capacity]]
*[[Specific Heat Capacity]]
*[[First Law of Thermodynamics]]
*[[Second Law of Thermodynamics and Entropy]]
*[[Temperature]]
*[[Predicting Change]]
*[[Energy Transfer due to a Temperature Difference]]
*[[Transformation of Energy]]
*[[The Maxwell-Boltzmann Distribution]]
*[[Air Resistance]]
</div>
</div>
<div class=“toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed”>
=====Rotational and Vibrational Energy=====
<div \
class=“mw-collapsible-content”>
*[[Translational, Rotational and Vibrational Energy]]
</div>
</div>

====Expert Content====
<div class=“toccolours mw-collapsible \
mw-collapsed”>

* [http://p3server.pa.msu.edu/coursewiki/doku.php?id=183_notes:grav_and_spring_PE (Near Earth) Gravitational and Spring Potential Energy]
* [http://p3server.pa.msu.edu/coursewiki/doku.php?id=183_notes:rest_mass Changes of Rest Mass Energy]
* [http://p3server.pa.msu.edu/coursewiki/doku.php?id=183_notes:newton_grav_pe Newtonian Gravitational Potential Energy]
* [http://p3server.pa.msu.edu/coursewiki/doku.php?id=183_notes:grav_pe_graphs Graphing Energy for Gravitationally Interacting Systems]
* [http://p3server.pa.msu.edu/coursewiki/doku.php?id=183_notes:escape_speed Escape Speed]
* [http://p3server.pa.msu.edu/coursewiki/doku.php?id=183_notes:spring_PE Spring Potential Energy]
* [http://p3server.pa.msu.edu/coursewiki/doku.php?id=183_notes:internal_energy Internal Energy]
* [http://p3server.pa.msu.edu/coursewiki/doku.php?id=183_notes:system_choice Choosing a System Matters]
* [http://p3server.pa.msu.edu/coursewiki/doku.php?id=183_notes:energy_dissipation Dissipation of Energy]

</div>

===Week 11===
====Student Content====
<div class=“toccolours \
mw-collapsible mw-collapsed”>
=====Different Models of a System=====
<div \
class=“mw-collapsible-content”>
*[[Real Systems]]
*[[Point Particle Systems]]
</div>
</div>
<div class=“toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed”>

=====Models of Friction=====
<div class=“mw-collapsible-content”>
*[[Friction]]
*[[Static Friction]]
</div>
</div>

====Expert Content====
<div class=“toccolours mw-collapsible \
mw-collapsed”>

* [http://p3server.pa.msu.edu/coursewiki/doku.php?id=183_notes:system_choice Choosing a System Matters]
* [http://p3server.pa.msu.edu/coursewiki/doku.php?id=183_notes:energy_dissipation Dissipation of Energy]

</div>

===Week 12===
====Student Content====
<div class=“toccolours \
mw-collapsible mw-collapsed”>
=====Collisions=====
<div class=“mw-collapsible-content”>
*[[Newton’s Third Law of Motion]]
*[[Collisions]]
*[[Elastic Collisions]]
*[[Inelastic Collisions]]
*[[Maximally Inelastic Collision]]
*[[Head-on Collision of Equal Masses]]
*[[Head-on Collision of Unequal Masses]]
*[[Scattering: Collisions in 2D and 3D]]
*[[Rutherford Experiment and Atomic Collisions]]
*[[Coefficient of Restitution]]
</div>
</div>

====Expert Content====
<div class=“toccolours mw-collapsible \
mw-collapsed”>

* [http://p3server.pa.msu.edu/coursewiki/doku.php?id=183_notes:collisions Colliding Objects]
* [http://p3server.pa.msu.edu/coursewiki/doku.php?id=183_notes:center_of_mass Center of Mass Motion]
* [http://p3server.pa.msu.edu/coursewiki/doku.php?id=183_notes:center_of_mass Center of Mass Motion]
* [http://p3server.pa.msu.edu/coursewiki/doku.php?id=183_notes:rot_KE Rotational Kinetic Energy]
* [http://p3server.pa.msu.edu/coursewiki/doku.php?id=183_notes:pp_vs_real Point Particle and Real Systems]
* [http://p3server.pa.msu.edu/coursewiki/doku.php?id=183_notes:colliding_systems Collisions]

</div>

===Week 13===
====Student Content====
<div class=“toccolours \
mw-collapsible mw-collapsed”>
=====Rotations=====
<div class=“mw-collapsible-content”>
*[[Rotation]]
*[[Angular Velocity]]
*[[Eulerian Angles]]
</div>
</div>
<div class=“toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed”>
=====Angular Momentum=====
<div class=“mw-collapsible-content”>
*[[Total Angular Momentum]]
*[[Translational Angular Momentum]]
*[[Rotational Angular Momentum]]
*[[The Angular Momentum Principle]]
*[[Angular Momentum Compared to Linear Momentum]]
*[[Angular Impulse]]
*[[Predicting the Position of a Rotating System]]
*[[Angular Momentum of Multiparticle Systems]]
*[[The Moments of Inertia]]
*[[Moment of Inertia for a cylinder]]
*[[Right Hand Rule]]
</div>
</div>

====Expert Content====
<div class=“toccolours mw-collapsible \
mw-collapsed”>

* [http://p3server.pa.msu.edu/coursewiki/doku.php?id=183_notes:rot_KE Rotational Kinetic Energy]
* [http://p3server.pa.msu.edu/coursewiki/doku.php?id=183_notes:angular_motivation Why Angular Momentum?]
* [http://p3server.pa.msu.edu/coursewiki/doku.php?id=183_notes:ang_momentum Angular Momentum]
* [http://p3server.pa.msu.edu/coursewiki/doku.php?id=183_notes:L_principle Net Torque & The Angular Momentum Principle]
* [http://p3server.pa.msu.edu/coursewiki/doku.php?id=183_notes:L_conservation Angular Momentum Conservation]

</div>
===Week 14===

====Student Content====
<div class=“toccolours mw-collapsible \
mw-collapsed”>
=====Analyzing Motion with and without Torque=====
<div \
class=“mw-collapsible-content”>
*[[Torque]]
*[[Torque 2]]
*[[Systems with Zero Torque]]
*[[Systems with Nonzero Torque]]
*[[Torque vs Work]]
*[[Gyroscopes]]
</div>
</div>

====Expert Content====
<div class=“toccolours mw-collapsible \
mw-collapsed”>

* [http://p3server.pa.msu.edu/coursewiki/doku.php?id=183_notes:discovery_of_the_nucleus Discovery of the Nucleus]
* [http://p3server.pa.msu.edu/coursewiki/doku.php?id=183_notes:torque Torques Cause Changes in Rotation]
* [http://p3server.pa.msu.edu/coursewiki/doku.php?id=183_notes:L_principle Net Torque & The Angular Momentum Principle]

</div>

===Week 15===

====Student Content====
<div class=“toccolours mw-collapsible \
mw-collapsed”>
=====Introduction to Quantum Concepts=====
<div \class=“mw-collapsible-content”>
*[[Bohr Model]]
*[[Energy graphs and the Bohr model]]
*[[Quantized energy levels]]
</div>
</div>

====Expert Content====
<div class=“toccolours mw-collapsible \
mw-collapsed”>

* [http://p3server.pa.msu.edu/coursewiki/doku.php?id=183_notes:discovery_of_the_nucleus Discovery of the Nucleus]

</div>

<div style=“float:left; width:30%; padding:1%;”>

==Physics 2==
===Week 1===
<div class="toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">
====3D Vectors====
<div class="mw-collapsible-content">
*[[Page claimed by Laura Winalski]]*
*[[Vectors]]
*[[Right-Hand Rule]]
*[[Right Hand Rule]]
</div>
</div>

<div class="toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">

'''CLAIMED BY DIPRO CHAKRABORTY'''

'''CLAIMED BY DIPRO CHAKRABORTY'''
'''CLAIMED BY DIPRO CHAKRABORTY'''
'''CLAIMED BY DIPRO CHAKRABORTY'''

'''CLAIMED BY DIPRO CHAKRABORTY'''
====Electric field====
<div class="mw-collapsible-content">

[[Electric field]]

The electric field created by a charge is present throughout space at all times, whether or not there is another charge around to feel its effects. The electric field created by a charge penetrates through matter. The field permeates the neighboring space, biding its time until it can affect anything brought into its space of interaction.

==The Main Idea==
To be exact, the definition of the Electric Field is as follows:
The electric field is a region around a charged particle or object within which a force would be exerted on other objects.
If we put a charged particle at a location and it experiences a force, it would be logical to assume that there is something present that
is interacting with the particle. This "virtual force" is in essence the electric field.
===A Mathematical Model===

The electric field can be expressed mathematically as follows:

<math>{\vec{F_{net}} = 0 \Leftrightarrow \frac{d\vec{v}}{dt}} = 0</math>

<math>{\vec{F_{2}} = {q_{1}}{\vec{E_{1}}} \Leftrightarrow \frac{d\vec{v}}{dt}} </math>

which can be translated to postulate that the force on particle 2 is determined by the charge of particle 2 and the electric
field.

==Examples==

The following examples are to test your basic understanding of the Electric Field. For more examples that test your knowledge of all three of the laws, peruse the class textbook.

===Simple===
Which way is the electric field going for a negatively charged particle?

[[File:Simple111.png]]

It's easy to see that the electric field is pointing toward the negatively charged particle. The electric field is tending
toward the negatively charged particle.

===Middling===
Does the object in the following image have a net force of zero? Does it have a constant velocity?

This example is slightly more difficult, but is still quite trivial. If we sum the forces in the x direction, we see that the net force is 2 newtons in the -x direction. Therefore, the object does not have a constant velocity, and will be accelerating in the -x direction.

===Difficult===
Does the object in the following image have a net force of zero? Does it have a constant velocity?

This final example tests your knowledge and understanding of Newton's First Law. We're able to see that the box will accelerate in the -x direction because the net force in the x direction is 5 newtons to the left. However, the box itself has a velocity of 5m/s upwards, which would indeed stay constant. This is because forces (and motion) in perpendicular directions are of each other.

==Connectedness==

Newton's laws of motion tie into almost everything that we see or do. The first law, in particular, explains why we suddenly lurch forward when a car suddenly stops (our bodies are in a state of motion and thus resist the sudden stop), why it's much harder to stop when ice skating than walking (there's less friction, thus less net force to decelerate), and much, much, more. The importance of Newton's first law (and by extension, the other laws of motion) is not readily apparent, but serves as a basis to explain much of our daily interactions with our surroundings.

It can also apply to things outside of our daily interactions - space, for example. Newton's first law describes why an astronaut in space will continuously float in a direction forever if they are not pulled in by an asteroid or a planet's gravitational force. There is a lack of a net force opposing the astronaut's motion (due to the fact that there is no air in space) which results in the astronaut having a constant velocity. Floating off into space is probably an astronaut's worst nightmare, a scenario that a recent movie, ''Gravity'', explored. The entire premise of the movie (Sandra Bullock becomes untethered from her space station) relies on Newton's first law of motion.
==History==

While Galileo is the one credited with the idea of inertia motion, it was René Descartes, a French philosopher, who would expand upon Galileo's ideas. Descartes went on to propose three fundamental laws of nature in his book, ''Principles of Philosophy'', the first of which stated that "each thing, as far as is in its power, always remains in the same state; and that consequently, when it is once moved, it always continues to move." Thus, while the concept of inertia is often referred to as Newton's First Law, it was first described by Galileo and then perfected by Descartes decades before Newton published his findings.

As for Newton, he first described his three laws of motion in ''The Mathematical Principle of Natural Philosophy'', for the Principia, which was published in 1687. These laws described the relationship between an object and the forces acting upon it and laid the foundation for classical mechanics. While Newton's first law came from the work of Descartes and Galileo, his other laws are the work of himself.

==The Main Idea==
To be exact, the definition of the Electric Field is as follows:
The electric field is a region around a charged particle or object within which a force would be exerted on other objects.
If we put a charged particle at a location and it experiences a force, it would be logical to assume that there is something present that
is interacting with the particle. This "virtual force" is in essence the electric field.
===A Mathematical Model===

The electric field can be expressed mathematically as follows:

<math>{\vec{F_{net}} = 0 \Leftrightarrow \frac{d\vec{v}}{dt}} = 0</math>

<math>{\vec{F_{2}} = {q_{1}}{\vec{E_{1}}} \Leftrightarrow \frac{d\vec{v}}{dt}} </math>

which can be translated to postulate that the force on particle 2 is determined by the charge of particle 2 and the electric
field.

==Examples==

The following examples are to test your basic understanding of the Electric Field. For more examples that test your knowledge of all three of the laws, peruse the class textbook.

===Simple===
Which way is the electric field going for a negatively charged particle?

[[File:Simple111.png]]

It's easy to see that the electric field is pointing toward the negatively charged particle. The electric field is tending
toward the negatively charged particle.

===Middling===
Does the object in the following image have a net force of zero? Does it have a constant velocity?

This example is slightly more difficult, but is still quite trivial. If we sum the forces in the x direction, we see that the net force is 2 newtons in the -x direction. Therefore, the object does not have a constant velocity, and will be accelerating in the -x direction.

===Difficult===
Does the object in the following image have a net force of zero? Does it have a constant velocity?

This final example tests your knowledge and understanding of Newton's First Law. We're able to see that the box will accelerate in the -x direction because the net force in the x direction is 5 newtons to the left. However, the box itself has a velocity of 5m/s upwards, which would indeed stay constant. This is because forces (and motion) in perpendicular directions are of each other.

==Connectedness==

Newton's laws of motion tie into almost everything that we see or do. The first law, in particular, explains why we suddenly lurch forward when a car suddenly stops (our bodies are in a state of motion and thus resist the sudden stop), why it's much harder to stop when ice skating than walking (there's less friction, thus less net force to decelerate), and much, much, more. The importance of Newton's first law (and by extension, the other laws of motion) is not readily apparent, but serves as a basis to explain much of our daily interactions with our surroundings.

It can also apply to things outside of our daily interactions - space, for example. Newton's first law describes why an astronaut in space will continuously float in a direction forever if they are not pulled in by an asteroid or a planet's gravitational force. There is a lack of a net force opposing the astronaut's motion (due to the fact that there is no air in space) which results in the astronaut having a constant velocity. Floating off into space is probably an astronaut's worst nightmare, a scenario that a recent movie, ''Gravity'', explored. The entire premise of the movie (Sandra Bullock becomes untethered from her space station) relies on Newton's first law of motion.
==History==

While Galileo is the one credited with the idea of inertia motion, it was René Descartes, a French philosopher, who would expand upon Galileo's ideas. Descartes went on to propose three fundamental laws of nature in his book, ''Principles of Philosophy'', the first of which stated that "each thing, as far as is in its power, always remains in the same state; and that consequently, when it is once moved, it always continues to move." Thus, while the concept of inertia is often referred to as Newton's First Law, it was first described by Galileo and then perfected by Descartes decades before Newton published his findings.

As for Newton, he first described his three laws of motion in ''The Mathematical Principle of Natural Philosophy'', for the Principia, which was published in 1687. These laws described the relationship between an object and the forces acting upon it and laid the foundation for classical mechanics. While Newton's first law came from the work of Descartes and Galileo, his other laws are the work of himself.

==The Main Idea==
To be exact, the definition of the Electric Field is as follows:
The electric field is a region around a charged particle or object within which a force would be exerted on other objects.
If we put a charged particle at a location and it experiences a force, it would be logical to assume that there is something present that
is interacting with the particle. This "virtual force" is in essence the electric field.
===A Mathematical Model===

The electric field can be expressed mathematically as follows:

<math>{\vec{F_{net}} = 0 \Leftrightarrow \frac{d\vec{v}}{dt}} = 0</math>

<math>{\vec{F_{2}} = {q_{1}}{\vec{E_{1}}} \Leftrightarrow \frac{d\vec{v}}{dt}} </math>

which can be translated to postulate that the force on particle 2 is determined by the charge of particle 2 and the electric
field.

==Examples==

The following examples are to test your basic understanding of the Electric Field. For more examples that test your knowledge of all three of the laws, peruse the class textbook.

===Simple===
Which way is the electric field going for a negatively charged particle?

[[File:Simple111.png]]

It's easy to see that the electric field is pointing toward the negatively charged particle. The electric field is tending
toward the negatively charged particle.

===Middling===
Does the object in the following image have a net force of zero? Does it have a constant velocity?

This example is slightly more difficult, but is still quite trivial. If we sum the forces in the x direction, we see that the net force is 2 newtons in the -x direction. Therefore, the object does not have a constant velocity, and will be accelerating in the -x direction.

===Difficult===
Does the object in the following image have a net force of zero? Does it have a constant velocity?

This final example tests your knowledge and understanding of Newton's First Law. We're able to see that the box will accelerate in the -x direction because the net force in the x direction is 5 newtons to the left. However, the box itself has a velocity of 5m/s upwards, which would indeed stay constant. This is because forces (and motion) in perpendicular directions are of each other.

==Connectedness==

Newton's laws of motion tie into almost everything that we see or do. The first law, in particular, explains why we suddenly lurch forward when a car suddenly stops (our bodies are in a state of motion and thus resist the sudden stop), why it's much harder to stop when ice skating than walking (there's less friction, thus less net force to decelerate), and much, much, more. The importance of Newton's first law (and by extension, the other laws of motion) is not readily apparent, but serves as a basis to explain much of our daily interactions with our surroundings.

It can also apply to things outside of our daily interactions - space, for example. Newton's first law describes why an astronaut in space will continuously float in a direction forever if they are not pulled in by an asteroid or a planet's gravitational force. There is a lack of a net force opposing the astronaut's motion (due to the fact that there is no air in space) which results in the astronaut having a constant velocity. Floating off into space is probably an astronaut's worst nightmare, a scenario that a recent movie, ''Gravity'', explored. The entire premise of the movie (Sandra Bullock becomes untethered from her space station) relies on Newton's first law of motion.
==History==

While Galileo is the one credited with the idea of inertia motion, it was René Descartes, a French philosopher, who would expand upon Galileo's ideas. Descartes went on to propose three fundamental laws of nature in his book, ''Principles of Philosophy'', the first of which stated that "each thing, as far as is in its power, always remains in the same state; and that consequently, when it is once moved, it always continues to move." Thus, while the concept of inertia is often referred to as Newton's First Law, it was first described by Galileo and then perfected by Descartes decades before Newton published his findings.

As for Newton, he first described his three laws of motion in ''The Mathematical Principle of Natural Philosophy'', for the Principia, which was published in 1687. These laws described the relationship between an object and the forces acting upon it and laid the foundation for classical mechanics. While Newton's first law came from the work of Descartes and Galileo, his other laws are the work of himself.

==The Main Idea==
To be exact, the definition of the Electric Field is as follows:
The electric field is a region around a charged particle or object within which a force would be exerted on other objects.
If we put a charged particle at a location and it experiences a force, it would be logical to assume that there is something present that
is interacting with the particle. This "virtual force" is in essence the electric field.
===A Mathematical Model===

The electric field can be expressed mathematically as follows:

<math>{\vec{F_{net}} = 0 \Leftrightarrow \frac{d\vec{v}}{dt}} = 0</math>

<math>{\vec{F_{2}} = {q_{1}}{\vec{E_{1}}} \Leftrightarrow \frac{d\vec{v}}{dt}} </math>

which can be translated to postulate that the force on particle 2 is determined by the charge of particle 2 and the electric
field.

==Examples==

The following examples are to test your basic understanding of the Electric Field. For more examples that test your knowledge of all three of the laws, peruse the class textbook.

===Simple===
Which way is the electric field going for a negatively charged particle?

[[File:Simple111.png]]

It's easy to see that the electric field is pointing toward the negatively charged particle. The electric field is tending
toward the negatively charged particle.

===Middling===
Does the object in the following image have a net force of zero? Does it have a constant velocity?

This example is slightly more difficult, but is still quite trivial. If we sum the forces in the x direction, we see that the net force is 2 newtons in the -x direction. Therefore, the object does not have a constant velocity, and will be accelerating in the -x direction.

===Difficult===
Does the object in the following image have a net force of zero? Does it have a constant velocity?

This final example tests your knowledge and understanding of Newton's First Law. We're able to see that the box will accelerate in the -x direction because the net force in the x direction is 5 newtons to the left. However, the box itself has a velocity of 5m/s upwards, which would indeed stay constant. This is because forces (and motion) in perpendicular directions are of each other.

==Connectedness==

Newton's laws of motion tie into almost everything that we see or do. The first law, in particular, explains why we suddenly lurch forward when a car suddenly stops (our bodies are in a state of motion and thus resist the sudden stop), why it's much harder to stop when ice skating than walking (there's less friction, thus less net force to decelerate), and much, much, more. The importance of Newton's first law (and by extension, the other laws of motion) is not readily apparent, but serves as a basis to explain much of our daily interactions with our surroundings.

It can also apply to things outside of our daily interactions - space, for example. Newton's first law describes why an astronaut in space will continuously float in a direction forever if they are not pulled in by an asteroid or a planet's gravitational force. There is a lack of a net force opposing the astronaut's motion (due to the fact that there is no air in space) which results in the astronaut having a constant velocity. Floating off into space is probably an astronaut's worst nightmare, a scenario that a recent movie, ''Gravity'', explored. The entire premise of the movie (Sandra Bullock becomes untethered from her space station) relies on Newton's first law of motion.
==History==

While Galileo is the one credited with the idea of inertia motion, it was René Descartes, a French philosopher, who would expand upon Galileo's ideas. Descartes went on to propose three fundamental laws of nature in his book, ''Principles of Philosophy'', the first of which stated that "each thing, as far as is in its power, always remains in the same state; and that consequently, when it is once moved, it always continues to move." Thus, while the concept of inertia is often referred to as Newton's First Law, it was first described by Galileo and then perfected by Descartes decades before Newton published his findings.

As for Newton, he first described his three laws of motion in ''The Mathematical Principle of Natural Philosophy'', for the Principia, which was published in 1687. These laws described the relationship between an object and the forces acting upon it and laid the foundation for classical mechanics. While Newton's first law came from the work of Descartes and Galileo, his other laws are the work of himself.

==The Main Idea==
To be exact, the definition of the Electric Field is as follows:
The electric field is a region around a charged particle or object within which a force would be exerted on other objects.
If we put a charged particle at a location and it experiences a force, it would be logical to assume that there is something present that
is interacting with the particle. This "virtual force" is in essence the electric field.
===A Mathematical Model===

The electric field can be expressed mathematically as follows:

<math>{\vec{F_{net}} = 0 \Leftrightarrow \frac{d\vec{v}}{dt}} = 0</math>

<math>{\vec{F_{2}} = {q_{1}}{\vec{E_{1}}} \Leftrightarrow \frac{d\vec{v}}{dt}} = 0</math>

which can be translated to postulate that the force on particle 2 is determined by the charge of particle 2 and the electric
field.

==Examples==

The following examples are to test your basic understanding of the Electric Field. For more examples that test your knowledge of all three of the laws, peruse the class textbook.

===Simple===
Which way is the electric field going for a negatively charged particle?

[[File:Example.jpg]]

It's easy to see that the electric field is pointing toward the negatively charged particle. The electric field is tending
toward the negatively charged particle.

===Middling===
Does the object in the following image have a net force of zero? Does it have a constant velocity?

This example is slightly more difficult, but is still quite trivial. If we sum the forces in the x direction, we see that the net force is 2 newtons in the -x direction. Therefore, the object does not have a constant velocity, and will be accelerating in the -x direction.

===Difficult===
Does the object in the following image have a net force of zero? Does it have a constant velocity?

This final example tests your knowledge and understanding of Newton's First Law. We're able to see that the box will accelerate in the -x direction because the net force in the x direction is 5 newtons to the left. However, the box itself has a velocity of 5m/s upwards, which would indeed stay constant. This is because forces (and motion) in perpendicular directions are of each other.

==Connectedness==

Newton's laws of motion tie into almost everything that we see or do. The first law, in particular, explains why we suddenly lurch forward when a car suddenly stops (our bodies are in a state of motion and thus resist the sudden stop), why it's much harder to stop when ice skating than walking (there's less friction, thus less net force to decelerate), and much, much, more. The importance of Newton's first law (and by extension, the other laws of motion) is not readily apparent, but serves as a basis to explain much of our daily interactions with our surroundings.

It can also apply to things outside of our daily interactions - space, for example. Newton's first law describes why an astronaut in space will continuously float in a direction forever if they are not pulled in by an asteroid or a planet's gravitational force. There is a lack of a net force opposing the astronaut's motion (due to the fact that there is no air in space) which results in the astronaut having a constant velocity. Floating off into space is probably an astronaut's worst nightmare, a scenario that a recent movie, ''Gravity'', explored. The entire premise of the movie (Sandra Bullock becomes untethered from her space station) relies on Newton's first law of motion.
==History==

While Galileo is the one credited with the idea of inertia motion, it was René Descartes, a French philosopher, who would expand upon Galileo's ideas. Descartes went on to propose three fundamental laws of nature in his book, ''Principles of Philosophy'', the first of which stated that "each thing, as far as is in its power, always remains in the same state; and that consequently, when it is once moved, it always continues to move." Thus, while the concept of inertia is often referred to as Newton's First Law, it was first described by Galileo and then perfected by Descartes decades before Newton published his findings.

As for Newton, he first described his three laws of motion in ''The Mathematical Principle of Natural Philosophy'', for the Principia, which was published in 1687. These laws described the relationship between an object and the forces acting upon it and laid the foundation for classical mechanics. While Newton's first law came from the work of Descartes and Galileo, his other laws are the work of himself.

==The Main Idea==
To be exact, the definition of the Electric Field is as follows:
The electric field is a region around a charged particle or object within which a force would be exerted on other charged particles or objects.
If we put a charged particle at a location and it experiences a force, it would be logical to assume that there is something present that
is interacting with the particle. This "virtual force" is in essence the electric field.
===A Mathematical Model===

The electric field can be expressed mathematically as follows:

<math>{\vec{F_{net}} = 0 \Leftrightarrow \frac{d\vec{v}}{dt}} = 0</math>

<math>{\vec{F_{2}} = {q_{1}}{\vec{E_{1}}} \Leftrightarrow \frac{d\vec{v}}{dt}} = 0</math>

which can be translated to postulate that the force on particle 2 is determined by the charge of particle 2 and the electric
field.

==Examples==

The following examples are to test your basic understanding of Newton's First Law. For more examples that test your knowledge of all three of the laws, click .

===Simple===
Does the object in the following image have a net force of zero? Does it have a constant velocity?

It's easy to see that the only force on the object is acting in the +x direction, with a magnitude of 5 newtons. Therefore, the object does not have a net force of zero or a constant velocity. It will be accelerating in the +x direction.

===Middling===
Does the object in the following image have a net force of zero? Does it have a constant velocity?

This example is slightly more difficult, but is still quite trivial. If we sum the forces in the x direction, we see that the net force is 2 newtons in the -x direction. Therefore, the object does not have a constant velocity, and will be accelerating in the -x direction.

===Difficult===
Does the object in the following image have a net force of zero? Does it have a constant velocity?

This final example tests your knowledge and understanding of Newton's First Law. We're able to see that the box will accelerate in the -x direction because the net force in the x direction is 5 newtons to the left. However, the box itself has a velocity of 5m/s upwards, which would indeed stay constant. This is because forces (and motion) in perpendicular directions are of each other.

==Connectedness==

Newton's laws of motion tie into almost everything that we see or do. The first law, in particular, explains why we suddenly lurch forward when a car suddenly stops (our bodies are in a state of motion and thus resist the sudden stop), why it's much harder to stop when ice skating than walking (there's less friction, thus less net force to decelerate), and much, much, more. The importance of Newton's first law (and by extension, the other laws of motion) is not readily apparent, but serves as a basis to explain much of our daily interactions with our surroundings.

It can also apply to things outside of our daily interactions - space, for example. Newton's first law describes why an astronaut in space will continuously float in a direction forever if they are not pulled in by an asteroid or a planet's gravitational force. There is a lack of a net force opposing the astronaut's motion (due to the fact that there is no air in space) which results in the astronaut having a constant velocity. Floating off into space is probably an astronaut's worst nightmare, a scenario that a recent movie, ''Gravity'', explored. The entire premise of the movie (Sandra Bullock becomes untethered from her space station) relies on Newton's first law of motion.
==History==

While Galileo is the one credited with the idea of inertia motion, it was René Descartes, a French philosopher, who would expand upon Galileo's ideas. Descartes went on to propose three fundamental laws of nature in his book, ''Principles of Philosophy'', the first of which stated that "each thing, as far as is in its power, always remains in the same state; and that consequently, when it is once moved, it always continues to move." Thus, while the concept of inertia is often referred to as Newton's First Law, it was first described by Galileo and then perfected by Descartes decades before Newton published his findings.

As for Newton, he first described his three laws of motion in ''The Mathematical Principle of Natural Philosophy'', for the Principia, which was published in 1687. These laws described the relationship between an object and the forces acting upon it and laid the foundation for classical mechanics. While Newton's first law came from the work of Descartes and Galileo, his other laws are the work of himself.

==The Main Idea==
To be exact, the definition of the First Law of Motion is as follows:
The electric field is a region around a charged particle or object within which a force would be exerted on other charged particles or objects.
In other (and much simpler) terms, it means that an object at rest stays at rest and an object in in motion stays in motion at a constant velocity unless acted on by an unbalanced net force. It's important to keep in mind that only a difference in affect the velocity of an object. The amount of change in velocity is determined by
===A Mathematical Model===

Newton's first law can be stated mathematically as follows:

<math>{\vec{F_{net}} = 0 \Leftrightarrow \frac{d\vec{v}}{dt}} = 0</math>

Where...

<math>\vec{F_{net}}</math> is the net force from the surroundings.

<math>d\vec{v}</math> is the change in velocity of the system.

<math>dt</math> is the change in time of the system

If we trace this formula from the left to the right, we can see that if the net force on an object is zero, then the change in velocity of an object is also zero. Conversely, if we were given an object and told that its change in momentum is zero, then we can deduce that the net force acting on the object is also zero. Keep in mind, however, that this formula simple deals with the '''change''' in velocity. It does '''not''' mean that the object is at rest, only that its velocity remains constant.

==Examples==

The following examples are to test your basic understanding of Newton's First Law. For more examples that test your knowledge of all three of the laws, click .

===Simple===
Does the object in the following image have a net force of zero? Does it have a constant velocity?

It's easy to see that the only force on the object is acting in the +x direction, with a magnitude of 5 newtons. Therefore, the object does not have a net force of zero or a constant velocity. It will be accelerating in the +x direction.

===Middling===
Does the object in the following image have a net force of zero? Does it have a constant velocity?

This example is slightly more difficult, but is still quite trivial. If we sum the forces in the x direction, we see that the net force is 2 newtons in the -x direction. Therefore, the object does not have a constant velocity, and will be accelerating in the -x direction.

===Difficult===
Does the object in the following image have a net force of zero? Does it have a constant velocity?

This final example tests your knowledge and understanding of Newton's First Law. We're able to see that the box will accelerate in the -x direction because the net force in the x direction is 5 newtons to the left. However, the box itself has a velocity of 5m/s upwards, which would indeed stay constant. This is because forces (and motion) in perpendicular directions are of each other.

==Connectedness==

Newton's laws of motion tie into almost everything that we see or do. The first law, in particular, explains why we suddenly lurch forward when a car suddenly stops (our bodies are in a state of motion and thus resist the sudden stop), why it's much harder to stop when ice skating than walking (there's less friction, thus less net force to decelerate), and much, much, more. The importance of Newton's first law (and by extension, the other laws of motion) is not readily apparent, but serves as a basis to explain much of our daily interactions with our surroundings.

It can also apply to things outside of our daily interactions - space, for example. Newton's first law describes why an astronaut in space will continuously float in a direction forever if they are not pulled in by an asteroid or a planet's gravitational force. There is a lack of a net force opposing the astronaut's motion (due to the fact that there is no air in space) which results in the astronaut having a constant velocity. Floating off into space is probably an astronaut's worst nightmare, a scenario that a recent movie, ''Gravity'', explored. The entire premise of the movie (Sandra Bullock becomes untethered from her space station) relies on Newton's first law of motion.
==History==

While Galileo is the one credited with the idea of inertia motion, it was René Descartes, a French philosopher, who would expand upon Galileo's ideas. Descartes went on to propose three fundamental laws of nature in his book, ''Principles of Philosophy'', the first of which stated that "each thing, as far as is in its power, always remains in the same state; and that consequently, when it is once moved, it always continues to move." Thus, while the concept of inertia is often referred to as Newton's First Law, it was first described by Galileo and then perfected by Descartes decades before Newton published his findings.

As for Newton, he first described his three laws of motion in ''The Mathematical Principle of Natural Philosophy'', for the Principia, which was published in 1687. These laws described the relationship between an object and the forces acting upon it and laid the foundation for classical mechanics. While Newton's first law came from the work of Descartes and Galileo, his other laws are the work of himself.

==The Main Idea==
To be exact, the definition of the First Law of Motion is as follows:
The electric field is a region around a charged particle or object within which a force would be exerted on other charged particles or objects.
In other (and much simpler) terms, it means that an object at rest stays at rest and an object in in motion stays in motion at a constant velocity unless acted on by an unbalanced net force. It's important to keep in mind that only a difference in affect the velocity of an object. The amount of change in velocity is determined by
===A Mathematical Model===

Newton's first law can be stated mathematically as follows:

<math>{\vec{F_{net}} = 0 \Leftrightarrow \frac{d\vec{v}}{dt}} = 0</math>

Where...

<math>\vec{F_{net}}</math> is the net force from the surroundings.

<math>d\vec{v}</math> is the change in velocity of the system.

<math>dt</math> is the change in time of the system

If we trace this formula from the left to the right, we can see that if the net force on an object is zero, then the change in velocity of an object is also zero. Conversely, if we were given an object and told that its change in momentum is zero, then we can deduce that the net force acting on the object is also zero. Keep in mind, however, that this formula simple deals with the '''change''' in velocity. It does '''not''' mean that the object is at rest, only that its velocity remains constant.

==Examples==

The following examples are to test your basic understanding of Newton's First Law. For more examples that test your knowledge of all three of the laws, click .

===Simple===
Does the object in the following image have a net force of zero? Does it have a constant velocity?

It's easy to see that the only force on the object is acting in the +x direction, with a magnitude of 5 newtons. Therefore, the object does not have a net force of zero or a constant velocity. It will be accelerating in the +x direction.

===Middling===
Does the object in the following image have a net force of zero? Does it have a constant velocity?

This example is slightly more difficult, but is still quite trivial. If we sum the forces in the x direction, we see that the net force is 2 newtons in the -x direction. Therefore, the object does not have a constant velocity, and will be accelerating in the -x direction.

===Difficult===
Does the object in the following image have a net force of zero? Does it have a constant velocity?

This final example tests your knowledge and understanding of Newton's First Law. We're able to see that the box will accelerate in the -x direction because the net force in the x direction is 5 newtons to the left. However, the box itself has a velocity of 5m/s upwards, which would indeed stay constant. This is because forces (and motion) in perpendicular directions are of each other.

==Connectedness==

Newton's laws of motion tie into almost everything that we see or do. The first law, in particular, explains why we suddenly lurch forward when a car suddenly stops (our bodies are in a state of motion and thus resist the sudden stop), why it's much harder to stop when ice skating than walking (there's less friction, thus less net force to decelerate), and much, much, more. The importance of Newton's first law (and by extension, the other laws of motion) is not readily apparent, but serves as a basis to explain much of our daily interactions with our surroundings.

It can also apply to things outside of our daily interactions - space, for example. Newton's first law describes why an astronaut in space will continuously float in a direction forever if they are not pulled in by an asteroid or a planet's gravitational force. There is a lack of a net force opposing the astronaut's motion (due to the fact that there is no air in space) which results in the astronaut having a constant velocity. Floating off into space is probably an astronaut's worst nightmare, a scenario that a recent movie, ''Gravity'', explored. The entire premise of the movie (Sandra Bullock becomes untethered from her space station) relies on Newton's first law of motion.
==History==

While Galileo is the one credited with the idea of inertia motion, it was René Descartes, a French philosopher, who would expand upon Galileo's ideas. Descartes went on to propose three fundamental laws of nature in his book, ''Principles of Philosophy'', the first of which stated that "each thing, as far as is in its power, always remains in the same state; and that consequently, when it is once moved, it always continues to move." Thus, while the concept of inertia is often referred to as Newton's First Law, it was first described by Galileo and then perfected by Descartes decades before Newton published his findings.

As for Newton, he first described his three laws of motion in ''The Mathematical Principle of Natural Philosophy'', for the Principia, which was published in 1687. These laws described the relationship between an object and the forces acting upon it and laid the foundation for classical mechanics. While Newton's first law came from the work of Descartes and Galileo, his other laws are the work of himself.

==The Main Idea==
To be exact, the definition of the First Law of Motion is as follows:
Every body persists in its state of rest or of moving with constant speed in a constant direction, except to the extent that it is compelled to change that state by forces acting on it.
In other (and much simpler) terms, it means that an object at rest stays at rest and an object in in motion stays in motion at a constant velocity unless acted on by an unbalanced net force. It's important to keep in mind that only a difference in [http://www.physicsclassroom.com/class/newtlaws/Lesson-2/Determining-the-Net-Force net force] can affect the velocity of an object. The amount of change in velocity is determined by [http://www.physicsclassroom.com/class/newtlaws/Lesson-3/Newton-s-Second-Law Newton's Second Law of Motion].

===A Mathematical Model===

Newton's first law can be stated mathematically as follows:

<math>{\vec{F_{net}} = 0 \Leftrightarrow \frac{d\vec{v}}{dt}} = 0</math>

Where...

<math>\vec{F_{net}}</math> is the net force from the surroundings.

<math>d\vec{v}</math> is the change in velocity of the system.

<math>dt</math> is the change in time of the system

If we trace this formula from the left to the right, we can see that if the net force on an object is zero, then the change in velocity of an object is also zero. Conversely, if we were given an object and told that its change in momentum is zero, then we can deduce that the net force acting on the object is also zero. Keep in mind, however, that this formula simple deals with the '''change''' in velocity. It does '''not''' mean that the object is at rest, only that its velocity remains constant.

==Examples==

The following examples are to test your basic understanding of Newton's First Law. For more examples that test your knowledge of all three of the laws, click [http://www.physicsclassroom.com/calcpad/newtlaws/problems here].

===Simple===
Does the object in the following image have a net force of zero? Does it have a constant velocity?

[[File:Newtonfirstlawsimple.png|400px]]

It's easy to see that the only force on the object is acting in the +x direction, with a magnitude of 5 newtons. Therefore, the object does not have a net force of zero or a constant velocity. It will be accelerating in the +x direction.

===Middling===
Does the object in the following image have a net force of zero? Does it have a constant velocity?

[[File:Newtonfirstlawmedium.png|400px]]

This example is slightly more difficult, but is still quite trivial. If we sum the forces in the x direction, we see that the net force is 2 newtons in the -x direction. Therefore, the object does not have a constant velocity, and will be accelerating in the -x direction.

===Difficult===
Does the object in the following image have a net force of zero? Does it have a constant velocity?

[[File:Newtonsfirstlawhard.png|400px]]

This final example tests your knowledge and understanding of Newton's First Law. We're able to see that the box will accelerate in the -x direction because the net force in the x direction is 5 newtons to the left. However, the box itself has a velocity of 5m/s upwards, which would indeed stay constant. This is because forces (and motion) in perpendicular directions are [http://www.physicsclassroom.com/class/vectors/Lesson-1/Independence-of-Perpendicular-Components-of-Motion independent] of each other.

==Connectedness==

[[File:Tablecloth.gif|left|300px|thumb|The "magic trick" of ripping off a table cloth without the plates on top moving is an example of Newton's First Law. The tableware is in a state of rest, and thus want to remain in such a state.]]

Newton's laws of motion tie into almost everything that we see or do. The first law, in particular, explains why we suddenly lurch forward when a car suddenly stops (our bodies are in a state of motion and thus resist the sudden stop), why it's much harder to stop when ice skating than walking (there's less friction, thus less net force to decelerate), and much, much, more. The importance of Newton's first law (and by extension, the other laws of motion) is not readily apparent, but serves as a basis to explain much of our daily interactions with our surroundings.

It can also apply to things outside of our daily interactions - space, for example. Newton's first law describes why an astronaut in space will continuously float in a direction forever if they are not pulled in by an asteroid or a planet's gravitational force. There is a lack of a net force opposing the astronaut's motion (due to the fact that there is no air in space) which results in the astronaut having a constant velocity. Floating off into space is probably an astronaut's worst nightmare, a scenario that a recent movie, ''Gravity'', explored. The entire premise of the movie (Sandra Bullock becomes untethered from her space station) relies on Newton's first law of motion.
==History==

While Galileo is the one credited with the idea of inertia motion, it was René Descartes, a French philosopher, who would expand upon Galileo's ideas. Descartes went on to propose three fundamental laws of nature in his book, ''Principles of Philosophy'', the first of which stated that "each thing, as far as is in its power, always remains in the same state; and that consequently, when it is once moved, it always continues to move." Thus, while the concept of inertia is often referred to as Newton's First Law, it was first described by Galileo and then perfected by Descartes decades before Newton published his findings.

As for Newton, he first described his three laws of motion in ''The Mathematical Principle of Natural Philosophy'', for the Principia, which was published in 1687. These laws described the relationship between an object and the forces acting upon it and laid the foundation for classical mechanics. While Newton's first law came from the work of Descartes and Galileo, his other laws are the work of himself.

==Electric Field==
The electric field created by a charge is present throughout space at all times, whether or not there is another charge around to feel its effects. The electric field created by a charge penetrates through matter. The field permeates the neighboring space, biding its time until it can affect anything brought into its space of interaction.
*[[Vectors]]
*[[Right-Hand Rule]]
*[[Right Hand Rule]]
</div>
</div>

<div class="toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">

====Electric force====
<div class="mw-collapsible-content">

*[[Electric Force]] Claimed by Amarachi Eze
*[[Lorentz Force]]
</div>
</div>

<div class="toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">

====Electric field of a point particle====

<div class="mw-collapsible-content">
*[[Point Charge]]
</div>
</div>

<div class="toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">

'''Bold text'''====Superposition====
<div class="mw-collapsible-content">
*[[Superposition Principle]]
*[[Superposition principle]]
</div>
</div>

<div class="toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">

====Dipoles====
<div class="mw-collapsible-content">
*[[Electric Dipole]]
*[[Magnetic Dipole]]
</div>
</div>

===Week 2===
<div class="toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">
====Interactions of charged objects====
<div class="mw-collapsible-content">
*[[Electric Field]]
*[[Electric Potential]]
*[[Electric Force]]
*[[Lorentz Force]]
</div>
</div>

<div class="toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">
====Tape experiments====
<div class="mw-collapsible-content">
*[[Polarization]]
*[[Electric Polarization]]
</div>
</div>

<div class="toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">
====Polarization====
<div class="mw-collapsible-content">
*[[Polarization]]
*[[Electric Polarization]]
*[[Polarization of an Atom]]
</div>
</div>

===Week 3===
<div class="toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">
====Insulators====
<div class="mw-collapsible-content">
*[[Insulators]]
*[[Potential Difference in an Insulator]]
*[[Charged Conductor and Charged Insulator]]
*[[Charged conductor and charged insulator]]
</div>
</div>

<div class="toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">
====Conductors====
<div class="mw-collapsible-content">
*[[Conductivity]]
*[[Charge Transfer]]
*[[Resistivity]]
*[[Polarization of a conductor]]
*[[Charged Conductor and Charged Insulator]]
*[[Charged conductor and charged insulator]]
</div>
</div>

<div class="toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">
====Charging and discharging====
<div class="mw-collapsible-content">
*[[Charge Transfer]]
*[[Electrostatic Discharge]]
*[[Charged Conductor and Charged Insulator]]
*[[Charged conductor and charged insulator]]
</div>
</div>

===Week 4===
<div class="toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">
====Field of a charged rod====
<div class="mw-collapsible-content">
*[[Charged Rod]]
</div>
</div>

<div class="toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">

====Field of a charged ring/disk/capacitor====
<div class="mw-collapsible-content">
*[[Charged Ring]]
*[[Charged Disk]]
*[[Charged Capacitor]]
</div>
</div>

<div class="toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">

====Field of a charged sphere====
<div class="mw-collapsible-content">
*[[Charged Spherical Shell]]
*[[Field of a Charged Ball]]
</div>
</div>

===Week 5===
<div class="toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">
====Potential energy====
<div class="mw-collapsible-content">
*[[Potential Energy]]
</div>
</div>

<div class="toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">
====Electric potential====
<div class="mw-collapsible-content">
*[[Electric Potential]]
*[[Path Independence of Electric Potential]]
*[[Potential Difference Path Independence, claimed by Aditya Mohile]]
*[[Potential Difference in a Uniform Field]]
*[[Potential Difference of Point Charge in a Non-Uniform Field]]
</div>
</div>
<div class="toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">

====Sign of Potential Difference====
Claimed by Tyler Quill
<div class="mw-collapsible-content">
*Overview
====Overview====
----
text here
*[[Determining the Sign of Potential Difference]]
text here
*[[Understanding the Sign of Potential Difference]]
text here bah bah abh
</div>
</div>
<div class="toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">

====Potential at a single location====
<div class="mw-collapsible-content">
*[[Electric Potential]]
*[[Potential Difference at One Location]]
</div>
</div>

<div class="toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">

====Path independence and round trip potential====
<div class="mw-collapsible-content">
*[[Path Independence of Electric Potential]]
*[[Potential Difference Path Independence, claimed by Aditya Mohile]]
</div>
</div>

===Week 6===
<div class="toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">
====Electric field and potential in an insulator====
<div class="mw-collapsible-content">
*[[Potential Difference in an Insulator]]
*[[Electric Field in an Insulator]]
</div>
</div>
<div class="toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">

====Moving charges in a magnetic field====
<div class="mw-collapsible-content">
*[[Magnetic Field]]
*[[Magnetic Force]]
*[[Lorentz Force]]
</div>
</div>
<div class="toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">

====Biot-Savart Law====
<div class="mw-collapsible-content">
*[[Biot-Savart Law]]
*[[Biot-Savart Law for Currents]]
</div>
</div>
<div class="toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">

====Moving charges, electron current, and conventional current====
<div class="mw-collapsible-content">
*[[Moving Point Charge]]
*[[Current]]
</div>
</div>

===Week 7=== Claimed by Diem Tran
<div class="toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">
====Magnetic field of a wire====
<div class="mw-collapsible-content">
*[[Magnetic Field of a Long Straight Wire]]
</div>
</div>

<div class="toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">
====Magnetic field of a current-carrying loop====
<div class="mw-collapsible-content">
*[[Magnetic Field of a Loop]]
</div>
</div>

<div class="toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">
====Magnetic dipoles====
<div class="mw-collapsible-content">
*[[Magnetic Dipole Moment]]
*[[Bar Magnet]]
</div>
</div>

<div class="toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">
====Atomic structure of magnets====
<div class="mw-collapsible-content">
*[[Atomic Structure of Magnets]]
</div>
</div>

===Week 8===
<div class="toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">
====Steady state current====
<div class="mw-collapsible-content">
*[[Steady State]]
*[[Non Steady State]]
</div>
</div>

<div class="toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">
====Node rule====
<div class="mw-collapsible-content">
*[[Node Rule]]
</div>
</div>

<div class="toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">
====Electric fields and energy in circuits====
<div class="mw-collapsible-content">
*[[Series circuit]] claimed by Hannah Jang
*[[Node Rule]]
*[[Loop Rule]]
*[[Electric Potential Difference]]
</div>
</div>

<div class="toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">

====Macroscopic analysis of circuits====
<div class="mw-collapsible-content">
*[[Series Circuits]]
*[[Parallel CIrcuits]]
*[[Parallel Circuits vs. Series Circuits*]]
*[[Loop Rule]]
*[[Node Rule]]
*[[Resistors*]]
</div>
</div>

===Week 9===
<div class="toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">
====Electric field and potential in circuits with capacitors====
<div class="mw-collapsible-content">
*[[Charging and Discharging a Capacitor]]
*[[RC Circuit]]
*[[R Circuit]]
*[[AC and DC]]

</div>
</div>

<div class="toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">

====Magnetic forces on charges and currents====
<div class="mw-collapsible-content">
*[[Magnetic Force]]
*[[Lorentz Force]]
*[[Applying Magnetic Force to Currents]]
*[[Magnetic Force in a Moving Reference Frame]]
*[[Right-Hand Rule]]
*[[Analysis of Railgun vs Coil gun technologies]]
</div>
</div>

<div class="toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">
====Electric and magnetic forces====
<div class="mw-collapsible-content">
*[[Electric Force]]
*[[Magnetic Force]]
*[[Lorentz Force]]
*[[VPython Modelling of Electric and Magnetic Forces]]
</div>
</div>

<div class="toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">
====Velocity selector====
<div class="mw-collapsible-content">
*[[Lorentz Force]]
*[[Combining Electric and Magnetic Forces]]
</div>
</div>

===Week 10===

====Student Content====

<div class=“toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed”>
==== Hall Effect ====
<div class="mw-collapsible-content">
*[[Hall Effect]]
*[[Motional Emf]]
*[[Magnetic Force]]
*[[Magnetic Torque]]

</div>
</div>

==Physics 3==

===Week 1===
<div class="toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">
====Classical Physics====
<div class="mw-collapsible-content">
</div>
</div>

===Week 2===
<div class="toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">
====Special Relativity====
<div class="mw-collapsible-content">
*[[Frame of Reference]]
*[[Einstein's Theory of Special Relativity]]
*[[Time Dilation]]
*[[Einstein's Theory of General Relativity]]
*[[Albert A. Micheleson & Edward W. Morley]]
*[[Magnetic Force in a Moving Reference Frame]]
</div>
</div>

===Week 3===
<div class="toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">
====Photons====
<div class="mw-collapsible-content">
*[[Spontaneous Photon Emission]]
*[[Light Scattering: Why is the Sky Blue]]
*[[Lasers]]
*[[Electronic Energy Levels and Photons]]
*[[Quantum Properties of Light]]
</div>
</div>

===Week 4===
<div class="toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">
====Matter Waves====
<div class="mw-collapsible-content">
*[[Wave-Particle Duality]]
</div>
</div>

===Week 5===
<div class="toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">
====Wave Mechanics====
<div class="mw-collapsible-content">
*[[Standing Waves]]
*[[Wavelength]]
*[[Wavelength and Frequency]]
*[[Mechanical Waves]]
*[[Transverse and Longitudinal Waves]]
</div>
</div>

===Week 6===
<div class="toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">
====Rutherford-Bohr Model====
<div class="mw-collapsible-content">
*[[Rutherford Experiment and Atomic Collisions]]
*[[Bohr Model]]
*[[Quantized energy levels]]
*[[Energy graphs and the Bohr model]]
</div>
</div>

===Week 7===
<div class="toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">
====The Hydrogen Atom====
<div class="mw-collapsible-content">
*[[Quantum Theory]]
*[[Atomic Theory]]
</div>
</div>

===Week 8===
<div class="toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">
====Many-Electron Atoms====
<div class="mw-collapsible-content">
*[[Quantum Theory]]
*[[Atomic Theory]]
*[[Pauli exclusion principle]]
</div>
</div>

===Week 9===
<div class="toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">
====Molecules====
<div class="mw-collapsible-content">
</div>
</div>

===Week 10===
<div class="toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">
====Statistical Physics====
<div class="mw-collapsible-content">
</div>
</div>

===Week 11===
<div class="toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">
====Condensed Matter Physics====
<div class="mw-collapsible-content">
</div>
</div>

===Week 12===
<div class="toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">
====The Nucleus====
<div class="mw-collapsible-content">
</div>
</div>

===Week 13===
<div class="toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">
====Nuclear Physics====
<div class="mw-collapsible-content">
*[[Nuclear Fission]]
*[[Nuclear Energy from Fission and Fusion]]
</div>
</div>

===Week 14===
<div class="toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">
====Particle Physics====
<div class="mw-collapsible-content">
*[[Elementary Particles and Particle Physics Theory]]
*[[String Theory]]
</div>
</div>

Main Page

2016-04-17T05:50:54Z

Tquill: /* Sign of a potential difference */

__NOTOC__
Welcome to the Georgia Tech Wiki for Introductory Physics. This resource was created so that students can contribute and curate content to help those with limited or no access to a textbook. When reading this website, please correct any errors you may come across. If you read something that isn't clear, please consider revising it for future students!

Looking to make a contribution?
#Pick one of the topics from intro physics listed below
#Add content to that topic or improve the quality of what is already there.
#Need to make a new topic? Edit this page and add it to the list under the appropriate category. Then copy and paste the default [[Template]] into your new page and start editing.

Please remember that this is not a textbook and you are not limited to expressing your ideas with only text and equations. Whenever possible embed: pictures, videos, diagrams, simulations, computational models (e.g. Glowscript), and whatever content you think makes learning physics easier for other students.

== Source Material ==
All of the content added to this resource must be in the public domain or similar free resource. If you are unsure about a source, contact the original author for permission. That said, there is a surprisingly large amount of introductory physics content scattered across the web. Here is an incomplete list of intro physics resources (please update as needed).
* A physics resource written by experts for an expert audience [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:Physics Physics Portal]
* A wiki written for students by a physics expert [http://p3server.pa.msu.edu/coursewiki/doku.php?id=183_notes MSU Physics Wiki]
* A wiki book on modern physics [https://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Modern_Physics Modern Physics Wiki]
* The MIT open courseware for intro physics [http://ocw.mit.edu/resources/res-8-002-a-wikitextbook-for-introductory-mechanics-fall-2009/index.htm MITOCW Wiki]
* An online concept map of intro physics [http://hyperphysics.phy-astr.gsu.edu/hbase/hph.html HyperPhysics]
* Interactive physics simulations [https://phet.colorado.edu/en/simulations/category/physics PhET]
* OpenStax algebra based intro physics textbook [https://openstaxcollege.org/textbooks/college-physics College Physics]
* The Open Source Physics project is a collection of online physics resources [http://www.opensourcephysics.org/ OSP]
* A resource guide compiled by the [http://www.aapt.org/ AAPT] for educators [http://www.compadre.org/ ComPADRE]

== Organizing Categories ==
These are the broad, overarching categories, that we cover in three semester of introductory physics. You can add subcategories as needed but a single topic should direct readers to a page in one of these categories.

== Resources ==
* Commonly used wiki commands [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:Cheatsheet Wiki Cheatsheet]
* A guide to representing equations in math mode [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:Displaying_a_formula Wiki Math Mode]
* A page to keep track of all the physics [[Constants]]
* A page for review of [[Vectors]] and vector operations
* A listing of [[Notable Scientist]] with links to their individual pages

<div style="float:left; width:30%; padding:1%;">
==Physics 1==
===Week 1===

====Student Content====
<div class=“toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed”>
=====Help with VPython=====
<div class=“mw-collapsible-content”>
*[[VPython]]
*[[VPython basics]]
*[[VPython Common Errors and Troubleshooting]]
*[[VPython Functions]]
*[[VPython Lists]]
*[[VPython Loops]]
*[[VPython Multithreading]]
*[[VPython Animation]]
*[[VPython Objects]]
*[[VPython 3D Objects]]
*[[VPython Reference]]
*[[VPython MapReduceFilter]]
*[[VPython GUIs]]
</div>
</div>

<div class=“toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed”>
=====Vectors and Units=====
<div class=“mw-collapsible-content”>
*[[Vectors]]
*[[SI units]]
</div>
</div>

<div class=“toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed”>

=====Interactions=====
<div class=“mw-collapsible-content”>
</div>
</div>
*[[Types of Interactions and How to Detect Them]]

<div class=“toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed”>

=====Velocity and Momentum=====
<div class=“mw-collapsible-content”>
*[[Newton’s First Law of Motion]]
*[[Velocity]]
*[[Mass]]
*[[Speed and Velocity]]
*[[Relative Velocity]]
*[[Derivation of Average Velocity]]
*[[2-Dimensional Motion]]
*[[3-Dimensional Position and Motion]]
</div>
</div>

====Expert Content====
<div class=“toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed”>

* [http://p3server.pa.msu.edu/coursewiki/doku.php?id=183_notes:vpython_resources Software for Projects]

</div>

===Week 2===
====Student Content====
<div class=“toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed”>
=====Momentum and the Momentum Principle=====
<div class=“mw-collapsible-content”>
*[[Momentum Principle]]
*[[Inertia]]
*[[Net Force]]
*[[Derivation of the Momentum Principle]]
*[[Impulse Momentum]]
*[[Acceleration]]
*[[Momentum with respect to external Forces]]
</div>
</div>

<div class=“toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed”>
=====Iterative Prediction with a Constant Force=====
<div class=“mw-collapsible-content”>
*[[Newton’s Second Law of Motion]]
*[[Iterative Prediction]]
*[[Kinematics]]
*[[Newton’s Laws and Linear Momentum]]
*[[Projectile Motion]]
</div>
</div>

====Expert Content====
<div class=“toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed”>

* [http://p3server.pa.msu.edu/coursewiki/doku.php?id=183_notes:scalars_and_vectors Scalars and Vectors]
* [http://p3server.pa.msu.edu/coursewiki/doku.php?id=183_notes:displacement_and_velocity Displacement and Velocity]
* [http://p3server.pa.msu.edu/coursewiki/doku.php?id=183_notes:modeling_with_vpython Modeling Motion with VPython]
* [http://p3server.pa.msu.edu/coursewiki/doku.php?id=183_notes:relative_motion Relative Motion]
* [http://p3server.pa.msu.edu/coursewiki/doku.php?id=183_notes:graphing_motion Graphing Motion]
* [http://p3server.pa.msu.edu/coursewiki/doku.php?id=183_notes:momentum Momentum]
* [http://p3server.pa.msu.edu/coursewiki/doku.php?id=183_notes:momentum_principle The Momentum Principle]
* [http://p3server.pa.msu.edu/coursewiki/doku.php?id=183_notes:acceleration Acceleration & The Change in Momentum]
* [http://p3server.pa.msu.edu/coursewiki/doku.php?id=183_notes:motionPredict Applying the Momentum Principle]
* [http://p3server.pa.msu.edu/coursewiki/doku.php?id=183_notes:constantF Constant Force Motion]
* [http://p3server.pa.msu.edu/coursewiki/doku.php?id=183_notes:iterativePredict Iterative Prediction of Motion]
* [http://p3server.pa.msu.edu/coursewiki/doku.php?id=183_notes:mp_multi The Momentum Principle in Multi-particle Systems]
* [http://p3server.pa.msu.edu/coursewiki/doku.php?id=183_notes:angular_motivation Why Angular Momentum?]
* [http://p3server.pa.msu.edu/coursewiki/doku.php?id=183_notes:ang_momentum Angular Momentum]
* [http://p3server.pa.msu.edu/coursewiki/doku.php?id=183_notes:L_principle Net Torque & The Angular Momentum Principle]
* [http://p3server.pa.msu.edu/coursewiki/doku.php?id=183_notes:L_conservation Angular Momentum Conservation]

</div>

===Week 3===
====Student Content====
<div class=“toccolours \
mw-collapsible mw-collapsed”>
=====Analytic Prediction with a Constant Force=====
<div \
class=“mw-collapsible-content”>
*[[Analytical Prediction]]
</div>
</div>

<div class=“toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed”>
=====Iterative Prediction with a Varying Force=====
<div \
class=“mw-collapsible-content”>
*[[Predicting Change in multiple dimensions]]
*[[Spring Force]]
*[[Hooke’s Law]]
*[[Simple Harmonic Motion]]
*[[Iterative Prediction of Spring-Mass System]]
*[[Terminal Speed]]
*[[Determinism]]
</div>
</div>

====Expert Content====
<div class=“toccolours mw-collapsible \
mw-collapsed”>

* [http://p3server.pa.msu.edu/coursewiki/doku.php?id=183_notes:drag Drag]
* [http://p3server.pa.msu.edu/coursewiki/doku.php?id=183_notes:gravitation Non-constant Force: Newtonian Gravitation]
* [http://p3server.pa.msu.edu/coursewiki/doku.php?id=183_notes:ucm Uniform Circular Motion]
* [http://p3server.pa.msu.edu/coursewiki/doku.php?id=183_notes:impulseGraphs Impulse Graphs]
* [http://p3server.pa.msu.edu/coursewiki/doku.php?id=183_notes:springMotion Non-constant Force: Springs & Spring-like Interactions]
* [http://p3server.pa.msu.edu/coursewiki/doku.php?id=183_notes:friction Contact Interactions: The Normal Force & Friction]

</div>

===Week 4===
====Student Content====
<div class=“toccolours \
mw-collapsible mw-collapsed”>
=====Fundamental Interactions=====
<div class=“mw-collapsible-content”>
*[[Gravitational Force]]
*[[Electric Force]]
*[[Reciprocity]]
</div>
</div>

====Expert Content====
<div class=“toccolours mw-collapsible \
mw-collapsed”>

* [http://p3server.pa.msu.edu/coursewiki/doku.php?id=183_notes:gravitation Non-constant Force: Newtonian Gravitation]

</div>

===Week 5===
====Student Content====
<div class=“toccolours \
mw-collapsible mw-collapsed”>
=====Conservation of Momentum=====
<div class=“mw-collapsible-content”>
*[[Conservation of Momentum]]
</div>
</div>
<div class=“toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed”>

=====Properties of Matter=====
<div class=“mw-collapsible-content”>
*[[Kinds of Matter]]
**[[Ball and Spring Model of Matter]]
*[[Density]]
*[[Length and Stiffness of an Interatomic Bond]]
*[[Young’s Modulus]]
*[[Speed of Sound in Solids]]
*[[Malleability]]
*[[Ductility]]
*[[Weight]]
*[[Hardness]]
*[[Boiling Point]]
*[[Melting Point]]
</div>
</div>

====Expert Content====
<div class=“toccolours mw-collapsible \
mw-collapsed”>

* [http://p3server.pa.msu.edu/coursewiki/doku.php?id=183_notes:model_of_a_wire Modeling a Solid Wire: springs in series and parallel]

</div>

===Week 6===
====Student Content====
<div class=“toccolours \
mw-collapsible mw-collapsed”>
=====Identifying Forces=====
<div class=“mw-collapsible-content”>
*[[Free Body Diagram]]
*[[Compression or Normal Force]]
*[[Tension]]
</div>
</div>
<div class=“toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed”>
=====Curving Motion=====
<div class=“mw-collapsible-content”>
*[[Curving Motion]]
*[[Centripetal Force and Curving Motion]]
*[[Perpetual Freefall (Orbit)]]
</div>
</div>

====Expert Content====
<div class=“toccolours mw-collapsible \
mw-collapsed”>

* [http://p3server.pa.msu.edu/coursewiki/doku.php?id=183_notes:gravitation Non-constant Force: Newtonian Gravitation]
* [http://p3server.pa.msu.edu/coursewiki/doku.php?id=183_notes:grav_accel Gravitational Acceleration]
* [http://p3server.pa.msu.edu/coursewiki/doku.php?id=183_notes:ucm Uniform Circular Motion]
* [http://p3server.pa.msu.edu/coursewiki/doku.php?id=183_notes:freebodydiagrams Free Body Diagrams]
* [http://p3server.pa.msu.edu/coursewiki/doku.php?id=183_notes:curving_motion Curved Motion]

</div>

===Week 7===
====Student Content====
<div class=“toccolours \
mw-collapsible mw-collapsed”>
=====Energy Principle=====
<div class=“mw-collapsible-content”>
*[[The Energy Principle]]
*[[Conservation of Energy]]
*[[Kinetic Energy]]
*[[Work]]
*[[Power (Mechanical)]]
</div>
</div>

====Expert Content====
<div class=“toccolours mw-collapsible \
mw-collapsed”>

* [http://p3server.pa.msu.edu/coursewiki/doku.php?id=183_notes:define_energy What is Energy?]
* [http://p3server.pa.msu.edu/coursewiki/doku.php?id=183_notes:point_particle The Simplest System: A Single Particle]
* [http://p3server.pa.msu.edu/coursewiki/doku.php?id=183_notes:work Work: Mechanical Energy Transfer]
* [http://p3server.pa.msu.edu/coursewiki/doku.php?id=183_notes:energy_cons Conservation of Energy]
* [http://p3server.pa.msu.edu/coursewiki/doku.php?id=183_notes:potential_energy Potential Energy]
* [http://p3server.pa.msu.edu/coursewiki/doku.php?id=183_notes:grav_and_spring_PE (Near Earth) Gravitational and Spring Potential Energy]
* [http://p3server.pa.msu.edu/coursewiki/doku.php?id=183_notes:force_and_PE Force and Potential Energy]
* [http://p3server.pa.msu.edu/coursewiki/doku.php?id=183_notes:newton_grav_pe Newtonian Gravitational Potential Energy]
* [http://p3server.pa.msu.edu/coursewiki/doku.php?id=183_notes:spring_PE Spring Potential Energy]

</div>

===Week 8===
====Student Content====
<div class=“toccolours \
mw-collapsible mw-collapsed”>
=====Work by Non-Constant Forces=====
<div \
class=“mw-collapsible-content”>
*[[Work Done By A Nonconstant Force]]
</div>
</div>
<div class=“toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed”>
=====Potential Energy=====
<div class=“mw-collapsible-content”>
*[[Potential Energy]]
*[[Potential Energy of Macroscopic Springs]]
*[[Spring Potential Energy]]
**[[Ball and Spring Model]]
*[[Gravitational Potential Energy]]
*[[Energy Graphs]]
*[[Escape Velocity]]
</div>
</div>

====Expert Content====
<div class=“toccolours mw-collapsible \
mw-collapsed”>

* [http://p3server.pa.msu.edu/coursewiki/doku.php?id=183_notes:work_by_nc_forces Work Done by Non-Constant Forces]
* [http://p3server.pa.msu.edu/coursewiki/doku.php?id=183_notes:potential_energy Potential Energy]
* [http://p3server.pa.msu.edu/coursewiki/doku.php?id=183_notes:grav_and_spring_PE (Near Earth) Gravitational and Spring Potential Energy]
* [http://p3server.pa.msu.edu/coursewiki/doku.php?id=183_notes:rest_mass Changes of Rest Mass Energy]
* [http://p3server.pa.msu.edu/coursewiki/doku.php?id=183_notes:force_and_PE Force and Potential Energy]
* [http://p3server.pa.msu.edu/coursewiki/doku.php?id=183_notes:newton_grav_pe Newtonian Gravitational Potential Energy]
* [http://p3server.pa.msu.edu/coursewiki/doku.php?id=183_notes:grav_pe_graphs Graphing Energy for Gravitationally Interacting Systems]
* [http://p3server.pa.msu.edu/coursewiki/doku.php?id=183_notes:spring_PE Spring Potential Energy]
* [http://p3server.pa.msu.edu/coursewiki/doku.php?id=183_notes:power Power: The Rate of Energy Change]
* [http://p3server.pa.msu.edu/coursewiki/doku.php?id=183_notes:energy_dissipation Dissipation of Energy]

</div>

===Week 9===
====Student Content====
<div class=“toccolours \
mw-collapsible mw-collapsed”>
=====Multiparticle Systems=====
<div class=“mw-collapsible-content”>
*[[Center of Mass]]
*[[Multi-particle analysis of Momentum]]
*[[Momentum with respect to external Forces]]
*[[Potential Energy of a Multiparticle System]]
*[[Work and Energy for an Extended System]]
*[[Internal Energy]]
**[[Potential Energy of a Pair of Neutral Atoms]]
</div>
</div>

====Expert Content====
<div class=“toccolours mw-collapsible \
mw-collapsed”>

* [http://p3server.pa.msu.edu/coursewiki/doku.php?id=183_notes:mp_multi The Momentum Principle in Multi-particle Systems]
* [http://p3server.pa.msu.edu/coursewiki/doku.php?id=183_notes:center_of_mass Center of Mass Motion]
* [http://p3server.pa.msu.edu/coursewiki/doku.php?id=183_notes:center_of_mass Center of Mass Motion]
* [http://p3server.pa.msu.edu/coursewiki/doku.php?id=183_notes:energy_sep Separating Energy in Multi-Particle Systems]

</div>

===Week 10===
====Student Content====
<div class=“toccolours \
mw-collapsible mw-collapsed”>
=====Choice of System=====
<div class=“mw-collapsible-content”>
*[[System & Surroundings]]
</div>
</div>
<div class=“toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed”>
=====Thermal Energy, Dissipation and Transfer of Energy=====
<div \
class=“mw-collapsible-content”>
*[[Thermal Energy]]
*[[Specific Heat]]
*[[Heat Capacity]]
*[[Specific Heat Capacity]]
*[[First Law of Thermodynamics]]
*[[Second Law of Thermodynamics and Entropy]]
*[[Temperature]]
*[[Predicting Change]]
*[[Energy Transfer due to a Temperature Difference]]
*[[Transformation of Energy]]
*[[The Maxwell-Boltzmann Distribution]]
*[[Air Resistance]]
</div>
</div>
<div class=“toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed”>
=====Rotational and Vibrational Energy=====
<div \
class=“mw-collapsible-content”>
*[[Translational, Rotational and Vibrational Energy]]
</div>
</div>

====Expert Content====
<div class=“toccolours mw-collapsible \
mw-collapsed”>

* [http://p3server.pa.msu.edu/coursewiki/doku.php?id=183_notes:grav_and_spring_PE (Near Earth) Gravitational and Spring Potential Energy]
* [http://p3server.pa.msu.edu/coursewiki/doku.php?id=183_notes:rest_mass Changes of Rest Mass Energy]
* [http://p3server.pa.msu.edu/coursewiki/doku.php?id=183_notes:newton_grav_pe Newtonian Gravitational Potential Energy]
* [http://p3server.pa.msu.edu/coursewiki/doku.php?id=183_notes:grav_pe_graphs Graphing Energy for Gravitationally Interacting Systems]
* [http://p3server.pa.msu.edu/coursewiki/doku.php?id=183_notes:escape_speed Escape Speed]
* [http://p3server.pa.msu.edu/coursewiki/doku.php?id=183_notes:spring_PE Spring Potential Energy]
* [http://p3server.pa.msu.edu/coursewiki/doku.php?id=183_notes:internal_energy Internal Energy]
* [http://p3server.pa.msu.edu/coursewiki/doku.php?id=183_notes:system_choice Choosing a System Matters]
* [http://p3server.pa.msu.edu/coursewiki/doku.php?id=183_notes:energy_dissipation Dissipation of Energy]

</div>

===Week 11===
====Student Content====
<div class=“toccolours \
mw-collapsible mw-collapsed”>
=====Different Models of a System=====
<div \
class=“mw-collapsible-content”>
*[[Real Systems]]
*[[Point Particle Systems]]
</div>
</div>
<div class=“toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed”>

=====Models of Friction=====
<div class=“mw-collapsible-content”>
*[[Friction]]
*[[Static Friction]]
</div>
</div>

====Expert Content====
<div class=“toccolours mw-collapsible \
mw-collapsed”>

* [http://p3server.pa.msu.edu/coursewiki/doku.php?id=183_notes:system_choice Choosing a System Matters]
* [http://p3server.pa.msu.edu/coursewiki/doku.php?id=183_notes:energy_dissipation Dissipation of Energy]

</div>

===Week 12===
====Student Content====
<div class=“toccolours \
mw-collapsible mw-collapsed”>
=====Collisions=====
<div class=“mw-collapsible-content”>
*[[Newton’s Third Law of Motion]]
*[[Collisions]]
*[[Elastic Collisions]]
*[[Inelastic Collisions]]
*[[Maximally Inelastic Collision]]
*[[Head-on Collision of Equal Masses]]
*[[Head-on Collision of Unequal Masses]]
*[[Scattering: Collisions in 2D and 3D]]
*[[Rutherford Experiment and Atomic Collisions]]
*[[Coefficient of Restitution]]
</div>
</div>

====Expert Content====
<div class=“toccolours mw-collapsible \
mw-collapsed”>

* [http://p3server.pa.msu.edu/coursewiki/doku.php?id=183_notes:collisions Colliding Objects]
* [http://p3server.pa.msu.edu/coursewiki/doku.php?id=183_notes:center_of_mass Center of Mass Motion]
* [http://p3server.pa.msu.edu/coursewiki/doku.php?id=183_notes:center_of_mass Center of Mass Motion]
* [http://p3server.pa.msu.edu/coursewiki/doku.php?id=183_notes:rot_KE Rotational Kinetic Energy]
* [http://p3server.pa.msu.edu/coursewiki/doku.php?id=183_notes:pp_vs_real Point Particle and Real Systems]
* [http://p3server.pa.msu.edu/coursewiki/doku.php?id=183_notes:colliding_systems Collisions]

</div>

===Week 13===
====Student Content====
<div class=“toccolours \
mw-collapsible mw-collapsed”>
=====Rotations=====
<div class=“mw-collapsible-content”>
*[[Rotation]]
*[[Angular Velocity]]
*[[Eulerian Angles]]
</div>
</div>
<div class=“toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed”>
=====Angular Momentum=====
<div class=“mw-collapsible-content”>
*[[Total Angular Momentum]]
*[[Translational Angular Momentum]]
*[[Rotational Angular Momentum]]
*[[The Angular Momentum Principle]]
*[[Angular Momentum Compared to Linear Momentum]]
*[[Angular Impulse]]
*[[Predicting the Position of a Rotating System]]
*[[Angular Momentum of Multiparticle Systems]]
*[[The Moments of Inertia]]
*[[Moment of Inertia for a cylinder]]
*[[Right Hand Rule]]
</div>
</div>

====Expert Content====
<div class=“toccolours mw-collapsible \
mw-collapsed”>

* [http://p3server.pa.msu.edu/coursewiki/doku.php?id=183_notes:rot_KE Rotational Kinetic Energy]
* [http://p3server.pa.msu.edu/coursewiki/doku.php?id=183_notes:angular_motivation Why Angular Momentum?]
* [http://p3server.pa.msu.edu/coursewiki/doku.php?id=183_notes:ang_momentum Angular Momentum]
* [http://p3server.pa.msu.edu/coursewiki/doku.php?id=183_notes:L_principle Net Torque & The Angular Momentum Principle]
* [http://p3server.pa.msu.edu/coursewiki/doku.php?id=183_notes:L_conservation Angular Momentum Conservation]

</div>
===Week 14===

====Student Content====
<div class=“toccolours mw-collapsible \
mw-collapsed”>
=====Analyzing Motion with and without Torque=====
<div \
class=“mw-collapsible-content”>
*[[Torque]]
*[[Torque 2]]
*[[Systems with Zero Torque]]
*[[Systems with Nonzero Torque]]
*[[Torque vs Work]]
*[[Gyroscopes]]
</div>
</div>

====Expert Content====
<div class=“toccolours mw-collapsible \
mw-collapsed”>

* [http://p3server.pa.msu.edu/coursewiki/doku.php?id=183_notes:discovery_of_the_nucleus Discovery of the Nucleus]
* [http://p3server.pa.msu.edu/coursewiki/doku.php?id=183_notes:torque Torques Cause Changes in Rotation]
* [http://p3server.pa.msu.edu/coursewiki/doku.php?id=183_notes:L_principle Net Torque & The Angular Momentum Principle]

</div>

===Week 15===

====Student Content====
<div class=“toccolours mw-collapsible \
mw-collapsed”>
=====Introduction to Quantum Concepts=====
<div \class=“mw-collapsible-content”>
*[[Bohr Model]]
*[[Energy graphs and the Bohr model]]
*[[Quantized energy levels]]
</div>
</div>

====Expert Content====
<div class=“toccolours mw-collapsible \
mw-collapsed”>

* [http://p3server.pa.msu.edu/coursewiki/doku.php?id=183_notes:discovery_of_the_nucleus Discovery of the Nucleus]

</div>

<div style=“float:left; width:30%; padding:1%;”>

==Physics 2==
===Week 1===
<div class="toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">
====3D Vectors====
<div class="mw-collapsible-content">
*[[Page claimed by Laura Winalski]]*
*[[Vectors]]
*[[Right-Hand Rule]]
*[[Right Hand Rule]]
</div>
</div>

<div class="toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">

'''CLAIMED BY DIPRO CHAKRABORTY'''

'''CLAIMED BY DIPRO CHAKRABORTY'''
'''CLAIMED BY DIPRO CHAKRABORTY'''
'''CLAIMED BY DIPRO CHAKRABORTY'''

'''CLAIMED BY DIPRO CHAKRABORTY'''
====Electric field====
<div class="mw-collapsible-content">

[[Electric field]]

The electric field created by a charge is present throughout space at all times, whether or not there is another charge around to feel its effects. The electric field created by a charge penetrates through matter. The field permeates the neighboring space, biding its time until it can affect anything brought into its space of interaction.

==The Main Idea==
To be exact, the definition of the Electric Field is as follows:
The electric field is a region around a charged particle or object within which a force would be exerted on other objects.
If we put a charged particle at a location and it experiences a force, it would be logical to assume that there is something present that
is interacting with the particle. This "virtual force" is in essence the electric field.
===A Mathematical Model===

The electric field can be expressed mathematically as follows:

<math>{\vec{F_{net}} = 0 \Leftrightarrow \frac{d\vec{v}}{dt}} = 0</math>

<math>{\vec{F_{2}} = {q_{1}}{\vec{E_{1}}} \Leftrightarrow \frac{d\vec{v}}{dt}} </math>

which can be translated to postulate that the force on particle 2 is determined by the charge of particle 2 and the electric
field.

==Examples==

The following examples are to test your basic understanding of the Electric Field. For more examples that test your knowledge of all three of the laws, peruse the class textbook.

===Simple===
Which way is the electric field going for a negatively charged particle?

[[File:Simple111.png]]

It's easy to see that the electric field is pointing toward the negatively charged particle. The electric field is tending
toward the negatively charged particle.

===Middling===
Does the object in the following image have a net force of zero? Does it have a constant velocity?

This example is slightly more difficult, but is still quite trivial. If we sum the forces in the x direction, we see that the net force is 2 newtons in the -x direction. Therefore, the object does not have a constant velocity, and will be accelerating in the -x direction.

===Difficult===
Does the object in the following image have a net force of zero? Does it have a constant velocity?

This final example tests your knowledge and understanding of Newton's First Law. We're able to see that the box will accelerate in the -x direction because the net force in the x direction is 5 newtons to the left. However, the box itself has a velocity of 5m/s upwards, which would indeed stay constant. This is because forces (and motion) in perpendicular directions are of each other.

==Connectedness==

Newton's laws of motion tie into almost everything that we see or do. The first law, in particular, explains why we suddenly lurch forward when a car suddenly stops (our bodies are in a state of motion and thus resist the sudden stop), why it's much harder to stop when ice skating than walking (there's less friction, thus less net force to decelerate), and much, much, more. The importance of Newton's first law (and by extension, the other laws of motion) is not readily apparent, but serves as a basis to explain much of our daily interactions with our surroundings.

It can also apply to things outside of our daily interactions - space, for example. Newton's first law describes why an astronaut in space will continuously float in a direction forever if they are not pulled in by an asteroid or a planet's gravitational force. There is a lack of a net force opposing the astronaut's motion (due to the fact that there is no air in space) which results in the astronaut having a constant velocity. Floating off into space is probably an astronaut's worst nightmare, a scenario that a recent movie, ''Gravity'', explored. The entire premise of the movie (Sandra Bullock becomes untethered from her space station) relies on Newton's first law of motion.
==History==

While Galileo is the one credited with the idea of inertia motion, it was René Descartes, a French philosopher, who would expand upon Galileo's ideas. Descartes went on to propose three fundamental laws of nature in his book, ''Principles of Philosophy'', the first of which stated that "each thing, as far as is in its power, always remains in the same state; and that consequently, when it is once moved, it always continues to move." Thus, while the concept of inertia is often referred to as Newton's First Law, it was first described by Galileo and then perfected by Descartes decades before Newton published his findings.

As for Newton, he first described his three laws of motion in ''The Mathematical Principle of Natural Philosophy'', for the Principia, which was published in 1687. These laws described the relationship between an object and the forces acting upon it and laid the foundation for classical mechanics. While Newton's first law came from the work of Descartes and Galileo, his other laws are the work of himself.

==The Main Idea==
To be exact, the definition of the Electric Field is as follows:
The electric field is a region around a charged particle or object within which a force would be exerted on other objects.
If we put a charged particle at a location and it experiences a force, it would be logical to assume that there is something present that
is interacting with the particle. This "virtual force" is in essence the electric field.
===A Mathematical Model===

The electric field can be expressed mathematically as follows:

<math>{\vec{F_{net}} = 0 \Leftrightarrow \frac{d\vec{v}}{dt}} = 0</math>

<math>{\vec{F_{2}} = {q_{1}}{\vec{E_{1}}} \Leftrightarrow \frac{d\vec{v}}{dt}} </math>

which can be translated to postulate that the force on particle 2 is determined by the charge of particle 2 and the electric
field.

==Examples==

The following examples are to test your basic understanding of the Electric Field. For more examples that test your knowledge of all three of the laws, peruse the class textbook.

===Simple===
Which way is the electric field going for a negatively charged particle?

[[File:Simple111.png]]

It's easy to see that the electric field is pointing toward the negatively charged particle. The electric field is tending
toward the negatively charged particle.

===Middling===
Does the object in the following image have a net force of zero? Does it have a constant velocity?

This example is slightly more difficult, but is still quite trivial. If we sum the forces in the x direction, we see that the net force is 2 newtons in the -x direction. Therefore, the object does not have a constant velocity, and will be accelerating in the -x direction.

===Difficult===
Does the object in the following image have a net force of zero? Does it have a constant velocity?

This final example tests your knowledge and understanding of Newton's First Law. We're able to see that the box will accelerate in the -x direction because the net force in the x direction is 5 newtons to the left. However, the box itself has a velocity of 5m/s upwards, which would indeed stay constant. This is because forces (and motion) in perpendicular directions are of each other.

==Connectedness==

Newton's laws of motion tie into almost everything that we see or do. The first law, in particular, explains why we suddenly lurch forward when a car suddenly stops (our bodies are in a state of motion and thus resist the sudden stop), why it's much harder to stop when ice skating than walking (there's less friction, thus less net force to decelerate), and much, much, more. The importance of Newton's first law (and by extension, the other laws of motion) is not readily apparent, but serves as a basis to explain much of our daily interactions with our surroundings.

It can also apply to things outside of our daily interactions - space, for example. Newton's first law describes why an astronaut in space will continuously float in a direction forever if they are not pulled in by an asteroid or a planet's gravitational force. There is a lack of a net force opposing the astronaut's motion (due to the fact that there is no air in space) which results in the astronaut having a constant velocity. Floating off into space is probably an astronaut's worst nightmare, a scenario that a recent movie, ''Gravity'', explored. The entire premise of the movie (Sandra Bullock becomes untethered from her space station) relies on Newton's first law of motion.
==History==

While Galileo is the one credited with the idea of inertia motion, it was René Descartes, a French philosopher, who would expand upon Galileo's ideas. Descartes went on to propose three fundamental laws of nature in his book, ''Principles of Philosophy'', the first of which stated that "each thing, as far as is in its power, always remains in the same state; and that consequently, when it is once moved, it always continues to move." Thus, while the concept of inertia is often referred to as Newton's First Law, it was first described by Galileo and then perfected by Descartes decades before Newton published his findings.

As for Newton, he first described his three laws of motion in ''The Mathematical Principle of Natural Philosophy'', for the Principia, which was published in 1687. These laws described the relationship between an object and the forces acting upon it and laid the foundation for classical mechanics. While Newton's first law came from the work of Descartes and Galileo, his other laws are the work of himself.

==The Main Idea==
To be exact, the definition of the Electric Field is as follows:
The electric field is a region around a charged particle or object within which a force would be exerted on other objects.
If we put a charged particle at a location and it experiences a force, it would be logical to assume that there is something present that
is interacting with the particle. This "virtual force" is in essence the electric field.
===A Mathematical Model===

The electric field can be expressed mathematically as follows:

<math>{\vec{F_{net}} = 0 \Leftrightarrow \frac{d\vec{v}}{dt}} = 0</math>

<math>{\vec{F_{2}} = {q_{1}}{\vec{E_{1}}} \Leftrightarrow \frac{d\vec{v}}{dt}} </math>

which can be translated to postulate that the force on particle 2 is determined by the charge of particle 2 and the electric
field.

==Examples==

The following examples are to test your basic understanding of the Electric Field. For more examples that test your knowledge of all three of the laws, peruse the class textbook.

===Simple===
Which way is the electric field going for a negatively charged particle?

[[File:Simple111.png]]

It's easy to see that the electric field is pointing toward the negatively charged particle. The electric field is tending
toward the negatively charged particle.

===Middling===
Does the object in the following image have a net force of zero? Does it have a constant velocity?

This example is slightly more difficult, but is still quite trivial. If we sum the forces in the x direction, we see that the net force is 2 newtons in the -x direction. Therefore, the object does not have a constant velocity, and will be accelerating in the -x direction.

===Difficult===
Does the object in the following image have a net force of zero? Does it have a constant velocity?

This final example tests your knowledge and understanding of Newton's First Law. We're able to see that the box will accelerate in the -x direction because the net force in the x direction is 5 newtons to the left. However, the box itself has a velocity of 5m/s upwards, which would indeed stay constant. This is because forces (and motion) in perpendicular directions are of each other.

==Connectedness==

Newton's laws of motion tie into almost everything that we see or do. The first law, in particular, explains why we suddenly lurch forward when a car suddenly stops (our bodies are in a state of motion and thus resist the sudden stop), why it's much harder to stop when ice skating than walking (there's less friction, thus less net force to decelerate), and much, much, more. The importance of Newton's first law (and by extension, the other laws of motion) is not readily apparent, but serves as a basis to explain much of our daily interactions with our surroundings.

It can also apply to things outside of our daily interactions - space, for example. Newton's first law describes why an astronaut in space will continuously float in a direction forever if they are not pulled in by an asteroid or a planet's gravitational force. There is a lack of a net force opposing the astronaut's motion (due to the fact that there is no air in space) which results in the astronaut having a constant velocity. Floating off into space is probably an astronaut's worst nightmare, a scenario that a recent movie, ''Gravity'', explored. The entire premise of the movie (Sandra Bullock becomes untethered from her space station) relies on Newton's first law of motion.
==History==

While Galileo is the one credited with the idea of inertia motion, it was René Descartes, a French philosopher, who would expand upon Galileo's ideas. Descartes went on to propose three fundamental laws of nature in his book, ''Principles of Philosophy'', the first of which stated that "each thing, as far as is in its power, always remains in the same state; and that consequently, when it is once moved, it always continues to move." Thus, while the concept of inertia is often referred to as Newton's First Law, it was first described by Galileo and then perfected by Descartes decades before Newton published his findings.

As for Newton, he first described his three laws of motion in ''The Mathematical Principle of Natural Philosophy'', for the Principia, which was published in 1687. These laws described the relationship between an object and the forces acting upon it and laid the foundation for classical mechanics. While Newton's first law came from the work of Descartes and Galileo, his other laws are the work of himself.

==The Main Idea==
To be exact, the definition of the Electric Field is as follows:
The electric field is a region around a charged particle or object within which a force would be exerted on other objects.
If we put a charged particle at a location and it experiences a force, it would be logical to assume that there is something present that
is interacting with the particle. This "virtual force" is in essence the electric field.
===A Mathematical Model===

The electric field can be expressed mathematically as follows:

<math>{\vec{F_{net}} = 0 \Leftrightarrow \frac{d\vec{v}}{dt}} = 0</math>

<math>{\vec{F_{2}} = {q_{1}}{\vec{E_{1}}} \Leftrightarrow \frac{d\vec{v}}{dt}} </math>

which can be translated to postulate that the force on particle 2 is determined by the charge of particle 2 and the electric
field.

==Examples==

The following examples are to test your basic understanding of the Electric Field. For more examples that test your knowledge of all three of the laws, peruse the class textbook.

===Simple===
Which way is the electric field going for a negatively charged particle?

[[File:Simple111.png]]

It's easy to see that the electric field is pointing toward the negatively charged particle. The electric field is tending
toward the negatively charged particle.

===Middling===
Does the object in the following image have a net force of zero? Does it have a constant velocity?

This example is slightly more difficult, but is still quite trivial. If we sum the forces in the x direction, we see that the net force is 2 newtons in the -x direction. Therefore, the object does not have a constant velocity, and will be accelerating in the -x direction.

===Difficult===
Does the object in the following image have a net force of zero? Does it have a constant velocity?

This final example tests your knowledge and understanding of Newton's First Law. We're able to see that the box will accelerate in the -x direction because the net force in the x direction is 5 newtons to the left. However, the box itself has a velocity of 5m/s upwards, which would indeed stay constant. This is because forces (and motion) in perpendicular directions are of each other.

==Connectedness==

Newton's laws of motion tie into almost everything that we see or do. The first law, in particular, explains why we suddenly lurch forward when a car suddenly stops (our bodies are in a state of motion and thus resist the sudden stop), why it's much harder to stop when ice skating than walking (there's less friction, thus less net force to decelerate), and much, much, more. The importance of Newton's first law (and by extension, the other laws of motion) is not readily apparent, but serves as a basis to explain much of our daily interactions with our surroundings.

It can also apply to things outside of our daily interactions - space, for example. Newton's first law describes why an astronaut in space will continuously float in a direction forever if they are not pulled in by an asteroid or a planet's gravitational force. There is a lack of a net force opposing the astronaut's motion (due to the fact that there is no air in space) which results in the astronaut having a constant velocity. Floating off into space is probably an astronaut's worst nightmare, a scenario that a recent movie, ''Gravity'', explored. The entire premise of the movie (Sandra Bullock becomes untethered from her space station) relies on Newton's first law of motion.
==History==

While Galileo is the one credited with the idea of inertia motion, it was René Descartes, a French philosopher, who would expand upon Galileo's ideas. Descartes went on to propose three fundamental laws of nature in his book, ''Principles of Philosophy'', the first of which stated that "each thing, as far as is in its power, always remains in the same state; and that consequently, when it is once moved, it always continues to move." Thus, while the concept of inertia is often referred to as Newton's First Law, it was first described by Galileo and then perfected by Descartes decades before Newton published his findings.

As for Newton, he first described his three laws of motion in ''The Mathematical Principle of Natural Philosophy'', for the Principia, which was published in 1687. These laws described the relationship between an object and the forces acting upon it and laid the foundation for classical mechanics. While Newton's first law came from the work of Descartes and Galileo, his other laws are the work of himself.

==The Main Idea==
To be exact, the definition of the Electric Field is as follows:
The electric field is a region around a charged particle or object within which a force would be exerted on other objects.
If we put a charged particle at a location and it experiences a force, it would be logical to assume that there is something present that
is interacting with the particle. This "virtual force" is in essence the electric field.
===A Mathematical Model===

The electric field can be expressed mathematically as follows:

<math>{\vec{F_{net}} = 0 \Leftrightarrow \frac{d\vec{v}}{dt}} = 0</math>

<math>{\vec{F_{2}} = {q_{1}}{\vec{E_{1}}} \Leftrightarrow \frac{d\vec{v}}{dt}} = 0</math>

which can be translated to postulate that the force on particle 2 is determined by the charge of particle 2 and the electric
field.

==Examples==

The following examples are to test your basic understanding of the Electric Field. For more examples that test your knowledge of all three of the laws, peruse the class textbook.

===Simple===
Which way is the electric field going for a negatively charged particle?

[[File:Example.jpg]]

It's easy to see that the electric field is pointing toward the negatively charged particle. The electric field is tending
toward the negatively charged particle.

===Middling===
Does the object in the following image have a net force of zero? Does it have a constant velocity?

This example is slightly more difficult, but is still quite trivial. If we sum the forces in the x direction, we see that the net force is 2 newtons in the -x direction. Therefore, the object does not have a constant velocity, and will be accelerating in the -x direction.

===Difficult===
Does the object in the following image have a net force of zero? Does it have a constant velocity?

This final example tests your knowledge and understanding of Newton's First Law. We're able to see that the box will accelerate in the -x direction because the net force in the x direction is 5 newtons to the left. However, the box itself has a velocity of 5m/s upwards, which would indeed stay constant. This is because forces (and motion) in perpendicular directions are of each other.

==Connectedness==

Newton's laws of motion tie into almost everything that we see or do. The first law, in particular, explains why we suddenly lurch forward when a car suddenly stops (our bodies are in a state of motion and thus resist the sudden stop), why it's much harder to stop when ice skating than walking (there's less friction, thus less net force to decelerate), and much, much, more. The importance of Newton's first law (and by extension, the other laws of motion) is not readily apparent, but serves as a basis to explain much of our daily interactions with our surroundings.

It can also apply to things outside of our daily interactions - space, for example. Newton's first law describes why an astronaut in space will continuously float in a direction forever if they are not pulled in by an asteroid or a planet's gravitational force. There is a lack of a net force opposing the astronaut's motion (due to the fact that there is no air in space) which results in the astronaut having a constant velocity. Floating off into space is probably an astronaut's worst nightmare, a scenario that a recent movie, ''Gravity'', explored. The entire premise of the movie (Sandra Bullock becomes untethered from her space station) relies on Newton's first law of motion.
==History==

While Galileo is the one credited with the idea of inertia motion, it was René Descartes, a French philosopher, who would expand upon Galileo's ideas. Descartes went on to propose three fundamental laws of nature in his book, ''Principles of Philosophy'', the first of which stated that "each thing, as far as is in its power, always remains in the same state; and that consequently, when it is once moved, it always continues to move." Thus, while the concept of inertia is often referred to as Newton's First Law, it was first described by Galileo and then perfected by Descartes decades before Newton published his findings.

As for Newton, he first described his three laws of motion in ''The Mathematical Principle of Natural Philosophy'', for the Principia, which was published in 1687. These laws described the relationship between an object and the forces acting upon it and laid the foundation for classical mechanics. While Newton's first law came from the work of Descartes and Galileo, his other laws are the work of himself.

==The Main Idea==
To be exact, the definition of the Electric Field is as follows:
The electric field is a region around a charged particle or object within which a force would be exerted on other charged particles or objects.
If we put a charged particle at a location and it experiences a force, it would be logical to assume that there is something present that
is interacting with the particle. This "virtual force" is in essence the electric field.
===A Mathematical Model===

The electric field can be expressed mathematically as follows:

<math>{\vec{F_{net}} = 0 \Leftrightarrow \frac{d\vec{v}}{dt}} = 0</math>

<math>{\vec{F_{2}} = {q_{1}}{\vec{E_{1}}} \Leftrightarrow \frac{d\vec{v}}{dt}} = 0</math>

which can be translated to postulate that the force on particle 2 is determined by the charge of particle 2 and the electric
field.

==Examples==

The following examples are to test your basic understanding of Newton's First Law. For more examples that test your knowledge of all three of the laws, click .

===Simple===
Does the object in the following image have a net force of zero? Does it have a constant velocity?

It's easy to see that the only force on the object is acting in the +x direction, with a magnitude of 5 newtons. Therefore, the object does not have a net force of zero or a constant velocity. It will be accelerating in the +x direction.

===Middling===
Does the object in the following image have a net force of zero? Does it have a constant velocity?

This example is slightly more difficult, but is still quite trivial. If we sum the forces in the x direction, we see that the net force is 2 newtons in the -x direction. Therefore, the object does not have a constant velocity, and will be accelerating in the -x direction.

===Difficult===
Does the object in the following image have a net force of zero? Does it have a constant velocity?

This final example tests your knowledge and understanding of Newton's First Law. We're able to see that the box will accelerate in the -x direction because the net force in the x direction is 5 newtons to the left. However, the box itself has a velocity of 5m/s upwards, which would indeed stay constant. This is because forces (and motion) in perpendicular directions are of each other.

==Connectedness==

Newton's laws of motion tie into almost everything that we see or do. The first law, in particular, explains why we suddenly lurch forward when a car suddenly stops (our bodies are in a state of motion and thus resist the sudden stop), why it's much harder to stop when ice skating than walking (there's less friction, thus less net force to decelerate), and much, much, more. The importance of Newton's first law (and by extension, the other laws of motion) is not readily apparent, but serves as a basis to explain much of our daily interactions with our surroundings.

It can also apply to things outside of our daily interactions - space, for example. Newton's first law describes why an astronaut in space will continuously float in a direction forever if they are not pulled in by an asteroid or a planet's gravitational force. There is a lack of a net force opposing the astronaut's motion (due to the fact that there is no air in space) which results in the astronaut having a constant velocity. Floating off into space is probably an astronaut's worst nightmare, a scenario that a recent movie, ''Gravity'', explored. The entire premise of the movie (Sandra Bullock becomes untethered from her space station) relies on Newton's first law of motion.
==History==

While Galileo is the one credited with the idea of inertia motion, it was René Descartes, a French philosopher, who would expand upon Galileo's ideas. Descartes went on to propose three fundamental laws of nature in his book, ''Principles of Philosophy'', the first of which stated that "each thing, as far as is in its power, always remains in the same state; and that consequently, when it is once moved, it always continues to move." Thus, while the concept of inertia is often referred to as Newton's First Law, it was first described by Galileo and then perfected by Descartes decades before Newton published his findings.

As for Newton, he first described his three laws of motion in ''The Mathematical Principle of Natural Philosophy'', for the Principia, which was published in 1687. These laws described the relationship between an object and the forces acting upon it and laid the foundation for classical mechanics. While Newton's first law came from the work of Descartes and Galileo, his other laws are the work of himself.

==The Main Idea==
To be exact, the definition of the First Law of Motion is as follows:
The electric field is a region around a charged particle or object within which a force would be exerted on other charged particles or objects.
In other (and much simpler) terms, it means that an object at rest stays at rest and an object in in motion stays in motion at a constant velocity unless acted on by an unbalanced net force. It's important to keep in mind that only a difference in affect the velocity of an object. The amount of change in velocity is determined by
===A Mathematical Model===

Newton's first law can be stated mathematically as follows:

<math>{\vec{F_{net}} = 0 \Leftrightarrow \frac{d\vec{v}}{dt}} = 0</math>

Where...

<math>\vec{F_{net}}</math> is the net force from the surroundings.

<math>d\vec{v}</math> is the change in velocity of the system.

<math>dt</math> is the change in time of the system

If we trace this formula from the left to the right, we can see that if the net force on an object is zero, then the change in velocity of an object is also zero. Conversely, if we were given an object and told that its change in momentum is zero, then we can deduce that the net force acting on the object is also zero. Keep in mind, however, that this formula simple deals with the '''change''' in velocity. It does '''not''' mean that the object is at rest, only that its velocity remains constant.

==Examples==

The following examples are to test your basic understanding of Newton's First Law. For more examples that test your knowledge of all three of the laws, click .

===Simple===
Does the object in the following image have a net force of zero? Does it have a constant velocity?

It's easy to see that the only force on the object is acting in the +x direction, with a magnitude of 5 newtons. Therefore, the object does not have a net force of zero or a constant velocity. It will be accelerating in the +x direction.

===Middling===
Does the object in the following image have a net force of zero? Does it have a constant velocity?

This example is slightly more difficult, but is still quite trivial. If we sum the forces in the x direction, we see that the net force is 2 newtons in the -x direction. Therefore, the object does not have a constant velocity, and will be accelerating in the -x direction.

===Difficult===
Does the object in the following image have a net force of zero? Does it have a constant velocity?

This final example tests your knowledge and understanding of Newton's First Law. We're able to see that the box will accelerate in the -x direction because the net force in the x direction is 5 newtons to the left. However, the box itself has a velocity of 5m/s upwards, which would indeed stay constant. This is because forces (and motion) in perpendicular directions are of each other.

==Connectedness==

Newton's laws of motion tie into almost everything that we see or do. The first law, in particular, explains why we suddenly lurch forward when a car suddenly stops (our bodies are in a state of motion and thus resist the sudden stop), why it's much harder to stop when ice skating than walking (there's less friction, thus less net force to decelerate), and much, much, more. The importance of Newton's first law (and by extension, the other laws of motion) is not readily apparent, but serves as a basis to explain much of our daily interactions with our surroundings.

It can also apply to things outside of our daily interactions - space, for example. Newton's first law describes why an astronaut in space will continuously float in a direction forever if they are not pulled in by an asteroid or a planet's gravitational force. There is a lack of a net force opposing the astronaut's motion (due to the fact that there is no air in space) which results in the astronaut having a constant velocity. Floating off into space is probably an astronaut's worst nightmare, a scenario that a recent movie, ''Gravity'', explored. The entire premise of the movie (Sandra Bullock becomes untethered from her space station) relies on Newton's first law of motion.
==History==

While Galileo is the one credited with the idea of inertia motion, it was René Descartes, a French philosopher, who would expand upon Galileo's ideas. Descartes went on to propose three fundamental laws of nature in his book, ''Principles of Philosophy'', the first of which stated that "each thing, as far as is in its power, always remains in the same state; and that consequently, when it is once moved, it always continues to move." Thus, while the concept of inertia is often referred to as Newton's First Law, it was first described by Galileo and then perfected by Descartes decades before Newton published his findings.

As for Newton, he first described his three laws of motion in ''The Mathematical Principle of Natural Philosophy'', for the Principia, which was published in 1687. These laws described the relationship between an object and the forces acting upon it and laid the foundation for classical mechanics. While Newton's first law came from the work of Descartes and Galileo, his other laws are the work of himself.

==The Main Idea==
To be exact, the definition of the First Law of Motion is as follows:
The electric field is a region around a charged particle or object within which a force would be exerted on other charged particles or objects.
In other (and much simpler) terms, it means that an object at rest stays at rest and an object in in motion stays in motion at a constant velocity unless acted on by an unbalanced net force. It's important to keep in mind that only a difference in affect the velocity of an object. The amount of change in velocity is determined by
===A Mathematical Model===

Newton's first law can be stated mathematically as follows:

<math>{\vec{F_{net}} = 0 \Leftrightarrow \frac{d\vec{v}}{dt}} = 0</math>

Where...

<math>\vec{F_{net}}</math> is the net force from the surroundings.

<math>d\vec{v}</math> is the change in velocity of the system.

<math>dt</math> is the change in time of the system

If we trace this formula from the left to the right, we can see that if the net force on an object is zero, then the change in velocity of an object is also zero. Conversely, if we were given an object and told that its change in momentum is zero, then we can deduce that the net force acting on the object is also zero. Keep in mind, however, that this formula simple deals with the '''change''' in velocity. It does '''not''' mean that the object is at rest, only that its velocity remains constant.

==Examples==

The following examples are to test your basic understanding of Newton's First Law. For more examples that test your knowledge of all three of the laws, click .

===Simple===
Does the object in the following image have a net force of zero? Does it have a constant velocity?

It's easy to see that the only force on the object is acting in the +x direction, with a magnitude of 5 newtons. Therefore, the object does not have a net force of zero or a constant velocity. It will be accelerating in the +x direction.

===Middling===
Does the object in the following image have a net force of zero? Does it have a constant velocity?

This example is slightly more difficult, but is still quite trivial. If we sum the forces in the x direction, we see that the net force is 2 newtons in the -x direction. Therefore, the object does not have a constant velocity, and will be accelerating in the -x direction.

===Difficult===
Does the object in the following image have a net force of zero? Does it have a constant velocity?

This final example tests your knowledge and understanding of Newton's First Law. We're able to see that the box will accelerate in the -x direction because the net force in the x direction is 5 newtons to the left. However, the box itself has a velocity of 5m/s upwards, which would indeed stay constant. This is because forces (and motion) in perpendicular directions are of each other.

==Connectedness==

Newton's laws of motion tie into almost everything that we see or do. The first law, in particular, explains why we suddenly lurch forward when a car suddenly stops (our bodies are in a state of motion and thus resist the sudden stop), why it's much harder to stop when ice skating than walking (there's less friction, thus less net force to decelerate), and much, much, more. The importance of Newton's first law (and by extension, the other laws of motion) is not readily apparent, but serves as a basis to explain much of our daily interactions with our surroundings.

It can also apply to things outside of our daily interactions - space, for example. Newton's first law describes why an astronaut in space will continuously float in a direction forever if they are not pulled in by an asteroid or a planet's gravitational force. There is a lack of a net force opposing the astronaut's motion (due to the fact that there is no air in space) which results in the astronaut having a constant velocity. Floating off into space is probably an astronaut's worst nightmare, a scenario that a recent movie, ''Gravity'', explored. The entire premise of the movie (Sandra Bullock becomes untethered from her space station) relies on Newton's first law of motion.
==History==

While Galileo is the one credited with the idea of inertia motion, it was René Descartes, a French philosopher, who would expand upon Galileo's ideas. Descartes went on to propose three fundamental laws of nature in his book, ''Principles of Philosophy'', the first of which stated that "each thing, as far as is in its power, always remains in the same state; and that consequently, when it is once moved, it always continues to move." Thus, while the concept of inertia is often referred to as Newton's First Law, it was first described by Galileo and then perfected by Descartes decades before Newton published his findings.

As for Newton, he first described his three laws of motion in ''The Mathematical Principle of Natural Philosophy'', for the Principia, which was published in 1687. These laws described the relationship between an object and the forces acting upon it and laid the foundation for classical mechanics. While Newton's first law came from the work of Descartes and Galileo, his other laws are the work of himself.

==The Main Idea==
To be exact, the definition of the First Law of Motion is as follows:
Every body persists in its state of rest or of moving with constant speed in a constant direction, except to the extent that it is compelled to change that state by forces acting on it.
In other (and much simpler) terms, it means that an object at rest stays at rest and an object in in motion stays in motion at a constant velocity unless acted on by an unbalanced net force. It's important to keep in mind that only a difference in [http://www.physicsclassroom.com/class/newtlaws/Lesson-2/Determining-the-Net-Force net force] can affect the velocity of an object. The amount of change in velocity is determined by [http://www.physicsclassroom.com/class/newtlaws/Lesson-3/Newton-s-Second-Law Newton's Second Law of Motion].

===A Mathematical Model===

Newton's first law can be stated mathematically as follows:

<math>{\vec{F_{net}} = 0 \Leftrightarrow \frac{d\vec{v}}{dt}} = 0</math>

Where...

<math>\vec{F_{net}}</math> is the net force from the surroundings.

<math>d\vec{v}</math> is the change in velocity of the system.

<math>dt</math> is the change in time of the system

If we trace this formula from the left to the right, we can see that if the net force on an object is zero, then the change in velocity of an object is also zero. Conversely, if we were given an object and told that its change in momentum is zero, then we can deduce that the net force acting on the object is also zero. Keep in mind, however, that this formula simple deals with the '''change''' in velocity. It does '''not''' mean that the object is at rest, only that its velocity remains constant.

==Examples==

The following examples are to test your basic understanding of Newton's First Law. For more examples that test your knowledge of all three of the laws, click [http://www.physicsclassroom.com/calcpad/newtlaws/problems here].

===Simple===
Does the object in the following image have a net force of zero? Does it have a constant velocity?

[[File:Newtonfirstlawsimple.png|400px]]

It's easy to see that the only force on the object is acting in the +x direction, with a magnitude of 5 newtons. Therefore, the object does not have a net force of zero or a constant velocity. It will be accelerating in the +x direction.

===Middling===
Does the object in the following image have a net force of zero? Does it have a constant velocity?

[[File:Newtonfirstlawmedium.png|400px]]

This example is slightly more difficult, but is still quite trivial. If we sum the forces in the x direction, we see that the net force is 2 newtons in the -x direction. Therefore, the object does not have a constant velocity, and will be accelerating in the -x direction.

===Difficult===
Does the object in the following image have a net force of zero? Does it have a constant velocity?

[[File:Newtonsfirstlawhard.png|400px]]

This final example tests your knowledge and understanding of Newton's First Law. We're able to see that the box will accelerate in the -x direction because the net force in the x direction is 5 newtons to the left. However, the box itself has a velocity of 5m/s upwards, which would indeed stay constant. This is because forces (and motion) in perpendicular directions are [http://www.physicsclassroom.com/class/vectors/Lesson-1/Independence-of-Perpendicular-Components-of-Motion independent] of each other.

==Connectedness==

[[File:Tablecloth.gif|left|300px|thumb|The "magic trick" of ripping off a table cloth without the plates on top moving is an example of Newton's First Law. The tableware is in a state of rest, and thus want to remain in such a state.]]

Newton's laws of motion tie into almost everything that we see or do. The first law, in particular, explains why we suddenly lurch forward when a car suddenly stops (our bodies are in a state of motion and thus resist the sudden stop), why it's much harder to stop when ice skating than walking (there's less friction, thus less net force to decelerate), and much, much, more. The importance of Newton's first law (and by extension, the other laws of motion) is not readily apparent, but serves as a basis to explain much of our daily interactions with our surroundings.

It can also apply to things outside of our daily interactions - space, for example. Newton's first law describes why an astronaut in space will continuously float in a direction forever if they are not pulled in by an asteroid or a planet's gravitational force. There is a lack of a net force opposing the astronaut's motion (due to the fact that there is no air in space) which results in the astronaut having a constant velocity. Floating off into space is probably an astronaut's worst nightmare, a scenario that a recent movie, ''Gravity'', explored. The entire premise of the movie (Sandra Bullock becomes untethered from her space station) relies on Newton's first law of motion.
==History==

While Galileo is the one credited with the idea of inertia motion, it was René Descartes, a French philosopher, who would expand upon Galileo's ideas. Descartes went on to propose three fundamental laws of nature in his book, ''Principles of Philosophy'', the first of which stated that "each thing, as far as is in its power, always remains in the same state; and that consequently, when it is once moved, it always continues to move." Thus, while the concept of inertia is often referred to as Newton's First Law, it was first described by Galileo and then perfected by Descartes decades before Newton published his findings.

As for Newton, he first described his three laws of motion in ''The Mathematical Principle of Natural Philosophy'', for the Principia, which was published in 1687. These laws described the relationship between an object and the forces acting upon it and laid the foundation for classical mechanics. While Newton's first law came from the work of Descartes and Galileo, his other laws are the work of himself.

==Electric Field==
The electric field created by a charge is present throughout space at all times, whether or not there is another charge around to feel its effects. The electric field created by a charge penetrates through matter. The field permeates the neighboring space, biding its time until it can affect anything brought into its space of interaction.
*[[Vectors]]
*[[Right-Hand Rule]]
*[[Right Hand Rule]]
</div>
</div>

<div class="toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">

====Electric force====
<div class="mw-collapsible-content">

*[[Electric Force]] Claimed by Amarachi Eze
*[[Lorentz Force]]
</div>
</div>

<div class="toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">

====Electric field of a point particle====

<div class="mw-collapsible-content">
*[[Point Charge]]
</div>
</div>

<div class="toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">

'''Bold text'''====Superposition====
<div class="mw-collapsible-content">
*[[Superposition Principle]]
*[[Superposition principle]]
</div>
</div>

<div class="toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">

====Dipoles====
<div class="mw-collapsible-content">
*[[Electric Dipole]]
*[[Magnetic Dipole]]
</div>
</div>

===Week 2===
<div class="toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">
====Interactions of charged objects====
<div class="mw-collapsible-content">
*[[Electric Field]]
*[[Electric Potential]]
*[[Electric Force]]
*[[Lorentz Force]]
</div>
</div>

<div class="toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">
====Tape experiments====
<div class="mw-collapsible-content">
*[[Polarization]]
*[[Electric Polarization]]
</div>
</div>

<div class="toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">
====Polarization====
<div class="mw-collapsible-content">
*[[Polarization]]
*[[Electric Polarization]]
*[[Polarization of an Atom]]
</div>
</div>

===Week 3===
<div class="toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">
====Insulators====
<div class="mw-collapsible-content">
*[[Insulators]]
*[[Potential Difference in an Insulator]]
*[[Charged Conductor and Charged Insulator]]
*[[Charged conductor and charged insulator]]
</div>
</div>

<div class="toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">
====Conductors====
<div class="mw-collapsible-content">
*[[Conductivity]]
*[[Charge Transfer]]
*[[Resistivity]]
*[[Polarization of a conductor]]
*[[Charged Conductor and Charged Insulator]]
*[[Charged conductor and charged insulator]]
</div>
</div>

<div class="toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">
====Charging and discharging====
<div class="mw-collapsible-content">
*[[Charge Transfer]]
*[[Electrostatic Discharge]]
*[[Charged Conductor and Charged Insulator]]
*[[Charged conductor and charged insulator]]
</div>
</div>

===Week 4===
<div class="toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">
====Field of a charged rod====
<div class="mw-collapsible-content">
*[[Charged Rod]]
</div>
</div>

<div class="toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">

====Field of a charged ring/disk/capacitor====
<div class="mw-collapsible-content">
*[[Charged Ring]]
*[[Charged Disk]]
*[[Charged Capacitor]]
</div>
</div>

<div class="toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">

====Field of a charged sphere====
<div class="mw-collapsible-content">
*[[Charged Spherical Shell]]
*[[Field of a Charged Ball]]
</div>
</div>

===Week 5===
<div class="toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">
====Potential energy====
<div class="mw-collapsible-content">
*[[Potential Energy]]
</div>
</div>

<div class="toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">
====Electric potential====
<div class="mw-collapsible-content">
*[[Electric Potential]]
*[[Path Independence of Electric Potential]]
*[[Potential Difference Path Independence, claimed by Aditya Mohile]]
*[[Potential Difference in a Uniform Field]]
*[[Potential Difference of Point Charge in a Non-Uniform Field]]
</div>
</div>
<div class="toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">

====Sign of Potential Difference====
Claimed by Tyler Quill
<div class="mw-collapsible-content">
*[[Overview]]
text here
*[[Determining the Sign of Potential Difference]]
text here
*[[Understanding the Sign of Potential Difference]]
text here bah bah abh
</div>
</div>
<div class="toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">

====Potential at a single location====
<div class="mw-collapsible-content">
*[[Electric Potential]]
*[[Potential Difference at One Location]]
</div>
</div>

<div class="toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">

====Path independence and round trip potential====
<div class="mw-collapsible-content">
*[[Path Independence of Electric Potential]]
*[[Potential Difference Path Independence, claimed by Aditya Mohile]]
</div>
</div>

===Week 6===
<div class="toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">
====Electric field and potential in an insulator====
<div class="mw-collapsible-content">
*[[Potential Difference in an Insulator]]
*[[Electric Field in an Insulator]]
</div>
</div>
<div class="toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">

====Moving charges in a magnetic field====
<div class="mw-collapsible-content">
*[[Magnetic Field]]
*[[Magnetic Force]]
*[[Lorentz Force]]
</div>
</div>
<div class="toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">

====Biot-Savart Law====
<div class="mw-collapsible-content">
*[[Biot-Savart Law]]
*[[Biot-Savart Law for Currents]]
</div>
</div>
<div class="toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">

====Moving charges, electron current, and conventional current====
<div class="mw-collapsible-content">
*[[Moving Point Charge]]
*[[Current]]
</div>
</div>

===Week 7=== Claimed by Diem Tran
<div class="toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">
====Magnetic field of a wire====
<div class="mw-collapsible-content">
*[[Magnetic Field of a Long Straight Wire]]
</div>
</div>

<div class="toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">
====Magnetic field of a current-carrying loop====
<div class="mw-collapsible-content">
*[[Magnetic Field of a Loop]]
</div>
</div>

<div class="toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">
====Magnetic dipoles====
<div class="mw-collapsible-content">
*[[Magnetic Dipole Moment]]
*[[Bar Magnet]]
</div>
</div>

<div class="toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">
====Atomic structure of magnets====
<div class="mw-collapsible-content">
*[[Atomic Structure of Magnets]]
</div>
</div>

===Week 8===
<div class="toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">
====Steady state current====
<div class="mw-collapsible-content">
*[[Steady State]]
*[[Non Steady State]]
</div>
</div>

<div class="toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">
====Node rule====
<div class="mw-collapsible-content">
*[[Node Rule]]
</div>
</div>

<div class="toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">
====Electric fields and energy in circuits====
<div class="mw-collapsible-content">
*[[Series circuit]] claimed by Hannah Jang
*[[Node Rule]]
*[[Loop Rule]]
*[[Electric Potential Difference]]
</div>
</div>

<div class="toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">

====Macroscopic analysis of circuits====
<div class="mw-collapsible-content">
*[[Series Circuits]]
*[[Parallel CIrcuits]]
*[[Parallel Circuits vs. Series Circuits*]]
*[[Loop Rule]]
*[[Node Rule]]
*[[Resistors*]]
</div>
</div>

===Week 9===
<div class="toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">
====Electric field and potential in circuits with capacitors====
<div class="mw-collapsible-content">
*[[Charging and Discharging a Capacitor]]
*[[RC Circuit]]
*[[R Circuit]]
*[[AC and DC]]

</div>
</div>

<div class="toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">

====Magnetic forces on charges and currents====
<div class="mw-collapsible-content">
*[[Magnetic Force]]
*[[Lorentz Force]]
*[[Applying Magnetic Force to Currents]]
*[[Magnetic Force in a Moving Reference Frame]]
*[[Right-Hand Rule]]
*[[Analysis of Railgun vs Coil gun technologies]]
</div>
</div>

<div class="toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">
====Electric and magnetic forces====
<div class="mw-collapsible-content">
*[[Electric Force]]
*[[Magnetic Force]]
*[[Lorentz Force]]
*[[VPython Modelling of Electric and Magnetic Forces]]
</div>
</div>

<div class="toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">
====Velocity selector====
<div class="mw-collapsible-content">
*[[Lorentz Force]]
*[[Combining Electric and Magnetic Forces]]
</div>
</div>

===Week 10===

====Student Content====

<div class=“toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed”>
==== Hall Effect ====
<div class="mw-collapsible-content">
*[[Hall Effect]]
*[[Motional Emf]]
*[[Magnetic Force]]
*[[Magnetic Torque]]

</div>
</div>

==Physics 3==

===Week 1===
<div class="toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">
====Classical Physics====
<div class="mw-collapsible-content">
</div>
</div>

===Week 2===
<div class="toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">
====Special Relativity====
<div class="mw-collapsible-content">
*[[Frame of Reference]]
*[[Einstein's Theory of Special Relativity]]
*[[Time Dilation]]
*[[Einstein's Theory of General Relativity]]
*[[Albert A. Micheleson & Edward W. Morley]]
*[[Magnetic Force in a Moving Reference Frame]]
</div>
</div>

===Week 3===
<div class="toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">
====Photons====
<div class="mw-collapsible-content">
*[[Spontaneous Photon Emission]]
*[[Light Scattering: Why is the Sky Blue]]
*[[Lasers]]
*[[Electronic Energy Levels and Photons]]
*[[Quantum Properties of Light]]
</div>
</div>

===Week 4===
<div class="toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">
====Matter Waves====
<div class="mw-collapsible-content">
*[[Wave-Particle Duality]]
</div>
</div>

===Week 5===
<div class="toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">
====Wave Mechanics====
<div class="mw-collapsible-content">
*[[Standing Waves]]
*[[Wavelength]]
*[[Wavelength and Frequency]]
*[[Mechanical Waves]]
*[[Transverse and Longitudinal Waves]]
</div>
</div>

===Week 6===
<div class="toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">
====Rutherford-Bohr Model====
<div class="mw-collapsible-content">
*[[Rutherford Experiment and Atomic Collisions]]
*[[Bohr Model]]
*[[Quantized energy levels]]
*[[Energy graphs and the Bohr model]]
</div>
</div>

===Week 7===
<div class="toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">
====The Hydrogen Atom====
<div class="mw-collapsible-content">
*[[Quantum Theory]]
*[[Atomic Theory]]
</div>
</div>

===Week 8===
<div class="toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">
====Many-Electron Atoms====
<div class="mw-collapsible-content">
*[[Quantum Theory]]
*[[Atomic Theory]]
*[[Pauli exclusion principle]]
</div>
</div>

===Week 9===
<div class="toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">
====Molecules====
<div class="mw-collapsible-content">
</div>
</div>

===Week 10===
<div class="toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">
====Statistical Physics====
<div class="mw-collapsible-content">
</div>
</div>

===Week 11===
<div class="toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">
====Condensed Matter Physics====
<div class="mw-collapsible-content">
</div>
</div>

===Week 12===
<div class="toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">
====The Nucleus====
<div class="mw-collapsible-content">
</div>
</div>

===Week 13===
<div class="toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">
====Nuclear Physics====
<div class="mw-collapsible-content">
*[[Nuclear Fission]]
*[[Nuclear Energy from Fission and Fusion]]
</div>
</div>

===Week 14===
<div class="toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">
====Particle Physics====
<div class="mw-collapsible-content">
*[[Elementary Particles and Particle Physics Theory]]
*[[String Theory]]
</div>
</div>

Main Page

2016-04-17T05:49:26Z

Tquill: /* Sign of a potential difference */

__NOTOC__
Welcome to the Georgia Tech Wiki for Introductory Physics. This resource was created so that students can contribute and curate content to help those with limited or no access to a textbook. When reading this website, please correct any errors you may come across. If you read something that isn't clear, please consider revising it for future students!

Looking to make a contribution?
#Pick one of the topics from intro physics listed below
#Add content to that topic or improve the quality of what is already there.
#Need to make a new topic? Edit this page and add it to the list under the appropriate category. Then copy and paste the default [[Template]] into your new page and start editing.

Please remember that this is not a textbook and you are not limited to expressing your ideas with only text and equations. Whenever possible embed: pictures, videos, diagrams, simulations, computational models (e.g. Glowscript), and whatever content you think makes learning physics easier for other students.

== Source Material ==
All of the content added to this resource must be in the public domain or similar free resource. If you are unsure about a source, contact the original author for permission. That said, there is a surprisingly large amount of introductory physics content scattered across the web. Here is an incomplete list of intro physics resources (please update as needed).
* A physics resource written by experts for an expert audience [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:Physics Physics Portal]
* A wiki written for students by a physics expert [http://p3server.pa.msu.edu/coursewiki/doku.php?id=183_notes MSU Physics Wiki]
* A wiki book on modern physics [https://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Modern_Physics Modern Physics Wiki]
* The MIT open courseware for intro physics [http://ocw.mit.edu/resources/res-8-002-a-wikitextbook-for-introductory-mechanics-fall-2009/index.htm MITOCW Wiki]
* An online concept map of intro physics [http://hyperphysics.phy-astr.gsu.edu/hbase/hph.html HyperPhysics]
* Interactive physics simulations [https://phet.colorado.edu/en/simulations/category/physics PhET]
* OpenStax algebra based intro physics textbook [https://openstaxcollege.org/textbooks/college-physics College Physics]
* The Open Source Physics project is a collection of online physics resources [http://www.opensourcephysics.org/ OSP]
* A resource guide compiled by the [http://www.aapt.org/ AAPT] for educators [http://www.compadre.org/ ComPADRE]

== Organizing Categories ==
These are the broad, overarching categories, that we cover in three semester of introductory physics. You can add subcategories as needed but a single topic should direct readers to a page in one of these categories.

== Resources ==
* Commonly used wiki commands [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:Cheatsheet Wiki Cheatsheet]
* A guide to representing equations in math mode [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:Displaying_a_formula Wiki Math Mode]
* A page to keep track of all the physics [[Constants]]
* A page for review of [[Vectors]] and vector operations
* A listing of [[Notable Scientist]] with links to their individual pages

<div style="float:left; width:30%; padding:1%;">
==Physics 1==
===Week 1===

====Student Content====
<div class=“toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed”>
=====Help with VPython=====
<div class=“mw-collapsible-content”>
*[[VPython]]
*[[VPython basics]]
*[[VPython Common Errors and Troubleshooting]]
*[[VPython Functions]]
*[[VPython Lists]]
*[[VPython Loops]]
*[[VPython Multithreading]]
*[[VPython Animation]]
*[[VPython Objects]]
*[[VPython 3D Objects]]
*[[VPython Reference]]
*[[VPython MapReduceFilter]]
*[[VPython GUIs]]
</div>
</div>

<div class=“toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed”>
=====Vectors and Units=====
<div class=“mw-collapsible-content”>
*[[Vectors]]
*[[SI units]]
</div>
</div>

<div class=“toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed”>

=====Interactions=====
<div class=“mw-collapsible-content”>
</div>
</div>
*[[Types of Interactions and How to Detect Them]]

<div class=“toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed”>

=====Velocity and Momentum=====
<div class=“mw-collapsible-content”>
*[[Newton’s First Law of Motion]]
*[[Velocity]]
*[[Mass]]
*[[Speed and Velocity]]
*[[Relative Velocity]]
*[[Derivation of Average Velocity]]
*[[2-Dimensional Motion]]
*[[3-Dimensional Position and Motion]]
</div>
</div>

====Expert Content====
<div class=“toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed”>

* [http://p3server.pa.msu.edu/coursewiki/doku.php?id=183_notes:vpython_resources Software for Projects]

</div>

===Week 2===
====Student Content====
<div class=“toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed”>
=====Momentum and the Momentum Principle=====
<div class=“mw-collapsible-content”>
*[[Momentum Principle]]
*[[Inertia]]
*[[Net Force]]
*[[Derivation of the Momentum Principle]]
*[[Impulse Momentum]]
*[[Acceleration]]
*[[Momentum with respect to external Forces]]
</div>
</div>

<div class=“toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed”>
=====Iterative Prediction with a Constant Force=====
<div class=“mw-collapsible-content”>
*[[Newton’s Second Law of Motion]]
*[[Iterative Prediction]]
*[[Kinematics]]
*[[Newton’s Laws and Linear Momentum]]
*[[Projectile Motion]]
</div>
</div>

====Expert Content====
<div class=“toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed”>

* [http://p3server.pa.msu.edu/coursewiki/doku.php?id=183_notes:scalars_and_vectors Scalars and Vectors]
* [http://p3server.pa.msu.edu/coursewiki/doku.php?id=183_notes:displacement_and_velocity Displacement and Velocity]
* [http://p3server.pa.msu.edu/coursewiki/doku.php?id=183_notes:modeling_with_vpython Modeling Motion with VPython]
* [http://p3server.pa.msu.edu/coursewiki/doku.php?id=183_notes:relative_motion Relative Motion]
* [http://p3server.pa.msu.edu/coursewiki/doku.php?id=183_notes:graphing_motion Graphing Motion]
* [http://p3server.pa.msu.edu/coursewiki/doku.php?id=183_notes:momentum Momentum]
* [http://p3server.pa.msu.edu/coursewiki/doku.php?id=183_notes:momentum_principle The Momentum Principle]
* [http://p3server.pa.msu.edu/coursewiki/doku.php?id=183_notes:acceleration Acceleration & The Change in Momentum]
* [http://p3server.pa.msu.edu/coursewiki/doku.php?id=183_notes:motionPredict Applying the Momentum Principle]
* [http://p3server.pa.msu.edu/coursewiki/doku.php?id=183_notes:constantF Constant Force Motion]
* [http://p3server.pa.msu.edu/coursewiki/doku.php?id=183_notes:iterativePredict Iterative Prediction of Motion]
* [http://p3server.pa.msu.edu/coursewiki/doku.php?id=183_notes:mp_multi The Momentum Principle in Multi-particle Systems]
* [http://p3server.pa.msu.edu/coursewiki/doku.php?id=183_notes:angular_motivation Why Angular Momentum?]
* [http://p3server.pa.msu.edu/coursewiki/doku.php?id=183_notes:ang_momentum Angular Momentum]
* [http://p3server.pa.msu.edu/coursewiki/doku.php?id=183_notes:L_principle Net Torque & The Angular Momentum Principle]
* [http://p3server.pa.msu.edu/coursewiki/doku.php?id=183_notes:L_conservation Angular Momentum Conservation]

</div>

===Week 3===
====Student Content====
<div class=“toccolours \
mw-collapsible mw-collapsed”>
=====Analytic Prediction with a Constant Force=====
<div \
class=“mw-collapsible-content”>
*[[Analytical Prediction]]
</div>
</div>

<div class=“toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed”>
=====Iterative Prediction with a Varying Force=====
<div \
class=“mw-collapsible-content”>
*[[Predicting Change in multiple dimensions]]
*[[Spring Force]]
*[[Hooke’s Law]]
*[[Simple Harmonic Motion]]
*[[Iterative Prediction of Spring-Mass System]]
*[[Terminal Speed]]
*[[Determinism]]
</div>
</div>

====Expert Content====
<div class=“toccolours mw-collapsible \
mw-collapsed”>

* [http://p3server.pa.msu.edu/coursewiki/doku.php?id=183_notes:drag Drag]
* [http://p3server.pa.msu.edu/coursewiki/doku.php?id=183_notes:gravitation Non-constant Force: Newtonian Gravitation]
* [http://p3server.pa.msu.edu/coursewiki/doku.php?id=183_notes:ucm Uniform Circular Motion]
* [http://p3server.pa.msu.edu/coursewiki/doku.php?id=183_notes:impulseGraphs Impulse Graphs]
* [http://p3server.pa.msu.edu/coursewiki/doku.php?id=183_notes:springMotion Non-constant Force: Springs & Spring-like Interactions]
* [http://p3server.pa.msu.edu/coursewiki/doku.php?id=183_notes:friction Contact Interactions: The Normal Force & Friction]

</div>

===Week 4===
====Student Content====
<div class=“toccolours \
mw-collapsible mw-collapsed”>
=====Fundamental Interactions=====
<div class=“mw-collapsible-content”>
*[[Gravitational Force]]
*[[Electric Force]]
*[[Reciprocity]]
</div>
</div>

====Expert Content====
<div class=“toccolours mw-collapsible \
mw-collapsed”>

* [http://p3server.pa.msu.edu/coursewiki/doku.php?id=183_notes:gravitation Non-constant Force: Newtonian Gravitation]

</div>

===Week 5===
====Student Content====
<div class=“toccolours \
mw-collapsible mw-collapsed”>
=====Conservation of Momentum=====
<div class=“mw-collapsible-content”>
*[[Conservation of Momentum]]
</div>
</div>
<div class=“toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed”>

=====Properties of Matter=====
<div class=“mw-collapsible-content”>
*[[Kinds of Matter]]
**[[Ball and Spring Model of Matter]]
*[[Density]]
*[[Length and Stiffness of an Interatomic Bond]]
*[[Young’s Modulus]]
*[[Speed of Sound in Solids]]
*[[Malleability]]
*[[Ductility]]
*[[Weight]]
*[[Hardness]]
*[[Boiling Point]]
*[[Melting Point]]
</div>
</div>

====Expert Content====
<div class=“toccolours mw-collapsible \
mw-collapsed”>

* [http://p3server.pa.msu.edu/coursewiki/doku.php?id=183_notes:model_of_a_wire Modeling a Solid Wire: springs in series and parallel]

</div>

===Week 6===
====Student Content====
<div class=“toccolours \
mw-collapsible mw-collapsed”>
=====Identifying Forces=====
<div class=“mw-collapsible-content”>
*[[Free Body Diagram]]
*[[Compression or Normal Force]]
*[[Tension]]
</div>
</div>
<div class=“toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed”>
=====Curving Motion=====
<div class=“mw-collapsible-content”>
*[[Curving Motion]]
*[[Centripetal Force and Curving Motion]]
*[[Perpetual Freefall (Orbit)]]
</div>
</div>

====Expert Content====
<div class=“toccolours mw-collapsible \
mw-collapsed”>

* [http://p3server.pa.msu.edu/coursewiki/doku.php?id=183_notes:gravitation Non-constant Force: Newtonian Gravitation]
* [http://p3server.pa.msu.edu/coursewiki/doku.php?id=183_notes:grav_accel Gravitational Acceleration]
* [http://p3server.pa.msu.edu/coursewiki/doku.php?id=183_notes:ucm Uniform Circular Motion]
* [http://p3server.pa.msu.edu/coursewiki/doku.php?id=183_notes:freebodydiagrams Free Body Diagrams]
* [http://p3server.pa.msu.edu/coursewiki/doku.php?id=183_notes:curving_motion Curved Motion]

</div>

===Week 7===
====Student Content====
<div class=“toccolours \
mw-collapsible mw-collapsed”>
=====Energy Principle=====
<div class=“mw-collapsible-content”>
*[[The Energy Principle]]
*[[Conservation of Energy]]
*[[Kinetic Energy]]
*[[Work]]
*[[Power (Mechanical)]]
</div>
</div>

====Expert Content====
<div class=“toccolours mw-collapsible \
mw-collapsed”>

* [http://p3server.pa.msu.edu/coursewiki/doku.php?id=183_notes:define_energy What is Energy?]
* [http://p3server.pa.msu.edu/coursewiki/doku.php?id=183_notes:point_particle The Simplest System: A Single Particle]
* [http://p3server.pa.msu.edu/coursewiki/doku.php?id=183_notes:work Work: Mechanical Energy Transfer]
* [http://p3server.pa.msu.edu/coursewiki/doku.php?id=183_notes:energy_cons Conservation of Energy]
* [http://p3server.pa.msu.edu/coursewiki/doku.php?id=183_notes:potential_energy Potential Energy]
* [http://p3server.pa.msu.edu/coursewiki/doku.php?id=183_notes:grav_and_spring_PE (Near Earth) Gravitational and Spring Potential Energy]
* [http://p3server.pa.msu.edu/coursewiki/doku.php?id=183_notes:force_and_PE Force and Potential Energy]
* [http://p3server.pa.msu.edu/coursewiki/doku.php?id=183_notes:newton_grav_pe Newtonian Gravitational Potential Energy]
* [http://p3server.pa.msu.edu/coursewiki/doku.php?id=183_notes:spring_PE Spring Potential Energy]

</div>

===Week 8===
====Student Content====
<div class=“toccolours \
mw-collapsible mw-collapsed”>
=====Work by Non-Constant Forces=====
<div \
class=“mw-collapsible-content”>
*[[Work Done By A Nonconstant Force]]
</div>
</div>
<div class=“toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed”>
=====Potential Energy=====
<div class=“mw-collapsible-content”>
*[[Potential Energy]]
*[[Potential Energy of Macroscopic Springs]]
*[[Spring Potential Energy]]
**[[Ball and Spring Model]]
*[[Gravitational Potential Energy]]
*[[Energy Graphs]]
*[[Escape Velocity]]
</div>
</div>

====Expert Content====
<div class=“toccolours mw-collapsible \
mw-collapsed”>

* [http://p3server.pa.msu.edu/coursewiki/doku.php?id=183_notes:work_by_nc_forces Work Done by Non-Constant Forces]
* [http://p3server.pa.msu.edu/coursewiki/doku.php?id=183_notes:potential_energy Potential Energy]
* [http://p3server.pa.msu.edu/coursewiki/doku.php?id=183_notes:grav_and_spring_PE (Near Earth) Gravitational and Spring Potential Energy]
* [http://p3server.pa.msu.edu/coursewiki/doku.php?id=183_notes:rest_mass Changes of Rest Mass Energy]
* [http://p3server.pa.msu.edu/coursewiki/doku.php?id=183_notes:force_and_PE Force and Potential Energy]
* [http://p3server.pa.msu.edu/coursewiki/doku.php?id=183_notes:newton_grav_pe Newtonian Gravitational Potential Energy]
* [http://p3server.pa.msu.edu/coursewiki/doku.php?id=183_notes:grav_pe_graphs Graphing Energy for Gravitationally Interacting Systems]
* [http://p3server.pa.msu.edu/coursewiki/doku.php?id=183_notes:spring_PE Spring Potential Energy]
* [http://p3server.pa.msu.edu/coursewiki/doku.php?id=183_notes:power Power: The Rate of Energy Change]
* [http://p3server.pa.msu.edu/coursewiki/doku.php?id=183_notes:energy_dissipation Dissipation of Energy]

</div>

===Week 9===
====Student Content====
<div class=“toccolours \
mw-collapsible mw-collapsed”>
=====Multiparticle Systems=====
<div class=“mw-collapsible-content”>
*[[Center of Mass]]
*[[Multi-particle analysis of Momentum]]
*[[Momentum with respect to external Forces]]
*[[Potential Energy of a Multiparticle System]]
*[[Work and Energy for an Extended System]]
*[[Internal Energy]]
**[[Potential Energy of a Pair of Neutral Atoms]]
</div>
</div>

====Expert Content====
<div class=“toccolours mw-collapsible \
mw-collapsed”>

* [http://p3server.pa.msu.edu/coursewiki/doku.php?id=183_notes:mp_multi The Momentum Principle in Multi-particle Systems]
* [http://p3server.pa.msu.edu/coursewiki/doku.php?id=183_notes:center_of_mass Center of Mass Motion]
* [http://p3server.pa.msu.edu/coursewiki/doku.php?id=183_notes:center_of_mass Center of Mass Motion]
* [http://p3server.pa.msu.edu/coursewiki/doku.php?id=183_notes:energy_sep Separating Energy in Multi-Particle Systems]

</div>

===Week 10===
====Student Content====
<div class=“toccolours \
mw-collapsible mw-collapsed”>
=====Choice of System=====
<div class=“mw-collapsible-content”>
*[[System & Surroundings]]
</div>
</div>
<div class=“toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed”>
=====Thermal Energy, Dissipation and Transfer of Energy=====
<div \
class=“mw-collapsible-content”>
*[[Thermal Energy]]
*[[Specific Heat]]
*[[Heat Capacity]]
*[[Specific Heat Capacity]]
*[[First Law of Thermodynamics]]
*[[Second Law of Thermodynamics and Entropy]]
*[[Temperature]]
*[[Predicting Change]]
*[[Energy Transfer due to a Temperature Difference]]
*[[Transformation of Energy]]
*[[The Maxwell-Boltzmann Distribution]]
*[[Air Resistance]]
</div>
</div>
<div class=“toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed”>
=====Rotational and Vibrational Energy=====
<div \
class=“mw-collapsible-content”>
*[[Translational, Rotational and Vibrational Energy]]
</div>
</div>

====Expert Content====
<div class=“toccolours mw-collapsible \
mw-collapsed”>

* [http://p3server.pa.msu.edu/coursewiki/doku.php?id=183_notes:grav_and_spring_PE (Near Earth) Gravitational and Spring Potential Energy]
* [http://p3server.pa.msu.edu/coursewiki/doku.php?id=183_notes:rest_mass Changes of Rest Mass Energy]
* [http://p3server.pa.msu.edu/coursewiki/doku.php?id=183_notes:newton_grav_pe Newtonian Gravitational Potential Energy]
* [http://p3server.pa.msu.edu/coursewiki/doku.php?id=183_notes:grav_pe_graphs Graphing Energy for Gravitationally Interacting Systems]
* [http://p3server.pa.msu.edu/coursewiki/doku.php?id=183_notes:escape_speed Escape Speed]
* [http://p3server.pa.msu.edu/coursewiki/doku.php?id=183_notes:spring_PE Spring Potential Energy]
* [http://p3server.pa.msu.edu/coursewiki/doku.php?id=183_notes:internal_energy Internal Energy]
* [http://p3server.pa.msu.edu/coursewiki/doku.php?id=183_notes:system_choice Choosing a System Matters]
* [http://p3server.pa.msu.edu/coursewiki/doku.php?id=183_notes:energy_dissipation Dissipation of Energy]

</div>

===Week 11===
====Student Content====
<div class=“toccolours \
mw-collapsible mw-collapsed”>
=====Different Models of a System=====
<div \
class=“mw-collapsible-content”>
*[[Real Systems]]
*[[Point Particle Systems]]
</div>
</div>
<div class=“toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed”>

=====Models of Friction=====
<div class=“mw-collapsible-content”>
*[[Friction]]
*[[Static Friction]]
</div>
</div>

====Expert Content====
<div class=“toccolours mw-collapsible \
mw-collapsed”>

* [http://p3server.pa.msu.edu/coursewiki/doku.php?id=183_notes:system_choice Choosing a System Matters]
* [http://p3server.pa.msu.edu/coursewiki/doku.php?id=183_notes:energy_dissipation Dissipation of Energy]

</div>

===Week 12===
====Student Content====
<div class=“toccolours \
mw-collapsible mw-collapsed”>
=====Collisions=====
<div class=“mw-collapsible-content”>
*[[Newton’s Third Law of Motion]]
*[[Collisions]]
*[[Elastic Collisions]]
*[[Inelastic Collisions]]
*[[Maximally Inelastic Collision]]
*[[Head-on Collision of Equal Masses]]
*[[Head-on Collision of Unequal Masses]]
*[[Scattering: Collisions in 2D and 3D]]
*[[Rutherford Experiment and Atomic Collisions]]
*[[Coefficient of Restitution]]
</div>
</div>

====Expert Content====
<div class=“toccolours mw-collapsible \
mw-collapsed”>

* [http://p3server.pa.msu.edu/coursewiki/doku.php?id=183_notes:collisions Colliding Objects]
* [http://p3server.pa.msu.edu/coursewiki/doku.php?id=183_notes:center_of_mass Center of Mass Motion]
* [http://p3server.pa.msu.edu/coursewiki/doku.php?id=183_notes:center_of_mass Center of Mass Motion]
* [http://p3server.pa.msu.edu/coursewiki/doku.php?id=183_notes:rot_KE Rotational Kinetic Energy]
* [http://p3server.pa.msu.edu/coursewiki/doku.php?id=183_notes:pp_vs_real Point Particle and Real Systems]
* [http://p3server.pa.msu.edu/coursewiki/doku.php?id=183_notes:colliding_systems Collisions]

</div>

===Week 13===
====Student Content====
<div class=“toccolours \
mw-collapsible mw-collapsed”>
=====Rotations=====
<div class=“mw-collapsible-content”>
*[[Rotation]]
*[[Angular Velocity]]
*[[Eulerian Angles]]
</div>
</div>
<div class=“toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed”>
=====Angular Momentum=====
<div class=“mw-collapsible-content”>
*[[Total Angular Momentum]]
*[[Translational Angular Momentum]]
*[[Rotational Angular Momentum]]
*[[The Angular Momentum Principle]]
*[[Angular Momentum Compared to Linear Momentum]]
*[[Angular Impulse]]
*[[Predicting the Position of a Rotating System]]
*[[Angular Momentum of Multiparticle Systems]]
*[[The Moments of Inertia]]
*[[Moment of Inertia for a cylinder]]
*[[Right Hand Rule]]
</div>
</div>

====Expert Content====
<div class=“toccolours mw-collapsible \
mw-collapsed”>

* [http://p3server.pa.msu.edu/coursewiki/doku.php?id=183_notes:rot_KE Rotational Kinetic Energy]
* [http://p3server.pa.msu.edu/coursewiki/doku.php?id=183_notes:angular_motivation Why Angular Momentum?]
* [http://p3server.pa.msu.edu/coursewiki/doku.php?id=183_notes:ang_momentum Angular Momentum]
* [http://p3server.pa.msu.edu/coursewiki/doku.php?id=183_notes:L_principle Net Torque & The Angular Momentum Principle]
* [http://p3server.pa.msu.edu/coursewiki/doku.php?id=183_notes:L_conservation Angular Momentum Conservation]

</div>
===Week 14===

====Student Content====
<div class=“toccolours mw-collapsible \
mw-collapsed”>
=====Analyzing Motion with and without Torque=====
<div \
class=“mw-collapsible-content”>
*[[Torque]]
*[[Torque 2]]
*[[Systems with Zero Torque]]
*[[Systems with Nonzero Torque]]
*[[Torque vs Work]]
*[[Gyroscopes]]
</div>
</div>

====Expert Content====
<div class=“toccolours mw-collapsible \
mw-collapsed”>

* [http://p3server.pa.msu.edu/coursewiki/doku.php?id=183_notes:discovery_of_the_nucleus Discovery of the Nucleus]
* [http://p3server.pa.msu.edu/coursewiki/doku.php?id=183_notes:torque Torques Cause Changes in Rotation]
* [http://p3server.pa.msu.edu/coursewiki/doku.php?id=183_notes:L_principle Net Torque & The Angular Momentum Principle]

</div>

===Week 15===

====Student Content====
<div class=“toccolours mw-collapsible \
mw-collapsed”>
=====Introduction to Quantum Concepts=====
<div \class=“mw-collapsible-content”>
*[[Bohr Model]]
*[[Energy graphs and the Bohr model]]
*[[Quantized energy levels]]
</div>
</div>

====Expert Content====
<div class=“toccolours mw-collapsible \
mw-collapsed”>

* [http://p3server.pa.msu.edu/coursewiki/doku.php?id=183_notes:discovery_of_the_nucleus Discovery of the Nucleus]

</div>

<div style=“float:left; width:30%; padding:1%;”>

==Physics 2==
===Week 1===
<div class="toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">
====3D Vectors====
<div class="mw-collapsible-content">
*[[Page claimed by Laura Winalski]]*
*[[Vectors]]
*[[Right-Hand Rule]]
*[[Right Hand Rule]]
</div>
</div>

<div class="toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">

'''CLAIMED BY DIPRO CHAKRABORTY'''

'''CLAIMED BY DIPRO CHAKRABORTY'''
'''CLAIMED BY DIPRO CHAKRABORTY'''
'''CLAIMED BY DIPRO CHAKRABORTY'''

'''CLAIMED BY DIPRO CHAKRABORTY'''
====Electric field====
<div class="mw-collapsible-content">

[[Electric field]]

The electric field created by a charge is present throughout space at all times, whether or not there is another charge around to feel its effects. The electric field created by a charge penetrates through matter. The field permeates the neighboring space, biding its time until it can affect anything brought into its space of interaction.

==The Main Idea==
To be exact, the definition of the Electric Field is as follows:
The electric field is a region around a charged particle or object within which a force would be exerted on other objects.
If we put a charged particle at a location and it experiences a force, it would be logical to assume that there is something present that
is interacting with the particle. This "virtual force" is in essence the electric field.
===A Mathematical Model===

The electric field can be expressed mathematically as follows:

<math>{\vec{F_{net}} = 0 \Leftrightarrow \frac{d\vec{v}}{dt}} = 0</math>

<math>{\vec{F_{2}} = {q_{1}}{\vec{E_{1}}} \Leftrightarrow \frac{d\vec{v}}{dt}} </math>

which can be translated to postulate that the force on particle 2 is determined by the charge of particle 2 and the electric
field.

==Examples==

The following examples are to test your basic understanding of the Electric Field. For more examples that test your knowledge of all three of the laws, peruse the class textbook.

===Simple===
Which way is the electric field going for a negatively charged particle?

[[File:Simple111.png]]

It's easy to see that the electric field is pointing toward the negatively charged particle. The electric field is tending
toward the negatively charged particle.

===Middling===
Does the object in the following image have a net force of zero? Does it have a constant velocity?

This example is slightly more difficult, but is still quite trivial. If we sum the forces in the x direction, we see that the net force is 2 newtons in the -x direction. Therefore, the object does not have a constant velocity, and will be accelerating in the -x direction.

===Difficult===
Does the object in the following image have a net force of zero? Does it have a constant velocity?

This final example tests your knowledge and understanding of Newton's First Law. We're able to see that the box will accelerate in the -x direction because the net force in the x direction is 5 newtons to the left. However, the box itself has a velocity of 5m/s upwards, which would indeed stay constant. This is because forces (and motion) in perpendicular directions are of each other.

==Connectedness==

Newton's laws of motion tie into almost everything that we see or do. The first law, in particular, explains why we suddenly lurch forward when a car suddenly stops (our bodies are in a state of motion and thus resist the sudden stop), why it's much harder to stop when ice skating than walking (there's less friction, thus less net force to decelerate), and much, much, more. The importance of Newton's first law (and by extension, the other laws of motion) is not readily apparent, but serves as a basis to explain much of our daily interactions with our surroundings.

It can also apply to things outside of our daily interactions - space, for example. Newton's first law describes why an astronaut in space will continuously float in a direction forever if they are not pulled in by an asteroid or a planet's gravitational force. There is a lack of a net force opposing the astronaut's motion (due to the fact that there is no air in space) which results in the astronaut having a constant velocity. Floating off into space is probably an astronaut's worst nightmare, a scenario that a recent movie, ''Gravity'', explored. The entire premise of the movie (Sandra Bullock becomes untethered from her space station) relies on Newton's first law of motion.
==History==

While Galileo is the one credited with the idea of inertia motion, it was René Descartes, a French philosopher, who would expand upon Galileo's ideas. Descartes went on to propose three fundamental laws of nature in his book, ''Principles of Philosophy'', the first of which stated that "each thing, as far as is in its power, always remains in the same state; and that consequently, when it is once moved, it always continues to move." Thus, while the concept of inertia is often referred to as Newton's First Law, it was first described by Galileo and then perfected by Descartes decades before Newton published his findings.

As for Newton, he first described his three laws of motion in ''The Mathematical Principle of Natural Philosophy'', for the Principia, which was published in 1687. These laws described the relationship between an object and the forces acting upon it and laid the foundation for classical mechanics. While Newton's first law came from the work of Descartes and Galileo, his other laws are the work of himself.

==The Main Idea==
To be exact, the definition of the Electric Field is as follows:
The electric field is a region around a charged particle or object within which a force would be exerted on other objects.
If we put a charged particle at a location and it experiences a force, it would be logical to assume that there is something present that
is interacting with the particle. This "virtual force" is in essence the electric field.
===A Mathematical Model===

The electric field can be expressed mathematically as follows:

<math>{\vec{F_{net}} = 0 \Leftrightarrow \frac{d\vec{v}}{dt}} = 0</math>

<math>{\vec{F_{2}} = {q_{1}}{\vec{E_{1}}} \Leftrightarrow \frac{d\vec{v}}{dt}} </math>

which can be translated to postulate that the force on particle 2 is determined by the charge of particle 2 and the electric
field.

==Examples==

The following examples are to test your basic understanding of the Electric Field. For more examples that test your knowledge of all three of the laws, peruse the class textbook.

===Simple===
Which way is the electric field going for a negatively charged particle?

[[File:Simple111.png]]

It's easy to see that the electric field is pointing toward the negatively charged particle. The electric field is tending
toward the negatively charged particle.

===Middling===
Does the object in the following image have a net force of zero? Does it have a constant velocity?

This example is slightly more difficult, but is still quite trivial. If we sum the forces in the x direction, we see that the net force is 2 newtons in the -x direction. Therefore, the object does not have a constant velocity, and will be accelerating in the -x direction.

===Difficult===
Does the object in the following image have a net force of zero? Does it have a constant velocity?

This final example tests your knowledge and understanding of Newton's First Law. We're able to see that the box will accelerate in the -x direction because the net force in the x direction is 5 newtons to the left. However, the box itself has a velocity of 5m/s upwards, which would indeed stay constant. This is because forces (and motion) in perpendicular directions are of each other.

==Connectedness==

Newton's laws of motion tie into almost everything that we see or do. The first law, in particular, explains why we suddenly lurch forward when a car suddenly stops (our bodies are in a state of motion and thus resist the sudden stop), why it's much harder to stop when ice skating than walking (there's less friction, thus less net force to decelerate), and much, much, more. The importance of Newton's first law (and by extension, the other laws of motion) is not readily apparent, but serves as a basis to explain much of our daily interactions with our surroundings.

It can also apply to things outside of our daily interactions - space, for example. Newton's first law describes why an astronaut in space will continuously float in a direction forever if they are not pulled in by an asteroid or a planet's gravitational force. There is a lack of a net force opposing the astronaut's motion (due to the fact that there is no air in space) which results in the astronaut having a constant velocity. Floating off into space is probably an astronaut's worst nightmare, a scenario that a recent movie, ''Gravity'', explored. The entire premise of the movie (Sandra Bullock becomes untethered from her space station) relies on Newton's first law of motion.
==History==

While Galileo is the one credited with the idea of inertia motion, it was René Descartes, a French philosopher, who would expand upon Galileo's ideas. Descartes went on to propose three fundamental laws of nature in his book, ''Principles of Philosophy'', the first of which stated that "each thing, as far as is in its power, always remains in the same state; and that consequently, when it is once moved, it always continues to move." Thus, while the concept of inertia is often referred to as Newton's First Law, it was first described by Galileo and then perfected by Descartes decades before Newton published his findings.

As for Newton, he first described his three laws of motion in ''The Mathematical Principle of Natural Philosophy'', for the Principia, which was published in 1687. These laws described the relationship between an object and the forces acting upon it and laid the foundation for classical mechanics. While Newton's first law came from the work of Descartes and Galileo, his other laws are the work of himself.

==The Main Idea==
To be exact, the definition of the Electric Field is as follows:
The electric field is a region around a charged particle or object within which a force would be exerted on other objects.
If we put a charged particle at a location and it experiences a force, it would be logical to assume that there is something present that
is interacting with the particle. This "virtual force" is in essence the electric field.
===A Mathematical Model===

The electric field can be expressed mathematically as follows:

<math>{\vec{F_{net}} = 0 \Leftrightarrow \frac{d\vec{v}}{dt}} = 0</math>

<math>{\vec{F_{2}} = {q_{1}}{\vec{E_{1}}} \Leftrightarrow \frac{d\vec{v}}{dt}} </math>

which can be translated to postulate that the force on particle 2 is determined by the charge of particle 2 and the electric
field.

==Examples==

The following examples are to test your basic understanding of the Electric Field. For more examples that test your knowledge of all three of the laws, peruse the class textbook.

===Simple===
Which way is the electric field going for a negatively charged particle?

[[File:Simple111.png]]

It's easy to see that the electric field is pointing toward the negatively charged particle. The electric field is tending
toward the negatively charged particle.

===Middling===
Does the object in the following image have a net force of zero? Does it have a constant velocity?

This example is slightly more difficult, but is still quite trivial. If we sum the forces in the x direction, we see that the net force is 2 newtons in the -x direction. Therefore, the object does not have a constant velocity, and will be accelerating in the -x direction.

===Difficult===
Does the object in the following image have a net force of zero? Does it have a constant velocity?

This final example tests your knowledge and understanding of Newton's First Law. We're able to see that the box will accelerate in the -x direction because the net force in the x direction is 5 newtons to the left. However, the box itself has a velocity of 5m/s upwards, which would indeed stay constant. This is because forces (and motion) in perpendicular directions are of each other.

==Connectedness==

Newton's laws of motion tie into almost everything that we see or do. The first law, in particular, explains why we suddenly lurch forward when a car suddenly stops (our bodies are in a state of motion and thus resist the sudden stop), why it's much harder to stop when ice skating than walking (there's less friction, thus less net force to decelerate), and much, much, more. The importance of Newton's first law (and by extension, the other laws of motion) is not readily apparent, but serves as a basis to explain much of our daily interactions with our surroundings.

It can also apply to things outside of our daily interactions - space, for example. Newton's first law describes why an astronaut in space will continuously float in a direction forever if they are not pulled in by an asteroid or a planet's gravitational force. There is a lack of a net force opposing the astronaut's motion (due to the fact that there is no air in space) which results in the astronaut having a constant velocity. Floating off into space is probably an astronaut's worst nightmare, a scenario that a recent movie, ''Gravity'', explored. The entire premise of the movie (Sandra Bullock becomes untethered from her space station) relies on Newton's first law of motion.
==History==

While Galileo is the one credited with the idea of inertia motion, it was René Descartes, a French philosopher, who would expand upon Galileo's ideas. Descartes went on to propose three fundamental laws of nature in his book, ''Principles of Philosophy'', the first of which stated that "each thing, as far as is in its power, always remains in the same state; and that consequently, when it is once moved, it always continues to move." Thus, while the concept of inertia is often referred to as Newton's First Law, it was first described by Galileo and then perfected by Descartes decades before Newton published his findings.

As for Newton, he first described his three laws of motion in ''The Mathematical Principle of Natural Philosophy'', for the Principia, which was published in 1687. These laws described the relationship between an object and the forces acting upon it and laid the foundation for classical mechanics. While Newton's first law came from the work of Descartes and Galileo, his other laws are the work of himself.

==The Main Idea==
To be exact, the definition of the Electric Field is as follows:
The electric field is a region around a charged particle or object within which a force would be exerted on other objects.
If we put a charged particle at a location and it experiences a force, it would be logical to assume that there is something present that
is interacting with the particle. This "virtual force" is in essence the electric field.
===A Mathematical Model===

The electric field can be expressed mathematically as follows:

<math>{\vec{F_{net}} = 0 \Leftrightarrow \frac{d\vec{v}}{dt}} = 0</math>

<math>{\vec{F_{2}} = {q_{1}}{\vec{E_{1}}} \Leftrightarrow \frac{d\vec{v}}{dt}} </math>

which can be translated to postulate that the force on particle 2 is determined by the charge of particle 2 and the electric
field.

==Examples==

The following examples are to test your basic understanding of the Electric Field. For more examples that test your knowledge of all three of the laws, peruse the class textbook.

===Simple===
Which way is the electric field going for a negatively charged particle?

[[File:Simple111.png]]

It's easy to see that the electric field is pointing toward the negatively charged particle. The electric field is tending
toward the negatively charged particle.

===Middling===
Does the object in the following image have a net force of zero? Does it have a constant velocity?

This example is slightly more difficult, but is still quite trivial. If we sum the forces in the x direction, we see that the net force is 2 newtons in the -x direction. Therefore, the object does not have a constant velocity, and will be accelerating in the -x direction.

===Difficult===
Does the object in the following image have a net force of zero? Does it have a constant velocity?

This final example tests your knowledge and understanding of Newton's First Law. We're able to see that the box will accelerate in the -x direction because the net force in the x direction is 5 newtons to the left. However, the box itself has a velocity of 5m/s upwards, which would indeed stay constant. This is because forces (and motion) in perpendicular directions are of each other.

==Connectedness==

Newton's laws of motion tie into almost everything that we see or do. The first law, in particular, explains why we suddenly lurch forward when a car suddenly stops (our bodies are in a state of motion and thus resist the sudden stop), why it's much harder to stop when ice skating than walking (there's less friction, thus less net force to decelerate), and much, much, more. The importance of Newton's first law (and by extension, the other laws of motion) is not readily apparent, but serves as a basis to explain much of our daily interactions with our surroundings.

It can also apply to things outside of our daily interactions - space, for example. Newton's first law describes why an astronaut in space will continuously float in a direction forever if they are not pulled in by an asteroid or a planet's gravitational force. There is a lack of a net force opposing the astronaut's motion (due to the fact that there is no air in space) which results in the astronaut having a constant velocity. Floating off into space is probably an astronaut's worst nightmare, a scenario that a recent movie, ''Gravity'', explored. The entire premise of the movie (Sandra Bullock becomes untethered from her space station) relies on Newton's first law of motion.
==History==

While Galileo is the one credited with the idea of inertia motion, it was René Descartes, a French philosopher, who would expand upon Galileo's ideas. Descartes went on to propose three fundamental laws of nature in his book, ''Principles of Philosophy'', the first of which stated that "each thing, as far as is in its power, always remains in the same state; and that consequently, when it is once moved, it always continues to move." Thus, while the concept of inertia is often referred to as Newton's First Law, it was first described by Galileo and then perfected by Descartes decades before Newton published his findings.

As for Newton, he first described his three laws of motion in ''The Mathematical Principle of Natural Philosophy'', for the Principia, which was published in 1687. These laws described the relationship between an object and the forces acting upon it and laid the foundation for classical mechanics. While Newton's first law came from the work of Descartes and Galileo, his other laws are the work of himself.

==The Main Idea==
To be exact, the definition of the Electric Field is as follows:
The electric field is a region around a charged particle or object within which a force would be exerted on other objects.
If we put a charged particle at a location and it experiences a force, it would be logical to assume that there is something present that
is interacting with the particle. This "virtual force" is in essence the electric field.
===A Mathematical Model===

The electric field can be expressed mathematically as follows:

<math>{\vec{F_{net}} = 0 \Leftrightarrow \frac{d\vec{v}}{dt}} = 0</math>

<math>{\vec{F_{2}} = {q_{1}}{\vec{E_{1}}} \Leftrightarrow \frac{d\vec{v}}{dt}} = 0</math>

which can be translated to postulate that the force on particle 2 is determined by the charge of particle 2 and the electric
field.

==Examples==

The following examples are to test your basic understanding of the Electric Field. For more examples that test your knowledge of all three of the laws, peruse the class textbook.

===Simple===
Which way is the electric field going for a negatively charged particle?

[[File:Example.jpg]]

It's easy to see that the electric field is pointing toward the negatively charged particle. The electric field is tending
toward the negatively charged particle.

===Middling===
Does the object in the following image have a net force of zero? Does it have a constant velocity?

This example is slightly more difficult, but is still quite trivial. If we sum the forces in the x direction, we see that the net force is 2 newtons in the -x direction. Therefore, the object does not have a constant velocity, and will be accelerating in the -x direction.

===Difficult===
Does the object in the following image have a net force of zero? Does it have a constant velocity?

This final example tests your knowledge and understanding of Newton's First Law. We're able to see that the box will accelerate in the -x direction because the net force in the x direction is 5 newtons to the left. However, the box itself has a velocity of 5m/s upwards, which would indeed stay constant. This is because forces (and motion) in perpendicular directions are of each other.

==Connectedness==

Newton's laws of motion tie into almost everything that we see or do. The first law, in particular, explains why we suddenly lurch forward when a car suddenly stops (our bodies are in a state of motion and thus resist the sudden stop), why it's much harder to stop when ice skating than walking (there's less friction, thus less net force to decelerate), and much, much, more. The importance of Newton's first law (and by extension, the other laws of motion) is not readily apparent, but serves as a basis to explain much of our daily interactions with our surroundings.

It can also apply to things outside of our daily interactions - space, for example. Newton's first law describes why an astronaut in space will continuously float in a direction forever if they are not pulled in by an asteroid or a planet's gravitational force. There is a lack of a net force opposing the astronaut's motion (due to the fact that there is no air in space) which results in the astronaut having a constant velocity. Floating off into space is probably an astronaut's worst nightmare, a scenario that a recent movie, ''Gravity'', explored. The entire premise of the movie (Sandra Bullock becomes untethered from her space station) relies on Newton's first law of motion.
==History==

While Galileo is the one credited with the idea of inertia motion, it was René Descartes, a French philosopher, who would expand upon Galileo's ideas. Descartes went on to propose three fundamental laws of nature in his book, ''Principles of Philosophy'', the first of which stated that "each thing, as far as is in its power, always remains in the same state; and that consequently, when it is once moved, it always continues to move." Thus, while the concept of inertia is often referred to as Newton's First Law, it was first described by Galileo and then perfected by Descartes decades before Newton published his findings.

As for Newton, he first described his three laws of motion in ''The Mathematical Principle of Natural Philosophy'', for the Principia, which was published in 1687. These laws described the relationship between an object and the forces acting upon it and laid the foundation for classical mechanics. While Newton's first law came from the work of Descartes and Galileo, his other laws are the work of himself.

==The Main Idea==
To be exact, the definition of the Electric Field is as follows:
The electric field is a region around a charged particle or object within which a force would be exerted on other charged particles or objects.
If we put a charged particle at a location and it experiences a force, it would be logical to assume that there is something present that
is interacting with the particle. This "virtual force" is in essence the electric field.
===A Mathematical Model===

The electric field can be expressed mathematically as follows:

<math>{\vec{F_{net}} = 0 \Leftrightarrow \frac{d\vec{v}}{dt}} = 0</math>

<math>{\vec{F_{2}} = {q_{1}}{\vec{E_{1}}} \Leftrightarrow \frac{d\vec{v}}{dt}} = 0</math>

which can be translated to postulate that the force on particle 2 is determined by the charge of particle 2 and the electric
field.

==Examples==

The following examples are to test your basic understanding of Newton's First Law. For more examples that test your knowledge of all three of the laws, click .

===Simple===
Does the object in the following image have a net force of zero? Does it have a constant velocity?

It's easy to see that the only force on the object is acting in the +x direction, with a magnitude of 5 newtons. Therefore, the object does not have a net force of zero or a constant velocity. It will be accelerating in the +x direction.

===Middling===
Does the object in the following image have a net force of zero? Does it have a constant velocity?

This example is slightly more difficult, but is still quite trivial. If we sum the forces in the x direction, we see that the net force is 2 newtons in the -x direction. Therefore, the object does not have a constant velocity, and will be accelerating in the -x direction.

===Difficult===
Does the object in the following image have a net force of zero? Does it have a constant velocity?

This final example tests your knowledge and understanding of Newton's First Law. We're able to see that the box will accelerate in the -x direction because the net force in the x direction is 5 newtons to the left. However, the box itself has a velocity of 5m/s upwards, which would indeed stay constant. This is because forces (and motion) in perpendicular directions are of each other.

==Connectedness==

Newton's laws of motion tie into almost everything that we see or do. The first law, in particular, explains why we suddenly lurch forward when a car suddenly stops (our bodies are in a state of motion and thus resist the sudden stop), why it's much harder to stop when ice skating than walking (there's less friction, thus less net force to decelerate), and much, much, more. The importance of Newton's first law (and by extension, the other laws of motion) is not readily apparent, but serves as a basis to explain much of our daily interactions with our surroundings.

It can also apply to things outside of our daily interactions - space, for example. Newton's first law describes why an astronaut in space will continuously float in a direction forever if they are not pulled in by an asteroid or a planet's gravitational force. There is a lack of a net force opposing the astronaut's motion (due to the fact that there is no air in space) which results in the astronaut having a constant velocity. Floating off into space is probably an astronaut's worst nightmare, a scenario that a recent movie, ''Gravity'', explored. The entire premise of the movie (Sandra Bullock becomes untethered from her space station) relies on Newton's first law of motion.
==History==

While Galileo is the one credited with the idea of inertia motion, it was René Descartes, a French philosopher, who would expand upon Galileo's ideas. Descartes went on to propose three fundamental laws of nature in his book, ''Principles of Philosophy'', the first of which stated that "each thing, as far as is in its power, always remains in the same state; and that consequently, when it is once moved, it always continues to move." Thus, while the concept of inertia is often referred to as Newton's First Law, it was first described by Galileo and then perfected by Descartes decades before Newton published his findings.

As for Newton, he first described his three laws of motion in ''The Mathematical Principle of Natural Philosophy'', for the Principia, which was published in 1687. These laws described the relationship between an object and the forces acting upon it and laid the foundation for classical mechanics. While Newton's first law came from the work of Descartes and Galileo, his other laws are the work of himself.

==The Main Idea==
To be exact, the definition of the First Law of Motion is as follows:
The electric field is a region around a charged particle or object within which a force would be exerted on other charged particles or objects.
In other (and much simpler) terms, it means that an object at rest stays at rest and an object in in motion stays in motion at a constant velocity unless acted on by an unbalanced net force. It's important to keep in mind that only a difference in affect the velocity of an object. The amount of change in velocity is determined by
===A Mathematical Model===

Newton's first law can be stated mathematically as follows:

<math>{\vec{F_{net}} = 0 \Leftrightarrow \frac{d\vec{v}}{dt}} = 0</math>

Where...

<math>\vec{F_{net}}</math> is the net force from the surroundings.

<math>d\vec{v}</math> is the change in velocity of the system.

<math>dt</math> is the change in time of the system

If we trace this formula from the left to the right, we can see that if the net force on an object is zero, then the change in velocity of an object is also zero. Conversely, if we were given an object and told that its change in momentum is zero, then we can deduce that the net force acting on the object is also zero. Keep in mind, however, that this formula simple deals with the '''change''' in velocity. It does '''not''' mean that the object is at rest, only that its velocity remains constant.

==Examples==

The following examples are to test your basic understanding of Newton's First Law. For more examples that test your knowledge of all three of the laws, click .

===Simple===
Does the object in the following image have a net force of zero? Does it have a constant velocity?

It's easy to see that the only force on the object is acting in the +x direction, with a magnitude of 5 newtons. Therefore, the object does not have a net force of zero or a constant velocity. It will be accelerating in the +x direction.

===Middling===
Does the object in the following image have a net force of zero? Does it have a constant velocity?

This example is slightly more difficult, but is still quite trivial. If we sum the forces in the x direction, we see that the net force is 2 newtons in the -x direction. Therefore, the object does not have a constant velocity, and will be accelerating in the -x direction.

===Difficult===
Does the object in the following image have a net force of zero? Does it have a constant velocity?

This final example tests your knowledge and understanding of Newton's First Law. We're able to see that the box will accelerate in the -x direction because the net force in the x direction is 5 newtons to the left. However, the box itself has a velocity of 5m/s upwards, which would indeed stay constant. This is because forces (and motion) in perpendicular directions are of each other.

==Connectedness==

Newton's laws of motion tie into almost everything that we see or do. The first law, in particular, explains why we suddenly lurch forward when a car suddenly stops (our bodies are in a state of motion and thus resist the sudden stop), why it's much harder to stop when ice skating than walking (there's less friction, thus less net force to decelerate), and much, much, more. The importance of Newton's first law (and by extension, the other laws of motion) is not readily apparent, but serves as a basis to explain much of our daily interactions with our surroundings.

It can also apply to things outside of our daily interactions - space, for example. Newton's first law describes why an astronaut in space will continuously float in a direction forever if they are not pulled in by an asteroid or a planet's gravitational force. There is a lack of a net force opposing the astronaut's motion (due to the fact that there is no air in space) which results in the astronaut having a constant velocity. Floating off into space is probably an astronaut's worst nightmare, a scenario that a recent movie, ''Gravity'', explored. The entire premise of the movie (Sandra Bullock becomes untethered from her space station) relies on Newton's first law of motion.
==History==

While Galileo is the one credited with the idea of inertia motion, it was René Descartes, a French philosopher, who would expand upon Galileo's ideas. Descartes went on to propose three fundamental laws of nature in his book, ''Principles of Philosophy'', the first of which stated that "each thing, as far as is in its power, always remains in the same state; and that consequently, when it is once moved, it always continues to move." Thus, while the concept of inertia is often referred to as Newton's First Law, it was first described by Galileo and then perfected by Descartes decades before Newton published his findings.

As for Newton, he first described his three laws of motion in ''The Mathematical Principle of Natural Philosophy'', for the Principia, which was published in 1687. These laws described the relationship between an object and the forces acting upon it and laid the foundation for classical mechanics. While Newton's first law came from the work of Descartes and Galileo, his other laws are the work of himself.

==The Main Idea==
To be exact, the definition of the First Law of Motion is as follows:
The electric field is a region around a charged particle or object within which a force would be exerted on other charged particles or objects.
In other (and much simpler) terms, it means that an object at rest stays at rest and an object in in motion stays in motion at a constant velocity unless acted on by an unbalanced net force. It's important to keep in mind that only a difference in affect the velocity of an object. The amount of change in velocity is determined by
===A Mathematical Model===

Newton's first law can be stated mathematically as follows:

<math>{\vec{F_{net}} = 0 \Leftrightarrow \frac{d\vec{v}}{dt}} = 0</math>

Where...

<math>\vec{F_{net}}</math> is the net force from the surroundings.

<math>d\vec{v}</math> is the change in velocity of the system.

<math>dt</math> is the change in time of the system

If we trace this formula from the left to the right, we can see that if the net force on an object is zero, then the change in velocity of an object is also zero. Conversely, if we were given an object and told that its change in momentum is zero, then we can deduce that the net force acting on the object is also zero. Keep in mind, however, that this formula simple deals with the '''change''' in velocity. It does '''not''' mean that the object is at rest, only that its velocity remains constant.

==Examples==

The following examples are to test your basic understanding of Newton's First Law. For more examples that test your knowledge of all three of the laws, click .

===Simple===
Does the object in the following image have a net force of zero? Does it have a constant velocity?

It's easy to see that the only force on the object is acting in the +x direction, with a magnitude of 5 newtons. Therefore, the object does not have a net force of zero or a constant velocity. It will be accelerating in the +x direction.

===Middling===
Does the object in the following image have a net force of zero? Does it have a constant velocity?

This example is slightly more difficult, but is still quite trivial. If we sum the forces in the x direction, we see that the net force is 2 newtons in the -x direction. Therefore, the object does not have a constant velocity, and will be accelerating in the -x direction.

===Difficult===
Does the object in the following image have a net force of zero? Does it have a constant velocity?

This final example tests your knowledge and understanding of Newton's First Law. We're able to see that the box will accelerate in the -x direction because the net force in the x direction is 5 newtons to the left. However, the box itself has a velocity of 5m/s upwards, which would indeed stay constant. This is because forces (and motion) in perpendicular directions are of each other.

==Connectedness==

Newton's laws of motion tie into almost everything that we see or do. The first law, in particular, explains why we suddenly lurch forward when a car suddenly stops (our bodies are in a state of motion and thus resist the sudden stop), why it's much harder to stop when ice skating than walking (there's less friction, thus less net force to decelerate), and much, much, more. The importance of Newton's first law (and by extension, the other laws of motion) is not readily apparent, but serves as a basis to explain much of our daily interactions with our surroundings.

It can also apply to things outside of our daily interactions - space, for example. Newton's first law describes why an astronaut in space will continuously float in a direction forever if they are not pulled in by an asteroid or a planet's gravitational force. There is a lack of a net force opposing the astronaut's motion (due to the fact that there is no air in space) which results in the astronaut having a constant velocity. Floating off into space is probably an astronaut's worst nightmare, a scenario that a recent movie, ''Gravity'', explored. The entire premise of the movie (Sandra Bullock becomes untethered from her space station) relies on Newton's first law of motion.
==History==

While Galileo is the one credited with the idea of inertia motion, it was René Descartes, a French philosopher, who would expand upon Galileo's ideas. Descartes went on to propose three fundamental laws of nature in his book, ''Principles of Philosophy'', the first of which stated that "each thing, as far as is in its power, always remains in the same state; and that consequently, when it is once moved, it always continues to move." Thus, while the concept of inertia is often referred to as Newton's First Law, it was first described by Galileo and then perfected by Descartes decades before Newton published his findings.

As for Newton, he first described his three laws of motion in ''The Mathematical Principle of Natural Philosophy'', for the Principia, which was published in 1687. These laws described the relationship between an object and the forces acting upon it and laid the foundation for classical mechanics. While Newton's first law came from the work of Descartes and Galileo, his other laws are the work of himself.

==The Main Idea==
To be exact, the definition of the First Law of Motion is as follows:
Every body persists in its state of rest or of moving with constant speed in a constant direction, except to the extent that it is compelled to change that state by forces acting on it.
In other (and much simpler) terms, it means that an object at rest stays at rest and an object in in motion stays in motion at a constant velocity unless acted on by an unbalanced net force. It's important to keep in mind that only a difference in [http://www.physicsclassroom.com/class/newtlaws/Lesson-2/Determining-the-Net-Force net force] can affect the velocity of an object. The amount of change in velocity is determined by [http://www.physicsclassroom.com/class/newtlaws/Lesson-3/Newton-s-Second-Law Newton's Second Law of Motion].

===A Mathematical Model===

Newton's first law can be stated mathematically as follows:

<math>{\vec{F_{net}} = 0 \Leftrightarrow \frac{d\vec{v}}{dt}} = 0</math>

Where...

<math>\vec{F_{net}}</math> is the net force from the surroundings.

<math>d\vec{v}</math> is the change in velocity of the system.

<math>dt</math> is the change in time of the system

If we trace this formula from the left to the right, we can see that if the net force on an object is zero, then the change in velocity of an object is also zero. Conversely, if we were given an object and told that its change in momentum is zero, then we can deduce that the net force acting on the object is also zero. Keep in mind, however, that this formula simple deals with the '''change''' in velocity. It does '''not''' mean that the object is at rest, only that its velocity remains constant.

==Examples==

The following examples are to test your basic understanding of Newton's First Law. For more examples that test your knowledge of all three of the laws, click [http://www.physicsclassroom.com/calcpad/newtlaws/problems here].

===Simple===
Does the object in the following image have a net force of zero? Does it have a constant velocity?

[[File:Newtonfirstlawsimple.png|400px]]

It's easy to see that the only force on the object is acting in the +x direction, with a magnitude of 5 newtons. Therefore, the object does not have a net force of zero or a constant velocity. It will be accelerating in the +x direction.

===Middling===
Does the object in the following image have a net force of zero? Does it have a constant velocity?

[[File:Newtonfirstlawmedium.png|400px]]

This example is slightly more difficult, but is still quite trivial. If we sum the forces in the x direction, we see that the net force is 2 newtons in the -x direction. Therefore, the object does not have a constant velocity, and will be accelerating in the -x direction.

===Difficult===
Does the object in the following image have a net force of zero? Does it have a constant velocity?

[[File:Newtonsfirstlawhard.png|400px]]

This final example tests your knowledge and understanding of Newton's First Law. We're able to see that the box will accelerate in the -x direction because the net force in the x direction is 5 newtons to the left. However, the box itself has a velocity of 5m/s upwards, which would indeed stay constant. This is because forces (and motion) in perpendicular directions are [http://www.physicsclassroom.com/class/vectors/Lesson-1/Independence-of-Perpendicular-Components-of-Motion independent] of each other.

==Connectedness==

[[File:Tablecloth.gif|left|300px|thumb|The "magic trick" of ripping off a table cloth without the plates on top moving is an example of Newton's First Law. The tableware is in a state of rest, and thus want to remain in such a state.]]

Newton's laws of motion tie into almost everything that we see or do. The first law, in particular, explains why we suddenly lurch forward when a car suddenly stops (our bodies are in a state of motion and thus resist the sudden stop), why it's much harder to stop when ice skating than walking (there's less friction, thus less net force to decelerate), and much, much, more. The importance of Newton's first law (and by extension, the other laws of motion) is not readily apparent, but serves as a basis to explain much of our daily interactions with our surroundings.

It can also apply to things outside of our daily interactions - space, for example. Newton's first law describes why an astronaut in space will continuously float in a direction forever if they are not pulled in by an asteroid or a planet's gravitational force. There is a lack of a net force opposing the astronaut's motion (due to the fact that there is no air in space) which results in the astronaut having a constant velocity. Floating off into space is probably an astronaut's worst nightmare, a scenario that a recent movie, ''Gravity'', explored. The entire premise of the movie (Sandra Bullock becomes untethered from her space station) relies on Newton's first law of motion.
==History==

While Galileo is the one credited with the idea of inertia motion, it was René Descartes, a French philosopher, who would expand upon Galileo's ideas. Descartes went on to propose three fundamental laws of nature in his book, ''Principles of Philosophy'', the first of which stated that "each thing, as far as is in its power, always remains in the same state; and that consequently, when it is once moved, it always continues to move." Thus, while the concept of inertia is often referred to as Newton's First Law, it was first described by Galileo and then perfected by Descartes decades before Newton published his findings.

As for Newton, he first described his three laws of motion in ''The Mathematical Principle of Natural Philosophy'', for the Principia, which was published in 1687. These laws described the relationship between an object and the forces acting upon it and laid the foundation for classical mechanics. While Newton's first law came from the work of Descartes and Galileo, his other laws are the work of himself.

==Electric Field==
The electric field created by a charge is present throughout space at all times, whether or not there is another charge around to feel its effects. The electric field created by a charge penetrates through matter. The field permeates the neighboring space, biding its time until it can affect anything brought into its space of interaction.
*[[Vectors]]
*[[Right-Hand Rule]]
*[[Right Hand Rule]]
</div>
</div>

<div class="toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">

====Electric force====
<div class="mw-collapsible-content">

*[[Electric Force]] Claimed by Amarachi Eze
*[[Lorentz Force]]
</div>
</div>

<div class="toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">

====Electric field of a point particle====

<div class="mw-collapsible-content">
*[[Point Charge]]
</div>
</div>

<div class="toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">

'''Bold text'''====Superposition====
<div class="mw-collapsible-content">
*[[Superposition Principle]]
*[[Superposition principle]]
</div>
</div>

<div class="toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">

====Dipoles====
<div class="mw-collapsible-content">
*[[Electric Dipole]]
*[[Magnetic Dipole]]
</div>
</div>

===Week 2===
<div class="toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">
====Interactions of charged objects====
<div class="mw-collapsible-content">
*[[Electric Field]]
*[[Electric Potential]]
*[[Electric Force]]
*[[Lorentz Force]]
</div>
</div>

<div class="toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">
====Tape experiments====
<div class="mw-collapsible-content">
*[[Polarization]]
*[[Electric Polarization]]
</div>
</div>

<div class="toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">
====Polarization====
<div class="mw-collapsible-content">
*[[Polarization]]
*[[Electric Polarization]]
*[[Polarization of an Atom]]
</div>
</div>

===Week 3===
<div class="toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">
====Insulators====
<div class="mw-collapsible-content">
*[[Insulators]]
*[[Potential Difference in an Insulator]]
*[[Charged Conductor and Charged Insulator]]
*[[Charged conductor and charged insulator]]
</div>
</div>

<div class="toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">
====Conductors====
<div class="mw-collapsible-content">
*[[Conductivity]]
*[[Charge Transfer]]
*[[Resistivity]]
*[[Polarization of a conductor]]
*[[Charged Conductor and Charged Insulator]]
*[[Charged conductor and charged insulator]]
</div>
</div>

<div class="toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">
====Charging and discharging====
<div class="mw-collapsible-content">
*[[Charge Transfer]]
*[[Electrostatic Discharge]]
*[[Charged Conductor and Charged Insulator]]
*[[Charged conductor and charged insulator]]
</div>
</div>

===Week 4===
<div class="toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">
====Field of a charged rod====
<div class="mw-collapsible-content">
*[[Charged Rod]]
</div>
</div>

<div class="toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">

====Field of a charged ring/disk/capacitor====
<div class="mw-collapsible-content">
*[[Charged Ring]]
*[[Charged Disk]]
*[[Charged Capacitor]]
</div>
</div>

<div class="toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">

====Field of a charged sphere====
<div class="mw-collapsible-content">
*[[Charged Spherical Shell]]
*[[Field of a Charged Ball]]
</div>
</div>

===Week 5===
<div class="toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">
====Potential energy====
<div class="mw-collapsible-content">
*[[Potential Energy]]
</div>
</div>

<div class="toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">
====Electric potential====
<div class="mw-collapsible-content">
*[[Electric Potential]]
*[[Path Independence of Electric Potential]]
*[[Potential Difference Path Independence, claimed by Aditya Mohile]]
*[[Potential Difference in a Uniform Field]]
*[[Potential Difference of Point Charge in a Non-Uniform Field]]
</div>
</div>
<div class="toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">

====Sign of a potential difference====
Claimed by Tyler Quill
<div class="mw-collapsible-content">
*[[Overview]]
*[[Determining the Sign of Potential Difference]]
*[[Understanding the Sign of Potential Difference]]
</div>
</div>
<div class="toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">

====Potential at a single location====
<div class="mw-collapsible-content">
*[[Electric Potential]]
*[[Potential Difference at One Location]]
</div>
</div>

<div class="toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">

====Path independence and round trip potential====
<div class="mw-collapsible-content">
*[[Path Independence of Electric Potential]]
*[[Potential Difference Path Independence, claimed by Aditya Mohile]]
</div>
</div>

===Week 6===
<div class="toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">
====Electric field and potential in an insulator====
<div class="mw-collapsible-content">
*[[Potential Difference in an Insulator]]
*[[Electric Field in an Insulator]]
</div>
</div>
<div class="toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">

====Moving charges in a magnetic field====
<div class="mw-collapsible-content">
*[[Magnetic Field]]
*[[Magnetic Force]]
*[[Lorentz Force]]
</div>
</div>
<div class="toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">

====Biot-Savart Law====
<div class="mw-collapsible-content">
*[[Biot-Savart Law]]
*[[Biot-Savart Law for Currents]]
</div>
</div>
<div class="toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">

====Moving charges, electron current, and conventional current====
<div class="mw-collapsible-content">
*[[Moving Point Charge]]
*[[Current]]
</div>
</div>

===Week 7=== Claimed by Diem Tran
<div class="toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">
====Magnetic field of a wire====
<div class="mw-collapsible-content">
*[[Magnetic Field of a Long Straight Wire]]
</div>
</div>

<div class="toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">
====Magnetic field of a current-carrying loop====
<div class="mw-collapsible-content">
*[[Magnetic Field of a Loop]]
</div>
</div>

<div class="toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">
====Magnetic dipoles====
<div class="mw-collapsible-content">
*[[Magnetic Dipole Moment]]
*[[Bar Magnet]]
</div>
</div>

<div class="toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">
====Atomic structure of magnets====
<div class="mw-collapsible-content">
*[[Atomic Structure of Magnets]]
</div>
</div>

===Week 8===
<div class="toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">
====Steady state current====
<div class="mw-collapsible-content">
*[[Steady State]]
*[[Non Steady State]]
</div>
</div>

<div class="toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">
====Node rule====
<div class="mw-collapsible-content">
*[[Node Rule]]
</div>
</div>

<div class="toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">
====Electric fields and energy in circuits====
<div class="mw-collapsible-content">
*[[Series circuit]] claimed by Hannah Jang
*[[Node Rule]]
*[[Loop Rule]]
*[[Electric Potential Difference]]
</div>
</div>

<div class="toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">

====Macroscopic analysis of circuits====
<div class="mw-collapsible-content">
*[[Series Circuits]]
*[[Parallel CIrcuits]]
*[[Parallel Circuits vs. Series Circuits*]]
*[[Loop Rule]]
*[[Node Rule]]
*[[Resistors*]]
</div>
</div>

===Week 9===
<div class="toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">
====Electric field and potential in circuits with capacitors====
<div class="mw-collapsible-content">
*[[Charging and Discharging a Capacitor]]
*[[RC Circuit]]
*[[R Circuit]]
*[[AC and DC]]

</div>
</div>

<div class="toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">

====Magnetic forces on charges and currents====
<div class="mw-collapsible-content">
*[[Magnetic Force]]
*[[Lorentz Force]]
*[[Applying Magnetic Force to Currents]]
*[[Magnetic Force in a Moving Reference Frame]]
*[[Right-Hand Rule]]
*[[Analysis of Railgun vs Coil gun technologies]]
</div>
</div>

<div class="toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">
====Electric and magnetic forces====
<div class="mw-collapsible-content">
*[[Electric Force]]
*[[Magnetic Force]]
*[[Lorentz Force]]
*[[VPython Modelling of Electric and Magnetic Forces]]
</div>
</div>

<div class="toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">
====Velocity selector====
<div class="mw-collapsible-content">
*[[Lorentz Force]]
*[[Combining Electric and Magnetic Forces]]
</div>
</div>

===Week 10===

====Student Content====

<div class=“toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed”>
==== Hall Effect ====
<div class="mw-collapsible-content">
*[[Hall Effect]]
*[[Motional Emf]]
*[[Magnetic Force]]
*[[Magnetic Torque]]

</div>
</div>

==Physics 3==

===Week 1===
<div class="toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">
====Classical Physics====
<div class="mw-collapsible-content">
</div>
</div>

===Week 2===
<div class="toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">
====Special Relativity====
<div class="mw-collapsible-content">
*[[Frame of Reference]]
*[[Einstein's Theory of Special Relativity]]
*[[Time Dilation]]
*[[Einstein's Theory of General Relativity]]
*[[Albert A. Micheleson & Edward W. Morley]]
*[[Magnetic Force in a Moving Reference Frame]]
</div>
</div>

===Week 3===
<div class="toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">
====Photons====
<div class="mw-collapsible-content">
*[[Spontaneous Photon Emission]]
*[[Light Scattering: Why is the Sky Blue]]
*[[Lasers]]
*[[Electronic Energy Levels and Photons]]
*[[Quantum Properties of Light]]
</div>
</div>

===Week 4===
<div class="toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">
====Matter Waves====
<div class="mw-collapsible-content">
*[[Wave-Particle Duality]]
</div>
</div>

===Week 5===
<div class="toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">
====Wave Mechanics====
<div class="mw-collapsible-content">
*[[Standing Waves]]
*[[Wavelength]]
*[[Wavelength and Frequency]]
*[[Mechanical Waves]]
*[[Transverse and Longitudinal Waves]]
</div>
</div>

===Week 6===
<div class="toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">
====Rutherford-Bohr Model====
<div class="mw-collapsible-content">
*[[Rutherford Experiment and Atomic Collisions]]
*[[Bohr Model]]
*[[Quantized energy levels]]
*[[Energy graphs and the Bohr model]]
</div>
</div>

===Week 7===
<div class="toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">
====The Hydrogen Atom====
<div class="mw-collapsible-content">
*[[Quantum Theory]]
*[[Atomic Theory]]
</div>
</div>

===Week 8===
<div class="toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">
====Many-Electron Atoms====
<div class="mw-collapsible-content">
*[[Quantum Theory]]
*[[Atomic Theory]]
*[[Pauli exclusion principle]]
</div>
</div>

===Week 9===
<div class="toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">
====Molecules====
<div class="mw-collapsible-content">
</div>
</div>

===Week 10===
<div class="toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">
====Statistical Physics====
<div class="mw-collapsible-content">
</div>
</div>

===Week 11===
<div class="toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">
====Condensed Matter Physics====
<div class="mw-collapsible-content">
</div>
</div>

===Week 12===
<div class="toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">
====The Nucleus====
<div class="mw-collapsible-content">
</div>
</div>

===Week 13===
<div class="toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">
====Nuclear Physics====
<div class="mw-collapsible-content">
*[[Nuclear Fission]]
*[[Nuclear Energy from Fission and Fusion]]
</div>
</div>

===Week 14===
<div class="toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">
====Particle Physics====
<div class="mw-collapsible-content">
*[[Elementary Particles and Particle Physics Theory]]
*[[String Theory]]
</div>
</div>

Main Page

2016-04-17T05:48:34Z

Tquill: /* Sign of a potential difference */

__NOTOC__
Welcome to the Georgia Tech Wiki for Introductory Physics. This resource was created so that students can contribute and curate content to help those with limited or no access to a textbook. When reading this website, please correct any errors you may come across. If you read something that isn't clear, please consider revising it for future students!

Looking to make a contribution?
#Pick one of the topics from intro physics listed below
#Add content to that topic or improve the quality of what is already there.
#Need to make a new topic? Edit this page and add it to the list under the appropriate category. Then copy and paste the default [[Template]] into your new page and start editing.

Please remember that this is not a textbook and you are not limited to expressing your ideas with only text and equations. Whenever possible embed: pictures, videos, diagrams, simulations, computational models (e.g. Glowscript), and whatever content you think makes learning physics easier for other students.

== Source Material ==
All of the content added to this resource must be in the public domain or similar free resource. If you are unsure about a source, contact the original author for permission. That said, there is a surprisingly large amount of introductory physics content scattered across the web. Here is an incomplete list of intro physics resources (please update as needed).
* A physics resource written by experts for an expert audience [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:Physics Physics Portal]
* A wiki written for students by a physics expert [http://p3server.pa.msu.edu/coursewiki/doku.php?id=183_notes MSU Physics Wiki]
* A wiki book on modern physics [https://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Modern_Physics Modern Physics Wiki]
* The MIT open courseware for intro physics [http://ocw.mit.edu/resources/res-8-002-a-wikitextbook-for-introductory-mechanics-fall-2009/index.htm MITOCW Wiki]
* An online concept map of intro physics [http://hyperphysics.phy-astr.gsu.edu/hbase/hph.html HyperPhysics]
* Interactive physics simulations [https://phet.colorado.edu/en/simulations/category/physics PhET]
* OpenStax algebra based intro physics textbook [https://openstaxcollege.org/textbooks/college-physics College Physics]
* The Open Source Physics project is a collection of online physics resources [http://www.opensourcephysics.org/ OSP]
* A resource guide compiled by the [http://www.aapt.org/ AAPT] for educators [http://www.compadre.org/ ComPADRE]

== Organizing Categories ==
These are the broad, overarching categories, that we cover in three semester of introductory physics. You can add subcategories as needed but a single topic should direct readers to a page in one of these categories.

== Resources ==
* Commonly used wiki commands [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:Cheatsheet Wiki Cheatsheet]
* A guide to representing equations in math mode [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:Displaying_a_formula Wiki Math Mode]
* A page to keep track of all the physics [[Constants]]
* A page for review of [[Vectors]] and vector operations
* A listing of [[Notable Scientist]] with links to their individual pages

<div style="float:left; width:30%; padding:1%;">
==Physics 1==
===Week 1===

====Student Content====
<div class=“toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed”>
=====Help with VPython=====
<div class=“mw-collapsible-content”>
*[[VPython]]
*[[VPython basics]]
*[[VPython Common Errors and Troubleshooting]]
*[[VPython Functions]]
*[[VPython Lists]]
*[[VPython Loops]]
*[[VPython Multithreading]]
*[[VPython Animation]]
*[[VPython Objects]]
*[[VPython 3D Objects]]
*[[VPython Reference]]
*[[VPython MapReduceFilter]]
*[[VPython GUIs]]
</div>
</div>

<div class=“toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed”>
=====Vectors and Units=====
<div class=“mw-collapsible-content”>
*[[Vectors]]
*[[SI units]]
</div>
</div>

<div class=“toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed”>

=====Interactions=====
<div class=“mw-collapsible-content”>
</div>
</div>
*[[Types of Interactions and How to Detect Them]]

<div class=“toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed”>

=====Velocity and Momentum=====
<div class=“mw-collapsible-content”>
*[[Newton’s First Law of Motion]]
*[[Velocity]]
*[[Mass]]
*[[Speed and Velocity]]
*[[Relative Velocity]]
*[[Derivation of Average Velocity]]
*[[2-Dimensional Motion]]
*[[3-Dimensional Position and Motion]]
</div>
</div>

====Expert Content====
<div class=“toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed”>

* [http://p3server.pa.msu.edu/coursewiki/doku.php?id=183_notes:vpython_resources Software for Projects]

</div>

===Week 2===
====Student Content====
<div class=“toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed”>
=====Momentum and the Momentum Principle=====
<div class=“mw-collapsible-content”>
*[[Momentum Principle]]
*[[Inertia]]
*[[Net Force]]
*[[Derivation of the Momentum Principle]]
*[[Impulse Momentum]]
*[[Acceleration]]
*[[Momentum with respect to external Forces]]
</div>
</div>

<div class=“toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed”>
=====Iterative Prediction with a Constant Force=====
<div class=“mw-collapsible-content”>
*[[Newton’s Second Law of Motion]]
*[[Iterative Prediction]]
*[[Kinematics]]
*[[Newton’s Laws and Linear Momentum]]
*[[Projectile Motion]]
</div>
</div>

====Expert Content====
<div class=“toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed”>

* [http://p3server.pa.msu.edu/coursewiki/doku.php?id=183_notes:scalars_and_vectors Scalars and Vectors]
* [http://p3server.pa.msu.edu/coursewiki/doku.php?id=183_notes:displacement_and_velocity Displacement and Velocity]
* [http://p3server.pa.msu.edu/coursewiki/doku.php?id=183_notes:modeling_with_vpython Modeling Motion with VPython]
* [http://p3server.pa.msu.edu/coursewiki/doku.php?id=183_notes:relative_motion Relative Motion]
* [http://p3server.pa.msu.edu/coursewiki/doku.php?id=183_notes:graphing_motion Graphing Motion]
* [http://p3server.pa.msu.edu/coursewiki/doku.php?id=183_notes:momentum Momentum]
* [http://p3server.pa.msu.edu/coursewiki/doku.php?id=183_notes:momentum_principle The Momentum Principle]
* [http://p3server.pa.msu.edu/coursewiki/doku.php?id=183_notes:acceleration Acceleration & The Change in Momentum]
* [http://p3server.pa.msu.edu/coursewiki/doku.php?id=183_notes:motionPredict Applying the Momentum Principle]
* [http://p3server.pa.msu.edu/coursewiki/doku.php?id=183_notes:constantF Constant Force Motion]
* [http://p3server.pa.msu.edu/coursewiki/doku.php?id=183_notes:iterativePredict Iterative Prediction of Motion]
* [http://p3server.pa.msu.edu/coursewiki/doku.php?id=183_notes:mp_multi The Momentum Principle in Multi-particle Systems]
* [http://p3server.pa.msu.edu/coursewiki/doku.php?id=183_notes:angular_motivation Why Angular Momentum?]
* [http://p3server.pa.msu.edu/coursewiki/doku.php?id=183_notes:ang_momentum Angular Momentum]
* [http://p3server.pa.msu.edu/coursewiki/doku.php?id=183_notes:L_principle Net Torque & The Angular Momentum Principle]
* [http://p3server.pa.msu.edu/coursewiki/doku.php?id=183_notes:L_conservation Angular Momentum Conservation]

</div>

===Week 3===
====Student Content====
<div class=“toccolours \
mw-collapsible mw-collapsed”>
=====Analytic Prediction with a Constant Force=====
<div \
class=“mw-collapsible-content”>
*[[Analytical Prediction]]
</div>
</div>

<div class=“toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed”>
=====Iterative Prediction with a Varying Force=====
<div \
class=“mw-collapsible-content”>
*[[Predicting Change in multiple dimensions]]
*[[Spring Force]]
*[[Hooke’s Law]]
*[[Simple Harmonic Motion]]
*[[Iterative Prediction of Spring-Mass System]]
*[[Terminal Speed]]
*[[Determinism]]
</div>
</div>

====Expert Content====
<div class=“toccolours mw-collapsible \
mw-collapsed”>

* [http://p3server.pa.msu.edu/coursewiki/doku.php?id=183_notes:drag Drag]
* [http://p3server.pa.msu.edu/coursewiki/doku.php?id=183_notes:gravitation Non-constant Force: Newtonian Gravitation]
* [http://p3server.pa.msu.edu/coursewiki/doku.php?id=183_notes:ucm Uniform Circular Motion]
* [http://p3server.pa.msu.edu/coursewiki/doku.php?id=183_notes:impulseGraphs Impulse Graphs]
* [http://p3server.pa.msu.edu/coursewiki/doku.php?id=183_notes:springMotion Non-constant Force: Springs & Spring-like Interactions]
* [http://p3server.pa.msu.edu/coursewiki/doku.php?id=183_notes:friction Contact Interactions: The Normal Force & Friction]

</div>

===Week 4===
====Student Content====
<div class=“toccolours \
mw-collapsible mw-collapsed”>
=====Fundamental Interactions=====
<div class=“mw-collapsible-content”>
*[[Gravitational Force]]
*[[Electric Force]]
*[[Reciprocity]]
</div>
</div>

====Expert Content====
<div class=“toccolours mw-collapsible \
mw-collapsed”>

* [http://p3server.pa.msu.edu/coursewiki/doku.php?id=183_notes:gravitation Non-constant Force: Newtonian Gravitation]

</div>

===Week 5===
====Student Content====
<div class=“toccolours \
mw-collapsible mw-collapsed”>
=====Conservation of Momentum=====
<div class=“mw-collapsible-content”>
*[[Conservation of Momentum]]
</div>
</div>
<div class=“toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed”>

=====Properties of Matter=====
<div class=“mw-collapsible-content”>
*[[Kinds of Matter]]
**[[Ball and Spring Model of Matter]]
*[[Density]]
*[[Length and Stiffness of an Interatomic Bond]]
*[[Young’s Modulus]]
*[[Speed of Sound in Solids]]
*[[Malleability]]
*[[Ductility]]
*[[Weight]]
*[[Hardness]]
*[[Boiling Point]]
*[[Melting Point]]
</div>
</div>

====Expert Content====
<div class=“toccolours mw-collapsible \
mw-collapsed”>

* [http://p3server.pa.msu.edu/coursewiki/doku.php?id=183_notes:model_of_a_wire Modeling a Solid Wire: springs in series and parallel]

</div>

===Week 6===
====Student Content====
<div class=“toccolours \
mw-collapsible mw-collapsed”>
=====Identifying Forces=====
<div class=“mw-collapsible-content”>
*[[Free Body Diagram]]
*[[Compression or Normal Force]]
*[[Tension]]
</div>
</div>
<div class=“toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed”>
=====Curving Motion=====
<div class=“mw-collapsible-content”>
*[[Curving Motion]]
*[[Centripetal Force and Curving Motion]]
*[[Perpetual Freefall (Orbit)]]
</div>
</div>

====Expert Content====
<div class=“toccolours mw-collapsible \
mw-collapsed”>

* [http://p3server.pa.msu.edu/coursewiki/doku.php?id=183_notes:gravitation Non-constant Force: Newtonian Gravitation]
* [http://p3server.pa.msu.edu/coursewiki/doku.php?id=183_notes:grav_accel Gravitational Acceleration]
* [http://p3server.pa.msu.edu/coursewiki/doku.php?id=183_notes:ucm Uniform Circular Motion]
* [http://p3server.pa.msu.edu/coursewiki/doku.php?id=183_notes:freebodydiagrams Free Body Diagrams]
* [http://p3server.pa.msu.edu/coursewiki/doku.php?id=183_notes:curving_motion Curved Motion]

</div>

===Week 7===
====Student Content====
<div class=“toccolours \
mw-collapsible mw-collapsed”>
=====Energy Principle=====
<div class=“mw-collapsible-content”>
*[[The Energy Principle]]
*[[Conservation of Energy]]
*[[Kinetic Energy]]
*[[Work]]
*[[Power (Mechanical)]]
</div>
</div>

====Expert Content====
<div class=“toccolours mw-collapsible \
mw-collapsed”>

* [http://p3server.pa.msu.edu/coursewiki/doku.php?id=183_notes:define_energy What is Energy?]
* [http://p3server.pa.msu.edu/coursewiki/doku.php?id=183_notes:point_particle The Simplest System: A Single Particle]
* [http://p3server.pa.msu.edu/coursewiki/doku.php?id=183_notes:work Work: Mechanical Energy Transfer]
* [http://p3server.pa.msu.edu/coursewiki/doku.php?id=183_notes:energy_cons Conservation of Energy]
* [http://p3server.pa.msu.edu/coursewiki/doku.php?id=183_notes:potential_energy Potential Energy]
* [http://p3server.pa.msu.edu/coursewiki/doku.php?id=183_notes:grav_and_spring_PE (Near Earth) Gravitational and Spring Potential Energy]
* [http://p3server.pa.msu.edu/coursewiki/doku.php?id=183_notes:force_and_PE Force and Potential Energy]
* [http://p3server.pa.msu.edu/coursewiki/doku.php?id=183_notes:newton_grav_pe Newtonian Gravitational Potential Energy]
* [http://p3server.pa.msu.edu/coursewiki/doku.php?id=183_notes:spring_PE Spring Potential Energy]

</div>

===Week 8===
====Student Content====
<div class=“toccolours \
mw-collapsible mw-collapsed”>
=====Work by Non-Constant Forces=====
<div \
class=“mw-collapsible-content”>
*[[Work Done By A Nonconstant Force]]
</div>
</div>
<div class=“toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed”>
=====Potential Energy=====
<div class=“mw-collapsible-content”>
*[[Potential Energy]]
*[[Potential Energy of Macroscopic Springs]]
*[[Spring Potential Energy]]
**[[Ball and Spring Model]]
*[[Gravitational Potential Energy]]
*[[Energy Graphs]]
*[[Escape Velocity]]
</div>
</div>

====Expert Content====
<div class=“toccolours mw-collapsible \
mw-collapsed”>

* [http://p3server.pa.msu.edu/coursewiki/doku.php?id=183_notes:work_by_nc_forces Work Done by Non-Constant Forces]
* [http://p3server.pa.msu.edu/coursewiki/doku.php?id=183_notes:potential_energy Potential Energy]
* [http://p3server.pa.msu.edu/coursewiki/doku.php?id=183_notes:grav_and_spring_PE (Near Earth) Gravitational and Spring Potential Energy]
* [http://p3server.pa.msu.edu/coursewiki/doku.php?id=183_notes:rest_mass Changes of Rest Mass Energy]
* [http://p3server.pa.msu.edu/coursewiki/doku.php?id=183_notes:force_and_PE Force and Potential Energy]
* [http://p3server.pa.msu.edu/coursewiki/doku.php?id=183_notes:newton_grav_pe Newtonian Gravitational Potential Energy]
* [http://p3server.pa.msu.edu/coursewiki/doku.php?id=183_notes:grav_pe_graphs Graphing Energy for Gravitationally Interacting Systems]
* [http://p3server.pa.msu.edu/coursewiki/doku.php?id=183_notes:spring_PE Spring Potential Energy]
* [http://p3server.pa.msu.edu/coursewiki/doku.php?id=183_notes:power Power: The Rate of Energy Change]
* [http://p3server.pa.msu.edu/coursewiki/doku.php?id=183_notes:energy_dissipation Dissipation of Energy]

</div>

===Week 9===
====Student Content====
<div class=“toccolours \
mw-collapsible mw-collapsed”>
=====Multiparticle Systems=====
<div class=“mw-collapsible-content”>
*[[Center of Mass]]
*[[Multi-particle analysis of Momentum]]
*[[Momentum with respect to external Forces]]
*[[Potential Energy of a Multiparticle System]]
*[[Work and Energy for an Extended System]]
*[[Internal Energy]]
**[[Potential Energy of a Pair of Neutral Atoms]]
</div>
</div>

====Expert Content====
<div class=“toccolours mw-collapsible \
mw-collapsed”>

* [http://p3server.pa.msu.edu/coursewiki/doku.php?id=183_notes:mp_multi The Momentum Principle in Multi-particle Systems]
* [http://p3server.pa.msu.edu/coursewiki/doku.php?id=183_notes:center_of_mass Center of Mass Motion]
* [http://p3server.pa.msu.edu/coursewiki/doku.php?id=183_notes:center_of_mass Center of Mass Motion]
* [http://p3server.pa.msu.edu/coursewiki/doku.php?id=183_notes:energy_sep Separating Energy in Multi-Particle Systems]

</div>

===Week 10===
====Student Content====
<div class=“toccolours \
mw-collapsible mw-collapsed”>
=====Choice of System=====
<div class=“mw-collapsible-content”>
*[[System & Surroundings]]
</div>
</div>
<div class=“toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed”>
=====Thermal Energy, Dissipation and Transfer of Energy=====
<div \
class=“mw-collapsible-content”>
*[[Thermal Energy]]
*[[Specific Heat]]
*[[Heat Capacity]]
*[[Specific Heat Capacity]]
*[[First Law of Thermodynamics]]
*[[Second Law of Thermodynamics and Entropy]]
*[[Temperature]]
*[[Predicting Change]]
*[[Energy Transfer due to a Temperature Difference]]
*[[Transformation of Energy]]
*[[The Maxwell-Boltzmann Distribution]]
*[[Air Resistance]]
</div>
</div>
<div class=“toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed”>
=====Rotational and Vibrational Energy=====
<div \
class=“mw-collapsible-content”>
*[[Translational, Rotational and Vibrational Energy]]
</div>
</div>

====Expert Content====
<div class=“toccolours mw-collapsible \
mw-collapsed”>

* [http://p3server.pa.msu.edu/coursewiki/doku.php?id=183_notes:grav_and_spring_PE (Near Earth) Gravitational and Spring Potential Energy]
* [http://p3server.pa.msu.edu/coursewiki/doku.php?id=183_notes:rest_mass Changes of Rest Mass Energy]
* [http://p3server.pa.msu.edu/coursewiki/doku.php?id=183_notes:newton_grav_pe Newtonian Gravitational Potential Energy]
* [http://p3server.pa.msu.edu/coursewiki/doku.php?id=183_notes:grav_pe_graphs Graphing Energy for Gravitationally Interacting Systems]
* [http://p3server.pa.msu.edu/coursewiki/doku.php?id=183_notes:escape_speed Escape Speed]
* [http://p3server.pa.msu.edu/coursewiki/doku.php?id=183_notes:spring_PE Spring Potential Energy]
* [http://p3server.pa.msu.edu/coursewiki/doku.php?id=183_notes:internal_energy Internal Energy]
* [http://p3server.pa.msu.edu/coursewiki/doku.php?id=183_notes:system_choice Choosing a System Matters]
* [http://p3server.pa.msu.edu/coursewiki/doku.php?id=183_notes:energy_dissipation Dissipation of Energy]

</div>

===Week 11===
====Student Content====
<div class=“toccolours \
mw-collapsible mw-collapsed”>
=====Different Models of a System=====
<div \
class=“mw-collapsible-content”>
*[[Real Systems]]
*[[Point Particle Systems]]
</div>
</div>
<div class=“toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed”>

=====Models of Friction=====
<div class=“mw-collapsible-content”>
*[[Friction]]
*[[Static Friction]]
</div>
</div>

====Expert Content====
<div class=“toccolours mw-collapsible \
mw-collapsed”>

* [http://p3server.pa.msu.edu/coursewiki/doku.php?id=183_notes:system_choice Choosing a System Matters]
* [http://p3server.pa.msu.edu/coursewiki/doku.php?id=183_notes:energy_dissipation Dissipation of Energy]

</div>

===Week 12===
====Student Content====
<div class=“toccolours \
mw-collapsible mw-collapsed”>
=====Collisions=====
<div class=“mw-collapsible-content”>
*[[Newton’s Third Law of Motion]]
*[[Collisions]]
*[[Elastic Collisions]]
*[[Inelastic Collisions]]
*[[Maximally Inelastic Collision]]
*[[Head-on Collision of Equal Masses]]
*[[Head-on Collision of Unequal Masses]]
*[[Scattering: Collisions in 2D and 3D]]
*[[Rutherford Experiment and Atomic Collisions]]
*[[Coefficient of Restitution]]
</div>
</div>

====Expert Content====
<div class=“toccolours mw-collapsible \
mw-collapsed”>

* [http://p3server.pa.msu.edu/coursewiki/doku.php?id=183_notes:collisions Colliding Objects]
* [http://p3server.pa.msu.edu/coursewiki/doku.php?id=183_notes:center_of_mass Center of Mass Motion]
* [http://p3server.pa.msu.edu/coursewiki/doku.php?id=183_notes:center_of_mass Center of Mass Motion]
* [http://p3server.pa.msu.edu/coursewiki/doku.php?id=183_notes:rot_KE Rotational Kinetic Energy]
* [http://p3server.pa.msu.edu/coursewiki/doku.php?id=183_notes:pp_vs_real Point Particle and Real Systems]
* [http://p3server.pa.msu.edu/coursewiki/doku.php?id=183_notes:colliding_systems Collisions]

</div>

===Week 13===
====Student Content====
<div class=“toccolours \
mw-collapsible mw-collapsed”>
=====Rotations=====
<div class=“mw-collapsible-content”>
*[[Rotation]]
*[[Angular Velocity]]
*[[Eulerian Angles]]
</div>
</div>
<div class=“toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed”>
=====Angular Momentum=====
<div class=“mw-collapsible-content”>
*[[Total Angular Momentum]]
*[[Translational Angular Momentum]]
*[[Rotational Angular Momentum]]
*[[The Angular Momentum Principle]]
*[[Angular Momentum Compared to Linear Momentum]]
*[[Angular Impulse]]
*[[Predicting the Position of a Rotating System]]
*[[Angular Momentum of Multiparticle Systems]]
*[[The Moments of Inertia]]
*[[Moment of Inertia for a cylinder]]
*[[Right Hand Rule]]
</div>
</div>

====Expert Content====
<div class=“toccolours mw-collapsible \
mw-collapsed”>

* [http://p3server.pa.msu.edu/coursewiki/doku.php?id=183_notes:rot_KE Rotational Kinetic Energy]
* [http://p3server.pa.msu.edu/coursewiki/doku.php?id=183_notes:angular_motivation Why Angular Momentum?]
* [http://p3server.pa.msu.edu/coursewiki/doku.php?id=183_notes:ang_momentum Angular Momentum]
* [http://p3server.pa.msu.edu/coursewiki/doku.php?id=183_notes:L_principle Net Torque & The Angular Momentum Principle]
* [http://p3server.pa.msu.edu/coursewiki/doku.php?id=183_notes:L_conservation Angular Momentum Conservation]

</div>
===Week 14===

====Student Content====
<div class=“toccolours mw-collapsible \
mw-collapsed”>
=====Analyzing Motion with and without Torque=====
<div \
class=“mw-collapsible-content”>
*[[Torque]]
*[[Torque 2]]
*[[Systems with Zero Torque]]
*[[Systems with Nonzero Torque]]
*[[Torque vs Work]]
*[[Gyroscopes]]
</div>
</div>

====Expert Content====
<div class=“toccolours mw-collapsible \
mw-collapsed”>

* [http://p3server.pa.msu.edu/coursewiki/doku.php?id=183_notes:discovery_of_the_nucleus Discovery of the Nucleus]
* [http://p3server.pa.msu.edu/coursewiki/doku.php?id=183_notes:torque Torques Cause Changes in Rotation]
* [http://p3server.pa.msu.edu/coursewiki/doku.php?id=183_notes:L_principle Net Torque & The Angular Momentum Principle]

</div>

===Week 15===

====Student Content====
<div class=“toccolours mw-collapsible \
mw-collapsed”>
=====Introduction to Quantum Concepts=====
<div \class=“mw-collapsible-content”>
*[[Bohr Model]]
*[[Energy graphs and the Bohr model]]
*[[Quantized energy levels]]
</div>
</div>

====Expert Content====
<div class=“toccolours mw-collapsible \
mw-collapsed”>

* [http://p3server.pa.msu.edu/coursewiki/doku.php?id=183_notes:discovery_of_the_nucleus Discovery of the Nucleus]

</div>

<div style=“float:left; width:30%; padding:1%;”>

==Physics 2==
===Week 1===
<div class="toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">
====3D Vectors====
<div class="mw-collapsible-content">
*[[Page claimed by Laura Winalski]]*
*[[Vectors]]
*[[Right-Hand Rule]]
*[[Right Hand Rule]]
</div>
</div>

<div class="toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">

'''CLAIMED BY DIPRO CHAKRABORTY'''

'''CLAIMED BY DIPRO CHAKRABORTY'''
'''CLAIMED BY DIPRO CHAKRABORTY'''
'''CLAIMED BY DIPRO CHAKRABORTY'''

'''CLAIMED BY DIPRO CHAKRABORTY'''
====Electric field====
<div class="mw-collapsible-content">

[[Electric field]]

The electric field created by a charge is present throughout space at all times, whether or not there is another charge around to feel its effects. The electric field created by a charge penetrates through matter. The field permeates the neighboring space, biding its time until it can affect anything brought into its space of interaction.

==The Main Idea==
To be exact, the definition of the Electric Field is as follows:
The electric field is a region around a charged particle or object within which a force would be exerted on other objects.
If we put a charged particle at a location and it experiences a force, it would be logical to assume that there is something present that
is interacting with the particle. This "virtual force" is in essence the electric field.
===A Mathematical Model===

The electric field can be expressed mathematically as follows:

<math>{\vec{F_{net}} = 0 \Leftrightarrow \frac{d\vec{v}}{dt}} = 0</math>

<math>{\vec{F_{2}} = {q_{1}}{\vec{E_{1}}} \Leftrightarrow \frac{d\vec{v}}{dt}} </math>

which can be translated to postulate that the force on particle 2 is determined by the charge of particle 2 and the electric
field.

==Examples==

The following examples are to test your basic understanding of the Electric Field. For more examples that test your knowledge of all three of the laws, peruse the class textbook.

===Simple===
Which way is the electric field going for a negatively charged particle?

[[File:Simple111.png]]

It's easy to see that the electric field is pointing toward the negatively charged particle. The electric field is tending
toward the negatively charged particle.

===Middling===
Does the object in the following image have a net force of zero? Does it have a constant velocity?

This example is slightly more difficult, but is still quite trivial. If we sum the forces in the x direction, we see that the net force is 2 newtons in the -x direction. Therefore, the object does not have a constant velocity, and will be accelerating in the -x direction.

===Difficult===
Does the object in the following image have a net force of zero? Does it have a constant velocity?

This final example tests your knowledge and understanding of Newton's First Law. We're able to see that the box will accelerate in the -x direction because the net force in the x direction is 5 newtons to the left. However, the box itself has a velocity of 5m/s upwards, which would indeed stay constant. This is because forces (and motion) in perpendicular directions are of each other.

==Connectedness==

Newton's laws of motion tie into almost everything that we see or do. The first law, in particular, explains why we suddenly lurch forward when a car suddenly stops (our bodies are in a state of motion and thus resist the sudden stop), why it's much harder to stop when ice skating than walking (there's less friction, thus less net force to decelerate), and much, much, more. The importance of Newton's first law (and by extension, the other laws of motion) is not readily apparent, but serves as a basis to explain much of our daily interactions with our surroundings.

It can also apply to things outside of our daily interactions - space, for example. Newton's first law describes why an astronaut in space will continuously float in a direction forever if they are not pulled in by an asteroid or a planet's gravitational force. There is a lack of a net force opposing the astronaut's motion (due to the fact that there is no air in space) which results in the astronaut having a constant velocity. Floating off into space is probably an astronaut's worst nightmare, a scenario that a recent movie, ''Gravity'', explored. The entire premise of the movie (Sandra Bullock becomes untethered from her space station) relies on Newton's first law of motion.
==History==

While Galileo is the one credited with the idea of inertia motion, it was René Descartes, a French philosopher, who would expand upon Galileo's ideas. Descartes went on to propose three fundamental laws of nature in his book, ''Principles of Philosophy'', the first of which stated that "each thing, as far as is in its power, always remains in the same state; and that consequently, when it is once moved, it always continues to move." Thus, while the concept of inertia is often referred to as Newton's First Law, it was first described by Galileo and then perfected by Descartes decades before Newton published his findings.

As for Newton, he first described his three laws of motion in ''The Mathematical Principle of Natural Philosophy'', for the Principia, which was published in 1687. These laws described the relationship between an object and the forces acting upon it and laid the foundation for classical mechanics. While Newton's first law came from the work of Descartes and Galileo, his other laws are the work of himself.

==The Main Idea==
To be exact, the definition of the Electric Field is as follows:
The electric field is a region around a charged particle or object within which a force would be exerted on other objects.
If we put a charged particle at a location and it experiences a force, it would be logical to assume that there is something present that
is interacting with the particle. This "virtual force" is in essence the electric field.
===A Mathematical Model===

The electric field can be expressed mathematically as follows:

<math>{\vec{F_{net}} = 0 \Leftrightarrow \frac{d\vec{v}}{dt}} = 0</math>

<math>{\vec{F_{2}} = {q_{1}}{\vec{E_{1}}} \Leftrightarrow \frac{d\vec{v}}{dt}} </math>

which can be translated to postulate that the force on particle 2 is determined by the charge of particle 2 and the electric
field.

==Examples==

The following examples are to test your basic understanding of the Electric Field. For more examples that test your knowledge of all three of the laws, peruse the class textbook.

===Simple===
Which way is the electric field going for a negatively charged particle?

[[File:Simple111.png]]

It's easy to see that the electric field is pointing toward the negatively charged particle. The electric field is tending
toward the negatively charged particle.

===Middling===
Does the object in the following image have a net force of zero? Does it have a constant velocity?

This example is slightly more difficult, but is still quite trivial. If we sum the forces in the x direction, we see that the net force is 2 newtons in the -x direction. Therefore, the object does not have a constant velocity, and will be accelerating in the -x direction.

===Difficult===
Does the object in the following image have a net force of zero? Does it have a constant velocity?

This final example tests your knowledge and understanding of Newton's First Law. We're able to see that the box will accelerate in the -x direction because the net force in the x direction is 5 newtons to the left. However, the box itself has a velocity of 5m/s upwards, which would indeed stay constant. This is because forces (and motion) in perpendicular directions are of each other.

==Connectedness==

Newton's laws of motion tie into almost everything that we see or do. The first law, in particular, explains why we suddenly lurch forward when a car suddenly stops (our bodies are in a state of motion and thus resist the sudden stop), why it's much harder to stop when ice skating than walking (there's less friction, thus less net force to decelerate), and much, much, more. The importance of Newton's first law (and by extension, the other laws of motion) is not readily apparent, but serves as a basis to explain much of our daily interactions with our surroundings.

It can also apply to things outside of our daily interactions - space, for example. Newton's first law describes why an astronaut in space will continuously float in a direction forever if they are not pulled in by an asteroid or a planet's gravitational force. There is a lack of a net force opposing the astronaut's motion (due to the fact that there is no air in space) which results in the astronaut having a constant velocity. Floating off into space is probably an astronaut's worst nightmare, a scenario that a recent movie, ''Gravity'', explored. The entire premise of the movie (Sandra Bullock becomes untethered from her space station) relies on Newton's first law of motion.
==History==

While Galileo is the one credited with the idea of inertia motion, it was René Descartes, a French philosopher, who would expand upon Galileo's ideas. Descartes went on to propose three fundamental laws of nature in his book, ''Principles of Philosophy'', the first of which stated that "each thing, as far as is in its power, always remains in the same state; and that consequently, when it is once moved, it always continues to move." Thus, while the concept of inertia is often referred to as Newton's First Law, it was first described by Galileo and then perfected by Descartes decades before Newton published his findings.

As for Newton, he first described his three laws of motion in ''The Mathematical Principle of Natural Philosophy'', for the Principia, which was published in 1687. These laws described the relationship between an object and the forces acting upon it and laid the foundation for classical mechanics. While Newton's first law came from the work of Descartes and Galileo, his other laws are the work of himself.

==The Main Idea==
To be exact, the definition of the Electric Field is as follows:
The electric field is a region around a charged particle or object within which a force would be exerted on other objects.
If we put a charged particle at a location and it experiences a force, it would be logical to assume that there is something present that
is interacting with the particle. This "virtual force" is in essence the electric field.
===A Mathematical Model===

The electric field can be expressed mathematically as follows:

<math>{\vec{F_{net}} = 0 \Leftrightarrow \frac{d\vec{v}}{dt}} = 0</math>

<math>{\vec{F_{2}} = {q_{1}}{\vec{E_{1}}} \Leftrightarrow \frac{d\vec{v}}{dt}} </math>

which can be translated to postulate that the force on particle 2 is determined by the charge of particle 2 and the electric
field.

==Examples==

The following examples are to test your basic understanding of the Electric Field. For more examples that test your knowledge of all three of the laws, peruse the class textbook.

===Simple===
Which way is the electric field going for a negatively charged particle?

[[File:Simple111.png]]

It's easy to see that the electric field is pointing toward the negatively charged particle. The electric field is tending
toward the negatively charged particle.

===Middling===
Does the object in the following image have a net force of zero? Does it have a constant velocity?

This example is slightly more difficult, but is still quite trivial. If we sum the forces in the x direction, we see that the net force is 2 newtons in the -x direction. Therefore, the object does not have a constant velocity, and will be accelerating in the -x direction.

===Difficult===
Does the object in the following image have a net force of zero? Does it have a constant velocity?

This final example tests your knowledge and understanding of Newton's First Law. We're able to see that the box will accelerate in the -x direction because the net force in the x direction is 5 newtons to the left. However, the box itself has a velocity of 5m/s upwards, which would indeed stay constant. This is because forces (and motion) in perpendicular directions are of each other.

==Connectedness==

Newton's laws of motion tie into almost everything that we see or do. The first law, in particular, explains why we suddenly lurch forward when a car suddenly stops (our bodies are in a state of motion and thus resist the sudden stop), why it's much harder to stop when ice skating than walking (there's less friction, thus less net force to decelerate), and much, much, more. The importance of Newton's first law (and by extension, the other laws of motion) is not readily apparent, but serves as a basis to explain much of our daily interactions with our surroundings.

It can also apply to things outside of our daily interactions - space, for example. Newton's first law describes why an astronaut in space will continuously float in a direction forever if they are not pulled in by an asteroid or a planet's gravitational force. There is a lack of a net force opposing the astronaut's motion (due to the fact that there is no air in space) which results in the astronaut having a constant velocity. Floating off into space is probably an astronaut's worst nightmare, a scenario that a recent movie, ''Gravity'', explored. The entire premise of the movie (Sandra Bullock becomes untethered from her space station) relies on Newton's first law of motion.
==History==

While Galileo is the one credited with the idea of inertia motion, it was René Descartes, a French philosopher, who would expand upon Galileo's ideas. Descartes went on to propose three fundamental laws of nature in his book, ''Principles of Philosophy'', the first of which stated that "each thing, as far as is in its power, always remains in the same state; and that consequently, when it is once moved, it always continues to move." Thus, while the concept of inertia is often referred to as Newton's First Law, it was first described by Galileo and then perfected by Descartes decades before Newton published his findings.

As for Newton, he first described his three laws of motion in ''The Mathematical Principle of Natural Philosophy'', for the Principia, which was published in 1687. These laws described the relationship between an object and the forces acting upon it and laid the foundation for classical mechanics. While Newton's first law came from the work of Descartes and Galileo, his other laws are the work of himself.

==The Main Idea==
To be exact, the definition of the Electric Field is as follows:
The electric field is a region around a charged particle or object within which a force would be exerted on other objects.
If we put a charged particle at a location and it experiences a force, it would be logical to assume that there is something present that
is interacting with the particle. This "virtual force" is in essence the electric field.
===A Mathematical Model===

The electric field can be expressed mathematically as follows:

<math>{\vec{F_{net}} = 0 \Leftrightarrow \frac{d\vec{v}}{dt}} = 0</math>

<math>{\vec{F_{2}} = {q_{1}}{\vec{E_{1}}} \Leftrightarrow \frac{d\vec{v}}{dt}} </math>

which can be translated to postulate that the force on particle 2 is determined by the charge of particle 2 and the electric
field.

==Examples==

The following examples are to test your basic understanding of the Electric Field. For more examples that test your knowledge of all three of the laws, peruse the class textbook.

===Simple===
Which way is the electric field going for a negatively charged particle?

[[File:Simple111.png]]

It's easy to see that the electric field is pointing toward the negatively charged particle. The electric field is tending
toward the negatively charged particle.

===Middling===
Does the object in the following image have a net force of zero? Does it have a constant velocity?

This example is slightly more difficult, but is still quite trivial. If we sum the forces in the x direction, we see that the net force is 2 newtons in the -x direction. Therefore, the object does not have a constant velocity, and will be accelerating in the -x direction.

===Difficult===
Does the object in the following image have a net force of zero? Does it have a constant velocity?

This final example tests your knowledge and understanding of Newton's First Law. We're able to see that the box will accelerate in the -x direction because the net force in the x direction is 5 newtons to the left. However, the box itself has a velocity of 5m/s upwards, which would indeed stay constant. This is because forces (and motion) in perpendicular directions are of each other.

==Connectedness==

Newton's laws of motion tie into almost everything that we see or do. The first law, in particular, explains why we suddenly lurch forward when a car suddenly stops (our bodies are in a state of motion and thus resist the sudden stop), why it's much harder to stop when ice skating than walking (there's less friction, thus less net force to decelerate), and much, much, more. The importance of Newton's first law (and by extension, the other laws of motion) is not readily apparent, but serves as a basis to explain much of our daily interactions with our surroundings.

It can also apply to things outside of our daily interactions - space, for example. Newton's first law describes why an astronaut in space will continuously float in a direction forever if they are not pulled in by an asteroid or a planet's gravitational force. There is a lack of a net force opposing the astronaut's motion (due to the fact that there is no air in space) which results in the astronaut having a constant velocity. Floating off into space is probably an astronaut's worst nightmare, a scenario that a recent movie, ''Gravity'', explored. The entire premise of the movie (Sandra Bullock becomes untethered from her space station) relies on Newton's first law of motion.
==History==

While Galileo is the one credited with the idea of inertia motion, it was René Descartes, a French philosopher, who would expand upon Galileo's ideas. Descartes went on to propose three fundamental laws of nature in his book, ''Principles of Philosophy'', the first of which stated that "each thing, as far as is in its power, always remains in the same state; and that consequently, when it is once moved, it always continues to move." Thus, while the concept of inertia is often referred to as Newton's First Law, it was first described by Galileo and then perfected by Descartes decades before Newton published his findings.

As for Newton, he first described his three laws of motion in ''The Mathematical Principle of Natural Philosophy'', for the Principia, which was published in 1687. These laws described the relationship between an object and the forces acting upon it and laid the foundation for classical mechanics. While Newton's first law came from the work of Descartes and Galileo, his other laws are the work of himself.

==The Main Idea==
To be exact, the definition of the Electric Field is as follows:
The electric field is a region around a charged particle or object within which a force would be exerted on other objects.
If we put a charged particle at a location and it experiences a force, it would be logical to assume that there is something present that
is interacting with the particle. This "virtual force" is in essence the electric field.
===A Mathematical Model===

The electric field can be expressed mathematically as follows:

<math>{\vec{F_{net}} = 0 \Leftrightarrow \frac{d\vec{v}}{dt}} = 0</math>

<math>{\vec{F_{2}} = {q_{1}}{\vec{E_{1}}} \Leftrightarrow \frac{d\vec{v}}{dt}} = 0</math>

which can be translated to postulate that the force on particle 2 is determined by the charge of particle 2 and the electric
field.

==Examples==

The following examples are to test your basic understanding of the Electric Field. For more examples that test your knowledge of all three of the laws, peruse the class textbook.

===Simple===
Which way is the electric field going for a negatively charged particle?

[[File:Example.jpg]]

It's easy to see that the electric field is pointing toward the negatively charged particle. The electric field is tending
toward the negatively charged particle.

===Middling===
Does the object in the following image have a net force of zero? Does it have a constant velocity?

This example is slightly more difficult, but is still quite trivial. If we sum the forces in the x direction, we see that the net force is 2 newtons in the -x direction. Therefore, the object does not have a constant velocity, and will be accelerating in the -x direction.

===Difficult===
Does the object in the following image have a net force of zero? Does it have a constant velocity?

This final example tests your knowledge and understanding of Newton's First Law. We're able to see that the box will accelerate in the -x direction because the net force in the x direction is 5 newtons to the left. However, the box itself has a velocity of 5m/s upwards, which would indeed stay constant. This is because forces (and motion) in perpendicular directions are of each other.

==Connectedness==

Newton's laws of motion tie into almost everything that we see or do. The first law, in particular, explains why we suddenly lurch forward when a car suddenly stops (our bodies are in a state of motion and thus resist the sudden stop), why it's much harder to stop when ice skating than walking (there's less friction, thus less net force to decelerate), and much, much, more. The importance of Newton's first law (and by extension, the other laws of motion) is not readily apparent, but serves as a basis to explain much of our daily interactions with our surroundings.

It can also apply to things outside of our daily interactions - space, for example. Newton's first law describes why an astronaut in space will continuously float in a direction forever if they are not pulled in by an asteroid or a planet's gravitational force. There is a lack of a net force opposing the astronaut's motion (due to the fact that there is no air in space) which results in the astronaut having a constant velocity. Floating off into space is probably an astronaut's worst nightmare, a scenario that a recent movie, ''Gravity'', explored. The entire premise of the movie (Sandra Bullock becomes untethered from her space station) relies on Newton's first law of motion.
==History==

While Galileo is the one credited with the idea of inertia motion, it was René Descartes, a French philosopher, who would expand upon Galileo's ideas. Descartes went on to propose three fundamental laws of nature in his book, ''Principles of Philosophy'', the first of which stated that "each thing, as far as is in its power, always remains in the same state; and that consequently, when it is once moved, it always continues to move." Thus, while the concept of inertia is often referred to as Newton's First Law, it was first described by Galileo and then perfected by Descartes decades before Newton published his findings.

As for Newton, he first described his three laws of motion in ''The Mathematical Principle of Natural Philosophy'', for the Principia, which was published in 1687. These laws described the relationship between an object and the forces acting upon it and laid the foundation for classical mechanics. While Newton's first law came from the work of Descartes and Galileo, his other laws are the work of himself.

==The Main Idea==
To be exact, the definition of the Electric Field is as follows:
The electric field is a region around a charged particle or object within which a force would be exerted on other charged particles or objects.
If we put a charged particle at a location and it experiences a force, it would be logical to assume that there is something present that
is interacting with the particle. This "virtual force" is in essence the electric field.
===A Mathematical Model===

The electric field can be expressed mathematically as follows:

<math>{\vec{F_{net}} = 0 \Leftrightarrow \frac{d\vec{v}}{dt}} = 0</math>

<math>{\vec{F_{2}} = {q_{1}}{\vec{E_{1}}} \Leftrightarrow \frac{d\vec{v}}{dt}} = 0</math>

which can be translated to postulate that the force on particle 2 is determined by the charge of particle 2 and the electric
field.

==Examples==

The following examples are to test your basic understanding of Newton's First Law. For more examples that test your knowledge of all three of the laws, click .

===Simple===
Does the object in the following image have a net force of zero? Does it have a constant velocity?

It's easy to see that the only force on the object is acting in the +x direction, with a magnitude of 5 newtons. Therefore, the object does not have a net force of zero or a constant velocity. It will be accelerating in the +x direction.

===Middling===
Does the object in the following image have a net force of zero? Does it have a constant velocity?

This example is slightly more difficult, but is still quite trivial. If we sum the forces in the x direction, we see that the net force is 2 newtons in the -x direction. Therefore, the object does not have a constant velocity, and will be accelerating in the -x direction.

===Difficult===
Does the object in the following image have a net force of zero? Does it have a constant velocity?

This final example tests your knowledge and understanding of Newton's First Law. We're able to see that the box will accelerate in the -x direction because the net force in the x direction is 5 newtons to the left. However, the box itself has a velocity of 5m/s upwards, which would indeed stay constant. This is because forces (and motion) in perpendicular directions are of each other.

==Connectedness==

Newton's laws of motion tie into almost everything that we see or do. The first law, in particular, explains why we suddenly lurch forward when a car suddenly stops (our bodies are in a state of motion and thus resist the sudden stop), why it's much harder to stop when ice skating than walking (there's less friction, thus less net force to decelerate), and much, much, more. The importance of Newton's first law (and by extension, the other laws of motion) is not readily apparent, but serves as a basis to explain much of our daily interactions with our surroundings.

It can also apply to things outside of our daily interactions - space, for example. Newton's first law describes why an astronaut in space will continuously float in a direction forever if they are not pulled in by an asteroid or a planet's gravitational force. There is a lack of a net force opposing the astronaut's motion (due to the fact that there is no air in space) which results in the astronaut having a constant velocity. Floating off into space is probably an astronaut's worst nightmare, a scenario that a recent movie, ''Gravity'', explored. The entire premise of the movie (Sandra Bullock becomes untethered from her space station) relies on Newton's first law of motion.
==History==

While Galileo is the one credited with the idea of inertia motion, it was René Descartes, a French philosopher, who would expand upon Galileo's ideas. Descartes went on to propose three fundamental laws of nature in his book, ''Principles of Philosophy'', the first of which stated that "each thing, as far as is in its power, always remains in the same state; and that consequently, when it is once moved, it always continues to move." Thus, while the concept of inertia is often referred to as Newton's First Law, it was first described by Galileo and then perfected by Descartes decades before Newton published his findings.

As for Newton, he first described his three laws of motion in ''The Mathematical Principle of Natural Philosophy'', for the Principia, which was published in 1687. These laws described the relationship between an object and the forces acting upon it and laid the foundation for classical mechanics. While Newton's first law came from the work of Descartes and Galileo, his other laws are the work of himself.

==The Main Idea==
To be exact, the definition of the First Law of Motion is as follows:
The electric field is a region around a charged particle or object within which a force would be exerted on other charged particles or objects.
In other (and much simpler) terms, it means that an object at rest stays at rest and an object in in motion stays in motion at a constant velocity unless acted on by an unbalanced net force. It's important to keep in mind that only a difference in affect the velocity of an object. The amount of change in velocity is determined by
===A Mathematical Model===

Newton's first law can be stated mathematically as follows:

<math>{\vec{F_{net}} = 0 \Leftrightarrow \frac{d\vec{v}}{dt}} = 0</math>

Where...

<math>\vec{F_{net}}</math> is the net force from the surroundings.

<math>d\vec{v}</math> is the change in velocity of the system.

<math>dt</math> is the change in time of the system

If we trace this formula from the left to the right, we can see that if the net force on an object is zero, then the change in velocity of an object is also zero. Conversely, if we were given an object and told that its change in momentum is zero, then we can deduce that the net force acting on the object is also zero. Keep in mind, however, that this formula simple deals with the '''change''' in velocity. It does '''not''' mean that the object is at rest, only that its velocity remains constant.

==Examples==

The following examples are to test your basic understanding of Newton's First Law. For more examples that test your knowledge of all three of the laws, click .

===Simple===
Does the object in the following image have a net force of zero? Does it have a constant velocity?

It's easy to see that the only force on the object is acting in the +x direction, with a magnitude of 5 newtons. Therefore, the object does not have a net force of zero or a constant velocity. It will be accelerating in the +x direction.

===Middling===
Does the object in the following image have a net force of zero? Does it have a constant velocity?

This example is slightly more difficult, but is still quite trivial. If we sum the forces in the x direction, we see that the net force is 2 newtons in the -x direction. Therefore, the object does not have a constant velocity, and will be accelerating in the -x direction.

===Difficult===
Does the object in the following image have a net force of zero? Does it have a constant velocity?

This final example tests your knowledge and understanding of Newton's First Law. We're able to see that the box will accelerate in the -x direction because the net force in the x direction is 5 newtons to the left. However, the box itself has a velocity of 5m/s upwards, which would indeed stay constant. This is because forces (and motion) in perpendicular directions are of each other.

==Connectedness==

Newton's laws of motion tie into almost everything that we see or do. The first law, in particular, explains why we suddenly lurch forward when a car suddenly stops (our bodies are in a state of motion and thus resist the sudden stop), why it's much harder to stop when ice skating than walking (there's less friction, thus less net force to decelerate), and much, much, more. The importance of Newton's first law (and by extension, the other laws of motion) is not readily apparent, but serves as a basis to explain much of our daily interactions with our surroundings.

It can also apply to things outside of our daily interactions - space, for example. Newton's first law describes why an astronaut in space will continuously float in a direction forever if they are not pulled in by an asteroid or a planet's gravitational force. There is a lack of a net force opposing the astronaut's motion (due to the fact that there is no air in space) which results in the astronaut having a constant velocity. Floating off into space is probably an astronaut's worst nightmare, a scenario that a recent movie, ''Gravity'', explored. The entire premise of the movie (Sandra Bullock becomes untethered from her space station) relies on Newton's first law of motion.
==History==

While Galileo is the one credited with the idea of inertia motion, it was René Descartes, a French philosopher, who would expand upon Galileo's ideas. Descartes went on to propose three fundamental laws of nature in his book, ''Principles of Philosophy'', the first of which stated that "each thing, as far as is in its power, always remains in the same state; and that consequently, when it is once moved, it always continues to move." Thus, while the concept of inertia is often referred to as Newton's First Law, it was first described by Galileo and then perfected by Descartes decades before Newton published his findings.

As for Newton, he first described his three laws of motion in ''The Mathematical Principle of Natural Philosophy'', for the Principia, which was published in 1687. These laws described the relationship between an object and the forces acting upon it and laid the foundation for classical mechanics. While Newton's first law came from the work of Descartes and Galileo, his other laws are the work of himself.

==The Main Idea==
To be exact, the definition of the First Law of Motion is as follows:
The electric field is a region around a charged particle or object within which a force would be exerted on other charged particles or objects.
In other (and much simpler) terms, it means that an object at rest stays at rest and an object in in motion stays in motion at a constant velocity unless acted on by an unbalanced net force. It's important to keep in mind that only a difference in affect the velocity of an object. The amount of change in velocity is determined by
===A Mathematical Model===

Newton's first law can be stated mathematically as follows:

<math>{\vec{F_{net}} = 0 \Leftrightarrow \frac{d\vec{v}}{dt}} = 0</math>

Where...

<math>\vec{F_{net}}</math> is the net force from the surroundings.

<math>d\vec{v}</math> is the change in velocity of the system.

<math>dt</math> is the change in time of the system

If we trace this formula from the left to the right, we can see that if the net force on an object is zero, then the change in velocity of an object is also zero. Conversely, if we were given an object and told that its change in momentum is zero, then we can deduce that the net force acting on the object is also zero. Keep in mind, however, that this formula simple deals with the '''change''' in velocity. It does '''not''' mean that the object is at rest, only that its velocity remains constant.

==Examples==

The following examples are to test your basic understanding of Newton's First Law. For more examples that test your knowledge of all three of the laws, click .

===Simple===
Does the object in the following image have a net force of zero? Does it have a constant velocity?

It's easy to see that the only force on the object is acting in the +x direction, with a magnitude of 5 newtons. Therefore, the object does not have a net force of zero or a constant velocity. It will be accelerating in the +x direction.

===Middling===
Does the object in the following image have a net force of zero? Does it have a constant velocity?

This example is slightly more difficult, but is still quite trivial. If we sum the forces in the x direction, we see that the net force is 2 newtons in the -x direction. Therefore, the object does not have a constant velocity, and will be accelerating in the -x direction.

===Difficult===
Does the object in the following image have a net force of zero? Does it have a constant velocity?

This final example tests your knowledge and understanding of Newton's First Law. We're able to see that the box will accelerate in the -x direction because the net force in the x direction is 5 newtons to the left. However, the box itself has a velocity of 5m/s upwards, which would indeed stay constant. This is because forces (and motion) in perpendicular directions are of each other.

==Connectedness==

Newton's laws of motion tie into almost everything that we see or do. The first law, in particular, explains why we suddenly lurch forward when a car suddenly stops (our bodies are in a state of motion and thus resist the sudden stop), why it's much harder to stop when ice skating than walking (there's less friction, thus less net force to decelerate), and much, much, more. The importance of Newton's first law (and by extension, the other laws of motion) is not readily apparent, but serves as a basis to explain much of our daily interactions with our surroundings.

It can also apply to things outside of our daily interactions - space, for example. Newton's first law describes why an astronaut in space will continuously float in a direction forever if they are not pulled in by an asteroid or a planet's gravitational force. There is a lack of a net force opposing the astronaut's motion (due to the fact that there is no air in space) which results in the astronaut having a constant velocity. Floating off into space is probably an astronaut's worst nightmare, a scenario that a recent movie, ''Gravity'', explored. The entire premise of the movie (Sandra Bullock becomes untethered from her space station) relies on Newton's first law of motion.
==History==

While Galileo is the one credited with the idea of inertia motion, it was René Descartes, a French philosopher, who would expand upon Galileo's ideas. Descartes went on to propose three fundamental laws of nature in his book, ''Principles of Philosophy'', the first of which stated that "each thing, as far as is in its power, always remains in the same state; and that consequently, when it is once moved, it always continues to move." Thus, while the concept of inertia is often referred to as Newton's First Law, it was first described by Galileo and then perfected by Descartes decades before Newton published his findings.

As for Newton, he first described his three laws of motion in ''The Mathematical Principle of Natural Philosophy'', for the Principia, which was published in 1687. These laws described the relationship between an object and the forces acting upon it and laid the foundation for classical mechanics. While Newton's first law came from the work of Descartes and Galileo, his other laws are the work of himself.

==The Main Idea==
To be exact, the definition of the First Law of Motion is as follows:
Every body persists in its state of rest or of moving with constant speed in a constant direction, except to the extent that it is compelled to change that state by forces acting on it.
In other (and much simpler) terms, it means that an object at rest stays at rest and an object in in motion stays in motion at a constant velocity unless acted on by an unbalanced net force. It's important to keep in mind that only a difference in [http://www.physicsclassroom.com/class/newtlaws/Lesson-2/Determining-the-Net-Force net force] can affect the velocity of an object. The amount of change in velocity is determined by [http://www.physicsclassroom.com/class/newtlaws/Lesson-3/Newton-s-Second-Law Newton's Second Law of Motion].

===A Mathematical Model===

Newton's first law can be stated mathematically as follows:

<math>{\vec{F_{net}} = 0 \Leftrightarrow \frac{d\vec{v}}{dt}} = 0</math>

Where...

<math>\vec{F_{net}}</math> is the net force from the surroundings.

<math>d\vec{v}</math> is the change in velocity of the system.

<math>dt</math> is the change in time of the system

If we trace this formula from the left to the right, we can see that if the net force on an object is zero, then the change in velocity of an object is also zero. Conversely, if we were given an object and told that its change in momentum is zero, then we can deduce that the net force acting on the object is also zero. Keep in mind, however, that this formula simple deals with the '''change''' in velocity. It does '''not''' mean that the object is at rest, only that its velocity remains constant.

==Examples==

The following examples are to test your basic understanding of Newton's First Law. For more examples that test your knowledge of all three of the laws, click [http://www.physicsclassroom.com/calcpad/newtlaws/problems here].

===Simple===
Does the object in the following image have a net force of zero? Does it have a constant velocity?

[[File:Newtonfirstlawsimple.png|400px]]

It's easy to see that the only force on the object is acting in the +x direction, with a magnitude of 5 newtons. Therefore, the object does not have a net force of zero or a constant velocity. It will be accelerating in the +x direction.

===Middling===
Does the object in the following image have a net force of zero? Does it have a constant velocity?

[[File:Newtonfirstlawmedium.png|400px]]

This example is slightly more difficult, but is still quite trivial. If we sum the forces in the x direction, we see that the net force is 2 newtons in the -x direction. Therefore, the object does not have a constant velocity, and will be accelerating in the -x direction.

===Difficult===
Does the object in the following image have a net force of zero? Does it have a constant velocity?

[[File:Newtonsfirstlawhard.png|400px]]

This final example tests your knowledge and understanding of Newton's First Law. We're able to see that the box will accelerate in the -x direction because the net force in the x direction is 5 newtons to the left. However, the box itself has a velocity of 5m/s upwards, which would indeed stay constant. This is because forces (and motion) in perpendicular directions are [http://www.physicsclassroom.com/class/vectors/Lesson-1/Independence-of-Perpendicular-Components-of-Motion independent] of each other.

==Connectedness==

[[File:Tablecloth.gif|left|300px|thumb|The "magic trick" of ripping off a table cloth without the plates on top moving is an example of Newton's First Law. The tableware is in a state of rest, and thus want to remain in such a state.]]

Newton's laws of motion tie into almost everything that we see or do. The first law, in particular, explains why we suddenly lurch forward when a car suddenly stops (our bodies are in a state of motion and thus resist the sudden stop), why it's much harder to stop when ice skating than walking (there's less friction, thus less net force to decelerate), and much, much, more. The importance of Newton's first law (and by extension, the other laws of motion) is not readily apparent, but serves as a basis to explain much of our daily interactions with our surroundings.

It can also apply to things outside of our daily interactions - space, for example. Newton's first law describes why an astronaut in space will continuously float in a direction forever if they are not pulled in by an asteroid or a planet's gravitational force. There is a lack of a net force opposing the astronaut's motion (due to the fact that there is no air in space) which results in the astronaut having a constant velocity. Floating off into space is probably an astronaut's worst nightmare, a scenario that a recent movie, ''Gravity'', explored. The entire premise of the movie (Sandra Bullock becomes untethered from her space station) relies on Newton's first law of motion.
==History==

While Galileo is the one credited with the idea of inertia motion, it was René Descartes, a French philosopher, who would expand upon Galileo's ideas. Descartes went on to propose three fundamental laws of nature in his book, ''Principles of Philosophy'', the first of which stated that "each thing, as far as is in its power, always remains in the same state; and that consequently, when it is once moved, it always continues to move." Thus, while the concept of inertia is often referred to as Newton's First Law, it was first described by Galileo and then perfected by Descartes decades before Newton published his findings.

As for Newton, he first described his three laws of motion in ''The Mathematical Principle of Natural Philosophy'', for the Principia, which was published in 1687. These laws described the relationship between an object and the forces acting upon it and laid the foundation for classical mechanics. While Newton's first law came from the work of Descartes and Galileo, his other laws are the work of himself.

==Electric Field==
The electric field created by a charge is present throughout space at all times, whether or not there is another charge around to feel its effects. The electric field created by a charge penetrates through matter. The field permeates the neighboring space, biding its time until it can affect anything brought into its space of interaction.
*[[Vectors]]
*[[Right-Hand Rule]]
*[[Right Hand Rule]]
</div>
</div>

<div class="toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">

====Electric force====
<div class="mw-collapsible-content">

*[[Electric Force]] Claimed by Amarachi Eze
*[[Lorentz Force]]
</div>
</div>

<div class="toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">

====Electric field of a point particle====

<div class="mw-collapsible-content">
*[[Point Charge]]
</div>
</div>

<div class="toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">

'''Bold text'''====Superposition====
<div class="mw-collapsible-content">
*[[Superposition Principle]]
*[[Superposition principle]]
</div>
</div>

<div class="toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">

====Dipoles====
<div class="mw-collapsible-content">
*[[Electric Dipole]]
*[[Magnetic Dipole]]
</div>
</div>

===Week 2===
<div class="toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">
====Interactions of charged objects====
<div class="mw-collapsible-content">
*[[Electric Field]]
*[[Electric Potential]]
*[[Electric Force]]
*[[Lorentz Force]]
</div>
</div>

<div class="toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">
====Tape experiments====
<div class="mw-collapsible-content">
*[[Polarization]]
*[[Electric Polarization]]
</div>
</div>

<div class="toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">
====Polarization====
<div class="mw-collapsible-content">
*[[Polarization]]
*[[Electric Polarization]]
*[[Polarization of an Atom]]
</div>
</div>

===Week 3===
<div class="toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">
====Insulators====
<div class="mw-collapsible-content">
*[[Insulators]]
*[[Potential Difference in an Insulator]]
*[[Charged Conductor and Charged Insulator]]
*[[Charged conductor and charged insulator]]
</div>
</div>

<div class="toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">
====Conductors====
<div class="mw-collapsible-content">
*[[Conductivity]]
*[[Charge Transfer]]
*[[Resistivity]]
*[[Polarization of a conductor]]
*[[Charged Conductor and Charged Insulator]]
*[[Charged conductor and charged insulator]]
</div>
</div>

<div class="toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">
====Charging and discharging====
<div class="mw-collapsible-content">
*[[Charge Transfer]]
*[[Electrostatic Discharge]]
*[[Charged Conductor and Charged Insulator]]
*[[Charged conductor and charged insulator]]
</div>
</div>

===Week 4===
<div class="toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">
====Field of a charged rod====
<div class="mw-collapsible-content">
*[[Charged Rod]]
</div>
</div>

<div class="toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">

====Field of a charged ring/disk/capacitor====
<div class="mw-collapsible-content">
*[[Charged Ring]]
*[[Charged Disk]]
*[[Charged Capacitor]]
</div>
</div>

<div class="toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">

====Field of a charged sphere====
<div class="mw-collapsible-content">
*[[Charged Spherical Shell]]
*[[Field of a Charged Ball]]
</div>
</div>

===Week 5===
<div class="toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">
====Potential energy====
<div class="mw-collapsible-content">
*[[Potential Energy]]
</div>
</div>

<div class="toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">
====Electric potential====
<div class="mw-collapsible-content">
*[[Electric Potential]]
*[[Path Independence of Electric Potential]]
*[[Potential Difference Path Independence, claimed by Aditya Mohile]]
*[[Potential Difference in a Uniform Field]]
*[[Potential Difference of Point Charge in a Non-Uniform Field]]
</div>
</div>
<div class="toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">

====Sign of a potential difference====
Claimed by Tyler Quill
<div class="mw-collapsible-content">
*[[Overview]]
*[[Determining the Sign of Potential Difference]]
*[[Understanding the Sign of Potential Difference]]
</div>
<div class="toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">

====Potential at a single location====
<div class="mw-collapsible-content">
*[[Electric Potential]]
*[[Potential Difference at One Location]]
</div>
</div>

<div class="toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">

====Path independence and round trip potential====
<div class="mw-collapsible-content">
*[[Path Independence of Electric Potential]]
*[[Potential Difference Path Independence, claimed by Aditya Mohile]]
</div>
</div>

===Week 6===
<div class="toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">
====Electric field and potential in an insulator====
<div class="mw-collapsible-content">
*[[Potential Difference in an Insulator]]
*[[Electric Field in an Insulator]]
</div>
</div>
<div class="toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">

====Moving charges in a magnetic field====
<div class="mw-collapsible-content">
*[[Magnetic Field]]
*[[Magnetic Force]]
*[[Lorentz Force]]
</div>
</div>
<div class="toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">

====Biot-Savart Law====
<div class="mw-collapsible-content">
*[[Biot-Savart Law]]
*[[Biot-Savart Law for Currents]]
</div>
</div>
<div class="toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">

====Moving charges, electron current, and conventional current====
<div class="mw-collapsible-content">
*[[Moving Point Charge]]
*[[Current]]
</div>
</div>

===Week 7=== Claimed by Diem Tran
<div class="toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">
====Magnetic field of a wire====
<div class="mw-collapsible-content">
*[[Magnetic Field of a Long Straight Wire]]
</div>
</div>

<div class="toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">
====Magnetic field of a current-carrying loop====
<div class="mw-collapsible-content">
*[[Magnetic Field of a Loop]]
</div>
</div>

<div class="toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">
====Magnetic dipoles====
<div class="mw-collapsible-content">
*[[Magnetic Dipole Moment]]
*[[Bar Magnet]]
</div>
</div>

<div class="toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">
====Atomic structure of magnets====
<div class="mw-collapsible-content">
*[[Atomic Structure of Magnets]]
</div>
</div>

===Week 8===
<div class="toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">
====Steady state current====
<div class="mw-collapsible-content">
*[[Steady State]]
*[[Non Steady State]]
</div>
</div>

<div class="toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">
====Node rule====
<div class="mw-collapsible-content">
*[[Node Rule]]
</div>
</div>

<div class="toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">
====Electric fields and energy in circuits====
<div class="mw-collapsible-content">
*[[Series circuit]] claimed by Hannah Jang
*[[Node Rule]]
*[[Loop Rule]]
*[[Electric Potential Difference]]
</div>
</div>

<div class="toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">

====Macroscopic analysis of circuits====
<div class="mw-collapsible-content">
*[[Series Circuits]]
*[[Parallel CIrcuits]]
*[[Parallel Circuits vs. Series Circuits*]]
*[[Loop Rule]]
*[[Node Rule]]
*[[Resistors*]]
</div>
</div>

===Week 9===
<div class="toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">
====Electric field and potential in circuits with capacitors====
<div class="mw-collapsible-content">
*[[Charging and Discharging a Capacitor]]
*[[RC Circuit]]
*[[R Circuit]]
*[[AC and DC]]

</div>
</div>

<div class="toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">

====Magnetic forces on charges and currents====
<div class="mw-collapsible-content">
*[[Magnetic Force]]
*[[Lorentz Force]]
*[[Applying Magnetic Force to Currents]]
*[[Magnetic Force in a Moving Reference Frame]]
*[[Right-Hand Rule]]
*[[Analysis of Railgun vs Coil gun technologies]]
</div>
</div>

<div class="toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">
====Electric and magnetic forces====
<div class="mw-collapsible-content">
*[[Electric Force]]
*[[Magnetic Force]]
*[[Lorentz Force]]
*[[VPython Modelling of Electric and Magnetic Forces]]
</div>
</div>

<div class="toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">
====Velocity selector====
<div class="mw-collapsible-content">
*[[Lorentz Force]]
*[[Combining Electric and Magnetic Forces]]
</div>
</div>

===Week 10===

====Student Content====

<div class=“toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed”>
==== Hall Effect ====
<div class="mw-collapsible-content">
*[[Hall Effect]]
*[[Motional Emf]]
*[[Magnetic Force]]
*[[Magnetic Torque]]

</div>
</div>

==Physics 3==

===Week 1===
<div class="toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">
====Classical Physics====
<div class="mw-collapsible-content">
</div>
</div>

===Week 2===
<div class="toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">
====Special Relativity====
<div class="mw-collapsible-content">
*[[Frame of Reference]]
*[[Einstein's Theory of Special Relativity]]
*[[Time Dilation]]
*[[Einstein's Theory of General Relativity]]
*[[Albert A. Micheleson & Edward W. Morley]]
*[[Magnetic Force in a Moving Reference Frame]]
</div>
</div>

===Week 3===
<div class="toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">
====Photons====
<div class="mw-collapsible-content">
*[[Spontaneous Photon Emission]]
*[[Light Scattering: Why is the Sky Blue]]
*[[Lasers]]
*[[Electronic Energy Levels and Photons]]
*[[Quantum Properties of Light]]
</div>
</div>

===Week 4===
<div class="toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">
====Matter Waves====
<div class="mw-collapsible-content">
*[[Wave-Particle Duality]]
</div>
</div>

===Week 5===
<div class="toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">
====Wave Mechanics====
<div class="mw-collapsible-content">
*[[Standing Waves]]
*[[Wavelength]]
*[[Wavelength and Frequency]]
*[[Mechanical Waves]]
*[[Transverse and Longitudinal Waves]]
</div>
</div>

===Week 6===
<div class="toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">
====Rutherford-Bohr Model====
<div class="mw-collapsible-content">
*[[Rutherford Experiment and Atomic Collisions]]
*[[Bohr Model]]
*[[Quantized energy levels]]
*[[Energy graphs and the Bohr model]]
</div>
</div>

===Week 7===
<div class="toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">
====The Hydrogen Atom====
<div class="mw-collapsible-content">
*[[Quantum Theory]]
*[[Atomic Theory]]
</div>
</div>

===Week 8===
<div class="toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">
====Many-Electron Atoms====
<div class="mw-collapsible-content">
*[[Quantum Theory]]
*[[Atomic Theory]]
*[[Pauli exclusion principle]]
</div>
</div>

===Week 9===
<div class="toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">
====Molecules====
<div class="mw-collapsible-content">
</div>
</div>

===Week 10===
<div class="toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">
====Statistical Physics====
<div class="mw-collapsible-content">
</div>
</div>

===Week 11===
<div class="toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">
====Condensed Matter Physics====
<div class="mw-collapsible-content">
</div>
</div>

===Week 12===
<div class="toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">
====The Nucleus====
<div class="mw-collapsible-content">
</div>
</div>

===Week 13===
<div class="toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">
====Nuclear Physics====
<div class="mw-collapsible-content">
*[[Nuclear Fission]]
*[[Nuclear Energy from Fission and Fusion]]
</div>
</div>

===Week 14===
<div class="toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">
====Particle Physics====
<div class="mw-collapsible-content">
*[[Elementary Particles and Particle Physics Theory]]
*[[String Theory]]
</div>
</div>

Main Page

2016-04-17T05:48:07Z

Tquill: /* Sign of a potential difference */

__NOTOC__
Welcome to the Georgia Tech Wiki for Introductory Physics. This resource was created so that students can contribute and curate content to help those with limited or no access to a textbook. When reading this website, please correct any errors you may come across. If you read something that isn't clear, please consider revising it for future students!

Looking to make a contribution?
#Pick one of the topics from intro physics listed below
#Add content to that topic or improve the quality of what is already there.
#Need to make a new topic? Edit this page and add it to the list under the appropriate category. Then copy and paste the default [[Template]] into your new page and start editing.

Please remember that this is not a textbook and you are not limited to expressing your ideas with only text and equations. Whenever possible embed: pictures, videos, diagrams, simulations, computational models (e.g. Glowscript), and whatever content you think makes learning physics easier for other students.

== Source Material ==
All of the content added to this resource must be in the public domain or similar free resource. If you are unsure about a source, contact the original author for permission. That said, there is a surprisingly large amount of introductory physics content scattered across the web. Here is an incomplete list of intro physics resources (please update as needed).
* A physics resource written by experts for an expert audience [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:Physics Physics Portal]
* A wiki written for students by a physics expert [http://p3server.pa.msu.edu/coursewiki/doku.php?id=183_notes MSU Physics Wiki]
* A wiki book on modern physics [https://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Modern_Physics Modern Physics Wiki]
* The MIT open courseware for intro physics [http://ocw.mit.edu/resources/res-8-002-a-wikitextbook-for-introductory-mechanics-fall-2009/index.htm MITOCW Wiki]
* An online concept map of intro physics [http://hyperphysics.phy-astr.gsu.edu/hbase/hph.html HyperPhysics]
* Interactive physics simulations [https://phet.colorado.edu/en/simulations/category/physics PhET]
* OpenStax algebra based intro physics textbook [https://openstaxcollege.org/textbooks/college-physics College Physics]
* The Open Source Physics project is a collection of online physics resources [http://www.opensourcephysics.org/ OSP]
* A resource guide compiled by the [http://www.aapt.org/ AAPT] for educators [http://www.compadre.org/ ComPADRE]

== Organizing Categories ==
These are the broad, overarching categories, that we cover in three semester of introductory physics. You can add subcategories as needed but a single topic should direct readers to a page in one of these categories.

== Resources ==
* Commonly used wiki commands [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:Cheatsheet Wiki Cheatsheet]
* A guide to representing equations in math mode [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:Displaying_a_formula Wiki Math Mode]
* A page to keep track of all the physics [[Constants]]
* A page for review of [[Vectors]] and vector operations
* A listing of [[Notable Scientist]] with links to their individual pages

<div style="float:left; width:30%; padding:1%;">
==Physics 1==
===Week 1===

====Student Content====
<div class=“toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed”>
=====Help with VPython=====
<div class=“mw-collapsible-content”>
*[[VPython]]
*[[VPython basics]]
*[[VPython Common Errors and Troubleshooting]]
*[[VPython Functions]]
*[[VPython Lists]]
*[[VPython Loops]]
*[[VPython Multithreading]]
*[[VPython Animation]]
*[[VPython Objects]]
*[[VPython 3D Objects]]
*[[VPython Reference]]
*[[VPython MapReduceFilter]]
*[[VPython GUIs]]
</div>
</div>

<div class=“toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed”>
=====Vectors and Units=====
<div class=“mw-collapsible-content”>
*[[Vectors]]
*[[SI units]]
</div>
</div>

<div class=“toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed”>

=====Interactions=====
<div class=“mw-collapsible-content”>
</div>
</div>
*[[Types of Interactions and How to Detect Them]]

<div class=“toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed”>

=====Velocity and Momentum=====
<div class=“mw-collapsible-content”>
*[[Newton’s First Law of Motion]]
*[[Velocity]]
*[[Mass]]
*[[Speed and Velocity]]
*[[Relative Velocity]]
*[[Derivation of Average Velocity]]
*[[2-Dimensional Motion]]
*[[3-Dimensional Position and Motion]]
</div>
</div>

====Expert Content====
<div class=“toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed”>

* [http://p3server.pa.msu.edu/coursewiki/doku.php?id=183_notes:vpython_resources Software for Projects]

</div>

===Week 2===
====Student Content====
<div class=“toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed”>
=====Momentum and the Momentum Principle=====
<div class=“mw-collapsible-content”>
*[[Momentum Principle]]
*[[Inertia]]
*[[Net Force]]
*[[Derivation of the Momentum Principle]]
*[[Impulse Momentum]]
*[[Acceleration]]
*[[Momentum with respect to external Forces]]
</div>
</div>

<div class=“toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed”>
=====Iterative Prediction with a Constant Force=====
<div class=“mw-collapsible-content”>
*[[Newton’s Second Law of Motion]]
*[[Iterative Prediction]]
*[[Kinematics]]
*[[Newton’s Laws and Linear Momentum]]
*[[Projectile Motion]]
</div>
</div>

====Expert Content====
<div class=“toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed”>

* [http://p3server.pa.msu.edu/coursewiki/doku.php?id=183_notes:scalars_and_vectors Scalars and Vectors]
* [http://p3server.pa.msu.edu/coursewiki/doku.php?id=183_notes:displacement_and_velocity Displacement and Velocity]
* [http://p3server.pa.msu.edu/coursewiki/doku.php?id=183_notes:modeling_with_vpython Modeling Motion with VPython]
* [http://p3server.pa.msu.edu/coursewiki/doku.php?id=183_notes:relative_motion Relative Motion]
* [http://p3server.pa.msu.edu/coursewiki/doku.php?id=183_notes:graphing_motion Graphing Motion]
* [http://p3server.pa.msu.edu/coursewiki/doku.php?id=183_notes:momentum Momentum]
* [http://p3server.pa.msu.edu/coursewiki/doku.php?id=183_notes:momentum_principle The Momentum Principle]
* [http://p3server.pa.msu.edu/coursewiki/doku.php?id=183_notes:acceleration Acceleration & The Change in Momentum]
* [http://p3server.pa.msu.edu/coursewiki/doku.php?id=183_notes:motionPredict Applying the Momentum Principle]
* [http://p3server.pa.msu.edu/coursewiki/doku.php?id=183_notes:constantF Constant Force Motion]
* [http://p3server.pa.msu.edu/coursewiki/doku.php?id=183_notes:iterativePredict Iterative Prediction of Motion]
* [http://p3server.pa.msu.edu/coursewiki/doku.php?id=183_notes:mp_multi The Momentum Principle in Multi-particle Systems]
* [http://p3server.pa.msu.edu/coursewiki/doku.php?id=183_notes:angular_motivation Why Angular Momentum?]
* [http://p3server.pa.msu.edu/coursewiki/doku.php?id=183_notes:ang_momentum Angular Momentum]
* [http://p3server.pa.msu.edu/coursewiki/doku.php?id=183_notes:L_principle Net Torque & The Angular Momentum Principle]
* [http://p3server.pa.msu.edu/coursewiki/doku.php?id=183_notes:L_conservation Angular Momentum Conservation]

</div>

===Week 3===
====Student Content====
<div class=“toccolours \
mw-collapsible mw-collapsed”>
=====Analytic Prediction with a Constant Force=====
<div \
class=“mw-collapsible-content”>
*[[Analytical Prediction]]
</div>
</div>

<div class=“toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed”>
=====Iterative Prediction with a Varying Force=====
<div \
class=“mw-collapsible-content”>
*[[Predicting Change in multiple dimensions]]
*[[Spring Force]]
*[[Hooke’s Law]]
*[[Simple Harmonic Motion]]
*[[Iterative Prediction of Spring-Mass System]]
*[[Terminal Speed]]
*[[Determinism]]
</div>
</div>

====Expert Content====
<div class=“toccolours mw-collapsible \
mw-collapsed”>

* [http://p3server.pa.msu.edu/coursewiki/doku.php?id=183_notes:drag Drag]
* [http://p3server.pa.msu.edu/coursewiki/doku.php?id=183_notes:gravitation Non-constant Force: Newtonian Gravitation]
* [http://p3server.pa.msu.edu/coursewiki/doku.php?id=183_notes:ucm Uniform Circular Motion]
* [http://p3server.pa.msu.edu/coursewiki/doku.php?id=183_notes:impulseGraphs Impulse Graphs]
* [http://p3server.pa.msu.edu/coursewiki/doku.php?id=183_notes:springMotion Non-constant Force: Springs & Spring-like Interactions]
* [http://p3server.pa.msu.edu/coursewiki/doku.php?id=183_notes:friction Contact Interactions: The Normal Force & Friction]

</div>

===Week 4===
====Student Content====
<div class=“toccolours \
mw-collapsible mw-collapsed”>
=====Fundamental Interactions=====
<div class=“mw-collapsible-content”>
*[[Gravitational Force]]
*[[Electric Force]]
*[[Reciprocity]]
</div>
</div>

====Expert Content====
<div class=“toccolours mw-collapsible \
mw-collapsed”>

* [http://p3server.pa.msu.edu/coursewiki/doku.php?id=183_notes:gravitation Non-constant Force: Newtonian Gravitation]

</div>

===Week 5===
====Student Content====
<div class=“toccolours \
mw-collapsible mw-collapsed”>
=====Conservation of Momentum=====
<div class=“mw-collapsible-content”>
*[[Conservation of Momentum]]
</div>
</div>
<div class=“toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed”>

=====Properties of Matter=====
<div class=“mw-collapsible-content”>
*[[Kinds of Matter]]
**[[Ball and Spring Model of Matter]]
*[[Density]]
*[[Length and Stiffness of an Interatomic Bond]]
*[[Young’s Modulus]]
*[[Speed of Sound in Solids]]
*[[Malleability]]
*[[Ductility]]
*[[Weight]]
*[[Hardness]]
*[[Boiling Point]]
*[[Melting Point]]
</div>
</div>

====Expert Content====
<div class=“toccolours mw-collapsible \
mw-collapsed”>

* [http://p3server.pa.msu.edu/coursewiki/doku.php?id=183_notes:model_of_a_wire Modeling a Solid Wire: springs in series and parallel]

</div>

===Week 6===
====Student Content====
<div class=“toccolours \
mw-collapsible mw-collapsed”>
=====Identifying Forces=====
<div class=“mw-collapsible-content”>
*[[Free Body Diagram]]
*[[Compression or Normal Force]]
*[[Tension]]
</div>
</div>
<div class=“toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed”>
=====Curving Motion=====
<div class=“mw-collapsible-content”>
*[[Curving Motion]]
*[[Centripetal Force and Curving Motion]]
*[[Perpetual Freefall (Orbit)]]
</div>
</div>

====Expert Content====
<div class=“toccolours mw-collapsible \
mw-collapsed”>

* [http://p3server.pa.msu.edu/coursewiki/doku.php?id=183_notes:gravitation Non-constant Force: Newtonian Gravitation]
* [http://p3server.pa.msu.edu/coursewiki/doku.php?id=183_notes:grav_accel Gravitational Acceleration]
* [http://p3server.pa.msu.edu/coursewiki/doku.php?id=183_notes:ucm Uniform Circular Motion]
* [http://p3server.pa.msu.edu/coursewiki/doku.php?id=183_notes:freebodydiagrams Free Body Diagrams]
* [http://p3server.pa.msu.edu/coursewiki/doku.php?id=183_notes:curving_motion Curved Motion]

</div>

===Week 7===
====Student Content====
<div class=“toccolours \
mw-collapsible mw-collapsed”>
=====Energy Principle=====
<div class=“mw-collapsible-content”>
*[[The Energy Principle]]
*[[Conservation of Energy]]
*[[Kinetic Energy]]
*[[Work]]
*[[Power (Mechanical)]]
</div>
</div>

====Expert Content====
<div class=“toccolours mw-collapsible \
mw-collapsed”>

* [http://p3server.pa.msu.edu/coursewiki/doku.php?id=183_notes:define_energy What is Energy?]
* [http://p3server.pa.msu.edu/coursewiki/doku.php?id=183_notes:point_particle The Simplest System: A Single Particle]
* [http://p3server.pa.msu.edu/coursewiki/doku.php?id=183_notes:work Work: Mechanical Energy Transfer]
* [http://p3server.pa.msu.edu/coursewiki/doku.php?id=183_notes:energy_cons Conservation of Energy]
* [http://p3server.pa.msu.edu/coursewiki/doku.php?id=183_notes:potential_energy Potential Energy]
* [http://p3server.pa.msu.edu/coursewiki/doku.php?id=183_notes:grav_and_spring_PE (Near Earth) Gravitational and Spring Potential Energy]
* [http://p3server.pa.msu.edu/coursewiki/doku.php?id=183_notes:force_and_PE Force and Potential Energy]
* [http://p3server.pa.msu.edu/coursewiki/doku.php?id=183_notes:newton_grav_pe Newtonian Gravitational Potential Energy]
* [http://p3server.pa.msu.edu/coursewiki/doku.php?id=183_notes:spring_PE Spring Potential Energy]

</div>

===Week 8===
====Student Content====
<div class=“toccolours \
mw-collapsible mw-collapsed”>
=====Work by Non-Constant Forces=====
<div \
class=“mw-collapsible-content”>
*[[Work Done By A Nonconstant Force]]
</div>
</div>
<div class=“toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed”>
=====Potential Energy=====
<div class=“mw-collapsible-content”>
*[[Potential Energy]]
*[[Potential Energy of Macroscopic Springs]]
*[[Spring Potential Energy]]
**[[Ball and Spring Model]]
*[[Gravitational Potential Energy]]
*[[Energy Graphs]]
*[[Escape Velocity]]
</div>
</div>

====Expert Content====
<div class=“toccolours mw-collapsible \
mw-collapsed”>

* [http://p3server.pa.msu.edu/coursewiki/doku.php?id=183_notes:work_by_nc_forces Work Done by Non-Constant Forces]
* [http://p3server.pa.msu.edu/coursewiki/doku.php?id=183_notes:potential_energy Potential Energy]
* [http://p3server.pa.msu.edu/coursewiki/doku.php?id=183_notes:grav_and_spring_PE (Near Earth) Gravitational and Spring Potential Energy]
* [http://p3server.pa.msu.edu/coursewiki/doku.php?id=183_notes:rest_mass Changes of Rest Mass Energy]
* [http://p3server.pa.msu.edu/coursewiki/doku.php?id=183_notes:force_and_PE Force and Potential Energy]
* [http://p3server.pa.msu.edu/coursewiki/doku.php?id=183_notes:newton_grav_pe Newtonian Gravitational Potential Energy]
* [http://p3server.pa.msu.edu/coursewiki/doku.php?id=183_notes:grav_pe_graphs Graphing Energy for Gravitationally Interacting Systems]
* [http://p3server.pa.msu.edu/coursewiki/doku.php?id=183_notes:spring_PE Spring Potential Energy]
* [http://p3server.pa.msu.edu/coursewiki/doku.php?id=183_notes:power Power: The Rate of Energy Change]
* [http://p3server.pa.msu.edu/coursewiki/doku.php?id=183_notes:energy_dissipation Dissipation of Energy]

</div>

===Week 9===
====Student Content====
<div class=“toccolours \
mw-collapsible mw-collapsed”>
=====Multiparticle Systems=====
<div class=“mw-collapsible-content”>
*[[Center of Mass]]
*[[Multi-particle analysis of Momentum]]
*[[Momentum with respect to external Forces]]
*[[Potential Energy of a Multiparticle System]]
*[[Work and Energy for an Extended System]]
*[[Internal Energy]]
**[[Potential Energy of a Pair of Neutral Atoms]]
</div>
</div>

====Expert Content====
<div class=“toccolours mw-collapsible \
mw-collapsed”>

* [http://p3server.pa.msu.edu/coursewiki/doku.php?id=183_notes:mp_multi The Momentum Principle in Multi-particle Systems]
* [http://p3server.pa.msu.edu/coursewiki/doku.php?id=183_notes:center_of_mass Center of Mass Motion]
* [http://p3server.pa.msu.edu/coursewiki/doku.php?id=183_notes:center_of_mass Center of Mass Motion]
* [http://p3server.pa.msu.edu/coursewiki/doku.php?id=183_notes:energy_sep Separating Energy in Multi-Particle Systems]

</div>

===Week 10===
====Student Content====
<div class=“toccolours \
mw-collapsible mw-collapsed”>
=====Choice of System=====
<div class=“mw-collapsible-content”>
*[[System & Surroundings]]
</div>
</div>
<div class=“toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed”>
=====Thermal Energy, Dissipation and Transfer of Energy=====
<div \
class=“mw-collapsible-content”>
*[[Thermal Energy]]
*[[Specific Heat]]
*[[Heat Capacity]]
*[[Specific Heat Capacity]]
*[[First Law of Thermodynamics]]
*[[Second Law of Thermodynamics and Entropy]]
*[[Temperature]]
*[[Predicting Change]]
*[[Energy Transfer due to a Temperature Difference]]
*[[Transformation of Energy]]
*[[The Maxwell-Boltzmann Distribution]]
*[[Air Resistance]]
</div>
</div>
<div class=“toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed”>
=====Rotational and Vibrational Energy=====
<div \
class=“mw-collapsible-content”>
*[[Translational, Rotational and Vibrational Energy]]
</div>
</div>

====Expert Content====
<div class=“toccolours mw-collapsible \
mw-collapsed”>

* [http://p3server.pa.msu.edu/coursewiki/doku.php?id=183_notes:grav_and_spring_PE (Near Earth) Gravitational and Spring Potential Energy]
* [http://p3server.pa.msu.edu/coursewiki/doku.php?id=183_notes:rest_mass Changes of Rest Mass Energy]
* [http://p3server.pa.msu.edu/coursewiki/doku.php?id=183_notes:newton_grav_pe Newtonian Gravitational Potential Energy]
* [http://p3server.pa.msu.edu/coursewiki/doku.php?id=183_notes:grav_pe_graphs Graphing Energy for Gravitationally Interacting Systems]
* [http://p3server.pa.msu.edu/coursewiki/doku.php?id=183_notes:escape_speed Escape Speed]
* [http://p3server.pa.msu.edu/coursewiki/doku.php?id=183_notes:spring_PE Spring Potential Energy]
* [http://p3server.pa.msu.edu/coursewiki/doku.php?id=183_notes:internal_energy Internal Energy]
* [http://p3server.pa.msu.edu/coursewiki/doku.php?id=183_notes:system_choice Choosing a System Matters]
* [http://p3server.pa.msu.edu/coursewiki/doku.php?id=183_notes:energy_dissipation Dissipation of Energy]

</div>

===Week 11===
====Student Content====
<div class=“toccolours \
mw-collapsible mw-collapsed”>
=====Different Models of a System=====
<div \
class=“mw-collapsible-content”>
*[[Real Systems]]
*[[Point Particle Systems]]
</div>
</div>
<div class=“toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed”>

=====Models of Friction=====
<div class=“mw-collapsible-content”>
*[[Friction]]
*[[Static Friction]]
</div>
</div>

====Expert Content====
<div class=“toccolours mw-collapsible \
mw-collapsed”>

* [http://p3server.pa.msu.edu/coursewiki/doku.php?id=183_notes:system_choice Choosing a System Matters]
* [http://p3server.pa.msu.edu/coursewiki/doku.php?id=183_notes:energy_dissipation Dissipation of Energy]

</div>

===Week 12===
====Student Content====
<div class=“toccolours \
mw-collapsible mw-collapsed”>
=====Collisions=====
<div class=“mw-collapsible-content”>
*[[Newton’s Third Law of Motion]]
*[[Collisions]]
*[[Elastic Collisions]]
*[[Inelastic Collisions]]
*[[Maximally Inelastic Collision]]
*[[Head-on Collision of Equal Masses]]
*[[Head-on Collision of Unequal Masses]]
*[[Scattering: Collisions in 2D and 3D]]
*[[Rutherford Experiment and Atomic Collisions]]
*[[Coefficient of Restitution]]
</div>
</div>

====Expert Content====
<div class=“toccolours mw-collapsible \
mw-collapsed”>

* [http://p3server.pa.msu.edu/coursewiki/doku.php?id=183_notes:collisions Colliding Objects]
* [http://p3server.pa.msu.edu/coursewiki/doku.php?id=183_notes:center_of_mass Center of Mass Motion]
* [http://p3server.pa.msu.edu/coursewiki/doku.php?id=183_notes:center_of_mass Center of Mass Motion]
* [http://p3server.pa.msu.edu/coursewiki/doku.php?id=183_notes:rot_KE Rotational Kinetic Energy]
* [http://p3server.pa.msu.edu/coursewiki/doku.php?id=183_notes:pp_vs_real Point Particle and Real Systems]
* [http://p3server.pa.msu.edu/coursewiki/doku.php?id=183_notes:colliding_systems Collisions]

</div>

===Week 13===
====Student Content====
<div class=“toccolours \
mw-collapsible mw-collapsed”>
=====Rotations=====
<div class=“mw-collapsible-content”>
*[[Rotation]]
*[[Angular Velocity]]
*[[Eulerian Angles]]
</div>
</div>
<div class=“toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed”>
=====Angular Momentum=====
<div class=“mw-collapsible-content”>
*[[Total Angular Momentum]]
*[[Translational Angular Momentum]]
*[[Rotational Angular Momentum]]
*[[The Angular Momentum Principle]]
*[[Angular Momentum Compared to Linear Momentum]]
*[[Angular Impulse]]
*[[Predicting the Position of a Rotating System]]
*[[Angular Momentum of Multiparticle Systems]]
*[[The Moments of Inertia]]
*[[Moment of Inertia for a cylinder]]
*[[Right Hand Rule]]
</div>
</div>

====Expert Content====
<div class=“toccolours mw-collapsible \
mw-collapsed”>

* [http://p3server.pa.msu.edu/coursewiki/doku.php?id=183_notes:rot_KE Rotational Kinetic Energy]
* [http://p3server.pa.msu.edu/coursewiki/doku.php?id=183_notes:angular_motivation Why Angular Momentum?]
* [http://p3server.pa.msu.edu/coursewiki/doku.php?id=183_notes:ang_momentum Angular Momentum]
* [http://p3server.pa.msu.edu/coursewiki/doku.php?id=183_notes:L_principle Net Torque & The Angular Momentum Principle]
* [http://p3server.pa.msu.edu/coursewiki/doku.php?id=183_notes:L_conservation Angular Momentum Conservation]

</div>
===Week 14===

====Student Content====
<div class=“toccolours mw-collapsible \
mw-collapsed”>
=====Analyzing Motion with and without Torque=====
<div \
class=“mw-collapsible-content”>
*[[Torque]]
*[[Torque 2]]
*[[Systems with Zero Torque]]
*[[Systems with Nonzero Torque]]
*[[Torque vs Work]]
*[[Gyroscopes]]
</div>
</div>

====Expert Content====
<div class=“toccolours mw-collapsible \
mw-collapsed”>

* [http://p3server.pa.msu.edu/coursewiki/doku.php?id=183_notes:discovery_of_the_nucleus Discovery of the Nucleus]
* [http://p3server.pa.msu.edu/coursewiki/doku.php?id=183_notes:torque Torques Cause Changes in Rotation]
* [http://p3server.pa.msu.edu/coursewiki/doku.php?id=183_notes:L_principle Net Torque & The Angular Momentum Principle]

</div>

===Week 15===

====Student Content====
<div class=“toccolours mw-collapsible \
mw-collapsed”>
=====Introduction to Quantum Concepts=====
<div \class=“mw-collapsible-content”>
*[[Bohr Model]]
*[[Energy graphs and the Bohr model]]
*[[Quantized energy levels]]
</div>
</div>

====Expert Content====
<div class=“toccolours mw-collapsible \
mw-collapsed”>

* [http://p3server.pa.msu.edu/coursewiki/doku.php?id=183_notes:discovery_of_the_nucleus Discovery of the Nucleus]

</div>

<div style=“float:left; width:30%; padding:1%;”>

==Physics 2==
===Week 1===
<div class="toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">
====3D Vectors====
<div class="mw-collapsible-content">
*[[Page claimed by Laura Winalski]]*
*[[Vectors]]
*[[Right-Hand Rule]]
*[[Right Hand Rule]]
</div>
</div>

<div class="toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">

'''CLAIMED BY DIPRO CHAKRABORTY'''

'''CLAIMED BY DIPRO CHAKRABORTY'''
'''CLAIMED BY DIPRO CHAKRABORTY'''
'''CLAIMED BY DIPRO CHAKRABORTY'''

'''CLAIMED BY DIPRO CHAKRABORTY'''
====Electric field====
<div class="mw-collapsible-content">

[[Electric field]]

The electric field created by a charge is present throughout space at all times, whether or not there is another charge around to feel its effects. The electric field created by a charge penetrates through matter. The field permeates the neighboring space, biding its time until it can affect anything brought into its space of interaction.

==The Main Idea==
To be exact, the definition of the Electric Field is as follows:
The electric field is a region around a charged particle or object within which a force would be exerted on other objects.
If we put a charged particle at a location and it experiences a force, it would be logical to assume that there is something present that
is interacting with the particle. This "virtual force" is in essence the electric field.
===A Mathematical Model===

The electric field can be expressed mathematically as follows:

<math>{\vec{F_{net}} = 0 \Leftrightarrow \frac{d\vec{v}}{dt}} = 0</math>

<math>{\vec{F_{2}} = {q_{1}}{\vec{E_{1}}} \Leftrightarrow \frac{d\vec{v}}{dt}} </math>

which can be translated to postulate that the force on particle 2 is determined by the charge of particle 2 and the electric
field.

==Examples==

The following examples are to test your basic understanding of the Electric Field. For more examples that test your knowledge of all three of the laws, peruse the class textbook.

===Simple===
Which way is the electric field going for a negatively charged particle?

[[File:Simple111.png]]

It's easy to see that the electric field is pointing toward the negatively charged particle. The electric field is tending
toward the negatively charged particle.

===Middling===
Does the object in the following image have a net force of zero? Does it have a constant velocity?

This example is slightly more difficult, but is still quite trivial. If we sum the forces in the x direction, we see that the net force is 2 newtons in the -x direction. Therefore, the object does not have a constant velocity, and will be accelerating in the -x direction.

===Difficult===
Does the object in the following image have a net force of zero? Does it have a constant velocity?

This final example tests your knowledge and understanding of Newton's First Law. We're able to see that the box will accelerate in the -x direction because the net force in the x direction is 5 newtons to the left. However, the box itself has a velocity of 5m/s upwards, which would indeed stay constant. This is because forces (and motion) in perpendicular directions are of each other.

==Connectedness==

Newton's laws of motion tie into almost everything that we see or do. The first law, in particular, explains why we suddenly lurch forward when a car suddenly stops (our bodies are in a state of motion and thus resist the sudden stop), why it's much harder to stop when ice skating than walking (there's less friction, thus less net force to decelerate), and much, much, more. The importance of Newton's first law (and by extension, the other laws of motion) is not readily apparent, but serves as a basis to explain much of our daily interactions with our surroundings.

It can also apply to things outside of our daily interactions - space, for example. Newton's first law describes why an astronaut in space will continuously float in a direction forever if they are not pulled in by an asteroid or a planet's gravitational force. There is a lack of a net force opposing the astronaut's motion (due to the fact that there is no air in space) which results in the astronaut having a constant velocity. Floating off into space is probably an astronaut's worst nightmare, a scenario that a recent movie, ''Gravity'', explored. The entire premise of the movie (Sandra Bullock becomes untethered from her space station) relies on Newton's first law of motion.
==History==

While Galileo is the one credited with the idea of inertia motion, it was René Descartes, a French philosopher, who would expand upon Galileo's ideas. Descartes went on to propose three fundamental laws of nature in his book, ''Principles of Philosophy'', the first of which stated that "each thing, as far as is in its power, always remains in the same state; and that consequently, when it is once moved, it always continues to move." Thus, while the concept of inertia is often referred to as Newton's First Law, it was first described by Galileo and then perfected by Descartes decades before Newton published his findings.

As for Newton, he first described his three laws of motion in ''The Mathematical Principle of Natural Philosophy'', for the Principia, which was published in 1687. These laws described the relationship between an object and the forces acting upon it and laid the foundation for classical mechanics. While Newton's first law came from the work of Descartes and Galileo, his other laws are the work of himself.

==The Main Idea==
To be exact, the definition of the Electric Field is as follows:
The electric field is a region around a charged particle or object within which a force would be exerted on other objects.
If we put a charged particle at a location and it experiences a force, it would be logical to assume that there is something present that
is interacting with the particle. This "virtual force" is in essence the electric field.
===A Mathematical Model===

The electric field can be expressed mathematically as follows:

<math>{\vec{F_{net}} = 0 \Leftrightarrow \frac{d\vec{v}}{dt}} = 0</math>

<math>{\vec{F_{2}} = {q_{1}}{\vec{E_{1}}} \Leftrightarrow \frac{d\vec{v}}{dt}} </math>

which can be translated to postulate that the force on particle 2 is determined by the charge of particle 2 and the electric
field.

==Examples==

The following examples are to test your basic understanding of the Electric Field. For more examples that test your knowledge of all three of the laws, peruse the class textbook.

===Simple===
Which way is the electric field going for a negatively charged particle?

[[File:Simple111.png]]

It's easy to see that the electric field is pointing toward the negatively charged particle. The electric field is tending
toward the negatively charged particle.

===Middling===
Does the object in the following image have a net force of zero? Does it have a constant velocity?

This example is slightly more difficult, but is still quite trivial. If we sum the forces in the x direction, we see that the net force is 2 newtons in the -x direction. Therefore, the object does not have a constant velocity, and will be accelerating in the -x direction.

===Difficult===
Does the object in the following image have a net force of zero? Does it have a constant velocity?

This final example tests your knowledge and understanding of Newton's First Law. We're able to see that the box will accelerate in the -x direction because the net force in the x direction is 5 newtons to the left. However, the box itself has a velocity of 5m/s upwards, which would indeed stay constant. This is because forces (and motion) in perpendicular directions are of each other.

==Connectedness==

Newton's laws of motion tie into almost everything that we see or do. The first law, in particular, explains why we suddenly lurch forward when a car suddenly stops (our bodies are in a state of motion and thus resist the sudden stop), why it's much harder to stop when ice skating than walking (there's less friction, thus less net force to decelerate), and much, much, more. The importance of Newton's first law (and by extension, the other laws of motion) is not readily apparent, but serves as a basis to explain much of our daily interactions with our surroundings.

It can also apply to things outside of our daily interactions - space, for example. Newton's first law describes why an astronaut in space will continuously float in a direction forever if they are not pulled in by an asteroid or a planet's gravitational force. There is a lack of a net force opposing the astronaut's motion (due to the fact that there is no air in space) which results in the astronaut having a constant velocity. Floating off into space is probably an astronaut's worst nightmare, a scenario that a recent movie, ''Gravity'', explored. The entire premise of the movie (Sandra Bullock becomes untethered from her space station) relies on Newton's first law of motion.
==History==

While Galileo is the one credited with the idea of inertia motion, it was René Descartes, a French philosopher, who would expand upon Galileo's ideas. Descartes went on to propose three fundamental laws of nature in his book, ''Principles of Philosophy'', the first of which stated that "each thing, as far as is in its power, always remains in the same state; and that consequently, when it is once moved, it always continues to move." Thus, while the concept of inertia is often referred to as Newton's First Law, it was first described by Galileo and then perfected by Descartes decades before Newton published his findings.

As for Newton, he first described his three laws of motion in ''The Mathematical Principle of Natural Philosophy'', for the Principia, which was published in 1687. These laws described the relationship between an object and the forces acting upon it and laid the foundation for classical mechanics. While Newton's first law came from the work of Descartes and Galileo, his other laws are the work of himself.

==The Main Idea==
To be exact, the definition of the Electric Field is as follows:
The electric field is a region around a charged particle or object within which a force would be exerted on other objects.
If we put a charged particle at a location and it experiences a force, it would be logical to assume that there is something present that
is interacting with the particle. This "virtual force" is in essence the electric field.
===A Mathematical Model===

The electric field can be expressed mathematically as follows:

<math>{\vec{F_{net}} = 0 \Leftrightarrow \frac{d\vec{v}}{dt}} = 0</math>

<math>{\vec{F_{2}} = {q_{1}}{\vec{E_{1}}} \Leftrightarrow \frac{d\vec{v}}{dt}} </math>

which can be translated to postulate that the force on particle 2 is determined by the charge of particle 2 and the electric
field.

==Examples==

The following examples are to test your basic understanding of the Electric Field. For more examples that test your knowledge of all three of the laws, peruse the class textbook.

===Simple===
Which way is the electric field going for a negatively charged particle?

[[File:Simple111.png]]

It's easy to see that the electric field is pointing toward the negatively charged particle. The electric field is tending
toward the negatively charged particle.

===Middling===
Does the object in the following image have a net force of zero? Does it have a constant velocity?

This example is slightly more difficult, but is still quite trivial. If we sum the forces in the x direction, we see that the net force is 2 newtons in the -x direction. Therefore, the object does not have a constant velocity, and will be accelerating in the -x direction.

===Difficult===
Does the object in the following image have a net force of zero? Does it have a constant velocity?

This final example tests your knowledge and understanding of Newton's First Law. We're able to see that the box will accelerate in the -x direction because the net force in the x direction is 5 newtons to the left. However, the box itself has a velocity of 5m/s upwards, which would indeed stay constant. This is because forces (and motion) in perpendicular directions are of each other.

==Connectedness==

Newton's laws of motion tie into almost everything that we see or do. The first law, in particular, explains why we suddenly lurch forward when a car suddenly stops (our bodies are in a state of motion and thus resist the sudden stop), why it's much harder to stop when ice skating than walking (there's less friction, thus less net force to decelerate), and much, much, more. The importance of Newton's first law (and by extension, the other laws of motion) is not readily apparent, but serves as a basis to explain much of our daily interactions with our surroundings.

It can also apply to things outside of our daily interactions - space, for example. Newton's first law describes why an astronaut in space will continuously float in a direction forever if they are not pulled in by an asteroid or a planet's gravitational force. There is a lack of a net force opposing the astronaut's motion (due to the fact that there is no air in space) which results in the astronaut having a constant velocity. Floating off into space is probably an astronaut's worst nightmare, a scenario that a recent movie, ''Gravity'', explored. The entire premise of the movie (Sandra Bullock becomes untethered from her space station) relies on Newton's first law of motion.
==History==

While Galileo is the one credited with the idea of inertia motion, it was René Descartes, a French philosopher, who would expand upon Galileo's ideas. Descartes went on to propose three fundamental laws of nature in his book, ''Principles of Philosophy'', the first of which stated that "each thing, as far as is in its power, always remains in the same state; and that consequently, when it is once moved, it always continues to move." Thus, while the concept of inertia is often referred to as Newton's First Law, it was first described by Galileo and then perfected by Descartes decades before Newton published his findings.

As for Newton, he first described his three laws of motion in ''The Mathematical Principle of Natural Philosophy'', for the Principia, which was published in 1687. These laws described the relationship between an object and the forces acting upon it and laid the foundation for classical mechanics. While Newton's first law came from the work of Descartes and Galileo, his other laws are the work of himself.

==The Main Idea==
To be exact, the definition of the Electric Field is as follows:
The electric field is a region around a charged particle or object within which a force would be exerted on other objects.
If we put a charged particle at a location and it experiences a force, it would be logical to assume that there is something present that
is interacting with the particle. This "virtual force" is in essence the electric field.
===A Mathematical Model===

The electric field can be expressed mathematically as follows:

<math>{\vec{F_{net}} = 0 \Leftrightarrow \frac{d\vec{v}}{dt}} = 0</math>

<math>{\vec{F_{2}} = {q_{1}}{\vec{E_{1}}} \Leftrightarrow \frac{d\vec{v}}{dt}} </math>

which can be translated to postulate that the force on particle 2 is determined by the charge of particle 2 and the electric
field.

==Examples==

The following examples are to test your basic understanding of the Electric Field. For more examples that test your knowledge of all three of the laws, peruse the class textbook.

===Simple===
Which way is the electric field going for a negatively charged particle?

[[File:Simple111.png]]

It's easy to see that the electric field is pointing toward the negatively charged particle. The electric field is tending
toward the negatively charged particle.

===Middling===
Does the object in the following image have a net force of zero? Does it have a constant velocity?

This example is slightly more difficult, but is still quite trivial. If we sum the forces in the x direction, we see that the net force is 2 newtons in the -x direction. Therefore, the object does not have a constant velocity, and will be accelerating in the -x direction.

===Difficult===
Does the object in the following image have a net force of zero? Does it have a constant velocity?

This final example tests your knowledge and understanding of Newton's First Law. We're able to see that the box will accelerate in the -x direction because the net force in the x direction is 5 newtons to the left. However, the box itself has a velocity of 5m/s upwards, which would indeed stay constant. This is because forces (and motion) in perpendicular directions are of each other.

==Connectedness==

Newton's laws of motion tie into almost everything that we see or do. The first law, in particular, explains why we suddenly lurch forward when a car suddenly stops (our bodies are in a state of motion and thus resist the sudden stop), why it's much harder to stop when ice skating than walking (there's less friction, thus less net force to decelerate), and much, much, more. The importance of Newton's first law (and by extension, the other laws of motion) is not readily apparent, but serves as a basis to explain much of our daily interactions with our surroundings.

It can also apply to things outside of our daily interactions - space, for example. Newton's first law describes why an astronaut in space will continuously float in a direction forever if they are not pulled in by an asteroid or a planet's gravitational force. There is a lack of a net force opposing the astronaut's motion (due to the fact that there is no air in space) which results in the astronaut having a constant velocity. Floating off into space is probably an astronaut's worst nightmare, a scenario that a recent movie, ''Gravity'', explored. The entire premise of the movie (Sandra Bullock becomes untethered from her space station) relies on Newton's first law of motion.
==History==

While Galileo is the one credited with the idea of inertia motion, it was René Descartes, a French philosopher, who would expand upon Galileo's ideas. Descartes went on to propose three fundamental laws of nature in his book, ''Principles of Philosophy'', the first of which stated that "each thing, as far as is in its power, always remains in the same state; and that consequently, when it is once moved, it always continues to move." Thus, while the concept of inertia is often referred to as Newton's First Law, it was first described by Galileo and then perfected by Descartes decades before Newton published his findings.

As for Newton, he first described his three laws of motion in ''The Mathematical Principle of Natural Philosophy'', for the Principia, which was published in 1687. These laws described the relationship between an object and the forces acting upon it and laid the foundation for classical mechanics. While Newton's first law came from the work of Descartes and Galileo, his other laws are the work of himself.

==The Main Idea==
To be exact, the definition of the Electric Field is as follows:
The electric field is a region around a charged particle or object within which a force would be exerted on other objects.
If we put a charged particle at a location and it experiences a force, it would be logical to assume that there is something present that
is interacting with the particle. This "virtual force" is in essence the electric field.
===A Mathematical Model===

The electric field can be expressed mathematically as follows:

<math>{\vec{F_{net}} = 0 \Leftrightarrow \frac{d\vec{v}}{dt}} = 0</math>

<math>{\vec{F_{2}} = {q_{1}}{\vec{E_{1}}} \Leftrightarrow \frac{d\vec{v}}{dt}} = 0</math>

which can be translated to postulate that the force on particle 2 is determined by the charge of particle 2 and the electric
field.

==Examples==

The following examples are to test your basic understanding of the Electric Field. For more examples that test your knowledge of all three of the laws, peruse the class textbook.

===Simple===
Which way is the electric field going for a negatively charged particle?

[[File:Example.jpg]]

It's easy to see that the electric field is pointing toward the negatively charged particle. The electric field is tending
toward the negatively charged particle.

===Middling===
Does the object in the following image have a net force of zero? Does it have a constant velocity?

This example is slightly more difficult, but is still quite trivial. If we sum the forces in the x direction, we see that the net force is 2 newtons in the -x direction. Therefore, the object does not have a constant velocity, and will be accelerating in the -x direction.

===Difficult===
Does the object in the following image have a net force of zero? Does it have a constant velocity?

This final example tests your knowledge and understanding of Newton's First Law. We're able to see that the box will accelerate in the -x direction because the net force in the x direction is 5 newtons to the left. However, the box itself has a velocity of 5m/s upwards, which would indeed stay constant. This is because forces (and motion) in perpendicular directions are of each other.

==Connectedness==

Newton's laws of motion tie into almost everything that we see or do. The first law, in particular, explains why we suddenly lurch forward when a car suddenly stops (our bodies are in a state of motion and thus resist the sudden stop), why it's much harder to stop when ice skating than walking (there's less friction, thus less net force to decelerate), and much, much, more. The importance of Newton's first law (and by extension, the other laws of motion) is not readily apparent, but serves as a basis to explain much of our daily interactions with our surroundings.

It can also apply to things outside of our daily interactions - space, for example. Newton's first law describes why an astronaut in space will continuously float in a direction forever if they are not pulled in by an asteroid or a planet's gravitational force. There is a lack of a net force opposing the astronaut's motion (due to the fact that there is no air in space) which results in the astronaut having a constant velocity. Floating off into space is probably an astronaut's worst nightmare, a scenario that a recent movie, ''Gravity'', explored. The entire premise of the movie (Sandra Bullock becomes untethered from her space station) relies on Newton's first law of motion.
==History==

While Galileo is the one credited with the idea of inertia motion, it was René Descartes, a French philosopher, who would expand upon Galileo's ideas. Descartes went on to propose three fundamental laws of nature in his book, ''Principles of Philosophy'', the first of which stated that "each thing, as far as is in its power, always remains in the same state; and that consequently, when it is once moved, it always continues to move." Thus, while the concept of inertia is often referred to as Newton's First Law, it was first described by Galileo and then perfected by Descartes decades before Newton published his findings.

As for Newton, he first described his three laws of motion in ''The Mathematical Principle of Natural Philosophy'', for the Principia, which was published in 1687. These laws described the relationship between an object and the forces acting upon it and laid the foundation for classical mechanics. While Newton's first law came from the work of Descartes and Galileo, his other laws are the work of himself.

==The Main Idea==
To be exact, the definition of the Electric Field is as follows:
The electric field is a region around a charged particle or object within which a force would be exerted on other charged particles or objects.
If we put a charged particle at a location and it experiences a force, it would be logical to assume that there is something present that
is interacting with the particle. This "virtual force" is in essence the electric field.
===A Mathematical Model===

The electric field can be expressed mathematically as follows:

<math>{\vec{F_{net}} = 0 \Leftrightarrow \frac{d\vec{v}}{dt}} = 0</math>

<math>{\vec{F_{2}} = {q_{1}}{\vec{E_{1}}} \Leftrightarrow \frac{d\vec{v}}{dt}} = 0</math>

which can be translated to postulate that the force on particle 2 is determined by the charge of particle 2 and the electric
field.

==Examples==

The following examples are to test your basic understanding of Newton's First Law. For more examples that test your knowledge of all three of the laws, click .

===Simple===
Does the object in the following image have a net force of zero? Does it have a constant velocity?

It's easy to see that the only force on the object is acting in the +x direction, with a magnitude of 5 newtons. Therefore, the object does not have a net force of zero or a constant velocity. It will be accelerating in the +x direction.

===Middling===
Does the object in the following image have a net force of zero? Does it have a constant velocity?

This example is slightly more difficult, but is still quite trivial. If we sum the forces in the x direction, we see that the net force is 2 newtons in the -x direction. Therefore, the object does not have a constant velocity, and will be accelerating in the -x direction.

===Difficult===
Does the object in the following image have a net force of zero? Does it have a constant velocity?

This final example tests your knowledge and understanding of Newton's First Law. We're able to see that the box will accelerate in the -x direction because the net force in the x direction is 5 newtons to the left. However, the box itself has a velocity of 5m/s upwards, which would indeed stay constant. This is because forces (and motion) in perpendicular directions are of each other.

==Connectedness==

Newton's laws of motion tie into almost everything that we see or do. The first law, in particular, explains why we suddenly lurch forward when a car suddenly stops (our bodies are in a state of motion and thus resist the sudden stop), why it's much harder to stop when ice skating than walking (there's less friction, thus less net force to decelerate), and much, much, more. The importance of Newton's first law (and by extension, the other laws of motion) is not readily apparent, but serves as a basis to explain much of our daily interactions with our surroundings.

It can also apply to things outside of our daily interactions - space, for example. Newton's first law describes why an astronaut in space will continuously float in a direction forever if they are not pulled in by an asteroid or a planet's gravitational force. There is a lack of a net force opposing the astronaut's motion (due to the fact that there is no air in space) which results in the astronaut having a constant velocity. Floating off into space is probably an astronaut's worst nightmare, a scenario that a recent movie, ''Gravity'', explored. The entire premise of the movie (Sandra Bullock becomes untethered from her space station) relies on Newton's first law of motion.
==History==

While Galileo is the one credited with the idea of inertia motion, it was René Descartes, a French philosopher, who would expand upon Galileo's ideas. Descartes went on to propose three fundamental laws of nature in his book, ''Principles of Philosophy'', the first of which stated that "each thing, as far as is in its power, always remains in the same state; and that consequently, when it is once moved, it always continues to move." Thus, while the concept of inertia is often referred to as Newton's First Law, it was first described by Galileo and then perfected by Descartes decades before Newton published his findings.

As for Newton, he first described his three laws of motion in ''The Mathematical Principle of Natural Philosophy'', for the Principia, which was published in 1687. These laws described the relationship between an object and the forces acting upon it and laid the foundation for classical mechanics. While Newton's first law came from the work of Descartes and Galileo, his other laws are the work of himself.

==The Main Idea==
To be exact, the definition of the First Law of Motion is as follows:
The electric field is a region around a charged particle or object within which a force would be exerted on other charged particles or objects.
In other (and much simpler) terms, it means that an object at rest stays at rest and an object in in motion stays in motion at a constant velocity unless acted on by an unbalanced net force. It's important to keep in mind that only a difference in affect the velocity of an object. The amount of change in velocity is determined by
===A Mathematical Model===

Newton's first law can be stated mathematically as follows:

<math>{\vec{F_{net}} = 0 \Leftrightarrow \frac{d\vec{v}}{dt}} = 0</math>

Where...

<math>\vec{F_{net}}</math> is the net force from the surroundings.

<math>d\vec{v}</math> is the change in velocity of the system.

<math>dt</math> is the change in time of the system

If we trace this formula from the left to the right, we can see that if the net force on an object is zero, then the change in velocity of an object is also zero. Conversely, if we were given an object and told that its change in momentum is zero, then we can deduce that the net force acting on the object is also zero. Keep in mind, however, that this formula simple deals with the '''change''' in velocity. It does '''not''' mean that the object is at rest, only that its velocity remains constant.

==Examples==

The following examples are to test your basic understanding of Newton's First Law. For more examples that test your knowledge of all three of the laws, click .

===Simple===
Does the object in the following image have a net force of zero? Does it have a constant velocity?

It's easy to see that the only force on the object is acting in the +x direction, with a magnitude of 5 newtons. Therefore, the object does not have a net force of zero or a constant velocity. It will be accelerating in the +x direction.

===Middling===
Does the object in the following image have a net force of zero? Does it have a constant velocity?

This example is slightly more difficult, but is still quite trivial. If we sum the forces in the x direction, we see that the net force is 2 newtons in the -x direction. Therefore, the object does not have a constant velocity, and will be accelerating in the -x direction.

===Difficult===
Does the object in the following image have a net force of zero? Does it have a constant velocity?

This final example tests your knowledge and understanding of Newton's First Law. We're able to see that the box will accelerate in the -x direction because the net force in the x direction is 5 newtons to the left. However, the box itself has a velocity of 5m/s upwards, which would indeed stay constant. This is because forces (and motion) in perpendicular directions are of each other.

==Connectedness==

Newton's laws of motion tie into almost everything that we see or do. The first law, in particular, explains why we suddenly lurch forward when a car suddenly stops (our bodies are in a state of motion and thus resist the sudden stop), why it's much harder to stop when ice skating than walking (there's less friction, thus less net force to decelerate), and much, much, more. The importance of Newton's first law (and by extension, the other laws of motion) is not readily apparent, but serves as a basis to explain much of our daily interactions with our surroundings.

It can also apply to things outside of our daily interactions - space, for example. Newton's first law describes why an astronaut in space will continuously float in a direction forever if they are not pulled in by an asteroid or a planet's gravitational force. There is a lack of a net force opposing the astronaut's motion (due to the fact that there is no air in space) which results in the astronaut having a constant velocity. Floating off into space is probably an astronaut's worst nightmare, a scenario that a recent movie, ''Gravity'', explored. The entire premise of the movie (Sandra Bullock becomes untethered from her space station) relies on Newton's first law of motion.
==History==

While Galileo is the one credited with the idea of inertia motion, it was René Descartes, a French philosopher, who would expand upon Galileo's ideas. Descartes went on to propose three fundamental laws of nature in his book, ''Principles of Philosophy'', the first of which stated that "each thing, as far as is in its power, always remains in the same state; and that consequently, when it is once moved, it always continues to move." Thus, while the concept of inertia is often referred to as Newton's First Law, it was first described by Galileo and then perfected by Descartes decades before Newton published his findings.

As for Newton, he first described his three laws of motion in ''The Mathematical Principle of Natural Philosophy'', for the Principia, which was published in 1687. These laws described the relationship between an object and the forces acting upon it and laid the foundation for classical mechanics. While Newton's first law came from the work of Descartes and Galileo, his other laws are the work of himself.

==The Main Idea==
To be exact, the definition of the First Law of Motion is as follows:
The electric field is a region around a charged particle or object within which a force would be exerted on other charged particles or objects.
In other (and much simpler) terms, it means that an object at rest stays at rest and an object in in motion stays in motion at a constant velocity unless acted on by an unbalanced net force. It's important to keep in mind that only a difference in affect the velocity of an object. The amount of change in velocity is determined by
===A Mathematical Model===

Newton's first law can be stated mathematically as follows:

<math>{\vec{F_{net}} = 0 \Leftrightarrow \frac{d\vec{v}}{dt}} = 0</math>

Where...

<math>\vec{F_{net}}</math> is the net force from the surroundings.

<math>d\vec{v}</math> is the change in velocity of the system.

<math>dt</math> is the change in time of the system

If we trace this formula from the left to the right, we can see that if the net force on an object is zero, then the change in velocity of an object is also zero. Conversely, if we were given an object and told that its change in momentum is zero, then we can deduce that the net force acting on the object is also zero. Keep in mind, however, that this formula simple deals with the '''change''' in velocity. It does '''not''' mean that the object is at rest, only that its velocity remains constant.

==Examples==

The following examples are to test your basic understanding of Newton's First Law. For more examples that test your knowledge of all three of the laws, click .

===Simple===
Does the object in the following image have a net force of zero? Does it have a constant velocity?

It's easy to see that the only force on the object is acting in the +x direction, with a magnitude of 5 newtons. Therefore, the object does not have a net force of zero or a constant velocity. It will be accelerating in the +x direction.

===Middling===
Does the object in the following image have a net force of zero? Does it have a constant velocity?

This example is slightly more difficult, but is still quite trivial. If we sum the forces in the x direction, we see that the net force is 2 newtons in the -x direction. Therefore, the object does not have a constant velocity, and will be accelerating in the -x direction.

===Difficult===
Does the object in the following image have a net force of zero? Does it have a constant velocity?

This final example tests your knowledge and understanding of Newton's First Law. We're able to see that the box will accelerate in the -x direction because the net force in the x direction is 5 newtons to the left. However, the box itself has a velocity of 5m/s upwards, which would indeed stay constant. This is because forces (and motion) in perpendicular directions are of each other.

==Connectedness==

Newton's laws of motion tie into almost everything that we see or do. The first law, in particular, explains why we suddenly lurch forward when a car suddenly stops (our bodies are in a state of motion and thus resist the sudden stop), why it's much harder to stop when ice skating than walking (there's less friction, thus less net force to decelerate), and much, much, more. The importance of Newton's first law (and by extension, the other laws of motion) is not readily apparent, but serves as a basis to explain much of our daily interactions with our surroundings.

It can also apply to things outside of our daily interactions - space, for example. Newton's first law describes why an astronaut in space will continuously float in a direction forever if they are not pulled in by an asteroid or a planet's gravitational force. There is a lack of a net force opposing the astronaut's motion (due to the fact that there is no air in space) which results in the astronaut having a constant velocity. Floating off into space is probably an astronaut's worst nightmare, a scenario that a recent movie, ''Gravity'', explored. The entire premise of the movie (Sandra Bullock becomes untethered from her space station) relies on Newton's first law of motion.
==History==

While Galileo is the one credited with the idea of inertia motion, it was René Descartes, a French philosopher, who would expand upon Galileo's ideas. Descartes went on to propose three fundamental laws of nature in his book, ''Principles of Philosophy'', the first of which stated that "each thing, as far as is in its power, always remains in the same state; and that consequently, when it is once moved, it always continues to move." Thus, while the concept of inertia is often referred to as Newton's First Law, it was first described by Galileo and then perfected by Descartes decades before Newton published his findings.

As for Newton, he first described his three laws of motion in ''The Mathematical Principle of Natural Philosophy'', for the Principia, which was published in 1687. These laws described the relationship between an object and the forces acting upon it and laid the foundation for classical mechanics. While Newton's first law came from the work of Descartes and Galileo, his other laws are the work of himself.

==The Main Idea==
To be exact, the definition of the First Law of Motion is as follows:
Every body persists in its state of rest or of moving with constant speed in a constant direction, except to the extent that it is compelled to change that state by forces acting on it.
In other (and much simpler) terms, it means that an object at rest stays at rest and an object in in motion stays in motion at a constant velocity unless acted on by an unbalanced net force. It's important to keep in mind that only a difference in [http://www.physicsclassroom.com/class/newtlaws/Lesson-2/Determining-the-Net-Force net force] can affect the velocity of an object. The amount of change in velocity is determined by [http://www.physicsclassroom.com/class/newtlaws/Lesson-3/Newton-s-Second-Law Newton's Second Law of Motion].

===A Mathematical Model===

Newton's first law can be stated mathematically as follows:

<math>{\vec{F_{net}} = 0 \Leftrightarrow \frac{d\vec{v}}{dt}} = 0</math>

Where...

<math>\vec{F_{net}}</math> is the net force from the surroundings.

<math>d\vec{v}</math> is the change in velocity of the system.

<math>dt</math> is the change in time of the system

If we trace this formula from the left to the right, we can see that if the net force on an object is zero, then the change in velocity of an object is also zero. Conversely, if we were given an object and told that its change in momentum is zero, then we can deduce that the net force acting on the object is also zero. Keep in mind, however, that this formula simple deals with the '''change''' in velocity. It does '''not''' mean that the object is at rest, only that its velocity remains constant.

==Examples==

The following examples are to test your basic understanding of Newton's First Law. For more examples that test your knowledge of all three of the laws, click [http://www.physicsclassroom.com/calcpad/newtlaws/problems here].

===Simple===
Does the object in the following image have a net force of zero? Does it have a constant velocity?

[[File:Newtonfirstlawsimple.png|400px]]

It's easy to see that the only force on the object is acting in the +x direction, with a magnitude of 5 newtons. Therefore, the object does not have a net force of zero or a constant velocity. It will be accelerating in the +x direction.

===Middling===
Does the object in the following image have a net force of zero? Does it have a constant velocity?

[[File:Newtonfirstlawmedium.png|400px]]

This example is slightly more difficult, but is still quite trivial. If we sum the forces in the x direction, we see that the net force is 2 newtons in the -x direction. Therefore, the object does not have a constant velocity, and will be accelerating in the -x direction.

===Difficult===
Does the object in the following image have a net force of zero? Does it have a constant velocity?

[[File:Newtonsfirstlawhard.png|400px]]

This final example tests your knowledge and understanding of Newton's First Law. We're able to see that the box will accelerate in the -x direction because the net force in the x direction is 5 newtons to the left. However, the box itself has a velocity of 5m/s upwards, which would indeed stay constant. This is because forces (and motion) in perpendicular directions are [http://www.physicsclassroom.com/class/vectors/Lesson-1/Independence-of-Perpendicular-Components-of-Motion independent] of each other.

==Connectedness==

[[File:Tablecloth.gif|left|300px|thumb|The "magic trick" of ripping off a table cloth without the plates on top moving is an example of Newton's First Law. The tableware is in a state of rest, and thus want to remain in such a state.]]

Newton's laws of motion tie into almost everything that we see or do. The first law, in particular, explains why we suddenly lurch forward when a car suddenly stops (our bodies are in a state of motion and thus resist the sudden stop), why it's much harder to stop when ice skating than walking (there's less friction, thus less net force to decelerate), and much, much, more. The importance of Newton's first law (and by extension, the other laws of motion) is not readily apparent, but serves as a basis to explain much of our daily interactions with our surroundings.

It can also apply to things outside of our daily interactions - space, for example. Newton's first law describes why an astronaut in space will continuously float in a direction forever if they are not pulled in by an asteroid or a planet's gravitational force. There is a lack of a net force opposing the astronaut's motion (due to the fact that there is no air in space) which results in the astronaut having a constant velocity. Floating off into space is probably an astronaut's worst nightmare, a scenario that a recent movie, ''Gravity'', explored. The entire premise of the movie (Sandra Bullock becomes untethered from her space station) relies on Newton's first law of motion.
==History==

While Galileo is the one credited with the idea of inertia motion, it was René Descartes, a French philosopher, who would expand upon Galileo's ideas. Descartes went on to propose three fundamental laws of nature in his book, ''Principles of Philosophy'', the first of which stated that "each thing, as far as is in its power, always remains in the same state; and that consequently, when it is once moved, it always continues to move." Thus, while the concept of inertia is often referred to as Newton's First Law, it was first described by Galileo and then perfected by Descartes decades before Newton published his findings.

As for Newton, he first described his three laws of motion in ''The Mathematical Principle of Natural Philosophy'', for the Principia, which was published in 1687. These laws described the relationship between an object and the forces acting upon it and laid the foundation for classical mechanics. While Newton's first law came from the work of Descartes and Galileo, his other laws are the work of himself.

==Electric Field==
The electric field created by a charge is present throughout space at all times, whether or not there is another charge around to feel its effects. The electric field created by a charge penetrates through matter. The field permeates the neighboring space, biding its time until it can affect anything brought into its space of interaction.
*[[Vectors]]
*[[Right-Hand Rule]]
*[[Right Hand Rule]]
</div>
</div>

<div class="toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">

====Electric force====
<div class="mw-collapsible-content">

*[[Electric Force]] Claimed by Amarachi Eze
*[[Lorentz Force]]
</div>
</div>

<div class="toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">

====Electric field of a point particle====

<div class="mw-collapsible-content">
*[[Point Charge]]
</div>
</div>

<div class="toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">

'''Bold text'''====Superposition====
<div class="mw-collapsible-content">
*[[Superposition Principle]]
*[[Superposition principle]]
</div>
</div>

<div class="toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">

====Dipoles====
<div class="mw-collapsible-content">
*[[Electric Dipole]]
*[[Magnetic Dipole]]
</div>
</div>

===Week 2===
<div class="toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">
====Interactions of charged objects====
<div class="mw-collapsible-content">
*[[Electric Field]]
*[[Electric Potential]]
*[[Electric Force]]
*[[Lorentz Force]]
</div>
</div>

<div class="toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">
====Tape experiments====
<div class="mw-collapsible-content">
*[[Polarization]]
*[[Electric Polarization]]
</div>
</div>

<div class="toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">
====Polarization====
<div class="mw-collapsible-content">
*[[Polarization]]
*[[Electric Polarization]]
*[[Polarization of an Atom]]
</div>
</div>

===Week 3===
<div class="toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">
====Insulators====
<div class="mw-collapsible-content">
*[[Insulators]]
*[[Potential Difference in an Insulator]]
*[[Charged Conductor and Charged Insulator]]
*[[Charged conductor and charged insulator]]
</div>
</div>

<div class="toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">
====Conductors====
<div class="mw-collapsible-content">
*[[Conductivity]]
*[[Charge Transfer]]
*[[Resistivity]]
*[[Polarization of a conductor]]
*[[Charged Conductor and Charged Insulator]]
*[[Charged conductor and charged insulator]]
</div>
</div>

<div class="toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">
====Charging and discharging====
<div class="mw-collapsible-content">
*[[Charge Transfer]]
*[[Electrostatic Discharge]]
*[[Charged Conductor and Charged Insulator]]
*[[Charged conductor and charged insulator]]
</div>
</div>

===Week 4===
<div class="toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">
====Field of a charged rod====
<div class="mw-collapsible-content">
*[[Charged Rod]]
</div>
</div>

<div class="toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">

====Field of a charged ring/disk/capacitor====
<div class="mw-collapsible-content">
*[[Charged Ring]]
*[[Charged Disk]]
*[[Charged Capacitor]]
</div>
</div>

<div class="toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">

====Field of a charged sphere====
<div class="mw-collapsible-content">
*[[Charged Spherical Shell]]
*[[Field of a Charged Ball]]
</div>
</div>

===Week 5===
<div class="toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">
====Potential energy====
<div class="mw-collapsible-content">
*[[Potential Energy]]
</div>
</div>

<div class="toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">
====Electric potential====
<div class="mw-collapsible-content">
*[[Electric Potential]]
*[[Path Independence of Electric Potential]]
*[[Potential Difference Path Independence, claimed by Aditya Mohile]]
*[[Potential Difference in a Uniform Field]]
*[[Potential Difference of Point Charge in a Non-Uniform Field]]
</div>
</div>
<div class="toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">

====Sign of a potential difference====
Claimed by Tyler Quill
<div class="mw-collapsible-content">
*[[Overview]]
*[[Determining the Sign of Potential Difference]]
*[[Understanding the Sign of Potential Difference]]
</div>

<div class="toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">

====Potential at a single location====
<div class="mw-collapsible-content">
*[[Electric Potential]]
*[[Potential Difference at One Location]]
</div>
</div>

<div class="toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">

====Path independence and round trip potential====
<div class="mw-collapsible-content">
*[[Path Independence of Electric Potential]]
*[[Potential Difference Path Independence, claimed by Aditya Mohile]]
</div>
</div>

===Week 6===
<div class="toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">
====Electric field and potential in an insulator====
<div class="mw-collapsible-content">
*[[Potential Difference in an Insulator]]
*[[Electric Field in an Insulator]]
</div>
</div>
<div class="toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">

====Moving charges in a magnetic field====
<div class="mw-collapsible-content">
*[[Magnetic Field]]
*[[Magnetic Force]]
*[[Lorentz Force]]
</div>
</div>
<div class="toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">

====Biot-Savart Law====
<div class="mw-collapsible-content">
*[[Biot-Savart Law]]
*[[Biot-Savart Law for Currents]]
</div>
</div>
<div class="toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">

====Moving charges, electron current, and conventional current====
<div class="mw-collapsible-content">
*[[Moving Point Charge]]
*[[Current]]
</div>
</div>

===Week 7=== Claimed by Diem Tran
<div class="toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">
====Magnetic field of a wire====
<div class="mw-collapsible-content">
*[[Magnetic Field of a Long Straight Wire]]
</div>
</div>

<div class="toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">
====Magnetic field of a current-carrying loop====
<div class="mw-collapsible-content">
*[[Magnetic Field of a Loop]]
</div>
</div>

<div class="toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">
====Magnetic dipoles====
<div class="mw-collapsible-content">
*[[Magnetic Dipole Moment]]
*[[Bar Magnet]]
</div>
</div>

<div class="toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">
====Atomic structure of magnets====
<div class="mw-collapsible-content">
*[[Atomic Structure of Magnets]]
</div>
</div>

===Week 8===
<div class="toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">
====Steady state current====
<div class="mw-collapsible-content">
*[[Steady State]]
*[[Non Steady State]]
</div>
</div>

<div class="toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">
====Node rule====
<div class="mw-collapsible-content">
*[[Node Rule]]
</div>
</div>

<div class="toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">
====Electric fields and energy in circuits====
<div class="mw-collapsible-content">
*[[Series circuit]] claimed by Hannah Jang
*[[Node Rule]]
*[[Loop Rule]]
*[[Electric Potential Difference]]
</div>
</div>

<div class="toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">

====Macroscopic analysis of circuits====
<div class="mw-collapsible-content">
*[[Series Circuits]]
*[[Parallel CIrcuits]]
*[[Parallel Circuits vs. Series Circuits*]]
*[[Loop Rule]]
*[[Node Rule]]
*[[Resistors*]]
</div>
</div>

===Week 9===
<div class="toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">
====Electric field and potential in circuits with capacitors====
<div class="mw-collapsible-content">
*[[Charging and Discharging a Capacitor]]
*[[RC Circuit]]
*[[R Circuit]]
*[[AC and DC]]

</div>
</div>

<div class="toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">

====Magnetic forces on charges and currents====
<div class="mw-collapsible-content">
*[[Magnetic Force]]
*[[Lorentz Force]]
*[[Applying Magnetic Force to Currents]]
*[[Magnetic Force in a Moving Reference Frame]]
*[[Right-Hand Rule]]
*[[Analysis of Railgun vs Coil gun technologies]]
</div>
</div>

<div class="toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">
====Electric and magnetic forces====
<div class="mw-collapsible-content">
*[[Electric Force]]
*[[Magnetic Force]]
*[[Lorentz Force]]
*[[VPython Modelling of Electric and Magnetic Forces]]
</div>
</div>

<div class="toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">
====Velocity selector====
<div class="mw-collapsible-content">
*[[Lorentz Force]]
*[[Combining Electric and Magnetic Forces]]
</div>
</div>

===Week 10===

====Student Content====

<div class=“toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed”>
==== Hall Effect ====
<div class="mw-collapsible-content">
*[[Hall Effect]]
*[[Motional Emf]]
*[[Magnetic Force]]
*[[Magnetic Torque]]

</div>
</div>

==Physics 3==

===Week 1===
<div class="toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">
====Classical Physics====
<div class="mw-collapsible-content">
</div>
</div>

===Week 2===
<div class="toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">
====Special Relativity====
<div class="mw-collapsible-content">
*[[Frame of Reference]]
*[[Einstein's Theory of Special Relativity]]
*[[Time Dilation]]
*[[Einstein's Theory of General Relativity]]
*[[Albert A. Micheleson & Edward W. Morley]]
*[[Magnetic Force in a Moving Reference Frame]]
</div>
</div>

===Week 3===
<div class="toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">
====Photons====
<div class="mw-collapsible-content">
*[[Spontaneous Photon Emission]]
*[[Light Scattering: Why is the Sky Blue]]
*[[Lasers]]
*[[Electronic Energy Levels and Photons]]
*[[Quantum Properties of Light]]
</div>
</div>

===Week 4===
<div class="toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">
====Matter Waves====
<div class="mw-collapsible-content">
*[[Wave-Particle Duality]]
</div>
</div>

===Week 5===
<div class="toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">
====Wave Mechanics====
<div class="mw-collapsible-content">
*[[Standing Waves]]
*[[Wavelength]]
*[[Wavelength and Frequency]]
*[[Mechanical Waves]]
*[[Transverse and Longitudinal Waves]]
</div>
</div>

===Week 6===
<div class="toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">
====Rutherford-Bohr Model====
<div class="mw-collapsible-content">
*[[Rutherford Experiment and Atomic Collisions]]
*[[Bohr Model]]
*[[Quantized energy levels]]
*[[Energy graphs and the Bohr model]]
</div>
</div>

===Week 7===
<div class="toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">
====The Hydrogen Atom====
<div class="mw-collapsible-content">
*[[Quantum Theory]]
*[[Atomic Theory]]
</div>
</div>

===Week 8===
<div class="toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">
====Many-Electron Atoms====
<div class="mw-collapsible-content">
*[[Quantum Theory]]
*[[Atomic Theory]]
*[[Pauli exclusion principle]]
</div>
</div>

===Week 9===
<div class="toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">
====Molecules====
<div class="mw-collapsible-content">
</div>
</div>

===Week 10===
<div class="toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">
====Statistical Physics====
<div class="mw-collapsible-content">
</div>
</div>

===Week 11===
<div class="toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">
====Condensed Matter Physics====
<div class="mw-collapsible-content">
</div>
</div>

===Week 12===
<div class="toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">
====The Nucleus====
<div class="mw-collapsible-content">
</div>
</div>

===Week 13===
<div class="toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">
====Nuclear Physics====
<div class="mw-collapsible-content">
*[[Nuclear Fission]]
*[[Nuclear Energy from Fission and Fusion]]
</div>
</div>

===Week 14===
<div class="toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">
====Particle Physics====
<div class="mw-collapsible-content">
*[[Elementary Particles and Particle Physics Theory]]
*[[String Theory]]
</div>
</div>

Main Page

2016-04-17T05:47:34Z

Tquill: /* Sign of a potential difference */

__NOTOC__
Welcome to the Georgia Tech Wiki for Introductory Physics. This resource was created so that students can contribute and curate content to help those with limited or no access to a textbook. When reading this website, please correct any errors you may come across. If you read something that isn't clear, please consider revising it for future students!

Looking to make a contribution?
#Pick one of the topics from intro physics listed below
#Add content to that topic or improve the quality of what is already there.
#Need to make a new topic? Edit this page and add it to the list under the appropriate category. Then copy and paste the default [[Template]] into your new page and start editing.

Please remember that this is not a textbook and you are not limited to expressing your ideas with only text and equations. Whenever possible embed: pictures, videos, diagrams, simulations, computational models (e.g. Glowscript), and whatever content you think makes learning physics easier for other students.

== Source Material ==
All of the content added to this resource must be in the public domain or similar free resource. If you are unsure about a source, contact the original author for permission. That said, there is a surprisingly large amount of introductory physics content scattered across the web. Here is an incomplete list of intro physics resources (please update as needed).
* A physics resource written by experts for an expert audience [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:Physics Physics Portal]
* A wiki written for students by a physics expert [http://p3server.pa.msu.edu/coursewiki/doku.php?id=183_notes MSU Physics Wiki]
* A wiki book on modern physics [https://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Modern_Physics Modern Physics Wiki]
* The MIT open courseware for intro physics [http://ocw.mit.edu/resources/res-8-002-a-wikitextbook-for-introductory-mechanics-fall-2009/index.htm MITOCW Wiki]
* An online concept map of intro physics [http://hyperphysics.phy-astr.gsu.edu/hbase/hph.html HyperPhysics]
* Interactive physics simulations [https://phet.colorado.edu/en/simulations/category/physics PhET]
* OpenStax algebra based intro physics textbook [https://openstaxcollege.org/textbooks/college-physics College Physics]
* The Open Source Physics project is a collection of online physics resources [http://www.opensourcephysics.org/ OSP]
* A resource guide compiled by the [http://www.aapt.org/ AAPT] for educators [http://www.compadre.org/ ComPADRE]

== Organizing Categories ==
These are the broad, overarching categories, that we cover in three semester of introductory physics. You can add subcategories as needed but a single topic should direct readers to a page in one of these categories.

== Resources ==
* Commonly used wiki commands [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:Cheatsheet Wiki Cheatsheet]
* A guide to representing equations in math mode [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:Displaying_a_formula Wiki Math Mode]
* A page to keep track of all the physics [[Constants]]
* A page for review of [[Vectors]] and vector operations
* A listing of [[Notable Scientist]] with links to their individual pages

<div style="float:left; width:30%; padding:1%;">
==Physics 1==
===Week 1===

====Student Content====
<div class=“toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed”>
=====Help with VPython=====
<div class=“mw-collapsible-content”>
*[[VPython]]
*[[VPython basics]]
*[[VPython Common Errors and Troubleshooting]]
*[[VPython Functions]]
*[[VPython Lists]]
*[[VPython Loops]]
*[[VPython Multithreading]]
*[[VPython Animation]]
*[[VPython Objects]]
*[[VPython 3D Objects]]
*[[VPython Reference]]
*[[VPython MapReduceFilter]]
*[[VPython GUIs]]
</div>
</div>

<div class=“toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed”>
=====Vectors and Units=====
<div class=“mw-collapsible-content”>
*[[Vectors]]
*[[SI units]]
</div>
</div>

<div class=“toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed”>

=====Interactions=====
<div class=“mw-collapsible-content”>
</div>
</div>
*[[Types of Interactions and How to Detect Them]]

<div class=“toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed”>

=====Velocity and Momentum=====
<div class=“mw-collapsible-content”>
*[[Newton’s First Law of Motion]]
*[[Velocity]]
*[[Mass]]
*[[Speed and Velocity]]
*[[Relative Velocity]]
*[[Derivation of Average Velocity]]
*[[2-Dimensional Motion]]
*[[3-Dimensional Position and Motion]]
</div>
</div>

====Expert Content====
<div class=“toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed”>

* [http://p3server.pa.msu.edu/coursewiki/doku.php?id=183_notes:vpython_resources Software for Projects]

</div>

===Week 2===
====Student Content====
<div class=“toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed”>
=====Momentum and the Momentum Principle=====
<div class=“mw-collapsible-content”>
*[[Momentum Principle]]
*[[Inertia]]
*[[Net Force]]
*[[Derivation of the Momentum Principle]]
*[[Impulse Momentum]]
*[[Acceleration]]
*[[Momentum with respect to external Forces]]
</div>
</div>

<div class=“toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed”>
=====Iterative Prediction with a Constant Force=====
<div class=“mw-collapsible-content”>
*[[Newton’s Second Law of Motion]]
*[[Iterative Prediction]]
*[[Kinematics]]
*[[Newton’s Laws and Linear Momentum]]
*[[Projectile Motion]]
</div>
</div>

====Expert Content====
<div class=“toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed”>

* [http://p3server.pa.msu.edu/coursewiki/doku.php?id=183_notes:scalars_and_vectors Scalars and Vectors]
* [http://p3server.pa.msu.edu/coursewiki/doku.php?id=183_notes:displacement_and_velocity Displacement and Velocity]
* [http://p3server.pa.msu.edu/coursewiki/doku.php?id=183_notes:modeling_with_vpython Modeling Motion with VPython]
* [http://p3server.pa.msu.edu/coursewiki/doku.php?id=183_notes:relative_motion Relative Motion]
* [http://p3server.pa.msu.edu/coursewiki/doku.php?id=183_notes:graphing_motion Graphing Motion]
* [http://p3server.pa.msu.edu/coursewiki/doku.php?id=183_notes:momentum Momentum]
* [http://p3server.pa.msu.edu/coursewiki/doku.php?id=183_notes:momentum_principle The Momentum Principle]
* [http://p3server.pa.msu.edu/coursewiki/doku.php?id=183_notes:acceleration Acceleration & The Change in Momentum]
* [http://p3server.pa.msu.edu/coursewiki/doku.php?id=183_notes:motionPredict Applying the Momentum Principle]
* [http://p3server.pa.msu.edu/coursewiki/doku.php?id=183_notes:constantF Constant Force Motion]
* [http://p3server.pa.msu.edu/coursewiki/doku.php?id=183_notes:iterativePredict Iterative Prediction of Motion]
* [http://p3server.pa.msu.edu/coursewiki/doku.php?id=183_notes:mp_multi The Momentum Principle in Multi-particle Systems]
* [http://p3server.pa.msu.edu/coursewiki/doku.php?id=183_notes:angular_motivation Why Angular Momentum?]
* [http://p3server.pa.msu.edu/coursewiki/doku.php?id=183_notes:ang_momentum Angular Momentum]
* [http://p3server.pa.msu.edu/coursewiki/doku.php?id=183_notes:L_principle Net Torque & The Angular Momentum Principle]
* [http://p3server.pa.msu.edu/coursewiki/doku.php?id=183_notes:L_conservation Angular Momentum Conservation]

</div>

===Week 3===
====Student Content====
<div class=“toccolours \
mw-collapsible mw-collapsed”>
=====Analytic Prediction with a Constant Force=====
<div \
class=“mw-collapsible-content”>
*[[Analytical Prediction]]
</div>
</div>

<div class=“toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed”>
=====Iterative Prediction with a Varying Force=====
<div \
class=“mw-collapsible-content”>
*[[Predicting Change in multiple dimensions]]
*[[Spring Force]]
*[[Hooke’s Law]]
*[[Simple Harmonic Motion]]
*[[Iterative Prediction of Spring-Mass System]]
*[[Terminal Speed]]
*[[Determinism]]
</div>
</div>

====Expert Content====
<div class=“toccolours mw-collapsible \
mw-collapsed”>

* [http://p3server.pa.msu.edu/coursewiki/doku.php?id=183_notes:drag Drag]
* [http://p3server.pa.msu.edu/coursewiki/doku.php?id=183_notes:gravitation Non-constant Force: Newtonian Gravitation]
* [http://p3server.pa.msu.edu/coursewiki/doku.php?id=183_notes:ucm Uniform Circular Motion]
* [http://p3server.pa.msu.edu/coursewiki/doku.php?id=183_notes:impulseGraphs Impulse Graphs]
* [http://p3server.pa.msu.edu/coursewiki/doku.php?id=183_notes:springMotion Non-constant Force: Springs & Spring-like Interactions]
* [http://p3server.pa.msu.edu/coursewiki/doku.php?id=183_notes:friction Contact Interactions: The Normal Force & Friction]

</div>

===Week 4===
====Student Content====
<div class=“toccolours \
mw-collapsible mw-collapsed”>
=====Fundamental Interactions=====
<div class=“mw-collapsible-content”>
*[[Gravitational Force]]
*[[Electric Force]]
*[[Reciprocity]]
</div>
</div>

====Expert Content====
<div class=“toccolours mw-collapsible \
mw-collapsed”>

* [http://p3server.pa.msu.edu/coursewiki/doku.php?id=183_notes:gravitation Non-constant Force: Newtonian Gravitation]

</div>

===Week 5===
====Student Content====
<div class=“toccolours \
mw-collapsible mw-collapsed”>
=====Conservation of Momentum=====
<div class=“mw-collapsible-content”>
*[[Conservation of Momentum]]
</div>
</div>
<div class=“toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed”>

=====Properties of Matter=====
<div class=“mw-collapsible-content”>
*[[Kinds of Matter]]
**[[Ball and Spring Model of Matter]]
*[[Density]]
*[[Length and Stiffness of an Interatomic Bond]]
*[[Young’s Modulus]]
*[[Speed of Sound in Solids]]
*[[Malleability]]
*[[Ductility]]
*[[Weight]]
*[[Hardness]]
*[[Boiling Point]]
*[[Melting Point]]
</div>
</div>

====Expert Content====
<div class=“toccolours mw-collapsible \
mw-collapsed”>

* [http://p3server.pa.msu.edu/coursewiki/doku.php?id=183_notes:model_of_a_wire Modeling a Solid Wire: springs in series and parallel]

</div>

===Week 6===
====Student Content====
<div class=“toccolours \
mw-collapsible mw-collapsed”>
=====Identifying Forces=====
<div class=“mw-collapsible-content”>
*[[Free Body Diagram]]
*[[Compression or Normal Force]]
*[[Tension]]
</div>
</div>
<div class=“toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed”>
=====Curving Motion=====
<div class=“mw-collapsible-content”>
*[[Curving Motion]]
*[[Centripetal Force and Curving Motion]]
*[[Perpetual Freefall (Orbit)]]
</div>
</div>

====Expert Content====
<div class=“toccolours mw-collapsible \
mw-collapsed”>

* [http://p3server.pa.msu.edu/coursewiki/doku.php?id=183_notes:gravitation Non-constant Force: Newtonian Gravitation]
* [http://p3server.pa.msu.edu/coursewiki/doku.php?id=183_notes:grav_accel Gravitational Acceleration]
* [http://p3server.pa.msu.edu/coursewiki/doku.php?id=183_notes:ucm Uniform Circular Motion]
* [http://p3server.pa.msu.edu/coursewiki/doku.php?id=183_notes:freebodydiagrams Free Body Diagrams]
* [http://p3server.pa.msu.edu/coursewiki/doku.php?id=183_notes:curving_motion Curved Motion]

</div>

===Week 7===
====Student Content====
<div class=“toccolours \
mw-collapsible mw-collapsed”>
=====Energy Principle=====
<div class=“mw-collapsible-content”>
*[[The Energy Principle]]
*[[Conservation of Energy]]
*[[Kinetic Energy]]
*[[Work]]
*[[Power (Mechanical)]]
</div>
</div>

====Expert Content====
<div class=“toccolours mw-collapsible \
mw-collapsed”>

* [http://p3server.pa.msu.edu/coursewiki/doku.php?id=183_notes:define_energy What is Energy?]
* [http://p3server.pa.msu.edu/coursewiki/doku.php?id=183_notes:point_particle The Simplest System: A Single Particle]
* [http://p3server.pa.msu.edu/coursewiki/doku.php?id=183_notes:work Work: Mechanical Energy Transfer]
* [http://p3server.pa.msu.edu/coursewiki/doku.php?id=183_notes:energy_cons Conservation of Energy]
* [http://p3server.pa.msu.edu/coursewiki/doku.php?id=183_notes:potential_energy Potential Energy]
* [http://p3server.pa.msu.edu/coursewiki/doku.php?id=183_notes:grav_and_spring_PE (Near Earth) Gravitational and Spring Potential Energy]
* [http://p3server.pa.msu.edu/coursewiki/doku.php?id=183_notes:force_and_PE Force and Potential Energy]
* [http://p3server.pa.msu.edu/coursewiki/doku.php?id=183_notes:newton_grav_pe Newtonian Gravitational Potential Energy]
* [http://p3server.pa.msu.edu/coursewiki/doku.php?id=183_notes:spring_PE Spring Potential Energy]

</div>

===Week 8===
====Student Content====
<div class=“toccolours \
mw-collapsible mw-collapsed”>
=====Work by Non-Constant Forces=====
<div \
class=“mw-collapsible-content”>
*[[Work Done By A Nonconstant Force]]
</div>
</div>
<div class=“toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed”>
=====Potential Energy=====
<div class=“mw-collapsible-content”>
*[[Potential Energy]]
*[[Potential Energy of Macroscopic Springs]]
*[[Spring Potential Energy]]
**[[Ball and Spring Model]]
*[[Gravitational Potential Energy]]
*[[Energy Graphs]]
*[[Escape Velocity]]
</div>
</div>

====Expert Content====
<div class=“toccolours mw-collapsible \
mw-collapsed”>

* [http://p3server.pa.msu.edu/coursewiki/doku.php?id=183_notes:work_by_nc_forces Work Done by Non-Constant Forces]
* [http://p3server.pa.msu.edu/coursewiki/doku.php?id=183_notes:potential_energy Potential Energy]
* [http://p3server.pa.msu.edu/coursewiki/doku.php?id=183_notes:grav_and_spring_PE (Near Earth) Gravitational and Spring Potential Energy]
* [http://p3server.pa.msu.edu/coursewiki/doku.php?id=183_notes:rest_mass Changes of Rest Mass Energy]
* [http://p3server.pa.msu.edu/coursewiki/doku.php?id=183_notes:force_and_PE Force and Potential Energy]
* [http://p3server.pa.msu.edu/coursewiki/doku.php?id=183_notes:newton_grav_pe Newtonian Gravitational Potential Energy]
* [http://p3server.pa.msu.edu/coursewiki/doku.php?id=183_notes:grav_pe_graphs Graphing Energy for Gravitationally Interacting Systems]
* [http://p3server.pa.msu.edu/coursewiki/doku.php?id=183_notes:spring_PE Spring Potential Energy]
* [http://p3server.pa.msu.edu/coursewiki/doku.php?id=183_notes:power Power: The Rate of Energy Change]
* [http://p3server.pa.msu.edu/coursewiki/doku.php?id=183_notes:energy_dissipation Dissipation of Energy]

</div>

===Week 9===
====Student Content====
<div class=“toccolours \
mw-collapsible mw-collapsed”>
=====Multiparticle Systems=====
<div class=“mw-collapsible-content”>
*[[Center of Mass]]
*[[Multi-particle analysis of Momentum]]
*[[Momentum with respect to external Forces]]
*[[Potential Energy of a Multiparticle System]]
*[[Work and Energy for an Extended System]]
*[[Internal Energy]]
**[[Potential Energy of a Pair of Neutral Atoms]]
</div>
</div>

====Expert Content====
<div class=“toccolours mw-collapsible \
mw-collapsed”>

* [http://p3server.pa.msu.edu/coursewiki/doku.php?id=183_notes:mp_multi The Momentum Principle in Multi-particle Systems]
* [http://p3server.pa.msu.edu/coursewiki/doku.php?id=183_notes:center_of_mass Center of Mass Motion]
* [http://p3server.pa.msu.edu/coursewiki/doku.php?id=183_notes:center_of_mass Center of Mass Motion]
* [http://p3server.pa.msu.edu/coursewiki/doku.php?id=183_notes:energy_sep Separating Energy in Multi-Particle Systems]

</div>

===Week 10===
====Student Content====
<div class=“toccolours \
mw-collapsible mw-collapsed”>
=====Choice of System=====
<div class=“mw-collapsible-content”>
*[[System & Surroundings]]
</div>
</div>
<div class=“toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed”>
=====Thermal Energy, Dissipation and Transfer of Energy=====
<div \
class=“mw-collapsible-content”>
*[[Thermal Energy]]
*[[Specific Heat]]
*[[Heat Capacity]]
*[[Specific Heat Capacity]]
*[[First Law of Thermodynamics]]
*[[Second Law of Thermodynamics and Entropy]]
*[[Temperature]]
*[[Predicting Change]]
*[[Energy Transfer due to a Temperature Difference]]
*[[Transformation of Energy]]
*[[The Maxwell-Boltzmann Distribution]]
*[[Air Resistance]]
</div>
</div>
<div class=“toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed”>
=====Rotational and Vibrational Energy=====
<div \
class=“mw-collapsible-content”>
*[[Translational, Rotational and Vibrational Energy]]
</div>
</div>

====Expert Content====
<div class=“toccolours mw-collapsible \
mw-collapsed”>

* [http://p3server.pa.msu.edu/coursewiki/doku.php?id=183_notes:grav_and_spring_PE (Near Earth) Gravitational and Spring Potential Energy]
* [http://p3server.pa.msu.edu/coursewiki/doku.php?id=183_notes:rest_mass Changes of Rest Mass Energy]
* [http://p3server.pa.msu.edu/coursewiki/doku.php?id=183_notes:newton_grav_pe Newtonian Gravitational Potential Energy]
* [http://p3server.pa.msu.edu/coursewiki/doku.php?id=183_notes:grav_pe_graphs Graphing Energy for Gravitationally Interacting Systems]
* [http://p3server.pa.msu.edu/coursewiki/doku.php?id=183_notes:escape_speed Escape Speed]
* [http://p3server.pa.msu.edu/coursewiki/doku.php?id=183_notes:spring_PE Spring Potential Energy]
* [http://p3server.pa.msu.edu/coursewiki/doku.php?id=183_notes:internal_energy Internal Energy]
* [http://p3server.pa.msu.edu/coursewiki/doku.php?id=183_notes:system_choice Choosing a System Matters]
* [http://p3server.pa.msu.edu/coursewiki/doku.php?id=183_notes:energy_dissipation Dissipation of Energy]

</div>

===Week 11===
====Student Content====
<div class=“toccolours \
mw-collapsible mw-collapsed”>
=====Different Models of a System=====
<div \
class=“mw-collapsible-content”>
*[[Real Systems]]
*[[Point Particle Systems]]
</div>
</div>
<div class=“toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed”>

=====Models of Friction=====
<div class=“mw-collapsible-content”>
*[[Friction]]
*[[Static Friction]]
</div>
</div>

====Expert Content====
<div class=“toccolours mw-collapsible \
mw-collapsed”>

* [http://p3server.pa.msu.edu/coursewiki/doku.php?id=183_notes:system_choice Choosing a System Matters]
* [http://p3server.pa.msu.edu/coursewiki/doku.php?id=183_notes:energy_dissipation Dissipation of Energy]

</div>

===Week 12===
====Student Content====
<div class=“toccolours \
mw-collapsible mw-collapsed”>
=====Collisions=====
<div class=“mw-collapsible-content”>
*[[Newton’s Third Law of Motion]]
*[[Collisions]]
*[[Elastic Collisions]]
*[[Inelastic Collisions]]
*[[Maximally Inelastic Collision]]
*[[Head-on Collision of Equal Masses]]
*[[Head-on Collision of Unequal Masses]]
*[[Scattering: Collisions in 2D and 3D]]
*[[Rutherford Experiment and Atomic Collisions]]
*[[Coefficient of Restitution]]
</div>
</div>

====Expert Content====
<div class=“toccolours mw-collapsible \
mw-collapsed”>

* [http://p3server.pa.msu.edu/coursewiki/doku.php?id=183_notes:collisions Colliding Objects]
* [http://p3server.pa.msu.edu/coursewiki/doku.php?id=183_notes:center_of_mass Center of Mass Motion]
* [http://p3server.pa.msu.edu/coursewiki/doku.php?id=183_notes:center_of_mass Center of Mass Motion]
* [http://p3server.pa.msu.edu/coursewiki/doku.php?id=183_notes:rot_KE Rotational Kinetic Energy]
* [http://p3server.pa.msu.edu/coursewiki/doku.php?id=183_notes:pp_vs_real Point Particle and Real Systems]
* [http://p3server.pa.msu.edu/coursewiki/doku.php?id=183_notes:colliding_systems Collisions]

</div>

===Week 13===
====Student Content====
<div class=“toccolours \
mw-collapsible mw-collapsed”>
=====Rotations=====
<div class=“mw-collapsible-content”>
*[[Rotation]]
*[[Angular Velocity]]
*[[Eulerian Angles]]
</div>
</div>
<div class=“toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed”>
=====Angular Momentum=====
<div class=“mw-collapsible-content”>
*[[Total Angular Momentum]]
*[[Translational Angular Momentum]]
*[[Rotational Angular Momentum]]
*[[The Angular Momentum Principle]]
*[[Angular Momentum Compared to Linear Momentum]]
*[[Angular Impulse]]
*[[Predicting the Position of a Rotating System]]
*[[Angular Momentum of Multiparticle Systems]]
*[[The Moments of Inertia]]
*[[Moment of Inertia for a cylinder]]
*[[Right Hand Rule]]
</div>
</div>

====Expert Content====
<div class=“toccolours mw-collapsible \
mw-collapsed”>

* [http://p3server.pa.msu.edu/coursewiki/doku.php?id=183_notes:rot_KE Rotational Kinetic Energy]
* [http://p3server.pa.msu.edu/coursewiki/doku.php?id=183_notes:angular_motivation Why Angular Momentum?]
* [http://p3server.pa.msu.edu/coursewiki/doku.php?id=183_notes:ang_momentum Angular Momentum]
* [http://p3server.pa.msu.edu/coursewiki/doku.php?id=183_notes:L_principle Net Torque & The Angular Momentum Principle]
* [http://p3server.pa.msu.edu/coursewiki/doku.php?id=183_notes:L_conservation Angular Momentum Conservation]

</div>
===Week 14===

====Student Content====
<div class=“toccolours mw-collapsible \
mw-collapsed”>
=====Analyzing Motion with and without Torque=====
<div \
class=“mw-collapsible-content”>
*[[Torque]]
*[[Torque 2]]
*[[Systems with Zero Torque]]
*[[Systems with Nonzero Torque]]
*[[Torque vs Work]]
*[[Gyroscopes]]
</div>
</div>

====Expert Content====
<div class=“toccolours mw-collapsible \
mw-collapsed”>

* [http://p3server.pa.msu.edu/coursewiki/doku.php?id=183_notes:discovery_of_the_nucleus Discovery of the Nucleus]
* [http://p3server.pa.msu.edu/coursewiki/doku.php?id=183_notes:torque Torques Cause Changes in Rotation]
* [http://p3server.pa.msu.edu/coursewiki/doku.php?id=183_notes:L_principle Net Torque & The Angular Momentum Principle]

</div>

===Week 15===

====Student Content====
<div class=“toccolours mw-collapsible \
mw-collapsed”>
=====Introduction to Quantum Concepts=====
<div \class=“mw-collapsible-content”>
*[[Bohr Model]]
*[[Energy graphs and the Bohr model]]
*[[Quantized energy levels]]
</div>
</div>

====Expert Content====
<div class=“toccolours mw-collapsible \
mw-collapsed”>

* [http://p3server.pa.msu.edu/coursewiki/doku.php?id=183_notes:discovery_of_the_nucleus Discovery of the Nucleus]

</div>

<div style=“float:left; width:30%; padding:1%;”>

==Physics 2==
===Week 1===
<div class="toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">
====3D Vectors====
<div class="mw-collapsible-content">
*[[Page claimed by Laura Winalski]]*
*[[Vectors]]
*[[Right-Hand Rule]]
*[[Right Hand Rule]]
</div>
</div>

<div class="toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">

'''CLAIMED BY DIPRO CHAKRABORTY'''

'''CLAIMED BY DIPRO CHAKRABORTY'''
'''CLAIMED BY DIPRO CHAKRABORTY'''
'''CLAIMED BY DIPRO CHAKRABORTY'''

'''CLAIMED BY DIPRO CHAKRABORTY'''
====Electric field====
<div class="mw-collapsible-content">

[[Electric field]]

The electric field created by a charge is present throughout space at all times, whether or not there is another charge around to feel its effects. The electric field created by a charge penetrates through matter. The field permeates the neighboring space, biding its time until it can affect anything brought into its space of interaction.

==The Main Idea==
To be exact, the definition of the Electric Field is as follows:
The electric field is a region around a charged particle or object within which a force would be exerted on other objects.
If we put a charged particle at a location and it experiences a force, it would be logical to assume that there is something present that
is interacting with the particle. This "virtual force" is in essence the electric field.
===A Mathematical Model===

The electric field can be expressed mathematically as follows:

<math>{\vec{F_{net}} = 0 \Leftrightarrow \frac{d\vec{v}}{dt}} = 0</math>

<math>{\vec{F_{2}} = {q_{1}}{\vec{E_{1}}} \Leftrightarrow \frac{d\vec{v}}{dt}} </math>

which can be translated to postulate that the force on particle 2 is determined by the charge of particle 2 and the electric
field.

==Examples==

The following examples are to test your basic understanding of the Electric Field. For more examples that test your knowledge of all three of the laws, peruse the class textbook.

===Simple===
Which way is the electric field going for a negatively charged particle?

[[File:Simple111.png]]

It's easy to see that the electric field is pointing toward the negatively charged particle. The electric field is tending
toward the negatively charged particle.

===Middling===
Does the object in the following image have a net force of zero? Does it have a constant velocity?

This example is slightly more difficult, but is still quite trivial. If we sum the forces in the x direction, we see that the net force is 2 newtons in the -x direction. Therefore, the object does not have a constant velocity, and will be accelerating in the -x direction.

===Difficult===
Does the object in the following image have a net force of zero? Does it have a constant velocity?

This final example tests your knowledge and understanding of Newton's First Law. We're able to see that the box will accelerate in the -x direction because the net force in the x direction is 5 newtons to the left. However, the box itself has a velocity of 5m/s upwards, which would indeed stay constant. This is because forces (and motion) in perpendicular directions are of each other.

==Connectedness==

Newton's laws of motion tie into almost everything that we see or do. The first law, in particular, explains why we suddenly lurch forward when a car suddenly stops (our bodies are in a state of motion and thus resist the sudden stop), why it's much harder to stop when ice skating than walking (there's less friction, thus less net force to decelerate), and much, much, more. The importance of Newton's first law (and by extension, the other laws of motion) is not readily apparent, but serves as a basis to explain much of our daily interactions with our surroundings.

It can also apply to things outside of our daily interactions - space, for example. Newton's first law describes why an astronaut in space will continuously float in a direction forever if they are not pulled in by an asteroid or a planet's gravitational force. There is a lack of a net force opposing the astronaut's motion (due to the fact that there is no air in space) which results in the astronaut having a constant velocity. Floating off into space is probably an astronaut's worst nightmare, a scenario that a recent movie, ''Gravity'', explored. The entire premise of the movie (Sandra Bullock becomes untethered from her space station) relies on Newton's first law of motion.
==History==

While Galileo is the one credited with the idea of inertia motion, it was René Descartes, a French philosopher, who would expand upon Galileo's ideas. Descartes went on to propose three fundamental laws of nature in his book, ''Principles of Philosophy'', the first of which stated that "each thing, as far as is in its power, always remains in the same state; and that consequently, when it is once moved, it always continues to move." Thus, while the concept of inertia is often referred to as Newton's First Law, it was first described by Galileo and then perfected by Descartes decades before Newton published his findings.

As for Newton, he first described his three laws of motion in ''The Mathematical Principle of Natural Philosophy'', for the Principia, which was published in 1687. These laws described the relationship between an object and the forces acting upon it and laid the foundation for classical mechanics. While Newton's first law came from the work of Descartes and Galileo, his other laws are the work of himself.

==The Main Idea==
To be exact, the definition of the Electric Field is as follows:
The electric field is a region around a charged particle or object within which a force would be exerted on other objects.
If we put a charged particle at a location and it experiences a force, it would be logical to assume that there is something present that
is interacting with the particle. This "virtual force" is in essence the electric field.
===A Mathematical Model===

The electric field can be expressed mathematically as follows:

<math>{\vec{F_{net}} = 0 \Leftrightarrow \frac{d\vec{v}}{dt}} = 0</math>

<math>{\vec{F_{2}} = {q_{1}}{\vec{E_{1}}} \Leftrightarrow \frac{d\vec{v}}{dt}} </math>

which can be translated to postulate that the force on particle 2 is determined by the charge of particle 2 and the electric
field.

==Examples==

The following examples are to test your basic understanding of the Electric Field. For more examples that test your knowledge of all three of the laws, peruse the class textbook.

===Simple===
Which way is the electric field going for a negatively charged particle?

[[File:Simple111.png]]

It's easy to see that the electric field is pointing toward the negatively charged particle. The electric field is tending
toward the negatively charged particle.

===Middling===
Does the object in the following image have a net force of zero? Does it have a constant velocity?

This example is slightly more difficult, but is still quite trivial. If we sum the forces in the x direction, we see that the net force is 2 newtons in the -x direction. Therefore, the object does not have a constant velocity, and will be accelerating in the -x direction.

===Difficult===
Does the object in the following image have a net force of zero? Does it have a constant velocity?

This final example tests your knowledge and understanding of Newton's First Law. We're able to see that the box will accelerate in the -x direction because the net force in the x direction is 5 newtons to the left. However, the box itself has a velocity of 5m/s upwards, which would indeed stay constant. This is because forces (and motion) in perpendicular directions are of each other.

==Connectedness==

Newton's laws of motion tie into almost everything that we see or do. The first law, in particular, explains why we suddenly lurch forward when a car suddenly stops (our bodies are in a state of motion and thus resist the sudden stop), why it's much harder to stop when ice skating than walking (there's less friction, thus less net force to decelerate), and much, much, more. The importance of Newton's first law (and by extension, the other laws of motion) is not readily apparent, but serves as a basis to explain much of our daily interactions with our surroundings.

It can also apply to things outside of our daily interactions - space, for example. Newton's first law describes why an astronaut in space will continuously float in a direction forever if they are not pulled in by an asteroid or a planet's gravitational force. There is a lack of a net force opposing the astronaut's motion (due to the fact that there is no air in space) which results in the astronaut having a constant velocity. Floating off into space is probably an astronaut's worst nightmare, a scenario that a recent movie, ''Gravity'', explored. The entire premise of the movie (Sandra Bullock becomes untethered from her space station) relies on Newton's first law of motion.
==History==

While Galileo is the one credited with the idea of inertia motion, it was René Descartes, a French philosopher, who would expand upon Galileo's ideas. Descartes went on to propose three fundamental laws of nature in his book, ''Principles of Philosophy'', the first of which stated that "each thing, as far as is in its power, always remains in the same state; and that consequently, when it is once moved, it always continues to move." Thus, while the concept of inertia is often referred to as Newton's First Law, it was first described by Galileo and then perfected by Descartes decades before Newton published his findings.

As for Newton, he first described his three laws of motion in ''The Mathematical Principle of Natural Philosophy'', for the Principia, which was published in 1687. These laws described the relationship between an object and the forces acting upon it and laid the foundation for classical mechanics. While Newton's first law came from the work of Descartes and Galileo, his other laws are the work of himself.

==The Main Idea==
To be exact, the definition of the Electric Field is as follows:
The electric field is a region around a charged particle or object within which a force would be exerted on other objects.
If we put a charged particle at a location and it experiences a force, it would be logical to assume that there is something present that
is interacting with the particle. This "virtual force" is in essence the electric field.
===A Mathematical Model===

The electric field can be expressed mathematically as follows:

<math>{\vec{F_{net}} = 0 \Leftrightarrow \frac{d\vec{v}}{dt}} = 0</math>

<math>{\vec{F_{2}} = {q_{1}}{\vec{E_{1}}} \Leftrightarrow \frac{d\vec{v}}{dt}} </math>

which can be translated to postulate that the force on particle 2 is determined by the charge of particle 2 and the electric
field.

==Examples==

The following examples are to test your basic understanding of the Electric Field. For more examples that test your knowledge of all three of the laws, peruse the class textbook.

===Simple===
Which way is the electric field going for a negatively charged particle?

[[File:Simple111.png]]

It's easy to see that the electric field is pointing toward the negatively charged particle. The electric field is tending
toward the negatively charged particle.

===Middling===
Does the object in the following image have a net force of zero? Does it have a constant velocity?

This example is slightly more difficult, but is still quite trivial. If we sum the forces in the x direction, we see that the net force is 2 newtons in the -x direction. Therefore, the object does not have a constant velocity, and will be accelerating in the -x direction.

===Difficult===
Does the object in the following image have a net force of zero? Does it have a constant velocity?

This final example tests your knowledge and understanding of Newton's First Law. We're able to see that the box will accelerate in the -x direction because the net force in the x direction is 5 newtons to the left. However, the box itself has a velocity of 5m/s upwards, which would indeed stay constant. This is because forces (and motion) in perpendicular directions are of each other.

==Connectedness==

Newton's laws of motion tie into almost everything that we see or do. The first law, in particular, explains why we suddenly lurch forward when a car suddenly stops (our bodies are in a state of motion and thus resist the sudden stop), why it's much harder to stop when ice skating than walking (there's less friction, thus less net force to decelerate), and much, much, more. The importance of Newton's first law (and by extension, the other laws of motion) is not readily apparent, but serves as a basis to explain much of our daily interactions with our surroundings.

It can also apply to things outside of our daily interactions - space, for example. Newton's first law describes why an astronaut in space will continuously float in a direction forever if they are not pulled in by an asteroid or a planet's gravitational force. There is a lack of a net force opposing the astronaut's motion (due to the fact that there is no air in space) which results in the astronaut having a constant velocity. Floating off into space is probably an astronaut's worst nightmare, a scenario that a recent movie, ''Gravity'', explored. The entire premise of the movie (Sandra Bullock becomes untethered from her space station) relies on Newton's first law of motion.
==History==

While Galileo is the one credited with the idea of inertia motion, it was René Descartes, a French philosopher, who would expand upon Galileo's ideas. Descartes went on to propose three fundamental laws of nature in his book, ''Principles of Philosophy'', the first of which stated that "each thing, as far as is in its power, always remains in the same state; and that consequently, when it is once moved, it always continues to move." Thus, while the concept of inertia is often referred to as Newton's First Law, it was first described by Galileo and then perfected by Descartes decades before Newton published his findings.

As for Newton, he first described his three laws of motion in ''The Mathematical Principle of Natural Philosophy'', for the Principia, which was published in 1687. These laws described the relationship between an object and the forces acting upon it and laid the foundation for classical mechanics. While Newton's first law came from the work of Descartes and Galileo, his other laws are the work of himself.

==The Main Idea==
To be exact, the definition of the Electric Field is as follows:
The electric field is a region around a charged particle or object within which a force would be exerted on other objects.
If we put a charged particle at a location and it experiences a force, it would be logical to assume that there is something present that
is interacting with the particle. This "virtual force" is in essence the electric field.
===A Mathematical Model===

The electric field can be expressed mathematically as follows:

<math>{\vec{F_{net}} = 0 \Leftrightarrow \frac{d\vec{v}}{dt}} = 0</math>

<math>{\vec{F_{2}} = {q_{1}}{\vec{E_{1}}} \Leftrightarrow \frac{d\vec{v}}{dt}} </math>

which can be translated to postulate that the force on particle 2 is determined by the charge of particle 2 and the electric
field.

==Examples==

The following examples are to test your basic understanding of the Electric Field. For more examples that test your knowledge of all three of the laws, peruse the class textbook.

===Simple===
Which way is the electric field going for a negatively charged particle?

[[File:Simple111.png]]

It's easy to see that the electric field is pointing toward the negatively charged particle. The electric field is tending
toward the negatively charged particle.

===Middling===
Does the object in the following image have a net force of zero? Does it have a constant velocity?

This example is slightly more difficult, but is still quite trivial. If we sum the forces in the x direction, we see that the net force is 2 newtons in the -x direction. Therefore, the object does not have a constant velocity, and will be accelerating in the -x direction.

===Difficult===
Does the object in the following image have a net force of zero? Does it have a constant velocity?

This final example tests your knowledge and understanding of Newton's First Law. We're able to see that the box will accelerate in the -x direction because the net force in the x direction is 5 newtons to the left. However, the box itself has a velocity of 5m/s upwards, which would indeed stay constant. This is because forces (and motion) in perpendicular directions are of each other.

==Connectedness==

Newton's laws of motion tie into almost everything that we see or do. The first law, in particular, explains why we suddenly lurch forward when a car suddenly stops (our bodies are in a state of motion and thus resist the sudden stop), why it's much harder to stop when ice skating than walking (there's less friction, thus less net force to decelerate), and much, much, more. The importance of Newton's first law (and by extension, the other laws of motion) is not readily apparent, but serves as a basis to explain much of our daily interactions with our surroundings.

It can also apply to things outside of our daily interactions - space, for example. Newton's first law describes why an astronaut in space will continuously float in a direction forever if they are not pulled in by an asteroid or a planet's gravitational force. There is a lack of a net force opposing the astronaut's motion (due to the fact that there is no air in space) which results in the astronaut having a constant velocity. Floating off into space is probably an astronaut's worst nightmare, a scenario that a recent movie, ''Gravity'', explored. The entire premise of the movie (Sandra Bullock becomes untethered from her space station) relies on Newton's first law of motion.
==History==

While Galileo is the one credited with the idea of inertia motion, it was René Descartes, a French philosopher, who would expand upon Galileo's ideas. Descartes went on to propose three fundamental laws of nature in his book, ''Principles of Philosophy'', the first of which stated that "each thing, as far as is in its power, always remains in the same state; and that consequently, when it is once moved, it always continues to move." Thus, while the concept of inertia is often referred to as Newton's First Law, it was first described by Galileo and then perfected by Descartes decades before Newton published his findings.

As for Newton, he first described his three laws of motion in ''The Mathematical Principle of Natural Philosophy'', for the Principia, which was published in 1687. These laws described the relationship between an object and the forces acting upon it and laid the foundation for classical mechanics. While Newton's first law came from the work of Descartes and Galileo, his other laws are the work of himself.

==The Main Idea==
To be exact, the definition of the Electric Field is as follows:
The electric field is a region around a charged particle or object within which a force would be exerted on other objects.
If we put a charged particle at a location and it experiences a force, it would be logical to assume that there is something present that
is interacting with the particle. This "virtual force" is in essence the electric field.
===A Mathematical Model===

The electric field can be expressed mathematically as follows:

<math>{\vec{F_{net}} = 0 \Leftrightarrow \frac{d\vec{v}}{dt}} = 0</math>

<math>{\vec{F_{2}} = {q_{1}}{\vec{E_{1}}} \Leftrightarrow \frac{d\vec{v}}{dt}} = 0</math>

which can be translated to postulate that the force on particle 2 is determined by the charge of particle 2 and the electric
field.

==Examples==

The following examples are to test your basic understanding of the Electric Field. For more examples that test your knowledge of all three of the laws, peruse the class textbook.

===Simple===
Which way is the electric field going for a negatively charged particle?

[[File:Example.jpg]]

It's easy to see that the electric field is pointing toward the negatively charged particle. The electric field is tending
toward the negatively charged particle.

===Middling===
Does the object in the following image have a net force of zero? Does it have a constant velocity?

This example is slightly more difficult, but is still quite trivial. If we sum the forces in the x direction, we see that the net force is 2 newtons in the -x direction. Therefore, the object does not have a constant velocity, and will be accelerating in the -x direction.

===Difficult===
Does the object in the following image have a net force of zero? Does it have a constant velocity?

This final example tests your knowledge and understanding of Newton's First Law. We're able to see that the box will accelerate in the -x direction because the net force in the x direction is 5 newtons to the left. However, the box itself has a velocity of 5m/s upwards, which would indeed stay constant. This is because forces (and motion) in perpendicular directions are of each other.

==Connectedness==

Newton's laws of motion tie into almost everything that we see or do. The first law, in particular, explains why we suddenly lurch forward when a car suddenly stops (our bodies are in a state of motion and thus resist the sudden stop), why it's much harder to stop when ice skating than walking (there's less friction, thus less net force to decelerate), and much, much, more. The importance of Newton's first law (and by extension, the other laws of motion) is not readily apparent, but serves as a basis to explain much of our daily interactions with our surroundings.

It can also apply to things outside of our daily interactions - space, for example. Newton's first law describes why an astronaut in space will continuously float in a direction forever if they are not pulled in by an asteroid or a planet's gravitational force. There is a lack of a net force opposing the astronaut's motion (due to the fact that there is no air in space) which results in the astronaut having a constant velocity. Floating off into space is probably an astronaut's worst nightmare, a scenario that a recent movie, ''Gravity'', explored. The entire premise of the movie (Sandra Bullock becomes untethered from her space station) relies on Newton's first law of motion.
==History==

While Galileo is the one credited with the idea of inertia motion, it was René Descartes, a French philosopher, who would expand upon Galileo's ideas. Descartes went on to propose three fundamental laws of nature in his book, ''Principles of Philosophy'', the first of which stated that "each thing, as far as is in its power, always remains in the same state; and that consequently, when it is once moved, it always continues to move." Thus, while the concept of inertia is often referred to as Newton's First Law, it was first described by Galileo and then perfected by Descartes decades before Newton published his findings.

As for Newton, he first described his three laws of motion in ''The Mathematical Principle of Natural Philosophy'', for the Principia, which was published in 1687. These laws described the relationship between an object and the forces acting upon it and laid the foundation for classical mechanics. While Newton's first law came from the work of Descartes and Galileo, his other laws are the work of himself.

==The Main Idea==
To be exact, the definition of the Electric Field is as follows:
The electric field is a region around a charged particle or object within which a force would be exerted on other charged particles or objects.
If we put a charged particle at a location and it experiences a force, it would be logical to assume that there is something present that
is interacting with the particle. This "virtual force" is in essence the electric field.
===A Mathematical Model===

The electric field can be expressed mathematically as follows:

<math>{\vec{F_{net}} = 0 \Leftrightarrow \frac{d\vec{v}}{dt}} = 0</math>

<math>{\vec{F_{2}} = {q_{1}}{\vec{E_{1}}} \Leftrightarrow \frac{d\vec{v}}{dt}} = 0</math>

which can be translated to postulate that the force on particle 2 is determined by the charge of particle 2 and the electric
field.

==Examples==

The following examples are to test your basic understanding of Newton's First Law. For more examples that test your knowledge of all three of the laws, click .

===Simple===
Does the object in the following image have a net force of zero? Does it have a constant velocity?

It's easy to see that the only force on the object is acting in the +x direction, with a magnitude of 5 newtons. Therefore, the object does not have a net force of zero or a constant velocity. It will be accelerating in the +x direction.

===Middling===
Does the object in the following image have a net force of zero? Does it have a constant velocity?

This example is slightly more difficult, but is still quite trivial. If we sum the forces in the x direction, we see that the net force is 2 newtons in the -x direction. Therefore, the object does not have a constant velocity, and will be accelerating in the -x direction.

===Difficult===
Does the object in the following image have a net force of zero? Does it have a constant velocity?

This final example tests your knowledge and understanding of Newton's First Law. We're able to see that the box will accelerate in the -x direction because the net force in the x direction is 5 newtons to the left. However, the box itself has a velocity of 5m/s upwards, which would indeed stay constant. This is because forces (and motion) in perpendicular directions are of each other.

==Connectedness==

Newton's laws of motion tie into almost everything that we see or do. The first law, in particular, explains why we suddenly lurch forward when a car suddenly stops (our bodies are in a state of motion and thus resist the sudden stop), why it's much harder to stop when ice skating than walking (there's less friction, thus less net force to decelerate), and much, much, more. The importance of Newton's first law (and by extension, the other laws of motion) is not readily apparent, but serves as a basis to explain much of our daily interactions with our surroundings.

It can also apply to things outside of our daily interactions - space, for example. Newton's first law describes why an astronaut in space will continuously float in a direction forever if they are not pulled in by an asteroid or a planet's gravitational force. There is a lack of a net force opposing the astronaut's motion (due to the fact that there is no air in space) which results in the astronaut having a constant velocity. Floating off into space is probably an astronaut's worst nightmare, a scenario that a recent movie, ''Gravity'', explored. The entire premise of the movie (Sandra Bullock becomes untethered from her space station) relies on Newton's first law of motion.
==History==

While Galileo is the one credited with the idea of inertia motion, it was René Descartes, a French philosopher, who would expand upon Galileo's ideas. Descartes went on to propose three fundamental laws of nature in his book, ''Principles of Philosophy'', the first of which stated that "each thing, as far as is in its power, always remains in the same state; and that consequently, when it is once moved, it always continues to move." Thus, while the concept of inertia is often referred to as Newton's First Law, it was first described by Galileo and then perfected by Descartes decades before Newton published his findings.

As for Newton, he first described his three laws of motion in ''The Mathematical Principle of Natural Philosophy'', for the Principia, which was published in 1687. These laws described the relationship between an object and the forces acting upon it and laid the foundation for classical mechanics. While Newton's first law came from the work of Descartes and Galileo, his other laws are the work of himself.

==The Main Idea==
To be exact, the definition of the First Law of Motion is as follows:
The electric field is a region around a charged particle or object within which a force would be exerted on other charged particles or objects.
In other (and much simpler) terms, it means that an object at rest stays at rest and an object in in motion stays in motion at a constant velocity unless acted on by an unbalanced net force. It's important to keep in mind that only a difference in affect the velocity of an object. The amount of change in velocity is determined by
===A Mathematical Model===

Newton's first law can be stated mathematically as follows:

<math>{\vec{F_{net}} = 0 \Leftrightarrow \frac{d\vec{v}}{dt}} = 0</math>

Where...

<math>\vec{F_{net}}</math> is the net force from the surroundings.

<math>d\vec{v}</math> is the change in velocity of the system.

<math>dt</math> is the change in time of the system

If we trace this formula from the left to the right, we can see that if the net force on an object is zero, then the change in velocity of an object is also zero. Conversely, if we were given an object and told that its change in momentum is zero, then we can deduce that the net force acting on the object is also zero. Keep in mind, however, that this formula simple deals with the '''change''' in velocity. It does '''not''' mean that the object is at rest, only that its velocity remains constant.

==Examples==

The following examples are to test your basic understanding of Newton's First Law. For more examples that test your knowledge of all three of the laws, click .

===Simple===
Does the object in the following image have a net force of zero? Does it have a constant velocity?

It's easy to see that the only force on the object is acting in the +x direction, with a magnitude of 5 newtons. Therefore, the object does not have a net force of zero or a constant velocity. It will be accelerating in the +x direction.

===Middling===
Does the object in the following image have a net force of zero? Does it have a constant velocity?

This example is slightly more difficult, but is still quite trivial. If we sum the forces in the x direction, we see that the net force is 2 newtons in the -x direction. Therefore, the object does not have a constant velocity, and will be accelerating in the -x direction.

===Difficult===
Does the object in the following image have a net force of zero? Does it have a constant velocity?

This final example tests your knowledge and understanding of Newton's First Law. We're able to see that the box will accelerate in the -x direction because the net force in the x direction is 5 newtons to the left. However, the box itself has a velocity of 5m/s upwards, which would indeed stay constant. This is because forces (and motion) in perpendicular directions are of each other.

==Connectedness==

Newton's laws of motion tie into almost everything that we see or do. The first law, in particular, explains why we suddenly lurch forward when a car suddenly stops (our bodies are in a state of motion and thus resist the sudden stop), why it's much harder to stop when ice skating than walking (there's less friction, thus less net force to decelerate), and much, much, more. The importance of Newton's first law (and by extension, the other laws of motion) is not readily apparent, but serves as a basis to explain much of our daily interactions with our surroundings.

It can also apply to things outside of our daily interactions - space, for example. Newton's first law describes why an astronaut in space will continuously float in a direction forever if they are not pulled in by an asteroid or a planet's gravitational force. There is a lack of a net force opposing the astronaut's motion (due to the fact that there is no air in space) which results in the astronaut having a constant velocity. Floating off into space is probably an astronaut's worst nightmare, a scenario that a recent movie, ''Gravity'', explored. The entire premise of the movie (Sandra Bullock becomes untethered from her space station) relies on Newton's first law of motion.
==History==

While Galileo is the one credited with the idea of inertia motion, it was René Descartes, a French philosopher, who would expand upon Galileo's ideas. Descartes went on to propose three fundamental laws of nature in his book, ''Principles of Philosophy'', the first of which stated that "each thing, as far as is in its power, always remains in the same state; and that consequently, when it is once moved, it always continues to move." Thus, while the concept of inertia is often referred to as Newton's First Law, it was first described by Galileo and then perfected by Descartes decades before Newton published his findings.

As for Newton, he first described his three laws of motion in ''The Mathematical Principle of Natural Philosophy'', for the Principia, which was published in 1687. These laws described the relationship between an object and the forces acting upon it and laid the foundation for classical mechanics. While Newton's first law came from the work of Descartes and Galileo, his other laws are the work of himself.

==The Main Idea==
To be exact, the definition of the First Law of Motion is as follows:
The electric field is a region around a charged particle or object within which a force would be exerted on other charged particles or objects.
In other (and much simpler) terms, it means that an object at rest stays at rest and an object in in motion stays in motion at a constant velocity unless acted on by an unbalanced net force. It's important to keep in mind that only a difference in affect the velocity of an object. The amount of change in velocity is determined by
===A Mathematical Model===

Newton's first law can be stated mathematically as follows:

<math>{\vec{F_{net}} = 0 \Leftrightarrow \frac{d\vec{v}}{dt}} = 0</math>

Where...

<math>\vec{F_{net}}</math> is the net force from the surroundings.

<math>d\vec{v}</math> is the change in velocity of the system.

<math>dt</math> is the change in time of the system

If we trace this formula from the left to the right, we can see that if the net force on an object is zero, then the change in velocity of an object is also zero. Conversely, if we were given an object and told that its change in momentum is zero, then we can deduce that the net force acting on the object is also zero. Keep in mind, however, that this formula simple deals with the '''change''' in velocity. It does '''not''' mean that the object is at rest, only that its velocity remains constant.

==Examples==

The following examples are to test your basic understanding of Newton's First Law. For more examples that test your knowledge of all three of the laws, click .

===Simple===
Does the object in the following image have a net force of zero? Does it have a constant velocity?

It's easy to see that the only force on the object is acting in the +x direction, with a magnitude of 5 newtons. Therefore, the object does not have a net force of zero or a constant velocity. It will be accelerating in the +x direction.

===Middling===
Does the object in the following image have a net force of zero? Does it have a constant velocity?

This example is slightly more difficult, but is still quite trivial. If we sum the forces in the x direction, we see that the net force is 2 newtons in the -x direction. Therefore, the object does not have a constant velocity, and will be accelerating in the -x direction.

===Difficult===
Does the object in the following image have a net force of zero? Does it have a constant velocity?

This final example tests your knowledge and understanding of Newton's First Law. We're able to see that the box will accelerate in the -x direction because the net force in the x direction is 5 newtons to the left. However, the box itself has a velocity of 5m/s upwards, which would indeed stay constant. This is because forces (and motion) in perpendicular directions are of each other.

==Connectedness==

Newton's laws of motion tie into almost everything that we see or do. The first law, in particular, explains why we suddenly lurch forward when a car suddenly stops (our bodies are in a state of motion and thus resist the sudden stop), why it's much harder to stop when ice skating than walking (there's less friction, thus less net force to decelerate), and much, much, more. The importance of Newton's first law (and by extension, the other laws of motion) is not readily apparent, but serves as a basis to explain much of our daily interactions with our surroundings.

It can also apply to things outside of our daily interactions - space, for example. Newton's first law describes why an astronaut in space will continuously float in a direction forever if they are not pulled in by an asteroid or a planet's gravitational force. There is a lack of a net force opposing the astronaut's motion (due to the fact that there is no air in space) which results in the astronaut having a constant velocity. Floating off into space is probably an astronaut's worst nightmare, a scenario that a recent movie, ''Gravity'', explored. The entire premise of the movie (Sandra Bullock becomes untethered from her space station) relies on Newton's first law of motion.
==History==

While Galileo is the one credited with the idea of inertia motion, it was René Descartes, a French philosopher, who would expand upon Galileo's ideas. Descartes went on to propose three fundamental laws of nature in his book, ''Principles of Philosophy'', the first of which stated that "each thing, as far as is in its power, always remains in the same state; and that consequently, when it is once moved, it always continues to move." Thus, while the concept of inertia is often referred to as Newton's First Law, it was first described by Galileo and then perfected by Descartes decades before Newton published his findings.

As for Newton, he first described his three laws of motion in ''The Mathematical Principle of Natural Philosophy'', for the Principia, which was published in 1687. These laws described the relationship between an object and the forces acting upon it and laid the foundation for classical mechanics. While Newton's first law came from the work of Descartes and Galileo, his other laws are the work of himself.

==The Main Idea==
To be exact, the definition of the First Law of Motion is as follows:
Every body persists in its state of rest or of moving with constant speed in a constant direction, except to the extent that it is compelled to change that state by forces acting on it.
In other (and much simpler) terms, it means that an object at rest stays at rest and an object in in motion stays in motion at a constant velocity unless acted on by an unbalanced net force. It's important to keep in mind that only a difference in [http://www.physicsclassroom.com/class/newtlaws/Lesson-2/Determining-the-Net-Force net force] can affect the velocity of an object. The amount of change in velocity is determined by [http://www.physicsclassroom.com/class/newtlaws/Lesson-3/Newton-s-Second-Law Newton's Second Law of Motion].

===A Mathematical Model===

Newton's first law can be stated mathematically as follows:

<math>{\vec{F_{net}} = 0 \Leftrightarrow \frac{d\vec{v}}{dt}} = 0</math>

Where...

<math>\vec{F_{net}}</math> is the net force from the surroundings.

<math>d\vec{v}</math> is the change in velocity of the system.

<math>dt</math> is the change in time of the system

If we trace this formula from the left to the right, we can see that if the net force on an object is zero, then the change in velocity of an object is also zero. Conversely, if we were given an object and told that its change in momentum is zero, then we can deduce that the net force acting on the object is also zero. Keep in mind, however, that this formula simple deals with the '''change''' in velocity. It does '''not''' mean that the object is at rest, only that its velocity remains constant.

==Examples==

The following examples are to test your basic understanding of Newton's First Law. For more examples that test your knowledge of all three of the laws, click [http://www.physicsclassroom.com/calcpad/newtlaws/problems here].

===Simple===
Does the object in the following image have a net force of zero? Does it have a constant velocity?

[[File:Newtonfirstlawsimple.png|400px]]

It's easy to see that the only force on the object is acting in the +x direction, with a magnitude of 5 newtons. Therefore, the object does not have a net force of zero or a constant velocity. It will be accelerating in the +x direction.

===Middling===
Does the object in the following image have a net force of zero? Does it have a constant velocity?

[[File:Newtonfirstlawmedium.png|400px]]

This example is slightly more difficult, but is still quite trivial. If we sum the forces in the x direction, we see that the net force is 2 newtons in the -x direction. Therefore, the object does not have a constant velocity, and will be accelerating in the -x direction.

===Difficult===
Does the object in the following image have a net force of zero? Does it have a constant velocity?

[[File:Newtonsfirstlawhard.png|400px]]

This final example tests your knowledge and understanding of Newton's First Law. We're able to see that the box will accelerate in the -x direction because the net force in the x direction is 5 newtons to the left. However, the box itself has a velocity of 5m/s upwards, which would indeed stay constant. This is because forces (and motion) in perpendicular directions are [http://www.physicsclassroom.com/class/vectors/Lesson-1/Independence-of-Perpendicular-Components-of-Motion independent] of each other.

==Connectedness==

[[File:Tablecloth.gif|left|300px|thumb|The "magic trick" of ripping off a table cloth without the plates on top moving is an example of Newton's First Law. The tableware is in a state of rest, and thus want to remain in such a state.]]

Newton's laws of motion tie into almost everything that we see or do. The first law, in particular, explains why we suddenly lurch forward when a car suddenly stops (our bodies are in a state of motion and thus resist the sudden stop), why it's much harder to stop when ice skating than walking (there's less friction, thus less net force to decelerate), and much, much, more. The importance of Newton's first law (and by extension, the other laws of motion) is not readily apparent, but serves as a basis to explain much of our daily interactions with our surroundings.

It can also apply to things outside of our daily interactions - space, for example. Newton's first law describes why an astronaut in space will continuously float in a direction forever if they are not pulled in by an asteroid or a planet's gravitational force. There is a lack of a net force opposing the astronaut's motion (due to the fact that there is no air in space) which results in the astronaut having a constant velocity. Floating off into space is probably an astronaut's worst nightmare, a scenario that a recent movie, ''Gravity'', explored. The entire premise of the movie (Sandra Bullock becomes untethered from her space station) relies on Newton's first law of motion.
==History==

While Galileo is the one credited with the idea of inertia motion, it was René Descartes, a French philosopher, who would expand upon Galileo's ideas. Descartes went on to propose three fundamental laws of nature in his book, ''Principles of Philosophy'', the first of which stated that "each thing, as far as is in its power, always remains in the same state; and that consequently, when it is once moved, it always continues to move." Thus, while the concept of inertia is often referred to as Newton's First Law, it was first described by Galileo and then perfected by Descartes decades before Newton published his findings.

As for Newton, he first described his three laws of motion in ''The Mathematical Principle of Natural Philosophy'', for the Principia, which was published in 1687. These laws described the relationship between an object and the forces acting upon it and laid the foundation for classical mechanics. While Newton's first law came from the work of Descartes and Galileo, his other laws are the work of himself.

==Electric Field==
The electric field created by a charge is present throughout space at all times, whether or not there is another charge around to feel its effects. The electric field created by a charge penetrates through matter. The field permeates the neighboring space, biding its time until it can affect anything brought into its space of interaction.
*[[Vectors]]
*[[Right-Hand Rule]]
*[[Right Hand Rule]]
</div>
</div>

<div class="toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">

====Electric force====
<div class="mw-collapsible-content">

*[[Electric Force]] Claimed by Amarachi Eze
*[[Lorentz Force]]
</div>
</div>

<div class="toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">

====Electric field of a point particle====

<div class="mw-collapsible-content">
*[[Point Charge]]
</div>
</div>

<div class="toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">

'''Bold text'''====Superposition====
<div class="mw-collapsible-content">
*[[Superposition Principle]]
*[[Superposition principle]]
</div>
</div>

<div class="toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">

====Dipoles====
<div class="mw-collapsible-content">
*[[Electric Dipole]]
*[[Magnetic Dipole]]
</div>
</div>

===Week 2===
<div class="toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">
====Interactions of charged objects====
<div class="mw-collapsible-content">
*[[Electric Field]]
*[[Electric Potential]]
*[[Electric Force]]
*[[Lorentz Force]]
</div>
</div>

<div class="toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">
====Tape experiments====
<div class="mw-collapsible-content">
*[[Polarization]]
*[[Electric Polarization]]
</div>
</div>

<div class="toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">
====Polarization====
<div class="mw-collapsible-content">
*[[Polarization]]
*[[Electric Polarization]]
*[[Polarization of an Atom]]
</div>
</div>

===Week 3===
<div class="toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">
====Insulators====
<div class="mw-collapsible-content">
*[[Insulators]]
*[[Potential Difference in an Insulator]]
*[[Charged Conductor and Charged Insulator]]
*[[Charged conductor and charged insulator]]
</div>
</div>

<div class="toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">
====Conductors====
<div class="mw-collapsible-content">
*[[Conductivity]]
*[[Charge Transfer]]
*[[Resistivity]]
*[[Polarization of a conductor]]
*[[Charged Conductor and Charged Insulator]]
*[[Charged conductor and charged insulator]]
</div>
</div>

<div class="toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">
====Charging and discharging====
<div class="mw-collapsible-content">
*[[Charge Transfer]]
*[[Electrostatic Discharge]]
*[[Charged Conductor and Charged Insulator]]
*[[Charged conductor and charged insulator]]
</div>
</div>

===Week 4===
<div class="toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">
====Field of a charged rod====
<div class="mw-collapsible-content">
*[[Charged Rod]]
</div>
</div>

<div class="toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">

====Field of a charged ring/disk/capacitor====
<div class="mw-collapsible-content">
*[[Charged Ring]]
*[[Charged Disk]]
*[[Charged Capacitor]]
</div>
</div>

<div class="toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">

====Field of a charged sphere====
<div class="mw-collapsible-content">
*[[Charged Spherical Shell]]
*[[Field of a Charged Ball]]
</div>
</div>

===Week 5===
<div class="toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">
====Potential energy====
<div class="mw-collapsible-content">
*[[Potential Energy]]
</div>
</div>

<div class="toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">
====Electric potential====
<div class="mw-collapsible-content">
*[[Electric Potential]]
*[[Path Independence of Electric Potential]]
*[[Potential Difference Path Independence, claimed by Aditya Mohile]]
*[[Potential Difference in a Uniform Field]]
*[[Potential Difference of Point Charge in a Non-Uniform Field]]
</div>
</div>
<div class="toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">

====Sign of a potential difference====
Claimed by Tyler Quill
<div class="mw-collapsible-content">
*[[Overview]]
*[[Determining the Sign of Potential Difference]]
*[[Understanding the Sign of Potential Difference]]
</div>

====Potential at a single location====
<div class="mw-collapsible-content">
*[[Electric Potential]]
*[[Potential Difference at One Location]]
</div>
</div>

<div class="toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">

====Path independence and round trip potential====
<div class="mw-collapsible-content">
*[[Path Independence of Electric Potential]]
*[[Potential Difference Path Independence, claimed by Aditya Mohile]]
</div>
</div>

===Week 6===
<div class="toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">
====Electric field and potential in an insulator====
<div class="mw-collapsible-content">
*[[Potential Difference in an Insulator]]
*[[Electric Field in an Insulator]]
</div>
</div>
<div class="toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">

====Moving charges in a magnetic field====
<div class="mw-collapsible-content">
*[[Magnetic Field]]
*[[Magnetic Force]]
*[[Lorentz Force]]
</div>
</div>
<div class="toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">

====Biot-Savart Law====
<div class="mw-collapsible-content">
*[[Biot-Savart Law]]
*[[Biot-Savart Law for Currents]]
</div>
</div>
<div class="toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">

====Moving charges, electron current, and conventional current====
<div class="mw-collapsible-content">
*[[Moving Point Charge]]
*[[Current]]
</div>
</div>

===Week 7=== Claimed by Diem Tran
<div class="toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">
====Magnetic field of a wire====
<div class="mw-collapsible-content">
*[[Magnetic Field of a Long Straight Wire]]
</div>
</div>

<div class="toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">
====Magnetic field of a current-carrying loop====
<div class="mw-collapsible-content">
*[[Magnetic Field of a Loop]]
</div>
</div>

<div class="toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">
====Magnetic dipoles====
<div class="mw-collapsible-content">
*[[Magnetic Dipole Moment]]
*[[Bar Magnet]]
</div>
</div>

<div class="toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">
====Atomic structure of magnets====
<div class="mw-collapsible-content">
*[[Atomic Structure of Magnets]]
</div>
</div>

===Week 8===
<div class="toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">
====Steady state current====
<div class="mw-collapsible-content">
*[[Steady State]]
*[[Non Steady State]]
</div>
</div>

<div class="toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">
====Node rule====
<div class="mw-collapsible-content">
*[[Node Rule]]
</div>
</div>

<div class="toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">
====Electric fields and energy in circuits====
<div class="mw-collapsible-content">
*[[Series circuit]] claimed by Hannah Jang
*[[Node Rule]]
*[[Loop Rule]]
*[[Electric Potential Difference]]
</div>
</div>

<div class="toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">

====Macroscopic analysis of circuits====
<div class="mw-collapsible-content">
*[[Series Circuits]]
*[[Parallel CIrcuits]]
*[[Parallel Circuits vs. Series Circuits*]]
*[[Loop Rule]]
*[[Node Rule]]
*[[Resistors*]]
</div>
</div>

===Week 9===
<div class="toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">
====Electric field and potential in circuits with capacitors====
<div class="mw-collapsible-content">
*[[Charging and Discharging a Capacitor]]
*[[RC Circuit]]
*[[R Circuit]]
*[[AC and DC]]

</div>
</div>

<div class="toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">

====Magnetic forces on charges and currents====
<div class="mw-collapsible-content">
*[[Magnetic Force]]
*[[Lorentz Force]]
*[[Applying Magnetic Force to Currents]]
*[[Magnetic Force in a Moving Reference Frame]]
*[[Right-Hand Rule]]
*[[Analysis of Railgun vs Coil gun technologies]]
</div>
</div>

<div class="toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">
====Electric and magnetic forces====
<div class="mw-collapsible-content">
*[[Electric Force]]
*[[Magnetic Force]]
*[[Lorentz Force]]
*[[VPython Modelling of Electric and Magnetic Forces]]
</div>
</div>

<div class="toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">
====Velocity selector====
<div class="mw-collapsible-content">
*[[Lorentz Force]]
*[[Combining Electric and Magnetic Forces]]
</div>
</div>

===Week 10===

====Student Content====

<div class=“toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed”>
==== Hall Effect ====
<div class="mw-collapsible-content">
*[[Hall Effect]]
*[[Motional Emf]]
*[[Magnetic Force]]
*[[Magnetic Torque]]

</div>
</div>

==Physics 3==

===Week 1===
<div class="toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">
====Classical Physics====
<div class="mw-collapsible-content">
</div>
</div>

===Week 2===
<div class="toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">
====Special Relativity====
<div class="mw-collapsible-content">
*[[Frame of Reference]]
*[[Einstein's Theory of Special Relativity]]
*[[Time Dilation]]
*[[Einstein's Theory of General Relativity]]
*[[Albert A. Micheleson & Edward W. Morley]]
*[[Magnetic Force in a Moving Reference Frame]]
</div>
</div>

===Week 3===
<div class="toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">
====Photons====
<div class="mw-collapsible-content">
*[[Spontaneous Photon Emission]]
*[[Light Scattering: Why is the Sky Blue]]
*[[Lasers]]
*[[Electronic Energy Levels and Photons]]
*[[Quantum Properties of Light]]
</div>
</div>

===Week 4===
<div class="toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">
====Matter Waves====
<div class="mw-collapsible-content">
*[[Wave-Particle Duality]]
</div>
</div>

===Week 5===
<div class="toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">
====Wave Mechanics====
<div class="mw-collapsible-content">
*[[Standing Waves]]
*[[Wavelength]]
*[[Wavelength and Frequency]]
*[[Mechanical Waves]]
*[[Transverse and Longitudinal Waves]]
</div>
</div>

===Week 6===
<div class="toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">
====Rutherford-Bohr Model====
<div class="mw-collapsible-content">
*[[Rutherford Experiment and Atomic Collisions]]
*[[Bohr Model]]
*[[Quantized energy levels]]
*[[Energy graphs and the Bohr model]]
</div>
</div>

===Week 7===
<div class="toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">
====The Hydrogen Atom====
<div class="mw-collapsible-content">
*[[Quantum Theory]]
*[[Atomic Theory]]
</div>
</div>

===Week 8===
<div class="toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">
====Many-Electron Atoms====
<div class="mw-collapsible-content">
*[[Quantum Theory]]
*[[Atomic Theory]]
*[[Pauli exclusion principle]]
</div>
</div>

===Week 9===
<div class="toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">
====Molecules====
<div class="mw-collapsible-content">
</div>
</div>

===Week 10===
<div class="toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">
====Statistical Physics====
<div class="mw-collapsible-content">
</div>
</div>

===Week 11===
<div class="toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">
====Condensed Matter Physics====
<div class="mw-collapsible-content">
</div>
</div>

===Week 12===
<div class="toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">
====The Nucleus====
<div class="mw-collapsible-content">
</div>
</div>

===Week 13===
<div class="toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">
====Nuclear Physics====
<div class="mw-collapsible-content">
*[[Nuclear Fission]]
*[[Nuclear Energy from Fission and Fusion]]
</div>
</div>

===Week 14===
<div class="toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">
====Particle Physics====
<div class="mw-collapsible-content">
*[[Elementary Particles and Particle Physics Theory]]
*[[String Theory]]
</div>
</div>

Main Page

2016-04-17T05:42:40Z

Tquill: /* headline text test */

__NOTOC__
Welcome to the Georgia Tech Wiki for Introductory Physics. This resource was created so that students can contribute and curate content to help those with limited or no access to a textbook. When reading this website, please correct any errors you may come across. If you read something that isn't clear, please consider revising it for future students!

Looking to make a contribution?
#Pick one of the topics from intro physics listed below
#Add content to that topic or improve the quality of what is already there.
#Need to make a new topic? Edit this page and add it to the list under the appropriate category. Then copy and paste the default [[Template]] into your new page and start editing.

Please remember that this is not a textbook and you are not limited to expressing your ideas with only text and equations. Whenever possible embed: pictures, videos, diagrams, simulations, computational models (e.g. Glowscript), and whatever content you think makes learning physics easier for other students.

== Source Material ==
All of the content added to this resource must be in the public domain or similar free resource. If you are unsure about a source, contact the original author for permission. That said, there is a surprisingly large amount of introductory physics content scattered across the web. Here is an incomplete list of intro physics resources (please update as needed).
* A physics resource written by experts for an expert audience [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:Physics Physics Portal]
* A wiki written for students by a physics expert [http://p3server.pa.msu.edu/coursewiki/doku.php?id=183_notes MSU Physics Wiki]
* A wiki book on modern physics [https://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Modern_Physics Modern Physics Wiki]
* The MIT open courseware for intro physics [http://ocw.mit.edu/resources/res-8-002-a-wikitextbook-for-introductory-mechanics-fall-2009/index.htm MITOCW Wiki]
* An online concept map of intro physics [http://hyperphysics.phy-astr.gsu.edu/hbase/hph.html HyperPhysics]
* Interactive physics simulations [https://phet.colorado.edu/en/simulations/category/physics PhET]
* OpenStax algebra based intro physics textbook [https://openstaxcollege.org/textbooks/college-physics College Physics]
* The Open Source Physics project is a collection of online physics resources [http://www.opensourcephysics.org/ OSP]
* A resource guide compiled by the [http://www.aapt.org/ AAPT] for educators [http://www.compadre.org/ ComPADRE]

== Organizing Categories ==
These are the broad, overarching categories, that we cover in three semester of introductory physics. You can add subcategories as needed but a single topic should direct readers to a page in one of these categories.

== Resources ==
* Commonly used wiki commands [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:Cheatsheet Wiki Cheatsheet]
* A guide to representing equations in math mode [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:Displaying_a_formula Wiki Math Mode]
* A page to keep track of all the physics [[Constants]]
* A page for review of [[Vectors]] and vector operations
* A listing of [[Notable Scientist]] with links to their individual pages

<div style="float:left; width:30%; padding:1%;">
==Physics 1==
===Week 1===

====Student Content====
<div class=“toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed”>
=====Help with VPython=====
<div class=“mw-collapsible-content”>
*[[VPython]]
*[[VPython basics]]
*[[VPython Common Errors and Troubleshooting]]
*[[VPython Functions]]
*[[VPython Lists]]
*[[VPython Loops]]
*[[VPython Multithreading]]
*[[VPython Animation]]
*[[VPython Objects]]
*[[VPython 3D Objects]]
*[[VPython Reference]]
*[[VPython MapReduceFilter]]
*[[VPython GUIs]]
</div>
</div>

<div class=“toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed”>
=====Vectors and Units=====
<div class=“mw-collapsible-content”>
*[[Vectors]]
*[[SI units]]
</div>
</div>

<div class=“toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed”>

=====Interactions=====
<div class=“mw-collapsible-content”>
</div>
</div>
*[[Types of Interactions and How to Detect Them]]

<div class=“toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed”>

=====Velocity and Momentum=====
<div class=“mw-collapsible-content”>
*[[Newton’s First Law of Motion]]
*[[Velocity]]
*[[Mass]]
*[[Speed and Velocity]]
*[[Relative Velocity]]
*[[Derivation of Average Velocity]]
*[[2-Dimensional Motion]]
*[[3-Dimensional Position and Motion]]
</div>
</div>

====Expert Content====
<div class=“toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed”>

* [http://p3server.pa.msu.edu/coursewiki/doku.php?id=183_notes:vpython_resources Software for Projects]

</div>

===Week 2===
====Student Content====
<div class=“toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed”>
=====Momentum and the Momentum Principle=====
<div class=“mw-collapsible-content”>
*[[Momentum Principle]]
*[[Inertia]]
*[[Net Force]]
*[[Derivation of the Momentum Principle]]
*[[Impulse Momentum]]
*[[Acceleration]]
*[[Momentum with respect to external Forces]]
</div>
</div>

<div class=“toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed”>
=====Iterative Prediction with a Constant Force=====
<div class=“mw-collapsible-content”>
*[[Newton’s Second Law of Motion]]
*[[Iterative Prediction]]
*[[Kinematics]]
*[[Newton’s Laws and Linear Momentum]]
*[[Projectile Motion]]
</div>
</div>

====Expert Content====
<div class=“toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed”>

* [http://p3server.pa.msu.edu/coursewiki/doku.php?id=183_notes:scalars_and_vectors Scalars and Vectors]
* [http://p3server.pa.msu.edu/coursewiki/doku.php?id=183_notes:displacement_and_velocity Displacement and Velocity]
* [http://p3server.pa.msu.edu/coursewiki/doku.php?id=183_notes:modeling_with_vpython Modeling Motion with VPython]
* [http://p3server.pa.msu.edu/coursewiki/doku.php?id=183_notes:relative_motion Relative Motion]
* [http://p3server.pa.msu.edu/coursewiki/doku.php?id=183_notes:graphing_motion Graphing Motion]
* [http://p3server.pa.msu.edu/coursewiki/doku.php?id=183_notes:momentum Momentum]
* [http://p3server.pa.msu.edu/coursewiki/doku.php?id=183_notes:momentum_principle The Momentum Principle]
* [http://p3server.pa.msu.edu/coursewiki/doku.php?id=183_notes:acceleration Acceleration & The Change in Momentum]
* [http://p3server.pa.msu.edu/coursewiki/doku.php?id=183_notes:motionPredict Applying the Momentum Principle]
* [http://p3server.pa.msu.edu/coursewiki/doku.php?id=183_notes:constantF Constant Force Motion]
* [http://p3server.pa.msu.edu/coursewiki/doku.php?id=183_notes:iterativePredict Iterative Prediction of Motion]
* [http://p3server.pa.msu.edu/coursewiki/doku.php?id=183_notes:mp_multi The Momentum Principle in Multi-particle Systems]
* [http://p3server.pa.msu.edu/coursewiki/doku.php?id=183_notes:angular_motivation Why Angular Momentum?]
* [http://p3server.pa.msu.edu/coursewiki/doku.php?id=183_notes:ang_momentum Angular Momentum]
* [http://p3server.pa.msu.edu/coursewiki/doku.php?id=183_notes:L_principle Net Torque & The Angular Momentum Principle]
* [http://p3server.pa.msu.edu/coursewiki/doku.php?id=183_notes:L_conservation Angular Momentum Conservation]

</div>

===Week 3===
====Student Content====
<div class=“toccolours \
mw-collapsible mw-collapsed”>
=====Analytic Prediction with a Constant Force=====
<div \
class=“mw-collapsible-content”>
*[[Analytical Prediction]]
</div>
</div>

<div class=“toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed”>
=====Iterative Prediction with a Varying Force=====
<div \
class=“mw-collapsible-content”>
*[[Predicting Change in multiple dimensions]]
*[[Spring Force]]
*[[Hooke’s Law]]
*[[Simple Harmonic Motion]]
*[[Iterative Prediction of Spring-Mass System]]
*[[Terminal Speed]]
*[[Determinism]]
</div>
</div>

====Expert Content====
<div class=“toccolours mw-collapsible \
mw-collapsed”>

* [http://p3server.pa.msu.edu/coursewiki/doku.php?id=183_notes:drag Drag]
* [http://p3server.pa.msu.edu/coursewiki/doku.php?id=183_notes:gravitation Non-constant Force: Newtonian Gravitation]
* [http://p3server.pa.msu.edu/coursewiki/doku.php?id=183_notes:ucm Uniform Circular Motion]
* [http://p3server.pa.msu.edu/coursewiki/doku.php?id=183_notes:impulseGraphs Impulse Graphs]
* [http://p3server.pa.msu.edu/coursewiki/doku.php?id=183_notes:springMotion Non-constant Force: Springs & Spring-like Interactions]
* [http://p3server.pa.msu.edu/coursewiki/doku.php?id=183_notes:friction Contact Interactions: The Normal Force & Friction]

</div>

===Week 4===
====Student Content====
<div class=“toccolours \
mw-collapsible mw-collapsed”>
=====Fundamental Interactions=====
<div class=“mw-collapsible-content”>
*[[Gravitational Force]]
*[[Electric Force]]
*[[Reciprocity]]
</div>
</div>

====Expert Content====
<div class=“toccolours mw-collapsible \
mw-collapsed”>

* [http://p3server.pa.msu.edu/coursewiki/doku.php?id=183_notes:gravitation Non-constant Force: Newtonian Gravitation]

</div>

===Week 5===
====Student Content====
<div class=“toccolours \
mw-collapsible mw-collapsed”>
=====Conservation of Momentum=====
<div class=“mw-collapsible-content”>
*[[Conservation of Momentum]]
</div>
</div>
<div class=“toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed”>

=====Properties of Matter=====
<div class=“mw-collapsible-content”>
*[[Kinds of Matter]]
**[[Ball and Spring Model of Matter]]
*[[Density]]
*[[Length and Stiffness of an Interatomic Bond]]
*[[Young’s Modulus]]
*[[Speed of Sound in Solids]]
*[[Malleability]]
*[[Ductility]]
*[[Weight]]
*[[Hardness]]
*[[Boiling Point]]
*[[Melting Point]]
</div>
</div>

====Expert Content====
<div class=“toccolours mw-collapsible \
mw-collapsed”>

* [http://p3server.pa.msu.edu/coursewiki/doku.php?id=183_notes:model_of_a_wire Modeling a Solid Wire: springs in series and parallel]

</div>

===Week 6===
====Student Content====
<div class=“toccolours \
mw-collapsible mw-collapsed”>
=====Identifying Forces=====
<div class=“mw-collapsible-content”>
*[[Free Body Diagram]]
*[[Compression or Normal Force]]
*[[Tension]]
</div>
</div>
<div class=“toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed”>
=====Curving Motion=====
<div class=“mw-collapsible-content”>
*[[Curving Motion]]
*[[Centripetal Force and Curving Motion]]
*[[Perpetual Freefall (Orbit)]]
</div>
</div>

====Expert Content====
<div class=“toccolours mw-collapsible \
mw-collapsed”>

* [http://p3server.pa.msu.edu/coursewiki/doku.php?id=183_notes:gravitation Non-constant Force: Newtonian Gravitation]
* [http://p3server.pa.msu.edu/coursewiki/doku.php?id=183_notes:grav_accel Gravitational Acceleration]
* [http://p3server.pa.msu.edu/coursewiki/doku.php?id=183_notes:ucm Uniform Circular Motion]
* [http://p3server.pa.msu.edu/coursewiki/doku.php?id=183_notes:freebodydiagrams Free Body Diagrams]
* [http://p3server.pa.msu.edu/coursewiki/doku.php?id=183_notes:curving_motion Curved Motion]

</div>

===Week 7===
====Student Content====
<div class=“toccolours \
mw-collapsible mw-collapsed”>
=====Energy Principle=====
<div class=“mw-collapsible-content”>
*[[The Energy Principle]]
*[[Conservation of Energy]]
*[[Kinetic Energy]]
*[[Work]]
*[[Power (Mechanical)]]
</div>
</div>

====Expert Content====
<div class=“toccolours mw-collapsible \
mw-collapsed”>

* [http://p3server.pa.msu.edu/coursewiki/doku.php?id=183_notes:define_energy What is Energy?]
* [http://p3server.pa.msu.edu/coursewiki/doku.php?id=183_notes:point_particle The Simplest System: A Single Particle]
* [http://p3server.pa.msu.edu/coursewiki/doku.php?id=183_notes:work Work: Mechanical Energy Transfer]
* [http://p3server.pa.msu.edu/coursewiki/doku.php?id=183_notes:energy_cons Conservation of Energy]
* [http://p3server.pa.msu.edu/coursewiki/doku.php?id=183_notes:potential_energy Potential Energy]
* [http://p3server.pa.msu.edu/coursewiki/doku.php?id=183_notes:grav_and_spring_PE (Near Earth) Gravitational and Spring Potential Energy]
* [http://p3server.pa.msu.edu/coursewiki/doku.php?id=183_notes:force_and_PE Force and Potential Energy]
* [http://p3server.pa.msu.edu/coursewiki/doku.php?id=183_notes:newton_grav_pe Newtonian Gravitational Potential Energy]
* [http://p3server.pa.msu.edu/coursewiki/doku.php?id=183_notes:spring_PE Spring Potential Energy]

</div>

===Week 8===
====Student Content====
<div class=“toccolours \
mw-collapsible mw-collapsed”>
=====Work by Non-Constant Forces=====
<div \
class=“mw-collapsible-content”>
*[[Work Done By A Nonconstant Force]]
</div>
</div>
<div class=“toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed”>
=====Potential Energy=====
<div class=“mw-collapsible-content”>
*[[Potential Energy]]
*[[Potential Energy of Macroscopic Springs]]
*[[Spring Potential Energy]]
**[[Ball and Spring Model]]
*[[Gravitational Potential Energy]]
*[[Energy Graphs]]
*[[Escape Velocity]]
</div>
</div>

====Expert Content====
<div class=“toccolours mw-collapsible \
mw-collapsed”>

* [http://p3server.pa.msu.edu/coursewiki/doku.php?id=183_notes:work_by_nc_forces Work Done by Non-Constant Forces]
* [http://p3server.pa.msu.edu/coursewiki/doku.php?id=183_notes:potential_energy Potential Energy]
* [http://p3server.pa.msu.edu/coursewiki/doku.php?id=183_notes:grav_and_spring_PE (Near Earth) Gravitational and Spring Potential Energy]
* [http://p3server.pa.msu.edu/coursewiki/doku.php?id=183_notes:rest_mass Changes of Rest Mass Energy]
* [http://p3server.pa.msu.edu/coursewiki/doku.php?id=183_notes:force_and_PE Force and Potential Energy]
* [http://p3server.pa.msu.edu/coursewiki/doku.php?id=183_notes:newton_grav_pe Newtonian Gravitational Potential Energy]
* [http://p3server.pa.msu.edu/coursewiki/doku.php?id=183_notes:grav_pe_graphs Graphing Energy for Gravitationally Interacting Systems]
* [http://p3server.pa.msu.edu/coursewiki/doku.php?id=183_notes:spring_PE Spring Potential Energy]
* [http://p3server.pa.msu.edu/coursewiki/doku.php?id=183_notes:power Power: The Rate of Energy Change]
* [http://p3server.pa.msu.edu/coursewiki/doku.php?id=183_notes:energy_dissipation Dissipation of Energy]

</div>

===Week 9===
====Student Content====
<div class=“toccolours \
mw-collapsible mw-collapsed”>
=====Multiparticle Systems=====
<div class=“mw-collapsible-content”>
*[[Center of Mass]]
*[[Multi-particle analysis of Momentum]]
*[[Momentum with respect to external Forces]]
*[[Potential Energy of a Multiparticle System]]
*[[Work and Energy for an Extended System]]
*[[Internal Energy]]
**[[Potential Energy of a Pair of Neutral Atoms]]
</div>
</div>

====Expert Content====
<div class=“toccolours mw-collapsible \
mw-collapsed”>

* [http://p3server.pa.msu.edu/coursewiki/doku.php?id=183_notes:mp_multi The Momentum Principle in Multi-particle Systems]
* [http://p3server.pa.msu.edu/coursewiki/doku.php?id=183_notes:center_of_mass Center of Mass Motion]
* [http://p3server.pa.msu.edu/coursewiki/doku.php?id=183_notes:center_of_mass Center of Mass Motion]
* [http://p3server.pa.msu.edu/coursewiki/doku.php?id=183_notes:energy_sep Separating Energy in Multi-Particle Systems]

</div>

===Week 10===
====Student Content====
<div class=“toccolours \
mw-collapsible mw-collapsed”>
=====Choice of System=====
<div class=“mw-collapsible-content”>
*[[System & Surroundings]]
</div>
</div>
<div class=“toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed”>
=====Thermal Energy, Dissipation and Transfer of Energy=====
<div \
class=“mw-collapsible-content”>
*[[Thermal Energy]]
*[[Specific Heat]]
*[[Heat Capacity]]
*[[Specific Heat Capacity]]
*[[First Law of Thermodynamics]]
*[[Second Law of Thermodynamics and Entropy]]
*[[Temperature]]
*[[Predicting Change]]
*[[Energy Transfer due to a Temperature Difference]]
*[[Transformation of Energy]]
*[[The Maxwell-Boltzmann Distribution]]
*[[Air Resistance]]
</div>
</div>
<div class=“toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed”>
=====Rotational and Vibrational Energy=====
<div \
class=“mw-collapsible-content”>
*[[Translational, Rotational and Vibrational Energy]]
</div>
</div>

====Expert Content====
<div class=“toccolours mw-collapsible \
mw-collapsed”>

* [http://p3server.pa.msu.edu/coursewiki/doku.php?id=183_notes:grav_and_spring_PE (Near Earth) Gravitational and Spring Potential Energy]
* [http://p3server.pa.msu.edu/coursewiki/doku.php?id=183_notes:rest_mass Changes of Rest Mass Energy]
* [http://p3server.pa.msu.edu/coursewiki/doku.php?id=183_notes:newton_grav_pe Newtonian Gravitational Potential Energy]
* [http://p3server.pa.msu.edu/coursewiki/doku.php?id=183_notes:grav_pe_graphs Graphing Energy for Gravitationally Interacting Systems]
* [http://p3server.pa.msu.edu/coursewiki/doku.php?id=183_notes:escape_speed Escape Speed]
* [http://p3server.pa.msu.edu/coursewiki/doku.php?id=183_notes:spring_PE Spring Potential Energy]
* [http://p3server.pa.msu.edu/coursewiki/doku.php?id=183_notes:internal_energy Internal Energy]
* [http://p3server.pa.msu.edu/coursewiki/doku.php?id=183_notes:system_choice Choosing a System Matters]
* [http://p3server.pa.msu.edu/coursewiki/doku.php?id=183_notes:energy_dissipation Dissipation of Energy]

</div>

===Week 11===
====Student Content====
<div class=“toccolours \
mw-collapsible mw-collapsed”>
=====Different Models of a System=====
<div \
class=“mw-collapsible-content”>
*[[Real Systems]]
*[[Point Particle Systems]]
</div>
</div>
<div class=“toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed”>

=====Models of Friction=====
<div class=“mw-collapsible-content”>
*[[Friction]]
*[[Static Friction]]
</div>
</div>

====Expert Content====
<div class=“toccolours mw-collapsible \
mw-collapsed”>

* [http://p3server.pa.msu.edu/coursewiki/doku.php?id=183_notes:system_choice Choosing a System Matters]
* [http://p3server.pa.msu.edu/coursewiki/doku.php?id=183_notes:energy_dissipation Dissipation of Energy]

</div>

===Week 12===
====Student Content====
<div class=“toccolours \
mw-collapsible mw-collapsed”>
=====Collisions=====
<div class=“mw-collapsible-content”>
*[[Newton’s Third Law of Motion]]
*[[Collisions]]
*[[Elastic Collisions]]
*[[Inelastic Collisions]]
*[[Maximally Inelastic Collision]]
*[[Head-on Collision of Equal Masses]]
*[[Head-on Collision of Unequal Masses]]
*[[Scattering: Collisions in 2D and 3D]]
*[[Rutherford Experiment and Atomic Collisions]]
*[[Coefficient of Restitution]]
</div>
</div>

====Expert Content====
<div class=“toccolours mw-collapsible \
mw-collapsed”>

* [http://p3server.pa.msu.edu/coursewiki/doku.php?id=183_notes:collisions Colliding Objects]
* [http://p3server.pa.msu.edu/coursewiki/doku.php?id=183_notes:center_of_mass Center of Mass Motion]
* [http://p3server.pa.msu.edu/coursewiki/doku.php?id=183_notes:center_of_mass Center of Mass Motion]
* [http://p3server.pa.msu.edu/coursewiki/doku.php?id=183_notes:rot_KE Rotational Kinetic Energy]
* [http://p3server.pa.msu.edu/coursewiki/doku.php?id=183_notes:pp_vs_real Point Particle and Real Systems]
* [http://p3server.pa.msu.edu/coursewiki/doku.php?id=183_notes:colliding_systems Collisions]

</div>

===Week 13===
====Student Content====
<div class=“toccolours \
mw-collapsible mw-collapsed”>
=====Rotations=====
<div class=“mw-collapsible-content”>
*[[Rotation]]
*[[Angular Velocity]]
*[[Eulerian Angles]]
</div>
</div>
<div class=“toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed”>
=====Angular Momentum=====
<div class=“mw-collapsible-content”>
*[[Total Angular Momentum]]
*[[Translational Angular Momentum]]
*[[Rotational Angular Momentum]]
*[[The Angular Momentum Principle]]
*[[Angular Momentum Compared to Linear Momentum]]
*[[Angular Impulse]]
*[[Predicting the Position of a Rotating System]]
*[[Angular Momentum of Multiparticle Systems]]
*[[The Moments of Inertia]]
*[[Moment of Inertia for a cylinder]]
*[[Right Hand Rule]]
</div>
</div>

====Expert Content====
<div class=“toccolours mw-collapsible \
mw-collapsed”>

* [http://p3server.pa.msu.edu/coursewiki/doku.php?id=183_notes:rot_KE Rotational Kinetic Energy]
* [http://p3server.pa.msu.edu/coursewiki/doku.php?id=183_notes:angular_motivation Why Angular Momentum?]
* [http://p3server.pa.msu.edu/coursewiki/doku.php?id=183_notes:ang_momentum Angular Momentum]
* [http://p3server.pa.msu.edu/coursewiki/doku.php?id=183_notes:L_principle Net Torque & The Angular Momentum Principle]
* [http://p3server.pa.msu.edu/coursewiki/doku.php?id=183_notes:L_conservation Angular Momentum Conservation]

</div>
===Week 14===

====Student Content====
<div class=“toccolours mw-collapsible \
mw-collapsed”>
=====Analyzing Motion with and without Torque=====
<div \
class=“mw-collapsible-content”>
*[[Torque]]
*[[Torque 2]]
*[[Systems with Zero Torque]]
*[[Systems with Nonzero Torque]]
*[[Torque vs Work]]
*[[Gyroscopes]]
</div>
</div>

====Expert Content====
<div class=“toccolours mw-collapsible \
mw-collapsed”>

* [http://p3server.pa.msu.edu/coursewiki/doku.php?id=183_notes:discovery_of_the_nucleus Discovery of the Nucleus]
* [http://p3server.pa.msu.edu/coursewiki/doku.php?id=183_notes:torque Torques Cause Changes in Rotation]
* [http://p3server.pa.msu.edu/coursewiki/doku.php?id=183_notes:L_principle Net Torque & The Angular Momentum Principle]

</div>

===Week 15===

====Student Content====
<div class=“toccolours mw-collapsible \
mw-collapsed”>
=====Introduction to Quantum Concepts=====
<div \class=“mw-collapsible-content”>
*[[Bohr Model]]
*[[Energy graphs and the Bohr model]]
*[[Quantized energy levels]]
</div>
</div>

====Expert Content====
<div class=“toccolours mw-collapsible \
mw-collapsed”>

* [http://p3server.pa.msu.edu/coursewiki/doku.php?id=183_notes:discovery_of_the_nucleus Discovery of the Nucleus]

</div>

<div style=“float:left; width:30%; padding:1%;”>

==Physics 2==
===Week 1===
<div class="toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">
====3D Vectors====
<div class="mw-collapsible-content">
*[[Page claimed by Laura Winalski]]*
*[[Vectors]]
*[[Right-Hand Rule]]
*[[Right Hand Rule]]
</div>
</div>

<div class="toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">

'''CLAIMED BY DIPRO CHAKRABORTY'''

'''CLAIMED BY DIPRO CHAKRABORTY'''
'''CLAIMED BY DIPRO CHAKRABORTY'''
'''CLAIMED BY DIPRO CHAKRABORTY'''

'''CLAIMED BY DIPRO CHAKRABORTY'''
====Electric field====
<div class="mw-collapsible-content">

[[Electric field]]

The electric field created by a charge is present throughout space at all times, whether or not there is another charge around to feel its effects. The electric field created by a charge penetrates through matter. The field permeates the neighboring space, biding its time until it can affect anything brought into its space of interaction.

==The Main Idea==
To be exact, the definition of the Electric Field is as follows:
The electric field is a region around a charged particle or object within which a force would be exerted on other objects.
If we put a charged particle at a location and it experiences a force, it would be logical to assume that there is something present that
is interacting with the particle. This "virtual force" is in essence the electric field.
===A Mathematical Model===

The electric field can be expressed mathematically as follows:

<math>{\vec{F_{net}} = 0 \Leftrightarrow \frac{d\vec{v}}{dt}} = 0</math>

<math>{\vec{F_{2}} = {q_{1}}{\vec{E_{1}}} \Leftrightarrow \frac{d\vec{v}}{dt}} </math>

which can be translated to postulate that the force on particle 2 is determined by the charge of particle 2 and the electric
field.

==Examples==

The following examples are to test your basic understanding of the Electric Field. For more examples that test your knowledge of all three of the laws, peruse the class textbook.

===Simple===
Which way is the electric field going for a negatively charged particle?

[[File:Simple111.png]]

It's easy to see that the electric field is pointing toward the negatively charged particle. The electric field is tending
toward the negatively charged particle.

===Middling===
Does the object in the following image have a net force of zero? Does it have a constant velocity?

This example is slightly more difficult, but is still quite trivial. If we sum the forces in the x direction, we see that the net force is 2 newtons in the -x direction. Therefore, the object does not have a constant velocity, and will be accelerating in the -x direction.

===Difficult===
Does the object in the following image have a net force of zero? Does it have a constant velocity?

This final example tests your knowledge and understanding of Newton's First Law. We're able to see that the box will accelerate in the -x direction because the net force in the x direction is 5 newtons to the left. However, the box itself has a velocity of 5m/s upwards, which would indeed stay constant. This is because forces (and motion) in perpendicular directions are of each other.

==Connectedness==

Newton's laws of motion tie into almost everything that we see or do. The first law, in particular, explains why we suddenly lurch forward when a car suddenly stops (our bodies are in a state of motion and thus resist the sudden stop), why it's much harder to stop when ice skating than walking (there's less friction, thus less net force to decelerate), and much, much, more. The importance of Newton's first law (and by extension, the other laws of motion) is not readily apparent, but serves as a basis to explain much of our daily interactions with our surroundings.

It can also apply to things outside of our daily interactions - space, for example. Newton's first law describes why an astronaut in space will continuously float in a direction forever if they are not pulled in by an asteroid or a planet's gravitational force. There is a lack of a net force opposing the astronaut's motion (due to the fact that there is no air in space) which results in the astronaut having a constant velocity. Floating off into space is probably an astronaut's worst nightmare, a scenario that a recent movie, ''Gravity'', explored. The entire premise of the movie (Sandra Bullock becomes untethered from her space station) relies on Newton's first law of motion.
==History==

While Galileo is the one credited with the idea of inertia motion, it was René Descartes, a French philosopher, who would expand upon Galileo's ideas. Descartes went on to propose three fundamental laws of nature in his book, ''Principles of Philosophy'', the first of which stated that "each thing, as far as is in its power, always remains in the same state; and that consequently, when it is once moved, it always continues to move." Thus, while the concept of inertia is often referred to as Newton's First Law, it was first described by Galileo and then perfected by Descartes decades before Newton published his findings.

As for Newton, he first described his three laws of motion in ''The Mathematical Principle of Natural Philosophy'', for the Principia, which was published in 1687. These laws described the relationship between an object and the forces acting upon it and laid the foundation for classical mechanics. While Newton's first law came from the work of Descartes and Galileo, his other laws are the work of himself.

==The Main Idea==
To be exact, the definition of the Electric Field is as follows:
The electric field is a region around a charged particle or object within which a force would be exerted on other objects.
If we put a charged particle at a location and it experiences a force, it would be logical to assume that there is something present that
is interacting with the particle. This "virtual force" is in essence the electric field.
===A Mathematical Model===

The electric field can be expressed mathematically as follows:

<math>{\vec{F_{net}} = 0 \Leftrightarrow \frac{d\vec{v}}{dt}} = 0</math>

<math>{\vec{F_{2}} = {q_{1}}{\vec{E_{1}}} \Leftrightarrow \frac{d\vec{v}}{dt}} </math>

which can be translated to postulate that the force on particle 2 is determined by the charge of particle 2 and the electric
field.

==Examples==

The following examples are to test your basic understanding of the Electric Field. For more examples that test your knowledge of all three of the laws, peruse the class textbook.

===Simple===
Which way is the electric field going for a negatively charged particle?

[[File:Simple111.png]]

It's easy to see that the electric field is pointing toward the negatively charged particle. The electric field is tending
toward the negatively charged particle.

===Middling===
Does the object in the following image have a net force of zero? Does it have a constant velocity?

This example is slightly more difficult, but is still quite trivial. If we sum the forces in the x direction, we see that the net force is 2 newtons in the -x direction. Therefore, the object does not have a constant velocity, and will be accelerating in the -x direction.

===Difficult===
Does the object in the following image have a net force of zero? Does it have a constant velocity?

This final example tests your knowledge and understanding of Newton's First Law. We're able to see that the box will accelerate in the -x direction because the net force in the x direction is 5 newtons to the left. However, the box itself has a velocity of 5m/s upwards, which would indeed stay constant. This is because forces (and motion) in perpendicular directions are of each other.

==Connectedness==

Newton's laws of motion tie into almost everything that we see or do. The first law, in particular, explains why we suddenly lurch forward when a car suddenly stops (our bodies are in a state of motion and thus resist the sudden stop), why it's much harder to stop when ice skating than walking (there's less friction, thus less net force to decelerate), and much, much, more. The importance of Newton's first law (and by extension, the other laws of motion) is not readily apparent, but serves as a basis to explain much of our daily interactions with our surroundings.

It can also apply to things outside of our daily interactions - space, for example. Newton's first law describes why an astronaut in space will continuously float in a direction forever if they are not pulled in by an asteroid or a planet's gravitational force. There is a lack of a net force opposing the astronaut's motion (due to the fact that there is no air in space) which results in the astronaut having a constant velocity. Floating off into space is probably an astronaut's worst nightmare, a scenario that a recent movie, ''Gravity'', explored. The entire premise of the movie (Sandra Bullock becomes untethered from her space station) relies on Newton's first law of motion.
==History==

While Galileo is the one credited with the idea of inertia motion, it was René Descartes, a French philosopher, who would expand upon Galileo's ideas. Descartes went on to propose three fundamental laws of nature in his book, ''Principles of Philosophy'', the first of which stated that "each thing, as far as is in its power, always remains in the same state; and that consequently, when it is once moved, it always continues to move." Thus, while the concept of inertia is often referred to as Newton's First Law, it was first described by Galileo and then perfected by Descartes decades before Newton published his findings.

As for Newton, he first described his three laws of motion in ''The Mathematical Principle of Natural Philosophy'', for the Principia, which was published in 1687. These laws described the relationship between an object and the forces acting upon it and laid the foundation for classical mechanics. While Newton's first law came from the work of Descartes and Galileo, his other laws are the work of himself.

==The Main Idea==
To be exact, the definition of the Electric Field is as follows:
The electric field is a region around a charged particle or object within which a force would be exerted on other objects.
If we put a charged particle at a location and it experiences a force, it would be logical to assume that there is something present that
is interacting with the particle. This "virtual force" is in essence the electric field.
===A Mathematical Model===

The electric field can be expressed mathematically as follows:

<math>{\vec{F_{net}} = 0 \Leftrightarrow \frac{d\vec{v}}{dt}} = 0</math>

<math>{\vec{F_{2}} = {q_{1}}{\vec{E_{1}}} \Leftrightarrow \frac{d\vec{v}}{dt}} </math>

which can be translated to postulate that the force on particle 2 is determined by the charge of particle 2 and the electric
field.

==Examples==

The following examples are to test your basic understanding of the Electric Field. For more examples that test your knowledge of all three of the laws, peruse the class textbook.

===Simple===
Which way is the electric field going for a negatively charged particle?

[[File:Simple111.png]]

It's easy to see that the electric field is pointing toward the negatively charged particle. The electric field is tending
toward the negatively charged particle.

===Middling===
Does the object in the following image have a net force of zero? Does it have a constant velocity?

This example is slightly more difficult, but is still quite trivial. If we sum the forces in the x direction, we see that the net force is 2 newtons in the -x direction. Therefore, the object does not have a constant velocity, and will be accelerating in the -x direction.

===Difficult===
Does the object in the following image have a net force of zero? Does it have a constant velocity?

This final example tests your knowledge and understanding of Newton's First Law. We're able to see that the box will accelerate in the -x direction because the net force in the x direction is 5 newtons to the left. However, the box itself has a velocity of 5m/s upwards, which would indeed stay constant. This is because forces (and motion) in perpendicular directions are of each other.

==Connectedness==

Newton's laws of motion tie into almost everything that we see or do. The first law, in particular, explains why we suddenly lurch forward when a car suddenly stops (our bodies are in a state of motion and thus resist the sudden stop), why it's much harder to stop when ice skating than walking (there's less friction, thus less net force to decelerate), and much, much, more. The importance of Newton's first law (and by extension, the other laws of motion) is not readily apparent, but serves as a basis to explain much of our daily interactions with our surroundings.

It can also apply to things outside of our daily interactions - space, for example. Newton's first law describes why an astronaut in space will continuously float in a direction forever if they are not pulled in by an asteroid or a planet's gravitational force. There is a lack of a net force opposing the astronaut's motion (due to the fact that there is no air in space) which results in the astronaut having a constant velocity. Floating off into space is probably an astronaut's worst nightmare, a scenario that a recent movie, ''Gravity'', explored. The entire premise of the movie (Sandra Bullock becomes untethered from her space station) relies on Newton's first law of motion.
==History==

While Galileo is the one credited with the idea of inertia motion, it was René Descartes, a French philosopher, who would expand upon Galileo's ideas. Descartes went on to propose three fundamental laws of nature in his book, ''Principles of Philosophy'', the first of which stated that "each thing, as far as is in its power, always remains in the same state; and that consequently, when it is once moved, it always continues to move." Thus, while the concept of inertia is often referred to as Newton's First Law, it was first described by Galileo and then perfected by Descartes decades before Newton published his findings.

As for Newton, he first described his three laws of motion in ''The Mathematical Principle of Natural Philosophy'', for the Principia, which was published in 1687. These laws described the relationship between an object and the forces acting upon it and laid the foundation for classical mechanics. While Newton's first law came from the work of Descartes and Galileo, his other laws are the work of himself.

==The Main Idea==
To be exact, the definition of the Electric Field is as follows:
The electric field is a region around a charged particle or object within which a force would be exerted on other objects.
If we put a charged particle at a location and it experiences a force, it would be logical to assume that there is something present that
is interacting with the particle. This "virtual force" is in essence the electric field.
===A Mathematical Model===

The electric field can be expressed mathematically as follows:

<math>{\vec{F_{net}} = 0 \Leftrightarrow \frac{d\vec{v}}{dt}} = 0</math>

<math>{\vec{F_{2}} = {q_{1}}{\vec{E_{1}}} \Leftrightarrow \frac{d\vec{v}}{dt}} </math>

which can be translated to postulate that the force on particle 2 is determined by the charge of particle 2 and the electric
field.

==Examples==

The following examples are to test your basic understanding of the Electric Field. For more examples that test your knowledge of all three of the laws, peruse the class textbook.

===Simple===
Which way is the electric field going for a negatively charged particle?

[[File:Simple111.png]]

It's easy to see that the electric field is pointing toward the negatively charged particle. The electric field is tending
toward the negatively charged particle.

===Middling===
Does the object in the following image have a net force of zero? Does it have a constant velocity?

This example is slightly more difficult, but is still quite trivial. If we sum the forces in the x direction, we see that the net force is 2 newtons in the -x direction. Therefore, the object does not have a constant velocity, and will be accelerating in the -x direction.

===Difficult===
Does the object in the following image have a net force of zero? Does it have a constant velocity?

This final example tests your knowledge and understanding of Newton's First Law. We're able to see that the box will accelerate in the -x direction because the net force in the x direction is 5 newtons to the left. However, the box itself has a velocity of 5m/s upwards, which would indeed stay constant. This is because forces (and motion) in perpendicular directions are of each other.

==Connectedness==

Newton's laws of motion tie into almost everything that we see or do. The first law, in particular, explains why we suddenly lurch forward when a car suddenly stops (our bodies are in a state of motion and thus resist the sudden stop), why it's much harder to stop when ice skating than walking (there's less friction, thus less net force to decelerate), and much, much, more. The importance of Newton's first law (and by extension, the other laws of motion) is not readily apparent, but serves as a basis to explain much of our daily interactions with our surroundings.

It can also apply to things outside of our daily interactions - space, for example. Newton's first law describes why an astronaut in space will continuously float in a direction forever if they are not pulled in by an asteroid or a planet's gravitational force. There is a lack of a net force opposing the astronaut's motion (due to the fact that there is no air in space) which results in the astronaut having a constant velocity. Floating off into space is probably an astronaut's worst nightmare, a scenario that a recent movie, ''Gravity'', explored. The entire premise of the movie (Sandra Bullock becomes untethered from her space station) relies on Newton's first law of motion.
==History==

While Galileo is the one credited with the idea of inertia motion, it was René Descartes, a French philosopher, who would expand upon Galileo's ideas. Descartes went on to propose three fundamental laws of nature in his book, ''Principles of Philosophy'', the first of which stated that "each thing, as far as is in its power, always remains in the same state; and that consequently, when it is once moved, it always continues to move." Thus, while the concept of inertia is often referred to as Newton's First Law, it was first described by Galileo and then perfected by Descartes decades before Newton published his findings.

As for Newton, he first described his three laws of motion in ''The Mathematical Principle of Natural Philosophy'', for the Principia, which was published in 1687. These laws described the relationship between an object and the forces acting upon it and laid the foundation for classical mechanics. While Newton's first law came from the work of Descartes and Galileo, his other laws are the work of himself.

==The Main Idea==
To be exact, the definition of the Electric Field is as follows:
The electric field is a region around a charged particle or object within which a force would be exerted on other objects.
If we put a charged particle at a location and it experiences a force, it would be logical to assume that there is something present that
is interacting with the particle. This "virtual force" is in essence the electric field.
===A Mathematical Model===

The electric field can be expressed mathematically as follows:

<math>{\vec{F_{net}} = 0 \Leftrightarrow \frac{d\vec{v}}{dt}} = 0</math>

<math>{\vec{F_{2}} = {q_{1}}{\vec{E_{1}}} \Leftrightarrow \frac{d\vec{v}}{dt}} = 0</math>

which can be translated to postulate that the force on particle 2 is determined by the charge of particle 2 and the electric
field.

==Examples==

The following examples are to test your basic understanding of the Electric Field. For more examples that test your knowledge of all three of the laws, peruse the class textbook.

===Simple===
Which way is the electric field going for a negatively charged particle?

[[File:Example.jpg]]

It's easy to see that the electric field is pointing toward the negatively charged particle. The electric field is tending
toward the negatively charged particle.

===Middling===
Does the object in the following image have a net force of zero? Does it have a constant velocity?

This example is slightly more difficult, but is still quite trivial. If we sum the forces in the x direction, we see that the net force is 2 newtons in the -x direction. Therefore, the object does not have a constant velocity, and will be accelerating in the -x direction.

===Difficult===
Does the object in the following image have a net force of zero? Does it have a constant velocity?

This final example tests your knowledge and understanding of Newton's First Law. We're able to see that the box will accelerate in the -x direction because the net force in the x direction is 5 newtons to the left. However, the box itself has a velocity of 5m/s upwards, which would indeed stay constant. This is because forces (and motion) in perpendicular directions are of each other.

==Connectedness==

Newton's laws of motion tie into almost everything that we see or do. The first law, in particular, explains why we suddenly lurch forward when a car suddenly stops (our bodies are in a state of motion and thus resist the sudden stop), why it's much harder to stop when ice skating than walking (there's less friction, thus less net force to decelerate), and much, much, more. The importance of Newton's first law (and by extension, the other laws of motion) is not readily apparent, but serves as a basis to explain much of our daily interactions with our surroundings.

It can also apply to things outside of our daily interactions - space, for example. Newton's first law describes why an astronaut in space will continuously float in a direction forever if they are not pulled in by an asteroid or a planet's gravitational force. There is a lack of a net force opposing the astronaut's motion (due to the fact that there is no air in space) which results in the astronaut having a constant velocity. Floating off into space is probably an astronaut's worst nightmare, a scenario that a recent movie, ''Gravity'', explored. The entire premise of the movie (Sandra Bullock becomes untethered from her space station) relies on Newton's first law of motion.
==History==

While Galileo is the one credited with the idea of inertia motion, it was René Descartes, a French philosopher, who would expand upon Galileo's ideas. Descartes went on to propose three fundamental laws of nature in his book, ''Principles of Philosophy'', the first of which stated that "each thing, as far as is in its power, always remains in the same state; and that consequently, when it is once moved, it always continues to move." Thus, while the concept of inertia is often referred to as Newton's First Law, it was first described by Galileo and then perfected by Descartes decades before Newton published his findings.

As for Newton, he first described his three laws of motion in ''The Mathematical Principle of Natural Philosophy'', for the Principia, which was published in 1687. These laws described the relationship between an object and the forces acting upon it and laid the foundation for classical mechanics. While Newton's first law came from the work of Descartes and Galileo, his other laws are the work of himself.

==The Main Idea==
To be exact, the definition of the Electric Field is as follows:
The electric field is a region around a charged particle or object within which a force would be exerted on other charged particles or objects.
If we put a charged particle at a location and it experiences a force, it would be logical to assume that there is something present that
is interacting with the particle. This "virtual force" is in essence the electric field.
===A Mathematical Model===

The electric field can be expressed mathematically as follows:

<math>{\vec{F_{net}} = 0 \Leftrightarrow \frac{d\vec{v}}{dt}} = 0</math>

<math>{\vec{F_{2}} = {q_{1}}{\vec{E_{1}}} \Leftrightarrow \frac{d\vec{v}}{dt}} = 0</math>

which can be translated to postulate that the force on particle 2 is determined by the charge of particle 2 and the electric
field.

==Examples==

The following examples are to test your basic understanding of Newton's First Law. For more examples that test your knowledge of all three of the laws, click .

===Simple===
Does the object in the following image have a net force of zero? Does it have a constant velocity?

It's easy to see that the only force on the object is acting in the +x direction, with a magnitude of 5 newtons. Therefore, the object does not have a net force of zero or a constant velocity. It will be accelerating in the +x direction.

===Middling===
Does the object in the following image have a net force of zero? Does it have a constant velocity?

This example is slightly more difficult, but is still quite trivial. If we sum the forces in the x direction, we see that the net force is 2 newtons in the -x direction. Therefore, the object does not have a constant velocity, and will be accelerating in the -x direction.

===Difficult===
Does the object in the following image have a net force of zero? Does it have a constant velocity?

This final example tests your knowledge and understanding of Newton's First Law. We're able to see that the box will accelerate in the -x direction because the net force in the x direction is 5 newtons to the left. However, the box itself has a velocity of 5m/s upwards, which would indeed stay constant. This is because forces (and motion) in perpendicular directions are of each other.

==Connectedness==

Newton's laws of motion tie into almost everything that we see or do. The first law, in particular, explains why we suddenly lurch forward when a car suddenly stops (our bodies are in a state of motion and thus resist the sudden stop), why it's much harder to stop when ice skating than walking (there's less friction, thus less net force to decelerate), and much, much, more. The importance of Newton's first law (and by extension, the other laws of motion) is not readily apparent, but serves as a basis to explain much of our daily interactions with our surroundings.

It can also apply to things outside of our daily interactions - space, for example. Newton's first law describes why an astronaut in space will continuously float in a direction forever if they are not pulled in by an asteroid or a planet's gravitational force. There is a lack of a net force opposing the astronaut's motion (due to the fact that there is no air in space) which results in the astronaut having a constant velocity. Floating off into space is probably an astronaut's worst nightmare, a scenario that a recent movie, ''Gravity'', explored. The entire premise of the movie (Sandra Bullock becomes untethered from her space station) relies on Newton's first law of motion.
==History==

While Galileo is the one credited with the idea of inertia motion, it was René Descartes, a French philosopher, who would expand upon Galileo's ideas. Descartes went on to propose three fundamental laws of nature in his book, ''Principles of Philosophy'', the first of which stated that "each thing, as far as is in its power, always remains in the same state; and that consequently, when it is once moved, it always continues to move." Thus, while the concept of inertia is often referred to as Newton's First Law, it was first described by Galileo and then perfected by Descartes decades before Newton published his findings.

As for Newton, he first described his three laws of motion in ''The Mathematical Principle of Natural Philosophy'', for the Principia, which was published in 1687. These laws described the relationship between an object and the forces acting upon it and laid the foundation for classical mechanics. While Newton's first law came from the work of Descartes and Galileo, his other laws are the work of himself.

==The Main Idea==
To be exact, the definition of the First Law of Motion is as follows:
The electric field is a region around a charged particle or object within which a force would be exerted on other charged particles or objects.
In other (and much simpler) terms, it means that an object at rest stays at rest and an object in in motion stays in motion at a constant velocity unless acted on by an unbalanced net force. It's important to keep in mind that only a difference in affect the velocity of an object. The amount of change in velocity is determined by
===A Mathematical Model===

Newton's first law can be stated mathematically as follows:

<math>{\vec{F_{net}} = 0 \Leftrightarrow \frac{d\vec{v}}{dt}} = 0</math>

Where...

<math>\vec{F_{net}}</math> is the net force from the surroundings.

<math>d\vec{v}</math> is the change in velocity of the system.

<math>dt</math> is the change in time of the system

If we trace this formula from the left to the right, we can see that if the net force on an object is zero, then the change in velocity of an object is also zero. Conversely, if we were given an object and told that its change in momentum is zero, then we can deduce that the net force acting on the object is also zero. Keep in mind, however, that this formula simple deals with the '''change''' in velocity. It does '''not''' mean that the object is at rest, only that its velocity remains constant.

==Examples==

The following examples are to test your basic understanding of Newton's First Law. For more examples that test your knowledge of all three of the laws, click .

===Simple===
Does the object in the following image have a net force of zero? Does it have a constant velocity?

It's easy to see that the only force on the object is acting in the +x direction, with a magnitude of 5 newtons. Therefore, the object does not have a net force of zero or a constant velocity. It will be accelerating in the +x direction.

===Middling===
Does the object in the following image have a net force of zero? Does it have a constant velocity?

This example is slightly more difficult, but is still quite trivial. If we sum the forces in the x direction, we see that the net force is 2 newtons in the -x direction. Therefore, the object does not have a constant velocity, and will be accelerating in the -x direction.

===Difficult===
Does the object in the following image have a net force of zero? Does it have a constant velocity?

This final example tests your knowledge and understanding of Newton's First Law. We're able to see that the box will accelerate in the -x direction because the net force in the x direction is 5 newtons to the left. However, the box itself has a velocity of 5m/s upwards, which would indeed stay constant. This is because forces (and motion) in perpendicular directions are of each other.

==Connectedness==

Newton's laws of motion tie into almost everything that we see or do. The first law, in particular, explains why we suddenly lurch forward when a car suddenly stops (our bodies are in a state of motion and thus resist the sudden stop), why it's much harder to stop when ice skating than walking (there's less friction, thus less net force to decelerate), and much, much, more. The importance of Newton's first law (and by extension, the other laws of motion) is not readily apparent, but serves as a basis to explain much of our daily interactions with our surroundings.

It can also apply to things outside of our daily interactions - space, for example. Newton's first law describes why an astronaut in space will continuously float in a direction forever if they are not pulled in by an asteroid or a planet's gravitational force. There is a lack of a net force opposing the astronaut's motion (due to the fact that there is no air in space) which results in the astronaut having a constant velocity. Floating off into space is probably an astronaut's worst nightmare, a scenario that a recent movie, ''Gravity'', explored. The entire premise of the movie (Sandra Bullock becomes untethered from her space station) relies on Newton's first law of motion.
==History==

While Galileo is the one credited with the idea of inertia motion, it was René Descartes, a French philosopher, who would expand upon Galileo's ideas. Descartes went on to propose three fundamental laws of nature in his book, ''Principles of Philosophy'', the first of which stated that "each thing, as far as is in its power, always remains in the same state; and that consequently, when it is once moved, it always continues to move." Thus, while the concept of inertia is often referred to as Newton's First Law, it was first described by Galileo and then perfected by Descartes decades before Newton published his findings.

As for Newton, he first described his three laws of motion in ''The Mathematical Principle of Natural Philosophy'', for the Principia, which was published in 1687. These laws described the relationship between an object and the forces acting upon it and laid the foundation for classical mechanics. While Newton's first law came from the work of Descartes and Galileo, his other laws are the work of himself.

==The Main Idea==
To be exact, the definition of the First Law of Motion is as follows:
The electric field is a region around a charged particle or object within which a force would be exerted on other charged particles or objects.
In other (and much simpler) terms, it means that an object at rest stays at rest and an object in in motion stays in motion at a constant velocity unless acted on by an unbalanced net force. It's important to keep in mind that only a difference in affect the velocity of an object. The amount of change in velocity is determined by
===A Mathematical Model===

Newton's first law can be stated mathematically as follows:

<math>{\vec{F_{net}} = 0 \Leftrightarrow \frac{d\vec{v}}{dt}} = 0</math>

Where...

<math>\vec{F_{net}}</math> is the net force from the surroundings.

<math>d\vec{v}</math> is the change in velocity of the system.

<math>dt</math> is the change in time of the system

If we trace this formula from the left to the right, we can see that if the net force on an object is zero, then the change in velocity of an object is also zero. Conversely, if we were given an object and told that its change in momentum is zero, then we can deduce that the net force acting on the object is also zero. Keep in mind, however, that this formula simple deals with the '''change''' in velocity. It does '''not''' mean that the object is at rest, only that its velocity remains constant.

==Examples==

The following examples are to test your basic understanding of Newton's First Law. For more examples that test your knowledge of all three of the laws, click .

===Simple===
Does the object in the following image have a net force of zero? Does it have a constant velocity?

It's easy to see that the only force on the object is acting in the +x direction, with a magnitude of 5 newtons. Therefore, the object does not have a net force of zero or a constant velocity. It will be accelerating in the +x direction.

===Middling===
Does the object in the following image have a net force of zero? Does it have a constant velocity?

This example is slightly more difficult, but is still quite trivial. If we sum the forces in the x direction, we see that the net force is 2 newtons in the -x direction. Therefore, the object does not have a constant velocity, and will be accelerating in the -x direction.

===Difficult===
Does the object in the following image have a net force of zero? Does it have a constant velocity?

This final example tests your knowledge and understanding of Newton's First Law. We're able to see that the box will accelerate in the -x direction because the net force in the x direction is 5 newtons to the left. However, the box itself has a velocity of 5m/s upwards, which would indeed stay constant. This is because forces (and motion) in perpendicular directions are of each other.

==Connectedness==

Newton's laws of motion tie into almost everything that we see or do. The first law, in particular, explains why we suddenly lurch forward when a car suddenly stops (our bodies are in a state of motion and thus resist the sudden stop), why it's much harder to stop when ice skating than walking (there's less friction, thus less net force to decelerate), and much, much, more. The importance of Newton's first law (and by extension, the other laws of motion) is not readily apparent, but serves as a basis to explain much of our daily interactions with our surroundings.

It can also apply to things outside of our daily interactions - space, for example. Newton's first law describes why an astronaut in space will continuously float in a direction forever if they are not pulled in by an asteroid or a planet's gravitational force. There is a lack of a net force opposing the astronaut's motion (due to the fact that there is no air in space) which results in the astronaut having a constant velocity. Floating off into space is probably an astronaut's worst nightmare, a scenario that a recent movie, ''Gravity'', explored. The entire premise of the movie (Sandra Bullock becomes untethered from her space station) relies on Newton's first law of motion.
==History==

While Galileo is the one credited with the idea of inertia motion, it was René Descartes, a French philosopher, who would expand upon Galileo's ideas. Descartes went on to propose three fundamental laws of nature in his book, ''Principles of Philosophy'', the first of which stated that "each thing, as far as is in its power, always remains in the same state; and that consequently, when it is once moved, it always continues to move." Thus, while the concept of inertia is often referred to as Newton's First Law, it was first described by Galileo and then perfected by Descartes decades before Newton published his findings.

As for Newton, he first described his three laws of motion in ''The Mathematical Principle of Natural Philosophy'', for the Principia, which was published in 1687. These laws described the relationship between an object and the forces acting upon it and laid the foundation for classical mechanics. While Newton's first law came from the work of Descartes and Galileo, his other laws are the work of himself.

==The Main Idea==
To be exact, the definition of the First Law of Motion is as follows:
Every body persists in its state of rest or of moving with constant speed in a constant direction, except to the extent that it is compelled to change that state by forces acting on it.
In other (and much simpler) terms, it means that an object at rest stays at rest and an object in in motion stays in motion at a constant velocity unless acted on by an unbalanced net force. It's important to keep in mind that only a difference in [http://www.physicsclassroom.com/class/newtlaws/Lesson-2/Determining-the-Net-Force net force] can affect the velocity of an object. The amount of change in velocity is determined by [http://www.physicsclassroom.com/class/newtlaws/Lesson-3/Newton-s-Second-Law Newton's Second Law of Motion].

===A Mathematical Model===

Newton's first law can be stated mathematically as follows:

<math>{\vec{F_{net}} = 0 \Leftrightarrow \frac{d\vec{v}}{dt}} = 0</math>

Where...

<math>\vec{F_{net}}</math> is the net force from the surroundings.

<math>d\vec{v}</math> is the change in velocity of the system.

<math>dt</math> is the change in time of the system

If we trace this formula from the left to the right, we can see that if the net force on an object is zero, then the change in velocity of an object is also zero. Conversely, if we were given an object and told that its change in momentum is zero, then we can deduce that the net force acting on the object is also zero. Keep in mind, however, that this formula simple deals with the '''change''' in velocity. It does '''not''' mean that the object is at rest, only that its velocity remains constant.

==Examples==

The following examples are to test your basic understanding of Newton's First Law. For more examples that test your knowledge of all three of the laws, click [http://www.physicsclassroom.com/calcpad/newtlaws/problems here].

===Simple===
Does the object in the following image have a net force of zero? Does it have a constant velocity?

[[File:Newtonfirstlawsimple.png|400px]]

It's easy to see that the only force on the object is acting in the +x direction, with a magnitude of 5 newtons. Therefore, the object does not have a net force of zero or a constant velocity. It will be accelerating in the +x direction.

===Middling===
Does the object in the following image have a net force of zero? Does it have a constant velocity?

[[File:Newtonfirstlawmedium.png|400px]]

This example is slightly more difficult, but is still quite trivial. If we sum the forces in the x direction, we see that the net force is 2 newtons in the -x direction. Therefore, the object does not have a constant velocity, and will be accelerating in the -x direction.

===Difficult===
Does the object in the following image have a net force of zero? Does it have a constant velocity?

[[File:Newtonsfirstlawhard.png|400px]]

This final example tests your knowledge and understanding of Newton's First Law. We're able to see that the box will accelerate in the -x direction because the net force in the x direction is 5 newtons to the left. However, the box itself has a velocity of 5m/s upwards, which would indeed stay constant. This is because forces (and motion) in perpendicular directions are [http://www.physicsclassroom.com/class/vectors/Lesson-1/Independence-of-Perpendicular-Components-of-Motion independent] of each other.

==Connectedness==

[[File:Tablecloth.gif|left|300px|thumb|The "magic trick" of ripping off a table cloth without the plates on top moving is an example of Newton's First Law. The tableware is in a state of rest, and thus want to remain in such a state.]]

Newton's laws of motion tie into almost everything that we see or do. The first law, in particular, explains why we suddenly lurch forward when a car suddenly stops (our bodies are in a state of motion and thus resist the sudden stop), why it's much harder to stop when ice skating than walking (there's less friction, thus less net force to decelerate), and much, much, more. The importance of Newton's first law (and by extension, the other laws of motion) is not readily apparent, but serves as a basis to explain much of our daily interactions with our surroundings.

It can also apply to things outside of our daily interactions - space, for example. Newton's first law describes why an astronaut in space will continuously float in a direction forever if they are not pulled in by an asteroid or a planet's gravitational force. There is a lack of a net force opposing the astronaut's motion (due to the fact that there is no air in space) which results in the astronaut having a constant velocity. Floating off into space is probably an astronaut's worst nightmare, a scenario that a recent movie, ''Gravity'', explored. The entire premise of the movie (Sandra Bullock becomes untethered from her space station) relies on Newton's first law of motion.
==History==

While Galileo is the one credited with the idea of inertia motion, it was René Descartes, a French philosopher, who would expand upon Galileo's ideas. Descartes went on to propose three fundamental laws of nature in his book, ''Principles of Philosophy'', the first of which stated that "each thing, as far as is in its power, always remains in the same state; and that consequently, when it is once moved, it always continues to move." Thus, while the concept of inertia is often referred to as Newton's First Law, it was first described by Galileo and then perfected by Descartes decades before Newton published his findings.

As for Newton, he first described his three laws of motion in ''The Mathematical Principle of Natural Philosophy'', for the Principia, which was published in 1687. These laws described the relationship between an object and the forces acting upon it and laid the foundation for classical mechanics. While Newton's first law came from the work of Descartes and Galileo, his other laws are the work of himself.

==Electric Field==
The electric field created by a charge is present throughout space at all times, whether or not there is another charge around to feel its effects. The electric field created by a charge penetrates through matter. The field permeates the neighboring space, biding its time until it can affect anything brought into its space of interaction.
*[[Vectors]]
*[[Right-Hand Rule]]
*[[Right Hand Rule]]
</div>
</div>

<div class="toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">

====Electric force====
<div class="mw-collapsible-content">

*[[Electric Force]] Claimed by Amarachi Eze
*[[Lorentz Force]]
</div>
</div>

<div class="toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">

====Electric field of a point particle====

<div class="mw-collapsible-content">
*[[Point Charge]]
</div>
</div>

<div class="toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">

'''Bold text'''====Superposition====
<div class="mw-collapsible-content">
*[[Superposition Principle]]
*[[Superposition principle]]
</div>
</div>

<div class="toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">

====Dipoles====
<div class="mw-collapsible-content">
*[[Electric Dipole]]
*[[Magnetic Dipole]]
</div>
</div>

===Week 2===
<div class="toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">
====Interactions of charged objects====
<div class="mw-collapsible-content">
*[[Electric Field]]
*[[Electric Potential]]
*[[Electric Force]]
*[[Lorentz Force]]
</div>
</div>

<div class="toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">
====Tape experiments====
<div class="mw-collapsible-content">
*[[Polarization]]
*[[Electric Polarization]]
</div>
</div>

<div class="toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">
====Polarization====
<div class="mw-collapsible-content">
*[[Polarization]]
*[[Electric Polarization]]
*[[Polarization of an Atom]]
</div>
</div>

===Week 3===
<div class="toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">
====Insulators====
<div class="mw-collapsible-content">
*[[Insulators]]
*[[Potential Difference in an Insulator]]
*[[Charged Conductor and Charged Insulator]]
*[[Charged conductor and charged insulator]]
</div>
</div>

<div class="toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">
====Conductors====
<div class="mw-collapsible-content">
*[[Conductivity]]
*[[Charge Transfer]]
*[[Resistivity]]
*[[Polarization of a conductor]]
*[[Charged Conductor and Charged Insulator]]
*[[Charged conductor and charged insulator]]
</div>
</div>

<div class="toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">
====Charging and discharging====
<div class="mw-collapsible-content">
*[[Charge Transfer]]
*[[Electrostatic Discharge]]
*[[Charged Conductor and Charged Insulator]]
*[[Charged conductor and charged insulator]]
</div>
</div>

===Week 4===
<div class="toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">
====Field of a charged rod====
<div class="mw-collapsible-content">
*[[Charged Rod]]
</div>
</div>

<div class="toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">

====Field of a charged ring/disk/capacitor====
<div class="mw-collapsible-content">
*[[Charged Ring]]
*[[Charged Disk]]
*[[Charged Capacitor]]
</div>
</div>

<div class="toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">

====Field of a charged sphere====
<div class="mw-collapsible-content">
*[[Charged Spherical Shell]]
*[[Field of a Charged Ball]]
</div>
</div>

===Week 5===
<div class="toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">
====Potential energy====
<div class="mw-collapsible-content">
*[[Potential Energy]]
</div>
</div>

<div class="toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">
====Electric potential====
<div class="mw-collapsible-content">
*[[Electric Potential]]
*[[Path Independence of Electric Potential]]
*[[Potential Difference Path Independence, claimed by Aditya Mohile]]
*[[Potential Difference in a Uniform Field]]
*[[Potential Difference of Point Charge in a Non-Uniform Field]]
</div>
</div>
<div class="toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">

====Sign of a potential difference====
Claimed by Tyler Quill
*[[Overview]]
----
text here
*[[Determining the Sign of Potential Difference]]
----
text here
*[[Understanding the Sign of Potential Difference]]
----
text here

test test
<div class="mw-collapsible-content">

</div>
<div class="toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">

====Potential at a single location====
<div class="mw-collapsible-content">
*[[Electric Potential]]
*[[Potential Difference at One Location]]
</div>
</div>

<div class="toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">

====Path independence and round trip potential====
<div class="mw-collapsible-content">
*[[Path Independence of Electric Potential]]
*[[Potential Difference Path Independence, claimed by Aditya Mohile]]
</div>
</div>

===Week 6===
<div class="toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">
====Electric field and potential in an insulator====
<div class="mw-collapsible-content">
*[[Potential Difference in an Insulator]]
*[[Electric Field in an Insulator]]
</div>
</div>
<div class="toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">

====Moving charges in a magnetic field====
<div class="mw-collapsible-content">
*[[Magnetic Field]]
*[[Magnetic Force]]
*[[Lorentz Force]]
</div>
</div>
<div class="toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">

====Biot-Savart Law====
<div class="mw-collapsible-content">
*[[Biot-Savart Law]]
*[[Biot-Savart Law for Currents]]
</div>
</div>
<div class="toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">

====Moving charges, electron current, and conventional current====
<div class="mw-collapsible-content">
*[[Moving Point Charge]]
*[[Current]]
</div>
</div>

===Week 7=== Claimed by Diem Tran
<div class="toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">
====Magnetic field of a wire====
<div class="mw-collapsible-content">
*[[Magnetic Field of a Long Straight Wire]]
</div>
</div>

<div class="toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">
====Magnetic field of a current-carrying loop====
<div class="mw-collapsible-content">
*[[Magnetic Field of a Loop]]
</div>
</div>

<div class="toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">
====Magnetic dipoles====
<div class="mw-collapsible-content">
*[[Magnetic Dipole Moment]]
*[[Bar Magnet]]
</div>
</div>

<div class="toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">
====Atomic structure of magnets====
<div class="mw-collapsible-content">
*[[Atomic Structure of Magnets]]
</div>
</div>

===Week 8===
<div class="toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">
====Steady state current====
<div class="mw-collapsible-content">
*[[Steady State]]
*[[Non Steady State]]
</div>
</div>

<div class="toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">
====Node rule====
<div class="mw-collapsible-content">
*[[Node Rule]]
</div>
</div>

<div class="toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">
====Electric fields and energy in circuits====
<div class="mw-collapsible-content">
*[[Series circuit]] claimed by Hannah Jang
*[[Node Rule]]
*[[Loop Rule]]
*[[Electric Potential Difference]]
</div>
</div>

<div class="toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">

====Macroscopic analysis of circuits====
<div class="mw-collapsible-content">
*[[Series Circuits]]
*[[Parallel CIrcuits]]
*[[Parallel Circuits vs. Series Circuits*]]
*[[Loop Rule]]
*[[Node Rule]]
*[[Resistors*]]
</div>
</div>

===Week 9===
<div class="toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">
====Electric field and potential in circuits with capacitors====
<div class="mw-collapsible-content">
*[[Charging and Discharging a Capacitor]]
*[[RC Circuit]]
*[[R Circuit]]
*[[AC and DC]]

</div>
</div>

<div class="toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">

====Magnetic forces on charges and currents====
<div class="mw-collapsible-content">
*[[Magnetic Force]]
*[[Lorentz Force]]
*[[Applying Magnetic Force to Currents]]
*[[Magnetic Force in a Moving Reference Frame]]
*[[Right-Hand Rule]]
*[[Analysis of Railgun vs Coil gun technologies]]
</div>
</div>

<div class="toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">
====Electric and magnetic forces====
<div class="mw-collapsible-content">
*[[Electric Force]]
*[[Magnetic Force]]
*[[Lorentz Force]]
*[[VPython Modelling of Electric and Magnetic Forces]]
</div>
</div>

<div class="toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">
====Velocity selector====
<div class="mw-collapsible-content">
*[[Lorentz Force]]
*[[Combining Electric and Magnetic Forces]]
</div>
</div>

===Week 10===

====Student Content====

<div class=“toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed”>
==== Hall Effect ====
<div class="mw-collapsible-content">
*[[Hall Effect]]
*[[Motional Emf]]
*[[Magnetic Force]]
*[[Magnetic Torque]]

</div>
</div>

==Physics 3==

===Week 1===
<div class="toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">
====Classical Physics====
<div class="mw-collapsible-content">
</div>
</div>

===Week 2===
<div class="toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">
====Special Relativity====
<div class="mw-collapsible-content">
*[[Frame of Reference]]
*[[Einstein's Theory of Special Relativity]]
*[[Time Dilation]]
*[[Einstein's Theory of General Relativity]]
*[[Albert A. Micheleson & Edward W. Morley]]
*[[Magnetic Force in a Moving Reference Frame]]
</div>
</div>

===Week 3===
<div class="toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">
====Photons====
<div class="mw-collapsible-content">
*[[Spontaneous Photon Emission]]
*[[Light Scattering: Why is the Sky Blue]]
*[[Lasers]]
*[[Electronic Energy Levels and Photons]]
*[[Quantum Properties of Light]]
</div>
</div>

===Week 4===
<div class="toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">
====Matter Waves====
<div class="mw-collapsible-content">
*[[Wave-Particle Duality]]
</div>
</div>

===Week 5===
<div class="toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">
====Wave Mechanics====
<div class="mw-collapsible-content">
*[[Standing Waves]]
*[[Wavelength]]
*[[Wavelength and Frequency]]
*[[Mechanical Waves]]
*[[Transverse and Longitudinal Waves]]
</div>
</div>

===Week 6===
<div class="toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">
====Rutherford-Bohr Model====
<div class="mw-collapsible-content">
*[[Rutherford Experiment and Atomic Collisions]]
*[[Bohr Model]]
*[[Quantized energy levels]]
*[[Energy graphs and the Bohr model]]
</div>
</div>

===Week 7===
<div class="toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">
====The Hydrogen Atom====
<div class="mw-collapsible-content">
*[[Quantum Theory]]
*[[Atomic Theory]]
</div>
</div>

===Week 8===
<div class="toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">
====Many-Electron Atoms====
<div class="mw-collapsible-content">
*[[Quantum Theory]]
*[[Atomic Theory]]
*[[Pauli exclusion principle]]
</div>
</div>

===Week 9===
<div class="toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">
====Molecules====
<div class="mw-collapsible-content">
</div>
</div>

===Week 10===
<div class="toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">
====Statistical Physics====
<div class="mw-collapsible-content">
</div>
</div>

===Week 11===
<div class="toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">
====Condensed Matter Physics====
<div class="mw-collapsible-content">
</div>
</div>

===Week 12===
<div class="toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">
====The Nucleus====
<div class="mw-collapsible-content">
</div>
</div>

===Week 13===
<div class="toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">
====Nuclear Physics====
<div class="mw-collapsible-content">
*[[Nuclear Fission]]
*[[Nuclear Energy from Fission and Fusion]]
</div>
</div>

===Week 14===
<div class="toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">
====Particle Physics====
<div class="mw-collapsible-content">
*[[Elementary Particles and Particle Physics Theory]]
*[[String Theory]]
</div>
</div>

Main Page

2016-04-17T05:41:35Z

Tquill: /* Sign of a potential difference */

__NOTOC__
Welcome to the Georgia Tech Wiki for Introductory Physics. This resource was created so that students can contribute and curate content to help those with limited or no access to a textbook. When reading this website, please correct any errors you may come across. If you read something that isn't clear, please consider revising it for future students!

Looking to make a contribution?
#Pick one of the topics from intro physics listed below
#Add content to that topic or improve the quality of what is already there.
#Need to make a new topic? Edit this page and add it to the list under the appropriate category. Then copy and paste the default [[Template]] into your new page and start editing.

Please remember that this is not a textbook and you are not limited to expressing your ideas with only text and equations. Whenever possible embed: pictures, videos, diagrams, simulations, computational models (e.g. Glowscript), and whatever content you think makes learning physics easier for other students.

== Source Material ==
All of the content added to this resource must be in the public domain or similar free resource. If you are unsure about a source, contact the original author for permission. That said, there is a surprisingly large amount of introductory physics content scattered across the web. Here is an incomplete list of intro physics resources (please update as needed).
* A physics resource written by experts for an expert audience [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:Physics Physics Portal]
* A wiki written for students by a physics expert [http://p3server.pa.msu.edu/coursewiki/doku.php?id=183_notes MSU Physics Wiki]
* A wiki book on modern physics [https://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Modern_Physics Modern Physics Wiki]
* The MIT open courseware for intro physics [http://ocw.mit.edu/resources/res-8-002-a-wikitextbook-for-introductory-mechanics-fall-2009/index.htm MITOCW Wiki]
* An online concept map of intro physics [http://hyperphysics.phy-astr.gsu.edu/hbase/hph.html HyperPhysics]
* Interactive physics simulations [https://phet.colorado.edu/en/simulations/category/physics PhET]
* OpenStax algebra based intro physics textbook [https://openstaxcollege.org/textbooks/college-physics College Physics]
* The Open Source Physics project is a collection of online physics resources [http://www.opensourcephysics.org/ OSP]
* A resource guide compiled by the [http://www.aapt.org/ AAPT] for educators [http://www.compadre.org/ ComPADRE]

== Organizing Categories ==
These are the broad, overarching categories, that we cover in three semester of introductory physics. You can add subcategories as needed but a single topic should direct readers to a page in one of these categories.

== Resources ==
* Commonly used wiki commands [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:Cheatsheet Wiki Cheatsheet]
* A guide to representing equations in math mode [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:Displaying_a_formula Wiki Math Mode]
* A page to keep track of all the physics [[Constants]]
* A page for review of [[Vectors]] and vector operations
* A listing of [[Notable Scientist]] with links to their individual pages

<div style="float:left; width:30%; padding:1%;">
==Physics 1==
===Week 1===

====Student Content====
<div class=“toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed”>
=====Help with VPython=====
<div class=“mw-collapsible-content”>
*[[VPython]]
*[[VPython basics]]
*[[VPython Common Errors and Troubleshooting]]
*[[VPython Functions]]
*[[VPython Lists]]
*[[VPython Loops]]
*[[VPython Multithreading]]
*[[VPython Animation]]
*[[VPython Objects]]
*[[VPython 3D Objects]]
*[[VPython Reference]]
*[[VPython MapReduceFilter]]
*[[VPython GUIs]]
</div>
</div>

<div class=“toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed”>
=====Vectors and Units=====
<div class=“mw-collapsible-content”>
*[[Vectors]]
*[[SI units]]
</div>
</div>

<div class=“toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed”>

=====Interactions=====
<div class=“mw-collapsible-content”>
</div>
</div>
*[[Types of Interactions and How to Detect Them]]

<div class=“toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed”>

=====Velocity and Momentum=====
<div class=“mw-collapsible-content”>
*[[Newton’s First Law of Motion]]
*[[Velocity]]
*[[Mass]]
*[[Speed and Velocity]]
*[[Relative Velocity]]
*[[Derivation of Average Velocity]]
*[[2-Dimensional Motion]]
*[[3-Dimensional Position and Motion]]
</div>
</div>

====Expert Content====
<div class=“toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed”>

* [http://p3server.pa.msu.edu/coursewiki/doku.php?id=183_notes:vpython_resources Software for Projects]

</div>

===Week 2===
====Student Content====
<div class=“toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed”>
=====Momentum and the Momentum Principle=====
<div class=“mw-collapsible-content”>
*[[Momentum Principle]]
*[[Inertia]]
*[[Net Force]]
*[[Derivation of the Momentum Principle]]
*[[Impulse Momentum]]
*[[Acceleration]]
*[[Momentum with respect to external Forces]]
</div>
</div>

<div class=“toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed”>
=====Iterative Prediction with a Constant Force=====
<div class=“mw-collapsible-content”>
*[[Newton’s Second Law of Motion]]
*[[Iterative Prediction]]
*[[Kinematics]]
*[[Newton’s Laws and Linear Momentum]]
*[[Projectile Motion]]
</div>
</div>

====Expert Content====
<div class=“toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed”>

* [http://p3server.pa.msu.edu/coursewiki/doku.php?id=183_notes:scalars_and_vectors Scalars and Vectors]
* [http://p3server.pa.msu.edu/coursewiki/doku.php?id=183_notes:displacement_and_velocity Displacement and Velocity]
* [http://p3server.pa.msu.edu/coursewiki/doku.php?id=183_notes:modeling_with_vpython Modeling Motion with VPython]
* [http://p3server.pa.msu.edu/coursewiki/doku.php?id=183_notes:relative_motion Relative Motion]
* [http://p3server.pa.msu.edu/coursewiki/doku.php?id=183_notes:graphing_motion Graphing Motion]
* [http://p3server.pa.msu.edu/coursewiki/doku.php?id=183_notes:momentum Momentum]
* [http://p3server.pa.msu.edu/coursewiki/doku.php?id=183_notes:momentum_principle The Momentum Principle]
* [http://p3server.pa.msu.edu/coursewiki/doku.php?id=183_notes:acceleration Acceleration & The Change in Momentum]
* [http://p3server.pa.msu.edu/coursewiki/doku.php?id=183_notes:motionPredict Applying the Momentum Principle]
* [http://p3server.pa.msu.edu/coursewiki/doku.php?id=183_notes:constantF Constant Force Motion]
* [http://p3server.pa.msu.edu/coursewiki/doku.php?id=183_notes:iterativePredict Iterative Prediction of Motion]
* [http://p3server.pa.msu.edu/coursewiki/doku.php?id=183_notes:mp_multi The Momentum Principle in Multi-particle Systems]
* [http://p3server.pa.msu.edu/coursewiki/doku.php?id=183_notes:angular_motivation Why Angular Momentum?]
* [http://p3server.pa.msu.edu/coursewiki/doku.php?id=183_notes:ang_momentum Angular Momentum]
* [http://p3server.pa.msu.edu/coursewiki/doku.php?id=183_notes:L_principle Net Torque & The Angular Momentum Principle]
* [http://p3server.pa.msu.edu/coursewiki/doku.php?id=183_notes:L_conservation Angular Momentum Conservation]

</div>

===Week 3===
====Student Content====
<div class=“toccolours \
mw-collapsible mw-collapsed”>
=====Analytic Prediction with a Constant Force=====
<div \
class=“mw-collapsible-content”>
*[[Analytical Prediction]]
</div>
</div>

<div class=“toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed”>
=====Iterative Prediction with a Varying Force=====
<div \
class=“mw-collapsible-content”>
*[[Predicting Change in multiple dimensions]]
*[[Spring Force]]
*[[Hooke’s Law]]
*[[Simple Harmonic Motion]]
*[[Iterative Prediction of Spring-Mass System]]
*[[Terminal Speed]]
*[[Determinism]]
</div>
</div>

====Expert Content====
<div class=“toccolours mw-collapsible \
mw-collapsed”>

* [http://p3server.pa.msu.edu/coursewiki/doku.php?id=183_notes:drag Drag]
* [http://p3server.pa.msu.edu/coursewiki/doku.php?id=183_notes:gravitation Non-constant Force: Newtonian Gravitation]
* [http://p3server.pa.msu.edu/coursewiki/doku.php?id=183_notes:ucm Uniform Circular Motion]
* [http://p3server.pa.msu.edu/coursewiki/doku.php?id=183_notes:impulseGraphs Impulse Graphs]
* [http://p3server.pa.msu.edu/coursewiki/doku.php?id=183_notes:springMotion Non-constant Force: Springs & Spring-like Interactions]
* [http://p3server.pa.msu.edu/coursewiki/doku.php?id=183_notes:friction Contact Interactions: The Normal Force & Friction]

</div>

===Week 4===
====Student Content====
<div class=“toccolours \
mw-collapsible mw-collapsed”>
=====Fundamental Interactions=====
<div class=“mw-collapsible-content”>
*[[Gravitational Force]]
*[[Electric Force]]
*[[Reciprocity]]
</div>
</div>

====Expert Content====
<div class=“toccolours mw-collapsible \
mw-collapsed”>

* [http://p3server.pa.msu.edu/coursewiki/doku.php?id=183_notes:gravitation Non-constant Force: Newtonian Gravitation]

</div>

===Week 5===
====Student Content====
<div class=“toccolours \
mw-collapsible mw-collapsed”>
=====Conservation of Momentum=====
<div class=“mw-collapsible-content”>
*[[Conservation of Momentum]]
</div>
</div>
<div class=“toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed”>

=====Properties of Matter=====
<div class=“mw-collapsible-content”>
*[[Kinds of Matter]]
**[[Ball and Spring Model of Matter]]
*[[Density]]
*[[Length and Stiffness of an Interatomic Bond]]
*[[Young’s Modulus]]
*[[Speed of Sound in Solids]]
*[[Malleability]]
*[[Ductility]]
*[[Weight]]
*[[Hardness]]
*[[Boiling Point]]
*[[Melting Point]]
</div>
</div>

====Expert Content====
<div class=“toccolours mw-collapsible \
mw-collapsed”>

* [http://p3server.pa.msu.edu/coursewiki/doku.php?id=183_notes:model_of_a_wire Modeling a Solid Wire: springs in series and parallel]

</div>

===Week 6===
====Student Content====
<div class=“toccolours \
mw-collapsible mw-collapsed”>
=====Identifying Forces=====
<div class=“mw-collapsible-content”>
*[[Free Body Diagram]]
*[[Compression or Normal Force]]
*[[Tension]]
</div>
</div>
<div class=“toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed”>
=====Curving Motion=====
<div class=“mw-collapsible-content”>
*[[Curving Motion]]
*[[Centripetal Force and Curving Motion]]
*[[Perpetual Freefall (Orbit)]]
</div>
</div>

====Expert Content====
<div class=“toccolours mw-collapsible \
mw-collapsed”>

* [http://p3server.pa.msu.edu/coursewiki/doku.php?id=183_notes:gravitation Non-constant Force: Newtonian Gravitation]
* [http://p3server.pa.msu.edu/coursewiki/doku.php?id=183_notes:grav_accel Gravitational Acceleration]
* [http://p3server.pa.msu.edu/coursewiki/doku.php?id=183_notes:ucm Uniform Circular Motion]
* [http://p3server.pa.msu.edu/coursewiki/doku.php?id=183_notes:freebodydiagrams Free Body Diagrams]
* [http://p3server.pa.msu.edu/coursewiki/doku.php?id=183_notes:curving_motion Curved Motion]

</div>

===Week 7===
====Student Content====
<div class=“toccolours \
mw-collapsible mw-collapsed”>
=====Energy Principle=====
<div class=“mw-collapsible-content”>
*[[The Energy Principle]]
*[[Conservation of Energy]]
*[[Kinetic Energy]]
*[[Work]]
*[[Power (Mechanical)]]
</div>
</div>

====Expert Content====
<div class=“toccolours mw-collapsible \
mw-collapsed”>

* [http://p3server.pa.msu.edu/coursewiki/doku.php?id=183_notes:define_energy What is Energy?]
* [http://p3server.pa.msu.edu/coursewiki/doku.php?id=183_notes:point_particle The Simplest System: A Single Particle]
* [http://p3server.pa.msu.edu/coursewiki/doku.php?id=183_notes:work Work: Mechanical Energy Transfer]
* [http://p3server.pa.msu.edu/coursewiki/doku.php?id=183_notes:energy_cons Conservation of Energy]
* [http://p3server.pa.msu.edu/coursewiki/doku.php?id=183_notes:potential_energy Potential Energy]
* [http://p3server.pa.msu.edu/coursewiki/doku.php?id=183_notes:grav_and_spring_PE (Near Earth) Gravitational and Spring Potential Energy]
* [http://p3server.pa.msu.edu/coursewiki/doku.php?id=183_notes:force_and_PE Force and Potential Energy]
* [http://p3server.pa.msu.edu/coursewiki/doku.php?id=183_notes:newton_grav_pe Newtonian Gravitational Potential Energy]
* [http://p3server.pa.msu.edu/coursewiki/doku.php?id=183_notes:spring_PE Spring Potential Energy]

</div>

===Week 8===
====Student Content====
<div class=“toccolours \
mw-collapsible mw-collapsed”>
=====Work by Non-Constant Forces=====
<div \
class=“mw-collapsible-content”>
*[[Work Done By A Nonconstant Force]]
</div>
</div>
<div class=“toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed”>
=====Potential Energy=====
<div class=“mw-collapsible-content”>
*[[Potential Energy]]
*[[Potential Energy of Macroscopic Springs]]
*[[Spring Potential Energy]]
**[[Ball and Spring Model]]
*[[Gravitational Potential Energy]]
*[[Energy Graphs]]
*[[Escape Velocity]]
</div>
</div>

====Expert Content====
<div class=“toccolours mw-collapsible \
mw-collapsed”>

* [http://p3server.pa.msu.edu/coursewiki/doku.php?id=183_notes:work_by_nc_forces Work Done by Non-Constant Forces]
* [http://p3server.pa.msu.edu/coursewiki/doku.php?id=183_notes:potential_energy Potential Energy]
* [http://p3server.pa.msu.edu/coursewiki/doku.php?id=183_notes:grav_and_spring_PE (Near Earth) Gravitational and Spring Potential Energy]
* [http://p3server.pa.msu.edu/coursewiki/doku.php?id=183_notes:rest_mass Changes of Rest Mass Energy]
* [http://p3server.pa.msu.edu/coursewiki/doku.php?id=183_notes:force_and_PE Force and Potential Energy]
* [http://p3server.pa.msu.edu/coursewiki/doku.php?id=183_notes:newton_grav_pe Newtonian Gravitational Potential Energy]
* [http://p3server.pa.msu.edu/coursewiki/doku.php?id=183_notes:grav_pe_graphs Graphing Energy for Gravitationally Interacting Systems]
* [http://p3server.pa.msu.edu/coursewiki/doku.php?id=183_notes:spring_PE Spring Potential Energy]
* [http://p3server.pa.msu.edu/coursewiki/doku.php?id=183_notes:power Power: The Rate of Energy Change]
* [http://p3server.pa.msu.edu/coursewiki/doku.php?id=183_notes:energy_dissipation Dissipation of Energy]

</div>

===Week 9===
====Student Content====
<div class=“toccolours \
mw-collapsible mw-collapsed”>
=====Multiparticle Systems=====
<div class=“mw-collapsible-content”>
*[[Center of Mass]]
*[[Multi-particle analysis of Momentum]]
*[[Momentum with respect to external Forces]]
*[[Potential Energy of a Multiparticle System]]
*[[Work and Energy for an Extended System]]
*[[Internal Energy]]
**[[Potential Energy of a Pair of Neutral Atoms]]
</div>
</div>

====Expert Content====
<div class=“toccolours mw-collapsible \
mw-collapsed”>

* [http://p3server.pa.msu.edu/coursewiki/doku.php?id=183_notes:mp_multi The Momentum Principle in Multi-particle Systems]
* [http://p3server.pa.msu.edu/coursewiki/doku.php?id=183_notes:center_of_mass Center of Mass Motion]
* [http://p3server.pa.msu.edu/coursewiki/doku.php?id=183_notes:center_of_mass Center of Mass Motion]
* [http://p3server.pa.msu.edu/coursewiki/doku.php?id=183_notes:energy_sep Separating Energy in Multi-Particle Systems]

</div>

===Week 10===
====Student Content====
<div class=“toccolours \
mw-collapsible mw-collapsed”>
=====Choice of System=====
<div class=“mw-collapsible-content”>
*[[System & Surroundings]]
</div>
</div>
<div class=“toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed”>
=====Thermal Energy, Dissipation and Transfer of Energy=====
<div \
class=“mw-collapsible-content”>
*[[Thermal Energy]]
*[[Specific Heat]]
*[[Heat Capacity]]
*[[Specific Heat Capacity]]
*[[First Law of Thermodynamics]]
*[[Second Law of Thermodynamics and Entropy]]
*[[Temperature]]
*[[Predicting Change]]
*[[Energy Transfer due to a Temperature Difference]]
*[[Transformation of Energy]]
*[[The Maxwell-Boltzmann Distribution]]
*[[Air Resistance]]
</div>
</div>
<div class=“toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed”>
=====Rotational and Vibrational Energy=====
<div \
class=“mw-collapsible-content”>
*[[Translational, Rotational and Vibrational Energy]]
</div>
</div>

====Expert Content====
<div class=“toccolours mw-collapsible \
mw-collapsed”>

* [http://p3server.pa.msu.edu/coursewiki/doku.php?id=183_notes:grav_and_spring_PE (Near Earth) Gravitational and Spring Potential Energy]
* [http://p3server.pa.msu.edu/coursewiki/doku.php?id=183_notes:rest_mass Changes of Rest Mass Energy]
* [http://p3server.pa.msu.edu/coursewiki/doku.php?id=183_notes:newton_grav_pe Newtonian Gravitational Potential Energy]
* [http://p3server.pa.msu.edu/coursewiki/doku.php?id=183_notes:grav_pe_graphs Graphing Energy for Gravitationally Interacting Systems]
* [http://p3server.pa.msu.edu/coursewiki/doku.php?id=183_notes:escape_speed Escape Speed]
* [http://p3server.pa.msu.edu/coursewiki/doku.php?id=183_notes:spring_PE Spring Potential Energy]
* [http://p3server.pa.msu.edu/coursewiki/doku.php?id=183_notes:internal_energy Internal Energy]
* [http://p3server.pa.msu.edu/coursewiki/doku.php?id=183_notes:system_choice Choosing a System Matters]
* [http://p3server.pa.msu.edu/coursewiki/doku.php?id=183_notes:energy_dissipation Dissipation of Energy]

</div>

===Week 11===
====Student Content====
<div class=“toccolours \
mw-collapsible mw-collapsed”>
=====Different Models of a System=====
<div \
class=“mw-collapsible-content”>
*[[Real Systems]]
*[[Point Particle Systems]]
</div>
</div>
<div class=“toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed”>

=====Models of Friction=====
<div class=“mw-collapsible-content”>
*[[Friction]]
*[[Static Friction]]
</div>
</div>

====Expert Content====
<div class=“toccolours mw-collapsible \
mw-collapsed”>

* [http://p3server.pa.msu.edu/coursewiki/doku.php?id=183_notes:system_choice Choosing a System Matters]
* [http://p3server.pa.msu.edu/coursewiki/doku.php?id=183_notes:energy_dissipation Dissipation of Energy]

</div>

===Week 12===
====Student Content====
<div class=“toccolours \
mw-collapsible mw-collapsed”>
=====Collisions=====
<div class=“mw-collapsible-content”>
*[[Newton’s Third Law of Motion]]
*[[Collisions]]
*[[Elastic Collisions]]
*[[Inelastic Collisions]]
*[[Maximally Inelastic Collision]]
*[[Head-on Collision of Equal Masses]]
*[[Head-on Collision of Unequal Masses]]
*[[Scattering: Collisions in 2D and 3D]]
*[[Rutherford Experiment and Atomic Collisions]]
*[[Coefficient of Restitution]]
</div>
</div>

====Expert Content====
<div class=“toccolours mw-collapsible \
mw-collapsed”>

* [http://p3server.pa.msu.edu/coursewiki/doku.php?id=183_notes:collisions Colliding Objects]
* [http://p3server.pa.msu.edu/coursewiki/doku.php?id=183_notes:center_of_mass Center of Mass Motion]
* [http://p3server.pa.msu.edu/coursewiki/doku.php?id=183_notes:center_of_mass Center of Mass Motion]
* [http://p3server.pa.msu.edu/coursewiki/doku.php?id=183_notes:rot_KE Rotational Kinetic Energy]
* [http://p3server.pa.msu.edu/coursewiki/doku.php?id=183_notes:pp_vs_real Point Particle and Real Systems]
* [http://p3server.pa.msu.edu/coursewiki/doku.php?id=183_notes:colliding_systems Collisions]

</div>

===Week 13===
====Student Content====
<div class=“toccolours \
mw-collapsible mw-collapsed”>
=====Rotations=====
<div class=“mw-collapsible-content”>
*[[Rotation]]
*[[Angular Velocity]]
*[[Eulerian Angles]]
</div>
</div>
<div class=“toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed”>
=====Angular Momentum=====
<div class=“mw-collapsible-content”>
*[[Total Angular Momentum]]
*[[Translational Angular Momentum]]
*[[Rotational Angular Momentum]]
*[[The Angular Momentum Principle]]
*[[Angular Momentum Compared to Linear Momentum]]
*[[Angular Impulse]]
*[[Predicting the Position of a Rotating System]]
*[[Angular Momentum of Multiparticle Systems]]
*[[The Moments of Inertia]]
*[[Moment of Inertia for a cylinder]]
*[[Right Hand Rule]]
</div>
</div>

====Expert Content====
<div class=“toccolours mw-collapsible \
mw-collapsed”>

* [http://p3server.pa.msu.edu/coursewiki/doku.php?id=183_notes:rot_KE Rotational Kinetic Energy]
* [http://p3server.pa.msu.edu/coursewiki/doku.php?id=183_notes:angular_motivation Why Angular Momentum?]
* [http://p3server.pa.msu.edu/coursewiki/doku.php?id=183_notes:ang_momentum Angular Momentum]
* [http://p3server.pa.msu.edu/coursewiki/doku.php?id=183_notes:L_principle Net Torque & The Angular Momentum Principle]
* [http://p3server.pa.msu.edu/coursewiki/doku.php?id=183_notes:L_conservation Angular Momentum Conservation]

</div>
===Week 14===

====Student Content====
<div class=“toccolours mw-collapsible \
mw-collapsed”>
=====Analyzing Motion with and without Torque=====
<div \
class=“mw-collapsible-content”>
*[[Torque]]
*[[Torque 2]]
*[[Systems with Zero Torque]]
*[[Systems with Nonzero Torque]]
*[[Torque vs Work]]
*[[Gyroscopes]]
</div>
</div>

====Expert Content====
<div class=“toccolours mw-collapsible \
mw-collapsed”>

* [http://p3server.pa.msu.edu/coursewiki/doku.php?id=183_notes:discovery_of_the_nucleus Discovery of the Nucleus]
* [http://p3server.pa.msu.edu/coursewiki/doku.php?id=183_notes:torque Torques Cause Changes in Rotation]
* [http://p3server.pa.msu.edu/coursewiki/doku.php?id=183_notes:L_principle Net Torque & The Angular Momentum Principle]

</div>

===Week 15===

====Student Content====
<div class=“toccolours mw-collapsible \
mw-collapsed”>
=====Introduction to Quantum Concepts=====
<div \class=“mw-collapsible-content”>
*[[Bohr Model]]
*[[Energy graphs and the Bohr model]]
*[[Quantized energy levels]]
</div>
</div>

====Expert Content====
<div class=“toccolours mw-collapsible \
mw-collapsed”>

* [http://p3server.pa.msu.edu/coursewiki/doku.php?id=183_notes:discovery_of_the_nucleus Discovery of the Nucleus]

</div>

<div style=“float:left; width:30%; padding:1%;”>

==Physics 2==
===Week 1===
<div class="toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">
====3D Vectors====
<div class="mw-collapsible-content">
*[[Page claimed by Laura Winalski]]*
*[[Vectors]]
*[[Right-Hand Rule]]
*[[Right Hand Rule]]
</div>
</div>

<div class="toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">

'''CLAIMED BY DIPRO CHAKRABORTY'''

'''CLAIMED BY DIPRO CHAKRABORTY'''
'''CLAIMED BY DIPRO CHAKRABORTY'''
'''CLAIMED BY DIPRO CHAKRABORTY'''

'''CLAIMED BY DIPRO CHAKRABORTY'''
====Electric field====
<div class="mw-collapsible-content">

[[Electric field]]

The electric field created by a charge is present throughout space at all times, whether or not there is another charge around to feel its effects. The electric field created by a charge penetrates through matter. The field permeates the neighboring space, biding its time until it can affect anything brought into its space of interaction.

==The Main Idea==
To be exact, the definition of the Electric Field is as follows:
The electric field is a region around a charged particle or object within which a force would be exerted on other objects.
If we put a charged particle at a location and it experiences a force, it would be logical to assume that there is something present that
is interacting with the particle. This "virtual force" is in essence the electric field.
===A Mathematical Model===

The electric field can be expressed mathematically as follows:

<math>{\vec{F_{net}} = 0 \Leftrightarrow \frac{d\vec{v}}{dt}} = 0</math>

<math>{\vec{F_{2}} = {q_{1}}{\vec{E_{1}}} \Leftrightarrow \frac{d\vec{v}}{dt}} </math>

which can be translated to postulate that the force on particle 2 is determined by the charge of particle 2 and the electric
field.

==Examples==

The following examples are to test your basic understanding of the Electric Field. For more examples that test your knowledge of all three of the laws, peruse the class textbook.

===Simple===
Which way is the electric field going for a negatively charged particle?

[[File:Simple111.png]]

It's easy to see that the electric field is pointing toward the negatively charged particle. The electric field is tending
toward the negatively charged particle.

===Middling===
Does the object in the following image have a net force of zero? Does it have a constant velocity?

This example is slightly more difficult, but is still quite trivial. If we sum the forces in the x direction, we see that the net force is 2 newtons in the -x direction. Therefore, the object does not have a constant velocity, and will be accelerating in the -x direction.

===Difficult===
Does the object in the following image have a net force of zero? Does it have a constant velocity?

This final example tests your knowledge and understanding of Newton's First Law. We're able to see that the box will accelerate in the -x direction because the net force in the x direction is 5 newtons to the left. However, the box itself has a velocity of 5m/s upwards, which would indeed stay constant. This is because forces (and motion) in perpendicular directions are of each other.

==Connectedness==

Newton's laws of motion tie into almost everything that we see or do. The first law, in particular, explains why we suddenly lurch forward when a car suddenly stops (our bodies are in a state of motion and thus resist the sudden stop), why it's much harder to stop when ice skating than walking (there's less friction, thus less net force to decelerate), and much, much, more. The importance of Newton's first law (and by extension, the other laws of motion) is not readily apparent, but serves as a basis to explain much of our daily interactions with our surroundings.

It can also apply to things outside of our daily interactions - space, for example. Newton's first law describes why an astronaut in space will continuously float in a direction forever if they are not pulled in by an asteroid or a planet's gravitational force. There is a lack of a net force opposing the astronaut's motion (due to the fact that there is no air in space) which results in the astronaut having a constant velocity. Floating off into space is probably an astronaut's worst nightmare, a scenario that a recent movie, ''Gravity'', explored. The entire premise of the movie (Sandra Bullock becomes untethered from her space station) relies on Newton's first law of motion.
==History==

While Galileo is the one credited with the idea of inertia motion, it was René Descartes, a French philosopher, who would expand upon Galileo's ideas. Descartes went on to propose three fundamental laws of nature in his book, ''Principles of Philosophy'', the first of which stated that "each thing, as far as is in its power, always remains in the same state; and that consequently, when it is once moved, it always continues to move." Thus, while the concept of inertia is often referred to as Newton's First Law, it was first described by Galileo and then perfected by Descartes decades before Newton published his findings.

As for Newton, he first described his three laws of motion in ''The Mathematical Principle of Natural Philosophy'', for the Principia, which was published in 1687. These laws described the relationship between an object and the forces acting upon it and laid the foundation for classical mechanics. While Newton's first law came from the work of Descartes and Galileo, his other laws are the work of himself.

==The Main Idea==
To be exact, the definition of the Electric Field is as follows:
The electric field is a region around a charged particle or object within which a force would be exerted on other objects.
If we put a charged particle at a location and it experiences a force, it would be logical to assume that there is something present that
is interacting with the particle. This "virtual force" is in essence the electric field.
===A Mathematical Model===

The electric field can be expressed mathematically as follows:

<math>{\vec{F_{net}} = 0 \Leftrightarrow \frac{d\vec{v}}{dt}} = 0</math>

<math>{\vec{F_{2}} = {q_{1}}{\vec{E_{1}}} \Leftrightarrow \frac{d\vec{v}}{dt}} </math>

which can be translated to postulate that the force on particle 2 is determined by the charge of particle 2 and the electric
field.

==Examples==

The following examples are to test your basic understanding of the Electric Field. For more examples that test your knowledge of all three of the laws, peruse the class textbook.

===Simple===
Which way is the electric field going for a negatively charged particle?

[[File:Simple111.png]]

It's easy to see that the electric field is pointing toward the negatively charged particle. The electric field is tending
toward the negatively charged particle.

===Middling===
Does the object in the following image have a net force of zero? Does it have a constant velocity?

This example is slightly more difficult, but is still quite trivial. If we sum the forces in the x direction, we see that the net force is 2 newtons in the -x direction. Therefore, the object does not have a constant velocity, and will be accelerating in the -x direction.

===Difficult===
Does the object in the following image have a net force of zero? Does it have a constant velocity?

This final example tests your knowledge and understanding of Newton's First Law. We're able to see that the box will accelerate in the -x direction because the net force in the x direction is 5 newtons to the left. However, the box itself has a velocity of 5m/s upwards, which would indeed stay constant. This is because forces (and motion) in perpendicular directions are of each other.

==Connectedness==

Newton's laws of motion tie into almost everything that we see or do. The first law, in particular, explains why we suddenly lurch forward when a car suddenly stops (our bodies are in a state of motion and thus resist the sudden stop), why it's much harder to stop when ice skating than walking (there's less friction, thus less net force to decelerate), and much, much, more. The importance of Newton's first law (and by extension, the other laws of motion) is not readily apparent, but serves as a basis to explain much of our daily interactions with our surroundings.

It can also apply to things outside of our daily interactions - space, for example. Newton's first law describes why an astronaut in space will continuously float in a direction forever if they are not pulled in by an asteroid or a planet's gravitational force. There is a lack of a net force opposing the astronaut's motion (due to the fact that there is no air in space) which results in the astronaut having a constant velocity. Floating off into space is probably an astronaut's worst nightmare, a scenario that a recent movie, ''Gravity'', explored. The entire premise of the movie (Sandra Bullock becomes untethered from her space station) relies on Newton's first law of motion.
==History==

While Galileo is the one credited with the idea of inertia motion, it was René Descartes, a French philosopher, who would expand upon Galileo's ideas. Descartes went on to propose three fundamental laws of nature in his book, ''Principles of Philosophy'', the first of which stated that "each thing, as far as is in its power, always remains in the same state; and that consequently, when it is once moved, it always continues to move." Thus, while the concept of inertia is often referred to as Newton's First Law, it was first described by Galileo and then perfected by Descartes decades before Newton published his findings.

As for Newton, he first described his three laws of motion in ''The Mathematical Principle of Natural Philosophy'', for the Principia, which was published in 1687. These laws described the relationship between an object and the forces acting upon it and laid the foundation for classical mechanics. While Newton's first law came from the work of Descartes and Galileo, his other laws are the work of himself.

==The Main Idea==
To be exact, the definition of the Electric Field is as follows:
The electric field is a region around a charged particle or object within which a force would be exerted on other objects.
If we put a charged particle at a location and it experiences a force, it would be logical to assume that there is something present that
is interacting with the particle. This "virtual force" is in essence the electric field.
===A Mathematical Model===

The electric field can be expressed mathematically as follows:

<math>{\vec{F_{net}} = 0 \Leftrightarrow \frac{d\vec{v}}{dt}} = 0</math>

<math>{\vec{F_{2}} = {q_{1}}{\vec{E_{1}}} \Leftrightarrow \frac{d\vec{v}}{dt}} </math>

which can be translated to postulate that the force on particle 2 is determined by the charge of particle 2 and the electric
field.

==Examples==

The following examples are to test your basic understanding of the Electric Field. For more examples that test your knowledge of all three of the laws, peruse the class textbook.

===Simple===
Which way is the electric field going for a negatively charged particle?

[[File:Simple111.png]]

It's easy to see that the electric field is pointing toward the negatively charged particle. The electric field is tending
toward the negatively charged particle.

===Middling===
Does the object in the following image have a net force of zero? Does it have a constant velocity?

This example is slightly more difficult, but is still quite trivial. If we sum the forces in the x direction, we see that the net force is 2 newtons in the -x direction. Therefore, the object does not have a constant velocity, and will be accelerating in the -x direction.

===Difficult===
Does the object in the following image have a net force of zero? Does it have a constant velocity?

This final example tests your knowledge and understanding of Newton's First Law. We're able to see that the box will accelerate in the -x direction because the net force in the x direction is 5 newtons to the left. However, the box itself has a velocity of 5m/s upwards, which would indeed stay constant. This is because forces (and motion) in perpendicular directions are of each other.

==Connectedness==

Newton's laws of motion tie into almost everything that we see or do. The first law, in particular, explains why we suddenly lurch forward when a car suddenly stops (our bodies are in a state of motion and thus resist the sudden stop), why it's much harder to stop when ice skating than walking (there's less friction, thus less net force to decelerate), and much, much, more. The importance of Newton's first law (and by extension, the other laws of motion) is not readily apparent, but serves as a basis to explain much of our daily interactions with our surroundings.

It can also apply to things outside of our daily interactions - space, for example. Newton's first law describes why an astronaut in space will continuously float in a direction forever if they are not pulled in by an asteroid or a planet's gravitational force. There is a lack of a net force opposing the astronaut's motion (due to the fact that there is no air in space) which results in the astronaut having a constant velocity. Floating off into space is probably an astronaut's worst nightmare, a scenario that a recent movie, ''Gravity'', explored. The entire premise of the movie (Sandra Bullock becomes untethered from her space station) relies on Newton's first law of motion.
==History==

While Galileo is the one credited with the idea of inertia motion, it was René Descartes, a French philosopher, who would expand upon Galileo's ideas. Descartes went on to propose three fundamental laws of nature in his book, ''Principles of Philosophy'', the first of which stated that "each thing, as far as is in its power, always remains in the same state; and that consequently, when it is once moved, it always continues to move." Thus, while the concept of inertia is often referred to as Newton's First Law, it was first described by Galileo and then perfected by Descartes decades before Newton published his findings.

As for Newton, he first described his three laws of motion in ''The Mathematical Principle of Natural Philosophy'', for the Principia, which was published in 1687. These laws described the relationship between an object and the forces acting upon it and laid the foundation for classical mechanics. While Newton's first law came from the work of Descartes and Galileo, his other laws are the work of himself.

==The Main Idea==
To be exact, the definition of the Electric Field is as follows:
The electric field is a region around a charged particle or object within which a force would be exerted on other objects.
If we put a charged particle at a location and it experiences a force, it would be logical to assume that there is something present that
is interacting with the particle. This "virtual force" is in essence the electric field.
===A Mathematical Model===

The electric field can be expressed mathematically as follows:

<math>{\vec{F_{net}} = 0 \Leftrightarrow \frac{d\vec{v}}{dt}} = 0</math>

<math>{\vec{F_{2}} = {q_{1}}{\vec{E_{1}}} \Leftrightarrow \frac{d\vec{v}}{dt}} </math>

which can be translated to postulate that the force on particle 2 is determined by the charge of particle 2 and the electric
field.

==Examples==

The following examples are to test your basic understanding of the Electric Field. For more examples that test your knowledge of all three of the laws, peruse the class textbook.

===Simple===
Which way is the electric field going for a negatively charged particle?

[[File:Simple111.png]]

It's easy to see that the electric field is pointing toward the negatively charged particle. The electric field is tending
toward the negatively charged particle.

===Middling===
Does the object in the following image have a net force of zero? Does it have a constant velocity?

This example is slightly more difficult, but is still quite trivial. If we sum the forces in the x direction, we see that the net force is 2 newtons in the -x direction. Therefore, the object does not have a constant velocity, and will be accelerating in the -x direction.

===Difficult===
Does the object in the following image have a net force of zero? Does it have a constant velocity?

This final example tests your knowledge and understanding of Newton's First Law. We're able to see that the box will accelerate in the -x direction because the net force in the x direction is 5 newtons to the left. However, the box itself has a velocity of 5m/s upwards, which would indeed stay constant. This is because forces (and motion) in perpendicular directions are of each other.

==Connectedness==

Newton's laws of motion tie into almost everything that we see or do. The first law, in particular, explains why we suddenly lurch forward when a car suddenly stops (our bodies are in a state of motion and thus resist the sudden stop), why it's much harder to stop when ice skating than walking (there's less friction, thus less net force to decelerate), and much, much, more. The importance of Newton's first law (and by extension, the other laws of motion) is not readily apparent, but serves as a basis to explain much of our daily interactions with our surroundings.

It can also apply to things outside of our daily interactions - space, for example. Newton's first law describes why an astronaut in space will continuously float in a direction forever if they are not pulled in by an asteroid or a planet's gravitational force. There is a lack of a net force opposing the astronaut's motion (due to the fact that there is no air in space) which results in the astronaut having a constant velocity. Floating off into space is probably an astronaut's worst nightmare, a scenario that a recent movie, ''Gravity'', explored. The entire premise of the movie (Sandra Bullock becomes untethered from her space station) relies on Newton's first law of motion.
==History==

While Galileo is the one credited with the idea of inertia motion, it was René Descartes, a French philosopher, who would expand upon Galileo's ideas. Descartes went on to propose three fundamental laws of nature in his book, ''Principles of Philosophy'', the first of which stated that "each thing, as far as is in its power, always remains in the same state; and that consequently, when it is once moved, it always continues to move." Thus, while the concept of inertia is often referred to as Newton's First Law, it was first described by Galileo and then perfected by Descartes decades before Newton published his findings.

As for Newton, he first described his three laws of motion in ''The Mathematical Principle of Natural Philosophy'', for the Principia, which was published in 1687. These laws described the relationship between an object and the forces acting upon it and laid the foundation for classical mechanics. While Newton's first law came from the work of Descartes and Galileo, his other laws are the work of himself.

==The Main Idea==
To be exact, the definition of the Electric Field is as follows:
The electric field is a region around a charged particle or object within which a force would be exerted on other objects.
If we put a charged particle at a location and it experiences a force, it would be logical to assume that there is something present that
is interacting with the particle. This "virtual force" is in essence the electric field.
===A Mathematical Model===

The electric field can be expressed mathematically as follows:

<math>{\vec{F_{net}} = 0 \Leftrightarrow \frac{d\vec{v}}{dt}} = 0</math>

<math>{\vec{F_{2}} = {q_{1}}{\vec{E_{1}}} \Leftrightarrow \frac{d\vec{v}}{dt}} = 0</math>

which can be translated to postulate that the force on particle 2 is determined by the charge of particle 2 and the electric
field.

==Examples==

The following examples are to test your basic understanding of the Electric Field. For more examples that test your knowledge of all three of the laws, peruse the class textbook.

===Simple===
Which way is the electric field going for a negatively charged particle?

[[File:Example.jpg]]

It's easy to see that the electric field is pointing toward the negatively charged particle. The electric field is tending
toward the negatively charged particle.

===Middling===
Does the object in the following image have a net force of zero? Does it have a constant velocity?

This example is slightly more difficult, but is still quite trivial. If we sum the forces in the x direction, we see that the net force is 2 newtons in the -x direction. Therefore, the object does not have a constant velocity, and will be accelerating in the -x direction.

===Difficult===
Does the object in the following image have a net force of zero? Does it have a constant velocity?

This final example tests your knowledge and understanding of Newton's First Law. We're able to see that the box will accelerate in the -x direction because the net force in the x direction is 5 newtons to the left. However, the box itself has a velocity of 5m/s upwards, which would indeed stay constant. This is because forces (and motion) in perpendicular directions are of each other.

==Connectedness==

Newton's laws of motion tie into almost everything that we see or do. The first law, in particular, explains why we suddenly lurch forward when a car suddenly stops (our bodies are in a state of motion and thus resist the sudden stop), why it's much harder to stop when ice skating than walking (there's less friction, thus less net force to decelerate), and much, much, more. The importance of Newton's first law (and by extension, the other laws of motion) is not readily apparent, but serves as a basis to explain much of our daily interactions with our surroundings.

It can also apply to things outside of our daily interactions - space, for example. Newton's first law describes why an astronaut in space will continuously float in a direction forever if they are not pulled in by an asteroid or a planet's gravitational force. There is a lack of a net force opposing the astronaut's motion (due to the fact that there is no air in space) which results in the astronaut having a constant velocity. Floating off into space is probably an astronaut's worst nightmare, a scenario that a recent movie, ''Gravity'', explored. The entire premise of the movie (Sandra Bullock becomes untethered from her space station) relies on Newton's first law of motion.
==History==

While Galileo is the one credited with the idea of inertia motion, it was René Descartes, a French philosopher, who would expand upon Galileo's ideas. Descartes went on to propose three fundamental laws of nature in his book, ''Principles of Philosophy'', the first of which stated that "each thing, as far as is in its power, always remains in the same state; and that consequently, when it is once moved, it always continues to move." Thus, while the concept of inertia is often referred to as Newton's First Law, it was first described by Galileo and then perfected by Descartes decades before Newton published his findings.

As for Newton, he first described his three laws of motion in ''The Mathematical Principle of Natural Philosophy'', for the Principia, which was published in 1687. These laws described the relationship between an object and the forces acting upon it and laid the foundation for classical mechanics. While Newton's first law came from the work of Descartes and Galileo, his other laws are the work of himself.

==The Main Idea==
To be exact, the definition of the Electric Field is as follows:
The electric field is a region around a charged particle or object within which a force would be exerted on other charged particles or objects.
If we put a charged particle at a location and it experiences a force, it would be logical to assume that there is something present that
is interacting with the particle. This "virtual force" is in essence the electric field.
===A Mathematical Model===

The electric field can be expressed mathematically as follows:

<math>{\vec{F_{net}} = 0 \Leftrightarrow \frac{d\vec{v}}{dt}} = 0</math>

<math>{\vec{F_{2}} = {q_{1}}{\vec{E_{1}}} \Leftrightarrow \frac{d\vec{v}}{dt}} = 0</math>

which can be translated to postulate that the force on particle 2 is determined by the charge of particle 2 and the electric
field.

==Examples==

The following examples are to test your basic understanding of Newton's First Law. For more examples that test your knowledge of all three of the laws, click .

===Simple===
Does the object in the following image have a net force of zero? Does it have a constant velocity?

It's easy to see that the only force on the object is acting in the +x direction, with a magnitude of 5 newtons. Therefore, the object does not have a net force of zero or a constant velocity. It will be accelerating in the +x direction.

===Middling===
Does the object in the following image have a net force of zero? Does it have a constant velocity?

This example is slightly more difficult, but is still quite trivial. If we sum the forces in the x direction, we see that the net force is 2 newtons in the -x direction. Therefore, the object does not have a constant velocity, and will be accelerating in the -x direction.

===Difficult===
Does the object in the following image have a net force of zero? Does it have a constant velocity?

This final example tests your knowledge and understanding of Newton's First Law. We're able to see that the box will accelerate in the -x direction because the net force in the x direction is 5 newtons to the left. However, the box itself has a velocity of 5m/s upwards, which would indeed stay constant. This is because forces (and motion) in perpendicular directions are of each other.

==Connectedness==

Newton's laws of motion tie into almost everything that we see or do. The first law, in particular, explains why we suddenly lurch forward when a car suddenly stops (our bodies are in a state of motion and thus resist the sudden stop), why it's much harder to stop when ice skating than walking (there's less friction, thus less net force to decelerate), and much, much, more. The importance of Newton's first law (and by extension, the other laws of motion) is not readily apparent, but serves as a basis to explain much of our daily interactions with our surroundings.

It can also apply to things outside of our daily interactions - space, for example. Newton's first law describes why an astronaut in space will continuously float in a direction forever if they are not pulled in by an asteroid or a planet's gravitational force. There is a lack of a net force opposing the astronaut's motion (due to the fact that there is no air in space) which results in the astronaut having a constant velocity. Floating off into space is probably an astronaut's worst nightmare, a scenario that a recent movie, ''Gravity'', explored. The entire premise of the movie (Sandra Bullock becomes untethered from her space station) relies on Newton's first law of motion.
==History==

While Galileo is the one credited with the idea of inertia motion, it was René Descartes, a French philosopher, who would expand upon Galileo's ideas. Descartes went on to propose three fundamental laws of nature in his book, ''Principles of Philosophy'', the first of which stated that "each thing, as far as is in its power, always remains in the same state; and that consequently, when it is once moved, it always continues to move." Thus, while the concept of inertia is often referred to as Newton's First Law, it was first described by Galileo and then perfected by Descartes decades before Newton published his findings.

As for Newton, he first described his three laws of motion in ''The Mathematical Principle of Natural Philosophy'', for the Principia, which was published in 1687. These laws described the relationship between an object and the forces acting upon it and laid the foundation for classical mechanics. While Newton's first law came from the work of Descartes and Galileo, his other laws are the work of himself.

==The Main Idea==
To be exact, the definition of the First Law of Motion is as follows:
The electric field is a region around a charged particle or object within which a force would be exerted on other charged particles or objects.
In other (and much simpler) terms, it means that an object at rest stays at rest and an object in in motion stays in motion at a constant velocity unless acted on by an unbalanced net force. It's important to keep in mind that only a difference in affect the velocity of an object. The amount of change in velocity is determined by
===A Mathematical Model===

Newton's first law can be stated mathematically as follows:

<math>{\vec{F_{net}} = 0 \Leftrightarrow \frac{d\vec{v}}{dt}} = 0</math>

Where...

<math>\vec{F_{net}}</math> is the net force from the surroundings.

<math>d\vec{v}</math> is the change in velocity of the system.

<math>dt</math> is the change in time of the system

If we trace this formula from the left to the right, we can see that if the net force on an object is zero, then the change in velocity of an object is also zero. Conversely, if we were given an object and told that its change in momentum is zero, then we can deduce that the net force acting on the object is also zero. Keep in mind, however, that this formula simple deals with the '''change''' in velocity. It does '''not''' mean that the object is at rest, only that its velocity remains constant.

==Examples==

The following examples are to test your basic understanding of Newton's First Law. For more examples that test your knowledge of all three of the laws, click .

===Simple===
Does the object in the following image have a net force of zero? Does it have a constant velocity?

It's easy to see that the only force on the object is acting in the +x direction, with a magnitude of 5 newtons. Therefore, the object does not have a net force of zero or a constant velocity. It will be accelerating in the +x direction.

===Middling===
Does the object in the following image have a net force of zero? Does it have a constant velocity?

This example is slightly more difficult, but is still quite trivial. If we sum the forces in the x direction, we see that the net force is 2 newtons in the -x direction. Therefore, the object does not have a constant velocity, and will be accelerating in the -x direction.

===Difficult===
Does the object in the following image have a net force of zero? Does it have a constant velocity?

This final example tests your knowledge and understanding of Newton's First Law. We're able to see that the box will accelerate in the -x direction because the net force in the x direction is 5 newtons to the left. However, the box itself has a velocity of 5m/s upwards, which would indeed stay constant. This is because forces (and motion) in perpendicular directions are of each other.

==Connectedness==

Newton's laws of motion tie into almost everything that we see or do. The first law, in particular, explains why we suddenly lurch forward when a car suddenly stops (our bodies are in a state of motion and thus resist the sudden stop), why it's much harder to stop when ice skating than walking (there's less friction, thus less net force to decelerate), and much, much, more. The importance of Newton's first law (and by extension, the other laws of motion) is not readily apparent, but serves as a basis to explain much of our daily interactions with our surroundings.

It can also apply to things outside of our daily interactions - space, for example. Newton's first law describes why an astronaut in space will continuously float in a direction forever if they are not pulled in by an asteroid or a planet's gravitational force. There is a lack of a net force opposing the astronaut's motion (due to the fact that there is no air in space) which results in the astronaut having a constant velocity. Floating off into space is probably an astronaut's worst nightmare, a scenario that a recent movie, ''Gravity'', explored. The entire premise of the movie (Sandra Bullock becomes untethered from her space station) relies on Newton's first law of motion.
==History==

While Galileo is the one credited with the idea of inertia motion, it was René Descartes, a French philosopher, who would expand upon Galileo's ideas. Descartes went on to propose three fundamental laws of nature in his book, ''Principles of Philosophy'', the first of which stated that "each thing, as far as is in its power, always remains in the same state; and that consequently, when it is once moved, it always continues to move." Thus, while the concept of inertia is often referred to as Newton's First Law, it was first described by Galileo and then perfected by Descartes decades before Newton published his findings.

As for Newton, he first described his three laws of motion in ''The Mathematical Principle of Natural Philosophy'', for the Principia, which was published in 1687. These laws described the relationship between an object and the forces acting upon it and laid the foundation for classical mechanics. While Newton's first law came from the work of Descartes and Galileo, his other laws are the work of himself.

==The Main Idea==
To be exact, the definition of the First Law of Motion is as follows:
The electric field is a region around a charged particle or object within which a force would be exerted on other charged particles or objects.
In other (and much simpler) terms, it means that an object at rest stays at rest and an object in in motion stays in motion at a constant velocity unless acted on by an unbalanced net force. It's important to keep in mind that only a difference in affect the velocity of an object. The amount of change in velocity is determined by
===A Mathematical Model===

Newton's first law can be stated mathematically as follows:

<math>{\vec{F_{net}} = 0 \Leftrightarrow \frac{d\vec{v}}{dt}} = 0</math>

Where...

<math>\vec{F_{net}}</math> is the net force from the surroundings.

<math>d\vec{v}</math> is the change in velocity of the system.

<math>dt</math> is the change in time of the system

If we trace this formula from the left to the right, we can see that if the net force on an object is zero, then the change in velocity of an object is also zero. Conversely, if we were given an object and told that its change in momentum is zero, then we can deduce that the net force acting on the object is also zero. Keep in mind, however, that this formula simple deals with the '''change''' in velocity. It does '''not''' mean that the object is at rest, only that its velocity remains constant.

==Examples==

The following examples are to test your basic understanding of Newton's First Law. For more examples that test your knowledge of all three of the laws, click .

===Simple===
Does the object in the following image have a net force of zero? Does it have a constant velocity?

It's easy to see that the only force on the object is acting in the +x direction, with a magnitude of 5 newtons. Therefore, the object does not have a net force of zero or a constant velocity. It will be accelerating in the +x direction.

===Middling===
Does the object in the following image have a net force of zero? Does it have a constant velocity?

This example is slightly more difficult, but is still quite trivial. If we sum the forces in the x direction, we see that the net force is 2 newtons in the -x direction. Therefore, the object does not have a constant velocity, and will be accelerating in the -x direction.

===Difficult===
Does the object in the following image have a net force of zero? Does it have a constant velocity?

This final example tests your knowledge and understanding of Newton's First Law. We're able to see that the box will accelerate in the -x direction because the net force in the x direction is 5 newtons to the left. However, the box itself has a velocity of 5m/s upwards, which would indeed stay constant. This is because forces (and motion) in perpendicular directions are of each other.

==Connectedness==

Newton's laws of motion tie into almost everything that we see or do. The first law, in particular, explains why we suddenly lurch forward when a car suddenly stops (our bodies are in a state of motion and thus resist the sudden stop), why it's much harder to stop when ice skating than walking (there's less friction, thus less net force to decelerate), and much, much, more. The importance of Newton's first law (and by extension, the other laws of motion) is not readily apparent, but serves as a basis to explain much of our daily interactions with our surroundings.

It can also apply to things outside of our daily interactions - space, for example. Newton's first law describes why an astronaut in space will continuously float in a direction forever if they are not pulled in by an asteroid or a planet's gravitational force. There is a lack of a net force opposing the astronaut's motion (due to the fact that there is no air in space) which results in the astronaut having a constant velocity. Floating off into space is probably an astronaut's worst nightmare, a scenario that a recent movie, ''Gravity'', explored. The entire premise of the movie (Sandra Bullock becomes untethered from her space station) relies on Newton's first law of motion.
==History==

While Galileo is the one credited with the idea of inertia motion, it was René Descartes, a French philosopher, who would expand upon Galileo's ideas. Descartes went on to propose three fundamental laws of nature in his book, ''Principles of Philosophy'', the first of which stated that "each thing, as far as is in its power, always remains in the same state; and that consequently, when it is once moved, it always continues to move." Thus, while the concept of inertia is often referred to as Newton's First Law, it was first described by Galileo and then perfected by Descartes decades before Newton published his findings.

As for Newton, he first described his three laws of motion in ''The Mathematical Principle of Natural Philosophy'', for the Principia, which was published in 1687. These laws described the relationship between an object and the forces acting upon it and laid the foundation for classical mechanics. While Newton's first law came from the work of Descartes and Galileo, his other laws are the work of himself.

==The Main Idea==
To be exact, the definition of the First Law of Motion is as follows:
Every body persists in its state of rest or of moving with constant speed in a constant direction, except to the extent that it is compelled to change that state by forces acting on it.
In other (and much simpler) terms, it means that an object at rest stays at rest and an object in in motion stays in motion at a constant velocity unless acted on by an unbalanced net force. It's important to keep in mind that only a difference in [http://www.physicsclassroom.com/class/newtlaws/Lesson-2/Determining-the-Net-Force net force] can affect the velocity of an object. The amount of change in velocity is determined by [http://www.physicsclassroom.com/class/newtlaws/Lesson-3/Newton-s-Second-Law Newton's Second Law of Motion].

===A Mathematical Model===

Newton's first law can be stated mathematically as follows:

<math>{\vec{F_{net}} = 0 \Leftrightarrow \frac{d\vec{v}}{dt}} = 0</math>

Where...

<math>\vec{F_{net}}</math> is the net force from the surroundings.

<math>d\vec{v}</math> is the change in velocity of the system.

<math>dt</math> is the change in time of the system

If we trace this formula from the left to the right, we can see that if the net force on an object is zero, then the change in velocity of an object is also zero. Conversely, if we were given an object and told that its change in momentum is zero, then we can deduce that the net force acting on the object is also zero. Keep in mind, however, that this formula simple deals with the '''change''' in velocity. It does '''not''' mean that the object is at rest, only that its velocity remains constant.

==Examples==

The following examples are to test your basic understanding of Newton's First Law. For more examples that test your knowledge of all three of the laws, click [http://www.physicsclassroom.com/calcpad/newtlaws/problems here].

===Simple===
Does the object in the following image have a net force of zero? Does it have a constant velocity?

[[File:Newtonfirstlawsimple.png|400px]]

It's easy to see that the only force on the object is acting in the +x direction, with a magnitude of 5 newtons. Therefore, the object does not have a net force of zero or a constant velocity. It will be accelerating in the +x direction.

===Middling===
Does the object in the following image have a net force of zero? Does it have a constant velocity?

[[File:Newtonfirstlawmedium.png|400px]]

This example is slightly more difficult, but is still quite trivial. If we sum the forces in the x direction, we see that the net force is 2 newtons in the -x direction. Therefore, the object does not have a constant velocity, and will be accelerating in the -x direction.

===Difficult===
Does the object in the following image have a net force of zero? Does it have a constant velocity?

[[File:Newtonsfirstlawhard.png|400px]]

This final example tests your knowledge and understanding of Newton's First Law. We're able to see that the box will accelerate in the -x direction because the net force in the x direction is 5 newtons to the left. However, the box itself has a velocity of 5m/s upwards, which would indeed stay constant. This is because forces (and motion) in perpendicular directions are [http://www.physicsclassroom.com/class/vectors/Lesson-1/Independence-of-Perpendicular-Components-of-Motion independent] of each other.

==Connectedness==

[[File:Tablecloth.gif|left|300px|thumb|The "magic trick" of ripping off a table cloth without the plates on top moving is an example of Newton's First Law. The tableware is in a state of rest, and thus want to remain in such a state.]]

Newton's laws of motion tie into almost everything that we see or do. The first law, in particular, explains why we suddenly lurch forward when a car suddenly stops (our bodies are in a state of motion and thus resist the sudden stop), why it's much harder to stop when ice skating than walking (there's less friction, thus less net force to decelerate), and much, much, more. The importance of Newton's first law (and by extension, the other laws of motion) is not readily apparent, but serves as a basis to explain much of our daily interactions with our surroundings.

It can also apply to things outside of our daily interactions - space, for example. Newton's first law describes why an astronaut in space will continuously float in a direction forever if they are not pulled in by an asteroid or a planet's gravitational force. There is a lack of a net force opposing the astronaut's motion (due to the fact that there is no air in space) which results in the astronaut having a constant velocity. Floating off into space is probably an astronaut's worst nightmare, a scenario that a recent movie, ''Gravity'', explored. The entire premise of the movie (Sandra Bullock becomes untethered from her space station) relies on Newton's first law of motion.
==History==

While Galileo is the one credited with the idea of inertia motion, it was René Descartes, a French philosopher, who would expand upon Galileo's ideas. Descartes went on to propose three fundamental laws of nature in his book, ''Principles of Philosophy'', the first of which stated that "each thing, as far as is in its power, always remains in the same state; and that consequently, when it is once moved, it always continues to move." Thus, while the concept of inertia is often referred to as Newton's First Law, it was first described by Galileo and then perfected by Descartes decades before Newton published his findings.

As for Newton, he first described his three laws of motion in ''The Mathematical Principle of Natural Philosophy'', for the Principia, which was published in 1687. These laws described the relationship between an object and the forces acting upon it and laid the foundation for classical mechanics. While Newton's first law came from the work of Descartes and Galileo, his other laws are the work of himself.

==Electric Field==
The electric field created by a charge is present throughout space at all times, whether or not there is another charge around to feel its effects. The electric field created by a charge penetrates through matter. The field permeates the neighboring space, biding its time until it can affect anything brought into its space of interaction.
*[[Vectors]]
*[[Right-Hand Rule]]
*[[Right Hand Rule]]
</div>
</div>

<div class="toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">

====Electric force====
<div class="mw-collapsible-content">

*[[Electric Force]] Claimed by Amarachi Eze
*[[Lorentz Force]]
</div>
</div>

<div class="toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">

====Electric field of a point particle====

<div class="mw-collapsible-content">
*[[Point Charge]]
</div>
</div>

<div class="toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">

'''Bold text'''====Superposition====
<div class="mw-collapsible-content">
*[[Superposition Principle]]
*[[Superposition principle]]
</div>
</div>

<div class="toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">

====Dipoles====
<div class="mw-collapsible-content">
*[[Electric Dipole]]
*[[Magnetic Dipole]]
</div>
</div>

===Week 2===
<div class="toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">
====Interactions of charged objects====
<div class="mw-collapsible-content">
*[[Electric Field]]
*[[Electric Potential]]
*[[Electric Force]]
*[[Lorentz Force]]
</div>
</div>

<div class="toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">
====Tape experiments====
<div class="mw-collapsible-content">
*[[Polarization]]
*[[Electric Polarization]]
</div>
</div>

<div class="toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">
====Polarization====
<div class="mw-collapsible-content">
*[[Polarization]]
*[[Electric Polarization]]
*[[Polarization of an Atom]]
</div>
</div>

===Week 3===
<div class="toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">
====Insulators====
<div class="mw-collapsible-content">
*[[Insulators]]
*[[Potential Difference in an Insulator]]
*[[Charged Conductor and Charged Insulator]]
*[[Charged conductor and charged insulator]]
</div>
</div>

<div class="toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">
====Conductors====
<div class="mw-collapsible-content">
*[[Conductivity]]
*[[Charge Transfer]]
*[[Resistivity]]
*[[Polarization of a conductor]]
*[[Charged Conductor and Charged Insulator]]
*[[Charged conductor and charged insulator]]
</div>
</div>

<div class="toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">
====Charging and discharging====
<div class="mw-collapsible-content">
*[[Charge Transfer]]
*[[Electrostatic Discharge]]
*[[Charged Conductor and Charged Insulator]]
*[[Charged conductor and charged insulator]]
</div>
</div>

===Week 4===
<div class="toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">
====Field of a charged rod====
<div class="mw-collapsible-content">
*[[Charged Rod]]
</div>
</div>

<div class="toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">

====Field of a charged ring/disk/capacitor====
<div class="mw-collapsible-content">
*[[Charged Ring]]
*[[Charged Disk]]
*[[Charged Capacitor]]
</div>
</div>

<div class="toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">

====Field of a charged sphere====
<div class="mw-collapsible-content">
*[[Charged Spherical Shell]]
*[[Field of a Charged Ball]]
</div>
</div>

===Week 5===
<div class="toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">
====Potential energy====
<div class="mw-collapsible-content">
*[[Potential Energy]]
</div>
</div>

<div class="toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">
====Electric potential====
<div class="mw-collapsible-content">
*[[Electric Potential]]
*[[Path Independence of Electric Potential]]
*[[Potential Difference Path Independence, claimed by Aditya Mohile]]
*[[Potential Difference in a Uniform Field]]
*[[Potential Difference of Point Charge in a Non-Uniform Field]]
</div>
</div>
<div class="toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">

====Sign of a potential difference====
Claimed by Tyler Quill
*[[Overview]]
==headline text test==

----
text here
*[[Determining the Sign of Potential Difference]]
----
text here
*[[Understanding the Sign of Potential Difference]]
----
text here

test test
<div class="mw-collapsible-content">

</div>
<div class="toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">

====Potential at a single location====
<div class="mw-collapsible-content">
*[[Electric Potential]]
*[[Potential Difference at One Location]]
</div>
</div>

<div class="toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">

====Path independence and round trip potential====
<div class="mw-collapsible-content">
*[[Path Independence of Electric Potential]]
*[[Potential Difference Path Independence, claimed by Aditya Mohile]]
</div>
</div>

===Week 6===
<div class="toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">
====Electric field and potential in an insulator====
<div class="mw-collapsible-content">
*[[Potential Difference in an Insulator]]
*[[Electric Field in an Insulator]]
</div>
</div>
<div class="toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">

====Moving charges in a magnetic field====
<div class="mw-collapsible-content">
*[[Magnetic Field]]
*[[Magnetic Force]]
*[[Lorentz Force]]
</div>
</div>
<div class="toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">

====Biot-Savart Law====
<div class="mw-collapsible-content">
*[[Biot-Savart Law]]
*[[Biot-Savart Law for Currents]]
</div>
</div>
<div class="toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">

====Moving charges, electron current, and conventional current====
<div class="mw-collapsible-content">
*[[Moving Point Charge]]
*[[Current]]
</div>
</div>

===Week 7=== Claimed by Diem Tran
<div class="toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">
====Magnetic field of a wire====
<div class="mw-collapsible-content">
*[[Magnetic Field of a Long Straight Wire]]
</div>
</div>

<div class="toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">
====Magnetic field of a current-carrying loop====
<div class="mw-collapsible-content">
*[[Magnetic Field of a Loop]]
</div>
</div>

<div class="toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">
====Magnetic dipoles====
<div class="mw-collapsible-content">
*[[Magnetic Dipole Moment]]
*[[Bar Magnet]]
</div>
</div>

<div class="toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">
====Atomic structure of magnets====
<div class="mw-collapsible-content">
*[[Atomic Structure of Magnets]]
</div>
</div>

===Week 8===
<div class="toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">
====Steady state current====
<div class="mw-collapsible-content">
*[[Steady State]]
*[[Non Steady State]]
</div>
</div>

<div class="toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">
====Node rule====
<div class="mw-collapsible-content">
*[[Node Rule]]
</div>
</div>

<div class="toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">
====Electric fields and energy in circuits====
<div class="mw-collapsible-content">
*[[Series circuit]] claimed by Hannah Jang
*[[Node Rule]]
*[[Loop Rule]]
*[[Electric Potential Difference]]
</div>
</div>

<div class="toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">

====Macroscopic analysis of circuits====
<div class="mw-collapsible-content">
*[[Series Circuits]]
*[[Parallel CIrcuits]]
*[[Parallel Circuits vs. Series Circuits*]]
*[[Loop Rule]]
*[[Node Rule]]
*[[Resistors*]]
</div>
</div>

===Week 9===
<div class="toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">
====Electric field and potential in circuits with capacitors====
<div class="mw-collapsible-content">
*[[Charging and Discharging a Capacitor]]
*[[RC Circuit]]
*[[R Circuit]]
*[[AC and DC]]

</div>
</div>

<div class="toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">

====Magnetic forces on charges and currents====
<div class="mw-collapsible-content">
*[[Magnetic Force]]
*[[Lorentz Force]]
*[[Applying Magnetic Force to Currents]]
*[[Magnetic Force in a Moving Reference Frame]]
*[[Right-Hand Rule]]
*[[Analysis of Railgun vs Coil gun technologies]]
</div>
</div>

<div class="toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">
====Electric and magnetic forces====
<div class="mw-collapsible-content">
*[[Electric Force]]
*[[Magnetic Force]]
*[[Lorentz Force]]
*[[VPython Modelling of Electric and Magnetic Forces]]
</div>
</div>

<div class="toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">
====Velocity selector====
<div class="mw-collapsible-content">
*[[Lorentz Force]]
*[[Combining Electric and Magnetic Forces]]
</div>
</div>

===Week 10===

====Student Content====

<div class=“toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed”>
==== Hall Effect ====
<div class="mw-collapsible-content">
*[[Hall Effect]]
*[[Motional Emf]]
*[[Magnetic Force]]
*[[Magnetic Torque]]

</div>
</div>

==Physics 3==

===Week 1===
<div class="toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">
====Classical Physics====
<div class="mw-collapsible-content">
</div>
</div>

===Week 2===
<div class="toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">
====Special Relativity====
<div class="mw-collapsible-content">
*[[Frame of Reference]]
*[[Einstein's Theory of Special Relativity]]
*[[Time Dilation]]
*[[Einstein's Theory of General Relativity]]
*[[Albert A. Micheleson & Edward W. Morley]]
*[[Magnetic Force in a Moving Reference Frame]]
</div>
</div>

===Week 3===
<div class="toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">
====Photons====
<div class="mw-collapsible-content">
*[[Spontaneous Photon Emission]]
*[[Light Scattering: Why is the Sky Blue]]
*[[Lasers]]
*[[Electronic Energy Levels and Photons]]
*[[Quantum Properties of Light]]
</div>
</div>

===Week 4===
<div class="toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">
====Matter Waves====
<div class="mw-collapsible-content">
*[[Wave-Particle Duality]]
</div>
</div>

===Week 5===
<div class="toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">
====Wave Mechanics====
<div class="mw-collapsible-content">
*[[Standing Waves]]
*[[Wavelength]]
*[[Wavelength and Frequency]]
*[[Mechanical Waves]]
*[[Transverse and Longitudinal Waves]]
</div>
</div>

===Week 6===
<div class="toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">
====Rutherford-Bohr Model====
<div class="mw-collapsible-content">
*[[Rutherford Experiment and Atomic Collisions]]
*[[Bohr Model]]
*[[Quantized energy levels]]
*[[Energy graphs and the Bohr model]]
</div>
</div>

===Week 7===
<div class="toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">
====The Hydrogen Atom====
<div class="mw-collapsible-content">
*[[Quantum Theory]]
*[[Atomic Theory]]
</div>
</div>

===Week 8===
<div class="toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">
====Many-Electron Atoms====
<div class="mw-collapsible-content">
*[[Quantum Theory]]
*[[Atomic Theory]]
*[[Pauli exclusion principle]]
</div>
</div>

===Week 9===
<div class="toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">
====Molecules====
<div class="mw-collapsible-content">
</div>
</div>

===Week 10===
<div class="toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">
====Statistical Physics====
<div class="mw-collapsible-content">
</div>
</div>

===Week 11===
<div class="toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">
====Condensed Matter Physics====
<div class="mw-collapsible-content">
</div>
</div>

===Week 12===
<div class="toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">
====The Nucleus====
<div class="mw-collapsible-content">
</div>
</div>

===Week 13===
<div class="toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">
====Nuclear Physics====
<div class="mw-collapsible-content">
*[[Nuclear Fission]]
*[[Nuclear Energy from Fission and Fusion]]
</div>
</div>

===Week 14===
<div class="toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">
====Particle Physics====
<div class="mw-collapsible-content">
*[[Elementary Particles and Particle Physics Theory]]
*[[String Theory]]
</div>
</div>

Main Page

2016-04-17T05:36:44Z

Tquill: /* Overview */

__NOTOC__
Welcome to the Georgia Tech Wiki for Introductory Physics. This resource was created so that students can contribute and curate content to help those with limited or no access to a textbook. When reading this website, please correct any errors you may come across. If you read something that isn't clear, please consider revising it for future students!

Looking to make a contribution?
#Pick one of the topics from intro physics listed below
#Add content to that topic or improve the quality of what is already there.
#Need to make a new topic? Edit this page and add it to the list under the appropriate category. Then copy and paste the default [[Template]] into your new page and start editing.

Please remember that this is not a textbook and you are not limited to expressing your ideas with only text and equations. Whenever possible embed: pictures, videos, diagrams, simulations, computational models (e.g. Glowscript), and whatever content you think makes learning physics easier for other students.

== Source Material ==
All of the content added to this resource must be in the public domain or similar free resource. If you are unsure about a source, contact the original author for permission. That said, there is a surprisingly large amount of introductory physics content scattered across the web. Here is an incomplete list of intro physics resources (please update as needed).
* A physics resource written by experts for an expert audience [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:Physics Physics Portal]
* A wiki written for students by a physics expert [http://p3server.pa.msu.edu/coursewiki/doku.php?id=183_notes MSU Physics Wiki]
* A wiki book on modern physics [https://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Modern_Physics Modern Physics Wiki]
* The MIT open courseware for intro physics [http://ocw.mit.edu/resources/res-8-002-a-wikitextbook-for-introductory-mechanics-fall-2009/index.htm MITOCW Wiki]
* An online concept map of intro physics [http://hyperphysics.phy-astr.gsu.edu/hbase/hph.html HyperPhysics]
* Interactive physics simulations [https://phet.colorado.edu/en/simulations/category/physics PhET]
* OpenStax algebra based intro physics textbook [https://openstaxcollege.org/textbooks/college-physics College Physics]
* The Open Source Physics project is a collection of online physics resources [http://www.opensourcephysics.org/ OSP]
* A resource guide compiled by the [http://www.aapt.org/ AAPT] for educators [http://www.compadre.org/ ComPADRE]

== Organizing Categories ==
These are the broad, overarching categories, that we cover in three semester of introductory physics. You can add subcategories as needed but a single topic should direct readers to a page in one of these categories.

== Resources ==
* Commonly used wiki commands [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:Cheatsheet Wiki Cheatsheet]
* A guide to representing equations in math mode [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:Displaying_a_formula Wiki Math Mode]
* A page to keep track of all the physics [[Constants]]
* A page for review of [[Vectors]] and vector operations
* A listing of [[Notable Scientist]] with links to their individual pages

<div style="float:left; width:30%; padding:1%;">
==Physics 1==
===Week 1===

====Student Content====
<div class=“toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed”>
=====Help with VPython=====
<div class=“mw-collapsible-content”>
*[[VPython]]
*[[VPython basics]]
*[[VPython Common Errors and Troubleshooting]]
*[[VPython Functions]]
*[[VPython Lists]]
*[[VPython Loops]]
*[[VPython Multithreading]]
*[[VPython Animation]]
*[[VPython Objects]]
*[[VPython 3D Objects]]
*[[VPython Reference]]
*[[VPython MapReduceFilter]]
*[[VPython GUIs]]
</div>
</div>

<div class=“toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed”>
=====Vectors and Units=====
<div class=“mw-collapsible-content”>
*[[Vectors]]
*[[SI units]]
</div>
</div>

<div class=“toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed”>

=====Interactions=====
<div class=“mw-collapsible-content”>
</div>
</div>
*[[Types of Interactions and How to Detect Them]]

<div class=“toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed”>

=====Velocity and Momentum=====
<div class=“mw-collapsible-content”>
*[[Newton’s First Law of Motion]]
*[[Velocity]]
*[[Mass]]
*[[Speed and Velocity]]
*[[Relative Velocity]]
*[[Derivation of Average Velocity]]
*[[2-Dimensional Motion]]
*[[3-Dimensional Position and Motion]]
</div>
</div>

====Expert Content====
<div class=“toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed”>

* [http://p3server.pa.msu.edu/coursewiki/doku.php?id=183_notes:vpython_resources Software for Projects]

</div>

===Week 2===
====Student Content====
<div class=“toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed”>
=====Momentum and the Momentum Principle=====
<div class=“mw-collapsible-content”>
*[[Momentum Principle]]
*[[Inertia]]
*[[Net Force]]
*[[Derivation of the Momentum Principle]]
*[[Impulse Momentum]]
*[[Acceleration]]
*[[Momentum with respect to external Forces]]
</div>
</div>

<div class=“toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed”>
=====Iterative Prediction with a Constant Force=====
<div class=“mw-collapsible-content”>
*[[Newton’s Second Law of Motion]]
*[[Iterative Prediction]]
*[[Kinematics]]
*[[Newton’s Laws and Linear Momentum]]
*[[Projectile Motion]]
</div>
</div>

====Expert Content====
<div class=“toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed”>

* [http://p3server.pa.msu.edu/coursewiki/doku.php?id=183_notes:scalars_and_vectors Scalars and Vectors]
* [http://p3server.pa.msu.edu/coursewiki/doku.php?id=183_notes:displacement_and_velocity Displacement and Velocity]
* [http://p3server.pa.msu.edu/coursewiki/doku.php?id=183_notes:modeling_with_vpython Modeling Motion with VPython]
* [http://p3server.pa.msu.edu/coursewiki/doku.php?id=183_notes:relative_motion Relative Motion]
* [http://p3server.pa.msu.edu/coursewiki/doku.php?id=183_notes:graphing_motion Graphing Motion]
* [http://p3server.pa.msu.edu/coursewiki/doku.php?id=183_notes:momentum Momentum]
* [http://p3server.pa.msu.edu/coursewiki/doku.php?id=183_notes:momentum_principle The Momentum Principle]
* [http://p3server.pa.msu.edu/coursewiki/doku.php?id=183_notes:acceleration Acceleration & The Change in Momentum]
* [http://p3server.pa.msu.edu/coursewiki/doku.php?id=183_notes:motionPredict Applying the Momentum Principle]
* [http://p3server.pa.msu.edu/coursewiki/doku.php?id=183_notes:constantF Constant Force Motion]
* [http://p3server.pa.msu.edu/coursewiki/doku.php?id=183_notes:iterativePredict Iterative Prediction of Motion]
* [http://p3server.pa.msu.edu/coursewiki/doku.php?id=183_notes:mp_multi The Momentum Principle in Multi-particle Systems]
* [http://p3server.pa.msu.edu/coursewiki/doku.php?id=183_notes:angular_motivation Why Angular Momentum?]
* [http://p3server.pa.msu.edu/coursewiki/doku.php?id=183_notes:ang_momentum Angular Momentum]
* [http://p3server.pa.msu.edu/coursewiki/doku.php?id=183_notes:L_principle Net Torque & The Angular Momentum Principle]
* [http://p3server.pa.msu.edu/coursewiki/doku.php?id=183_notes:L_conservation Angular Momentum Conservation]

</div>

===Week 3===
====Student Content====
<div class=“toccolours \
mw-collapsible mw-collapsed”>
=====Analytic Prediction with a Constant Force=====
<div \
class=“mw-collapsible-content”>
*[[Analytical Prediction]]
</div>
</div>

<div class=“toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed”>
=====Iterative Prediction with a Varying Force=====
<div \
class=“mw-collapsible-content”>
*[[Predicting Change in multiple dimensions]]
*[[Spring Force]]
*[[Hooke’s Law]]
*[[Simple Harmonic Motion]]
*[[Iterative Prediction of Spring-Mass System]]
*[[Terminal Speed]]
*[[Determinism]]
</div>
</div>

====Expert Content====
<div class=“toccolours mw-collapsible \
mw-collapsed”>

* [http://p3server.pa.msu.edu/coursewiki/doku.php?id=183_notes:drag Drag]
* [http://p3server.pa.msu.edu/coursewiki/doku.php?id=183_notes:gravitation Non-constant Force: Newtonian Gravitation]
* [http://p3server.pa.msu.edu/coursewiki/doku.php?id=183_notes:ucm Uniform Circular Motion]
* [http://p3server.pa.msu.edu/coursewiki/doku.php?id=183_notes:impulseGraphs Impulse Graphs]
* [http://p3server.pa.msu.edu/coursewiki/doku.php?id=183_notes:springMotion Non-constant Force: Springs & Spring-like Interactions]
* [http://p3server.pa.msu.edu/coursewiki/doku.php?id=183_notes:friction Contact Interactions: The Normal Force & Friction]

</div>

===Week 4===
====Student Content====
<div class=“toccolours \
mw-collapsible mw-collapsed”>
=====Fundamental Interactions=====
<div class=“mw-collapsible-content”>
*[[Gravitational Force]]
*[[Electric Force]]
*[[Reciprocity]]
</div>
</div>

====Expert Content====
<div class=“toccolours mw-collapsible \
mw-collapsed”>

* [http://p3server.pa.msu.edu/coursewiki/doku.php?id=183_notes:gravitation Non-constant Force: Newtonian Gravitation]

</div>

===Week 5===
====Student Content====
<div class=“toccolours \
mw-collapsible mw-collapsed”>
=====Conservation of Momentum=====
<div class=“mw-collapsible-content”>
*[[Conservation of Momentum]]
</div>
</div>
<div class=“toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed”>

=====Properties of Matter=====
<div class=“mw-collapsible-content”>
*[[Kinds of Matter]]
**[[Ball and Spring Model of Matter]]
*[[Density]]
*[[Length and Stiffness of an Interatomic Bond]]
*[[Young’s Modulus]]
*[[Speed of Sound in Solids]]
*[[Malleability]]
*[[Ductility]]
*[[Weight]]
*[[Hardness]]
*[[Boiling Point]]
*[[Melting Point]]
</div>
</div>

====Expert Content====
<div class=“toccolours mw-collapsible \
mw-collapsed”>

* [http://p3server.pa.msu.edu/coursewiki/doku.php?id=183_notes:model_of_a_wire Modeling a Solid Wire: springs in series and parallel]

</div>

===Week 6===
====Student Content====
<div class=“toccolours \
mw-collapsible mw-collapsed”>
=====Identifying Forces=====
<div class=“mw-collapsible-content”>
*[[Free Body Diagram]]
*[[Compression or Normal Force]]
*[[Tension]]
</div>
</div>
<div class=“toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed”>
=====Curving Motion=====
<div class=“mw-collapsible-content”>
*[[Curving Motion]]
*[[Centripetal Force and Curving Motion]]
*[[Perpetual Freefall (Orbit)]]
</div>
</div>

====Expert Content====
<div class=“toccolours mw-collapsible \
mw-collapsed”>

* [http://p3server.pa.msu.edu/coursewiki/doku.php?id=183_notes:gravitation Non-constant Force: Newtonian Gravitation]
* [http://p3server.pa.msu.edu/coursewiki/doku.php?id=183_notes:grav_accel Gravitational Acceleration]
* [http://p3server.pa.msu.edu/coursewiki/doku.php?id=183_notes:ucm Uniform Circular Motion]
* [http://p3server.pa.msu.edu/coursewiki/doku.php?id=183_notes:freebodydiagrams Free Body Diagrams]
* [http://p3server.pa.msu.edu/coursewiki/doku.php?id=183_notes:curving_motion Curved Motion]

</div>

===Week 7===
====Student Content====
<div class=“toccolours \
mw-collapsible mw-collapsed”>
=====Energy Principle=====
<div class=“mw-collapsible-content”>
*[[The Energy Principle]]
*[[Conservation of Energy]]
*[[Kinetic Energy]]
*[[Work]]
*[[Power (Mechanical)]]
</div>
</div>

====Expert Content====
<div class=“toccolours mw-collapsible \
mw-collapsed”>

* [http://p3server.pa.msu.edu/coursewiki/doku.php?id=183_notes:define_energy What is Energy?]
* [http://p3server.pa.msu.edu/coursewiki/doku.php?id=183_notes:point_particle The Simplest System: A Single Particle]
* [http://p3server.pa.msu.edu/coursewiki/doku.php?id=183_notes:work Work: Mechanical Energy Transfer]
* [http://p3server.pa.msu.edu/coursewiki/doku.php?id=183_notes:energy_cons Conservation of Energy]
* [http://p3server.pa.msu.edu/coursewiki/doku.php?id=183_notes:potential_energy Potential Energy]
* [http://p3server.pa.msu.edu/coursewiki/doku.php?id=183_notes:grav_and_spring_PE (Near Earth) Gravitational and Spring Potential Energy]
* [http://p3server.pa.msu.edu/coursewiki/doku.php?id=183_notes:force_and_PE Force and Potential Energy]
* [http://p3server.pa.msu.edu/coursewiki/doku.php?id=183_notes:newton_grav_pe Newtonian Gravitational Potential Energy]
* [http://p3server.pa.msu.edu/coursewiki/doku.php?id=183_notes:spring_PE Spring Potential Energy]

</div>

===Week 8===
====Student Content====
<div class=“toccolours \
mw-collapsible mw-collapsed”>
=====Work by Non-Constant Forces=====
<div \
class=“mw-collapsible-content”>
*[[Work Done By A Nonconstant Force]]
</div>
</div>
<div class=“toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed”>
=====Potential Energy=====
<div class=“mw-collapsible-content”>
*[[Potential Energy]]
*[[Potential Energy of Macroscopic Springs]]
*[[Spring Potential Energy]]
**[[Ball and Spring Model]]
*[[Gravitational Potential Energy]]
*[[Energy Graphs]]
*[[Escape Velocity]]
</div>
</div>

====Expert Content====
<div class=“toccolours mw-collapsible \
mw-collapsed”>

* [http://p3server.pa.msu.edu/coursewiki/doku.php?id=183_notes:work_by_nc_forces Work Done by Non-Constant Forces]
* [http://p3server.pa.msu.edu/coursewiki/doku.php?id=183_notes:potential_energy Potential Energy]
* [http://p3server.pa.msu.edu/coursewiki/doku.php?id=183_notes:grav_and_spring_PE (Near Earth) Gravitational and Spring Potential Energy]
* [http://p3server.pa.msu.edu/coursewiki/doku.php?id=183_notes:rest_mass Changes of Rest Mass Energy]
* [http://p3server.pa.msu.edu/coursewiki/doku.php?id=183_notes:force_and_PE Force and Potential Energy]
* [http://p3server.pa.msu.edu/coursewiki/doku.php?id=183_notes:newton_grav_pe Newtonian Gravitational Potential Energy]
* [http://p3server.pa.msu.edu/coursewiki/doku.php?id=183_notes:grav_pe_graphs Graphing Energy for Gravitationally Interacting Systems]
* [http://p3server.pa.msu.edu/coursewiki/doku.php?id=183_notes:spring_PE Spring Potential Energy]
* [http://p3server.pa.msu.edu/coursewiki/doku.php?id=183_notes:power Power: The Rate of Energy Change]
* [http://p3server.pa.msu.edu/coursewiki/doku.php?id=183_notes:energy_dissipation Dissipation of Energy]

</div>

===Week 9===
====Student Content====
<div class=“toccolours \
mw-collapsible mw-collapsed”>
=====Multiparticle Systems=====
<div class=“mw-collapsible-content”>
*[[Center of Mass]]
*[[Multi-particle analysis of Momentum]]
*[[Momentum with respect to external Forces]]
*[[Potential Energy of a Multiparticle System]]
*[[Work and Energy for an Extended System]]
*[[Internal Energy]]
**[[Potential Energy of a Pair of Neutral Atoms]]
</div>
</div>

====Expert Content====
<div class=“toccolours mw-collapsible \
mw-collapsed”>

* [http://p3server.pa.msu.edu/coursewiki/doku.php?id=183_notes:mp_multi The Momentum Principle in Multi-particle Systems]
* [http://p3server.pa.msu.edu/coursewiki/doku.php?id=183_notes:center_of_mass Center of Mass Motion]
* [http://p3server.pa.msu.edu/coursewiki/doku.php?id=183_notes:center_of_mass Center of Mass Motion]
* [http://p3server.pa.msu.edu/coursewiki/doku.php?id=183_notes:energy_sep Separating Energy in Multi-Particle Systems]

</div>

===Week 10===
====Student Content====
<div class=“toccolours \
mw-collapsible mw-collapsed”>
=====Choice of System=====
<div class=“mw-collapsible-content”>
*[[System & Surroundings]]
</div>
</div>
<div class=“toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed”>
=====Thermal Energy, Dissipation and Transfer of Energy=====
<div \
class=“mw-collapsible-content”>
*[[Thermal Energy]]
*[[Specific Heat]]
*[[Heat Capacity]]
*[[Specific Heat Capacity]]
*[[First Law of Thermodynamics]]
*[[Second Law of Thermodynamics and Entropy]]
*[[Temperature]]
*[[Predicting Change]]
*[[Energy Transfer due to a Temperature Difference]]
*[[Transformation of Energy]]
*[[The Maxwell-Boltzmann Distribution]]
*[[Air Resistance]]
</div>
</div>
<div class=“toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed”>
=====Rotational and Vibrational Energy=====
<div \
class=“mw-collapsible-content”>
*[[Translational, Rotational and Vibrational Energy]]
</div>
</div>

====Expert Content====
<div class=“toccolours mw-collapsible \
mw-collapsed”>

* [http://p3server.pa.msu.edu/coursewiki/doku.php?id=183_notes:grav_and_spring_PE (Near Earth) Gravitational and Spring Potential Energy]
* [http://p3server.pa.msu.edu/coursewiki/doku.php?id=183_notes:rest_mass Changes of Rest Mass Energy]
* [http://p3server.pa.msu.edu/coursewiki/doku.php?id=183_notes:newton_grav_pe Newtonian Gravitational Potential Energy]
* [http://p3server.pa.msu.edu/coursewiki/doku.php?id=183_notes:grav_pe_graphs Graphing Energy for Gravitationally Interacting Systems]
* [http://p3server.pa.msu.edu/coursewiki/doku.php?id=183_notes:escape_speed Escape Speed]
* [http://p3server.pa.msu.edu/coursewiki/doku.php?id=183_notes:spring_PE Spring Potential Energy]
* [http://p3server.pa.msu.edu/coursewiki/doku.php?id=183_notes:internal_energy Internal Energy]
* [http://p3server.pa.msu.edu/coursewiki/doku.php?id=183_notes:system_choice Choosing a System Matters]
* [http://p3server.pa.msu.edu/coursewiki/doku.php?id=183_notes:energy_dissipation Dissipation of Energy]

</div>

===Week 11===
====Student Content====
<div class=“toccolours \
mw-collapsible mw-collapsed”>
=====Different Models of a System=====
<div \
class=“mw-collapsible-content”>
*[[Real Systems]]
*[[Point Particle Systems]]
</div>
</div>
<div class=“toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed”>

=====Models of Friction=====
<div class=“mw-collapsible-content”>
*[[Friction]]
*[[Static Friction]]
</div>
</div>

====Expert Content====
<div class=“toccolours mw-collapsible \
mw-collapsed”>

* [http://p3server.pa.msu.edu/coursewiki/doku.php?id=183_notes:system_choice Choosing a System Matters]
* [http://p3server.pa.msu.edu/coursewiki/doku.php?id=183_notes:energy_dissipation Dissipation of Energy]

</div>

===Week 12===
====Student Content====
<div class=“toccolours \
mw-collapsible mw-collapsed”>
=====Collisions=====
<div class=“mw-collapsible-content”>
*[[Newton’s Third Law of Motion]]
*[[Collisions]]
*[[Elastic Collisions]]
*[[Inelastic Collisions]]
*[[Maximally Inelastic Collision]]
*[[Head-on Collision of Equal Masses]]
*[[Head-on Collision of Unequal Masses]]
*[[Scattering: Collisions in 2D and 3D]]
*[[Rutherford Experiment and Atomic Collisions]]
*[[Coefficient of Restitution]]
</div>
</div>

====Expert Content====
<div class=“toccolours mw-collapsible \
mw-collapsed”>

* [http://p3server.pa.msu.edu/coursewiki/doku.php?id=183_notes:collisions Colliding Objects]
* [http://p3server.pa.msu.edu/coursewiki/doku.php?id=183_notes:center_of_mass Center of Mass Motion]
* [http://p3server.pa.msu.edu/coursewiki/doku.php?id=183_notes:center_of_mass Center of Mass Motion]
* [http://p3server.pa.msu.edu/coursewiki/doku.php?id=183_notes:rot_KE Rotational Kinetic Energy]
* [http://p3server.pa.msu.edu/coursewiki/doku.php?id=183_notes:pp_vs_real Point Particle and Real Systems]
* [http://p3server.pa.msu.edu/coursewiki/doku.php?id=183_notes:colliding_systems Collisions]

</div>

===Week 13===
====Student Content====
<div class=“toccolours \
mw-collapsible mw-collapsed”>
=====Rotations=====
<div class=“mw-collapsible-content”>
*[[Rotation]]
*[[Angular Velocity]]
*[[Eulerian Angles]]
</div>
</div>
<div class=“toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed”>
=====Angular Momentum=====
<div class=“mw-collapsible-content”>
*[[Total Angular Momentum]]
*[[Translational Angular Momentum]]
*[[Rotational Angular Momentum]]
*[[The Angular Momentum Principle]]
*[[Angular Momentum Compared to Linear Momentum]]
*[[Angular Impulse]]
*[[Predicting the Position of a Rotating System]]
*[[Angular Momentum of Multiparticle Systems]]
*[[The Moments of Inertia]]
*[[Moment of Inertia for a cylinder]]
*[[Right Hand Rule]]
</div>
</div>

====Expert Content====
<div class=“toccolours mw-collapsible \
mw-collapsed”>

* [http://p3server.pa.msu.edu/coursewiki/doku.php?id=183_notes:rot_KE Rotational Kinetic Energy]
* [http://p3server.pa.msu.edu/coursewiki/doku.php?id=183_notes:angular_motivation Why Angular Momentum?]
* [http://p3server.pa.msu.edu/coursewiki/doku.php?id=183_notes:ang_momentum Angular Momentum]
* [http://p3server.pa.msu.edu/coursewiki/doku.php?id=183_notes:L_principle Net Torque & The Angular Momentum Principle]
* [http://p3server.pa.msu.edu/coursewiki/doku.php?id=183_notes:L_conservation Angular Momentum Conservation]

</div>
===Week 14===

====Student Content====
<div class=“toccolours mw-collapsible \
mw-collapsed”>
=====Analyzing Motion with and without Torque=====
<div \
class=“mw-collapsible-content”>
*[[Torque]]
*[[Torque 2]]
*[[Systems with Zero Torque]]
*[[Systems with Nonzero Torque]]
*[[Torque vs Work]]
*[[Gyroscopes]]
</div>
</div>

====Expert Content====
<div class=“toccolours mw-collapsible \
mw-collapsed”>

* [http://p3server.pa.msu.edu/coursewiki/doku.php?id=183_notes:discovery_of_the_nucleus Discovery of the Nucleus]
* [http://p3server.pa.msu.edu/coursewiki/doku.php?id=183_notes:torque Torques Cause Changes in Rotation]
* [http://p3server.pa.msu.edu/coursewiki/doku.php?id=183_notes:L_principle Net Torque & The Angular Momentum Principle]

</div>

===Week 15===

====Student Content====
<div class=“toccolours mw-collapsible \
mw-collapsed”>
=====Introduction to Quantum Concepts=====
<div \class=“mw-collapsible-content”>
*[[Bohr Model]]
*[[Energy graphs and the Bohr model]]
*[[Quantized energy levels]]
</div>
</div>

====Expert Content====
<div class=“toccolours mw-collapsible \
mw-collapsed”>

* [http://p3server.pa.msu.edu/coursewiki/doku.php?id=183_notes:discovery_of_the_nucleus Discovery of the Nucleus]

</div>

<div style=“float:left; width:30%; padding:1%;”>

==Physics 2==
===Week 1===
<div class="toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">
====3D Vectors====
<div class="mw-collapsible-content">
*[[Page claimed by Laura Winalski]]*
*[[Vectors]]
*[[Right-Hand Rule]]
*[[Right Hand Rule]]
</div>
</div>

<div class="toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">

'''CLAIMED BY DIPRO CHAKRABORTY'''

'''CLAIMED BY DIPRO CHAKRABORTY'''
'''CLAIMED BY DIPRO CHAKRABORTY'''
'''CLAIMED BY DIPRO CHAKRABORTY'''

'''CLAIMED BY DIPRO CHAKRABORTY'''
====Electric field====
<div class="mw-collapsible-content">

[[Electric field]]

The electric field created by a charge is present throughout space at all times, whether or not there is another charge around to feel its effects. The electric field created by a charge penetrates through matter. The field permeates the neighboring space, biding its time until it can affect anything brought into its space of interaction.

==The Main Idea==
To be exact, the definition of the Electric Field is as follows:
The electric field is a region around a charged particle or object within which a force would be exerted on other objects.
If we put a charged particle at a location and it experiences a force, it would be logical to assume that there is something present that
is interacting with the particle. This "virtual force" is in essence the electric field.
===A Mathematical Model===

The electric field can be expressed mathematically as follows:

<math>{\vec{F_{net}} = 0 \Leftrightarrow \frac{d\vec{v}}{dt}} = 0</math>

<math>{\vec{F_{2}} = {q_{1}}{\vec{E_{1}}} \Leftrightarrow \frac{d\vec{v}}{dt}} </math>

which can be translated to postulate that the force on particle 2 is determined by the charge of particle 2 and the electric
field.

==Examples==

The following examples are to test your basic understanding of the Electric Field. For more examples that test your knowledge of all three of the laws, peruse the class textbook.

===Simple===
Which way is the electric field going for a negatively charged particle?

[[File:Simple111.png]]

It's easy to see that the electric field is pointing toward the negatively charged particle. The electric field is tending
toward the negatively charged particle.

===Middling===
Does the object in the following image have a net force of zero? Does it have a constant velocity?

This example is slightly more difficult, but is still quite trivial. If we sum the forces in the x direction, we see that the net force is 2 newtons in the -x direction. Therefore, the object does not have a constant velocity, and will be accelerating in the -x direction.

===Difficult===
Does the object in the following image have a net force of zero? Does it have a constant velocity?

This final example tests your knowledge and understanding of Newton's First Law. We're able to see that the box will accelerate in the -x direction because the net force in the x direction is 5 newtons to the left. However, the box itself has a velocity of 5m/s upwards, which would indeed stay constant. This is because forces (and motion) in perpendicular directions are of each other.

==Connectedness==

Newton's laws of motion tie into almost everything that we see or do. The first law, in particular, explains why we suddenly lurch forward when a car suddenly stops (our bodies are in a state of motion and thus resist the sudden stop), why it's much harder to stop when ice skating than walking (there's less friction, thus less net force to decelerate), and much, much, more. The importance of Newton's first law (and by extension, the other laws of motion) is not readily apparent, but serves as a basis to explain much of our daily interactions with our surroundings.

It can also apply to things outside of our daily interactions - space, for example. Newton's first law describes why an astronaut in space will continuously float in a direction forever if they are not pulled in by an asteroid or a planet's gravitational force. There is a lack of a net force opposing the astronaut's motion (due to the fact that there is no air in space) which results in the astronaut having a constant velocity. Floating off into space is probably an astronaut's worst nightmare, a scenario that a recent movie, ''Gravity'', explored. The entire premise of the movie (Sandra Bullock becomes untethered from her space station) relies on Newton's first law of motion.
==History==

While Galileo is the one credited with the idea of inertia motion, it was René Descartes, a French philosopher, who would expand upon Galileo's ideas. Descartes went on to propose three fundamental laws of nature in his book, ''Principles of Philosophy'', the first of which stated that "each thing, as far as is in its power, always remains in the same state; and that consequently, when it is once moved, it always continues to move." Thus, while the concept of inertia is often referred to as Newton's First Law, it was first described by Galileo and then perfected by Descartes decades before Newton published his findings.

As for Newton, he first described his three laws of motion in ''The Mathematical Principle of Natural Philosophy'', for the Principia, which was published in 1687. These laws described the relationship between an object and the forces acting upon it and laid the foundation for classical mechanics. While Newton's first law came from the work of Descartes and Galileo, his other laws are the work of himself.

==The Main Idea==
To be exact, the definition of the Electric Field is as follows:
The electric field is a region around a charged particle or object within which a force would be exerted on other objects.
If we put a charged particle at a location and it experiences a force, it would be logical to assume that there is something present that
is interacting with the particle. This "virtual force" is in essence the electric field.
===A Mathematical Model===

The electric field can be expressed mathematically as follows:

<math>{\vec{F_{net}} = 0 \Leftrightarrow \frac{d\vec{v}}{dt}} = 0</math>

<math>{\vec{F_{2}} = {q_{1}}{\vec{E_{1}}} \Leftrightarrow \frac{d\vec{v}}{dt}} </math>

which can be translated to postulate that the force on particle 2 is determined by the charge of particle 2 and the electric
field.

==Examples==

The following examples are to test your basic understanding of the Electric Field. For more examples that test your knowledge of all three of the laws, peruse the class textbook.

===Simple===
Which way is the electric field going for a negatively charged particle?

[[File:Simple111.png]]

It's easy to see that the electric field is pointing toward the negatively charged particle. The electric field is tending
toward the negatively charged particle.

===Middling===
Does the object in the following image have a net force of zero? Does it have a constant velocity?

This example is slightly more difficult, but is still quite trivial. If we sum the forces in the x direction, we see that the net force is 2 newtons in the -x direction. Therefore, the object does not have a constant velocity, and will be accelerating in the -x direction.

===Difficult===
Does the object in the following image have a net force of zero? Does it have a constant velocity?

This final example tests your knowledge and understanding of Newton's First Law. We're able to see that the box will accelerate in the -x direction because the net force in the x direction is 5 newtons to the left. However, the box itself has a velocity of 5m/s upwards, which would indeed stay constant. This is because forces (and motion) in perpendicular directions are of each other.

==Connectedness==

Newton's laws of motion tie into almost everything that we see or do. The first law, in particular, explains why we suddenly lurch forward when a car suddenly stops (our bodies are in a state of motion and thus resist the sudden stop), why it's much harder to stop when ice skating than walking (there's less friction, thus less net force to decelerate), and much, much, more. The importance of Newton's first law (and by extension, the other laws of motion) is not readily apparent, but serves as a basis to explain much of our daily interactions with our surroundings.

It can also apply to things outside of our daily interactions - space, for example. Newton's first law describes why an astronaut in space will continuously float in a direction forever if they are not pulled in by an asteroid or a planet's gravitational force. There is a lack of a net force opposing the astronaut's motion (due to the fact that there is no air in space) which results in the astronaut having a constant velocity. Floating off into space is probably an astronaut's worst nightmare, a scenario that a recent movie, ''Gravity'', explored. The entire premise of the movie (Sandra Bullock becomes untethered from her space station) relies on Newton's first law of motion.
==History==

While Galileo is the one credited with the idea of inertia motion, it was René Descartes, a French philosopher, who would expand upon Galileo's ideas. Descartes went on to propose three fundamental laws of nature in his book, ''Principles of Philosophy'', the first of which stated that "each thing, as far as is in its power, always remains in the same state; and that consequently, when it is once moved, it always continues to move." Thus, while the concept of inertia is often referred to as Newton's First Law, it was first described by Galileo and then perfected by Descartes decades before Newton published his findings.

As for Newton, he first described his three laws of motion in ''The Mathematical Principle of Natural Philosophy'', for the Principia, which was published in 1687. These laws described the relationship between an object and the forces acting upon it and laid the foundation for classical mechanics. While Newton's first law came from the work of Descartes and Galileo, his other laws are the work of himself.

==The Main Idea==
To be exact, the definition of the Electric Field is as follows:
The electric field is a region around a charged particle or object within which a force would be exerted on other objects.
If we put a charged particle at a location and it experiences a force, it would be logical to assume that there is something present that
is interacting with the particle. This "virtual force" is in essence the electric field.
===A Mathematical Model===

The electric field can be expressed mathematically as follows:

<math>{\vec{F_{net}} = 0 \Leftrightarrow \frac{d\vec{v}}{dt}} = 0</math>

<math>{\vec{F_{2}} = {q_{1}}{\vec{E_{1}}} \Leftrightarrow \frac{d\vec{v}}{dt}} </math>

which can be translated to postulate that the force on particle 2 is determined by the charge of particle 2 and the electric
field.

==Examples==

The following examples are to test your basic understanding of the Electric Field. For more examples that test your knowledge of all three of the laws, peruse the class textbook.

===Simple===
Which way is the electric field going for a negatively charged particle?

[[File:Simple111.png]]

It's easy to see that the electric field is pointing toward the negatively charged particle. The electric field is tending
toward the negatively charged particle.

===Middling===
Does the object in the following image have a net force of zero? Does it have a constant velocity?

This example is slightly more difficult, but is still quite trivial. If we sum the forces in the x direction, we see that the net force is 2 newtons in the -x direction. Therefore, the object does not have a constant velocity, and will be accelerating in the -x direction.

===Difficult===
Does the object in the following image have a net force of zero? Does it have a constant velocity?

This final example tests your knowledge and understanding of Newton's First Law. We're able to see that the box will accelerate in the -x direction because the net force in the x direction is 5 newtons to the left. However, the box itself has a velocity of 5m/s upwards, which would indeed stay constant. This is because forces (and motion) in perpendicular directions are of each other.

==Connectedness==

Newton's laws of motion tie into almost everything that we see or do. The first law, in particular, explains why we suddenly lurch forward when a car suddenly stops (our bodies are in a state of motion and thus resist the sudden stop), why it's much harder to stop when ice skating than walking (there's less friction, thus less net force to decelerate), and much, much, more. The importance of Newton's first law (and by extension, the other laws of motion) is not readily apparent, but serves as a basis to explain much of our daily interactions with our surroundings.

It can also apply to things outside of our daily interactions - space, for example. Newton's first law describes why an astronaut in space will continuously float in a direction forever if they are not pulled in by an asteroid or a planet's gravitational force. There is a lack of a net force opposing the astronaut's motion (due to the fact that there is no air in space) which results in the astronaut having a constant velocity. Floating off into space is probably an astronaut's worst nightmare, a scenario that a recent movie, ''Gravity'', explored. The entire premise of the movie (Sandra Bullock becomes untethered from her space station) relies on Newton's first law of motion.
==History==

While Galileo is the one credited with the idea of inertia motion, it was René Descartes, a French philosopher, who would expand upon Galileo's ideas. Descartes went on to propose three fundamental laws of nature in his book, ''Principles of Philosophy'', the first of which stated that "each thing, as far as is in its power, always remains in the same state; and that consequently, when it is once moved, it always continues to move." Thus, while the concept of inertia is often referred to as Newton's First Law, it was first described by Galileo and then perfected by Descartes decades before Newton published his findings.

As for Newton, he first described his three laws of motion in ''The Mathematical Principle of Natural Philosophy'', for the Principia, which was published in 1687. These laws described the relationship between an object and the forces acting upon it and laid the foundation for classical mechanics. While Newton's first law came from the work of Descartes and Galileo, his other laws are the work of himself.

==The Main Idea==
To be exact, the definition of the Electric Field is as follows:
The electric field is a region around a charged particle or object within which a force would be exerted on other objects.
If we put a charged particle at a location and it experiences a force, it would be logical to assume that there is something present that
is interacting with the particle. This "virtual force" is in essence the electric field.
===A Mathematical Model===

The electric field can be expressed mathematically as follows:

<math>{\vec{F_{net}} = 0 \Leftrightarrow \frac{d\vec{v}}{dt}} = 0</math>

<math>{\vec{F_{2}} = {q_{1}}{\vec{E_{1}}} \Leftrightarrow \frac{d\vec{v}}{dt}} </math>

which can be translated to postulate that the force on particle 2 is determined by the charge of particle 2 and the electric
field.

==Examples==

The following examples are to test your basic understanding of the Electric Field. For more examples that test your knowledge of all three of the laws, peruse the class textbook.

===Simple===
Which way is the electric field going for a negatively charged particle?

[[File:Simple111.png]]

It's easy to see that the electric field is pointing toward the negatively charged particle. The electric field is tending
toward the negatively charged particle.

===Middling===
Does the object in the following image have a net force of zero? Does it have a constant velocity?

This example is slightly more difficult, but is still quite trivial. If we sum the forces in the x direction, we see that the net force is 2 newtons in the -x direction. Therefore, the object does not have a constant velocity, and will be accelerating in the -x direction.

===Difficult===
Does the object in the following image have a net force of zero? Does it have a constant velocity?

This final example tests your knowledge and understanding of Newton's First Law. We're able to see that the box will accelerate in the -x direction because the net force in the x direction is 5 newtons to the left. However, the box itself has a velocity of 5m/s upwards, which would indeed stay constant. This is because forces (and motion) in perpendicular directions are of each other.

==Connectedness==

Newton's laws of motion tie into almost everything that we see or do. The first law, in particular, explains why we suddenly lurch forward when a car suddenly stops (our bodies are in a state of motion and thus resist the sudden stop), why it's much harder to stop when ice skating than walking (there's less friction, thus less net force to decelerate), and much, much, more. The importance of Newton's first law (and by extension, the other laws of motion) is not readily apparent, but serves as a basis to explain much of our daily interactions with our surroundings.

It can also apply to things outside of our daily interactions - space, for example. Newton's first law describes why an astronaut in space will continuously float in a direction forever if they are not pulled in by an asteroid or a planet's gravitational force. There is a lack of a net force opposing the astronaut's motion (due to the fact that there is no air in space) which results in the astronaut having a constant velocity. Floating off into space is probably an astronaut's worst nightmare, a scenario that a recent movie, ''Gravity'', explored. The entire premise of the movie (Sandra Bullock becomes untethered from her space station) relies on Newton's first law of motion.
==History==

While Galileo is the one credited with the idea of inertia motion, it was René Descartes, a French philosopher, who would expand upon Galileo's ideas. Descartes went on to propose three fundamental laws of nature in his book, ''Principles of Philosophy'', the first of which stated that "each thing, as far as is in its power, always remains in the same state; and that consequently, when it is once moved, it always continues to move." Thus, while the concept of inertia is often referred to as Newton's First Law, it was first described by Galileo and then perfected by Descartes decades before Newton published his findings.

As for Newton, he first described his three laws of motion in ''The Mathematical Principle of Natural Philosophy'', for the Principia, which was published in 1687. These laws described the relationship between an object and the forces acting upon it and laid the foundation for classical mechanics. While Newton's first law came from the work of Descartes and Galileo, his other laws are the work of himself.

==The Main Idea==
To be exact, the definition of the Electric Field is as follows:
The electric field is a region around a charged particle or object within which a force would be exerted on other objects.
If we put a charged particle at a location and it experiences a force, it would be logical to assume that there is something present that
is interacting with the particle. This "virtual force" is in essence the electric field.
===A Mathematical Model===

The electric field can be expressed mathematically as follows:

<math>{\vec{F_{net}} = 0 \Leftrightarrow \frac{d\vec{v}}{dt}} = 0</math>

<math>{\vec{F_{2}} = {q_{1}}{\vec{E_{1}}} \Leftrightarrow \frac{d\vec{v}}{dt}} = 0</math>

which can be translated to postulate that the force on particle 2 is determined by the charge of particle 2 and the electric
field.

==Examples==

The following examples are to test your basic understanding of the Electric Field. For more examples that test your knowledge of all three of the laws, peruse the class textbook.

===Simple===
Which way is the electric field going for a negatively charged particle?

[[File:Example.jpg]]

It's easy to see that the electric field is pointing toward the negatively charged particle. The electric field is tending
toward the negatively charged particle.

===Middling===
Does the object in the following image have a net force of zero? Does it have a constant velocity?

This example is slightly more difficult, but is still quite trivial. If we sum the forces in the x direction, we see that the net force is 2 newtons in the -x direction. Therefore, the object does not have a constant velocity, and will be accelerating in the -x direction.

===Difficult===
Does the object in the following image have a net force of zero? Does it have a constant velocity?

This final example tests your knowledge and understanding of Newton's First Law. We're able to see that the box will accelerate in the -x direction because the net force in the x direction is 5 newtons to the left. However, the box itself has a velocity of 5m/s upwards, which would indeed stay constant. This is because forces (and motion) in perpendicular directions are of each other.

==Connectedness==

Newton's laws of motion tie into almost everything that we see or do. The first law, in particular, explains why we suddenly lurch forward when a car suddenly stops (our bodies are in a state of motion and thus resist the sudden stop), why it's much harder to stop when ice skating than walking (there's less friction, thus less net force to decelerate), and much, much, more. The importance of Newton's first law (and by extension, the other laws of motion) is not readily apparent, but serves as a basis to explain much of our daily interactions with our surroundings.

It can also apply to things outside of our daily interactions - space, for example. Newton's first law describes why an astronaut in space will continuously float in a direction forever if they are not pulled in by an asteroid or a planet's gravitational force. There is a lack of a net force opposing the astronaut's motion (due to the fact that there is no air in space) which results in the astronaut having a constant velocity. Floating off into space is probably an astronaut's worst nightmare, a scenario that a recent movie, ''Gravity'', explored. The entire premise of the movie (Sandra Bullock becomes untethered from her space station) relies on Newton's first law of motion.
==History==

While Galileo is the one credited with the idea of inertia motion, it was René Descartes, a French philosopher, who would expand upon Galileo's ideas. Descartes went on to propose three fundamental laws of nature in his book, ''Principles of Philosophy'', the first of which stated that "each thing, as far as is in its power, always remains in the same state; and that consequently, when it is once moved, it always continues to move." Thus, while the concept of inertia is often referred to as Newton's First Law, it was first described by Galileo and then perfected by Descartes decades before Newton published his findings.

As for Newton, he first described his three laws of motion in ''The Mathematical Principle of Natural Philosophy'', for the Principia, which was published in 1687. These laws described the relationship between an object and the forces acting upon it and laid the foundation for classical mechanics. While Newton's first law came from the work of Descartes and Galileo, his other laws are the work of himself.

==The Main Idea==
To be exact, the definition of the Electric Field is as follows:
The electric field is a region around a charged particle or object within which a force would be exerted on other charged particles or objects.
If we put a charged particle at a location and it experiences a force, it would be logical to assume that there is something present that
is interacting with the particle. This "virtual force" is in essence the electric field.
===A Mathematical Model===

The electric field can be expressed mathematically as follows:

<math>{\vec{F_{net}} = 0 \Leftrightarrow \frac{d\vec{v}}{dt}} = 0</math>

<math>{\vec{F_{2}} = {q_{1}}{\vec{E_{1}}} \Leftrightarrow \frac{d\vec{v}}{dt}} = 0</math>

which can be translated to postulate that the force on particle 2 is determined by the charge of particle 2 and the electric
field.

==Examples==

The following examples are to test your basic understanding of Newton's First Law. For more examples that test your knowledge of all three of the laws, click .

===Simple===
Does the object in the following image have a net force of zero? Does it have a constant velocity?

It's easy to see that the only force on the object is acting in the +x direction, with a magnitude of 5 newtons. Therefore, the object does not have a net force of zero or a constant velocity. It will be accelerating in the +x direction.

===Middling===
Does the object in the following image have a net force of zero? Does it have a constant velocity?

This example is slightly more difficult, but is still quite trivial. If we sum the forces in the x direction, we see that the net force is 2 newtons in the -x direction. Therefore, the object does not have a constant velocity, and will be accelerating in the -x direction.

===Difficult===
Does the object in the following image have a net force of zero? Does it have a constant velocity?

This final example tests your knowledge and understanding of Newton's First Law. We're able to see that the box will accelerate in the -x direction because the net force in the x direction is 5 newtons to the left. However, the box itself has a velocity of 5m/s upwards, which would indeed stay constant. This is because forces (and motion) in perpendicular directions are of each other.

==Connectedness==

Newton's laws of motion tie into almost everything that we see or do. The first law, in particular, explains why we suddenly lurch forward when a car suddenly stops (our bodies are in a state of motion and thus resist the sudden stop), why it's much harder to stop when ice skating than walking (there's less friction, thus less net force to decelerate), and much, much, more. The importance of Newton's first law (and by extension, the other laws of motion) is not readily apparent, but serves as a basis to explain much of our daily interactions with our surroundings.

It can also apply to things outside of our daily interactions - space, for example. Newton's first law describes why an astronaut in space will continuously float in a direction forever if they are not pulled in by an asteroid or a planet's gravitational force. There is a lack of a net force opposing the astronaut's motion (due to the fact that there is no air in space) which results in the astronaut having a constant velocity. Floating off into space is probably an astronaut's worst nightmare, a scenario that a recent movie, ''Gravity'', explored. The entire premise of the movie (Sandra Bullock becomes untethered from her space station) relies on Newton's first law of motion.
==History==

While Galileo is the one credited with the idea of inertia motion, it was René Descartes, a French philosopher, who would expand upon Galileo's ideas. Descartes went on to propose three fundamental laws of nature in his book, ''Principles of Philosophy'', the first of which stated that "each thing, as far as is in its power, always remains in the same state; and that consequently, when it is once moved, it always continues to move." Thus, while the concept of inertia is often referred to as Newton's First Law, it was first described by Galileo and then perfected by Descartes decades before Newton published his findings.

As for Newton, he first described his three laws of motion in ''The Mathematical Principle of Natural Philosophy'', for the Principia, which was published in 1687. These laws described the relationship between an object and the forces acting upon it and laid the foundation for classical mechanics. While Newton's first law came from the work of Descartes and Galileo, his other laws are the work of himself.

==The Main Idea==
To be exact, the definition of the First Law of Motion is as follows:
The electric field is a region around a charged particle or object within which a force would be exerted on other charged particles or objects.
In other (and much simpler) terms, it means that an object at rest stays at rest and an object in in motion stays in motion at a constant velocity unless acted on by an unbalanced net force. It's important to keep in mind that only a difference in affect the velocity of an object. The amount of change in velocity is determined by
===A Mathematical Model===

Newton's first law can be stated mathematically as follows:

<math>{\vec{F_{net}} = 0 \Leftrightarrow \frac{d\vec{v}}{dt}} = 0</math>

Where...

<math>\vec{F_{net}}</math> is the net force from the surroundings.

<math>d\vec{v}</math> is the change in velocity of the system.

<math>dt</math> is the change in time of the system

If we trace this formula from the left to the right, we can see that if the net force on an object is zero, then the change in velocity of an object is also zero. Conversely, if we were given an object and told that its change in momentum is zero, then we can deduce that the net force acting on the object is also zero. Keep in mind, however, that this formula simple deals with the '''change''' in velocity. It does '''not''' mean that the object is at rest, only that its velocity remains constant.

==Examples==

The following examples are to test your basic understanding of Newton's First Law. For more examples that test your knowledge of all three of the laws, click .

===Simple===
Does the object in the following image have a net force of zero? Does it have a constant velocity?

It's easy to see that the only force on the object is acting in the +x direction, with a magnitude of 5 newtons. Therefore, the object does not have a net force of zero or a constant velocity. It will be accelerating in the +x direction.

===Middling===
Does the object in the following image have a net force of zero? Does it have a constant velocity?

This example is slightly more difficult, but is still quite trivial. If we sum the forces in the x direction, we see that the net force is 2 newtons in the -x direction. Therefore, the object does not have a constant velocity, and will be accelerating in the -x direction.

===Difficult===
Does the object in the following image have a net force of zero? Does it have a constant velocity?

This final example tests your knowledge and understanding of Newton's First Law. We're able to see that the box will accelerate in the -x direction because the net force in the x direction is 5 newtons to the left. However, the box itself has a velocity of 5m/s upwards, which would indeed stay constant. This is because forces (and motion) in perpendicular directions are of each other.

==Connectedness==

Newton's laws of motion tie into almost everything that we see or do. The first law, in particular, explains why we suddenly lurch forward when a car suddenly stops (our bodies are in a state of motion and thus resist the sudden stop), why it's much harder to stop when ice skating than walking (there's less friction, thus less net force to decelerate), and much, much, more. The importance of Newton's first law (and by extension, the other laws of motion) is not readily apparent, but serves as a basis to explain much of our daily interactions with our surroundings.

It can also apply to things outside of our daily interactions - space, for example. Newton's first law describes why an astronaut in space will continuously float in a direction forever if they are not pulled in by an asteroid or a planet's gravitational force. There is a lack of a net force opposing the astronaut's motion (due to the fact that there is no air in space) which results in the astronaut having a constant velocity. Floating off into space is probably an astronaut's worst nightmare, a scenario that a recent movie, ''Gravity'', explored. The entire premise of the movie (Sandra Bullock becomes untethered from her space station) relies on Newton's first law of motion.
==History==

While Galileo is the one credited with the idea of inertia motion, it was René Descartes, a French philosopher, who would expand upon Galileo's ideas. Descartes went on to propose three fundamental laws of nature in his book, ''Principles of Philosophy'', the first of which stated that "each thing, as far as is in its power, always remains in the same state; and that consequently, when it is once moved, it always continues to move." Thus, while the concept of inertia is often referred to as Newton's First Law, it was first described by Galileo and then perfected by Descartes decades before Newton published his findings.

As for Newton, he first described his three laws of motion in ''The Mathematical Principle of Natural Philosophy'', for the Principia, which was published in 1687. These laws described the relationship between an object and the forces acting upon it and laid the foundation for classical mechanics. While Newton's first law came from the work of Descartes and Galileo, his other laws are the work of himself.

==The Main Idea==
To be exact, the definition of the First Law of Motion is as follows:
The electric field is a region around a charged particle or object within which a force would be exerted on other charged particles or objects.
In other (and much simpler) terms, it means that an object at rest stays at rest and an object in in motion stays in motion at a constant velocity unless acted on by an unbalanced net force. It's important to keep in mind that only a difference in affect the velocity of an object. The amount of change in velocity is determined by
===A Mathematical Model===

Newton's first law can be stated mathematically as follows:

<math>{\vec{F_{net}} = 0 \Leftrightarrow \frac{d\vec{v}}{dt}} = 0</math>

Where...

<math>\vec{F_{net}}</math> is the net force from the surroundings.

<math>d\vec{v}</math> is the change in velocity of the system.

<math>dt</math> is the change in time of the system

If we trace this formula from the left to the right, we can see that if the net force on an object is zero, then the change in velocity of an object is also zero. Conversely, if we were given an object and told that its change in momentum is zero, then we can deduce that the net force acting on the object is also zero. Keep in mind, however, that this formula simple deals with the '''change''' in velocity. It does '''not''' mean that the object is at rest, only that its velocity remains constant.

==Examples==

The following examples are to test your basic understanding of Newton's First Law. For more examples that test your knowledge of all three of the laws, click .

===Simple===
Does the object in the following image have a net force of zero? Does it have a constant velocity?

It's easy to see that the only force on the object is acting in the +x direction, with a magnitude of 5 newtons. Therefore, the object does not have a net force of zero or a constant velocity. It will be accelerating in the +x direction.

===Middling===
Does the object in the following image have a net force of zero? Does it have a constant velocity?

This example is slightly more difficult, but is still quite trivial. If we sum the forces in the x direction, we see that the net force is 2 newtons in the -x direction. Therefore, the object does not have a constant velocity, and will be accelerating in the -x direction.

===Difficult===
Does the object in the following image have a net force of zero? Does it have a constant velocity?

This final example tests your knowledge and understanding of Newton's First Law. We're able to see that the box will accelerate in the -x direction because the net force in the x direction is 5 newtons to the left. However, the box itself has a velocity of 5m/s upwards, which would indeed stay constant. This is because forces (and motion) in perpendicular directions are of each other.

==Connectedness==

Newton's laws of motion tie into almost everything that we see or do. The first law, in particular, explains why we suddenly lurch forward when a car suddenly stops (our bodies are in a state of motion and thus resist the sudden stop), why it's much harder to stop when ice skating than walking (there's less friction, thus less net force to decelerate), and much, much, more. The importance of Newton's first law (and by extension, the other laws of motion) is not readily apparent, but serves as a basis to explain much of our daily interactions with our surroundings.

It can also apply to things outside of our daily interactions - space, for example. Newton's first law describes why an astronaut in space will continuously float in a direction forever if they are not pulled in by an asteroid or a planet's gravitational force. There is a lack of a net force opposing the astronaut's motion (due to the fact that there is no air in space) which results in the astronaut having a constant velocity. Floating off into space is probably an astronaut's worst nightmare, a scenario that a recent movie, ''Gravity'', explored. The entire premise of the movie (Sandra Bullock becomes untethered from her space station) relies on Newton's first law of motion.
==History==

While Galileo is the one credited with the idea of inertia motion, it was René Descartes, a French philosopher, who would expand upon Galileo's ideas. Descartes went on to propose three fundamental laws of nature in his book, ''Principles of Philosophy'', the first of which stated that "each thing, as far as is in its power, always remains in the same state; and that consequently, when it is once moved, it always continues to move." Thus, while the concept of inertia is often referred to as Newton's First Law, it was first described by Galileo and then perfected by Descartes decades before Newton published his findings.

As for Newton, he first described his three laws of motion in ''The Mathematical Principle of Natural Philosophy'', for the Principia, which was published in 1687. These laws described the relationship between an object and the forces acting upon it and laid the foundation for classical mechanics. While Newton's first law came from the work of Descartes and Galileo, his other laws are the work of himself.

==The Main Idea==
To be exact, the definition of the First Law of Motion is as follows:
Every body persists in its state of rest or of moving with constant speed in a constant direction, except to the extent that it is compelled to change that state by forces acting on it.
In other (and much simpler) terms, it means that an object at rest stays at rest and an object in in motion stays in motion at a constant velocity unless acted on by an unbalanced net force. It's important to keep in mind that only a difference in [http://www.physicsclassroom.com/class/newtlaws/Lesson-2/Determining-the-Net-Force net force] can affect the velocity of an object. The amount of change in velocity is determined by [http://www.physicsclassroom.com/class/newtlaws/Lesson-3/Newton-s-Second-Law Newton's Second Law of Motion].

===A Mathematical Model===

Newton's first law can be stated mathematically as follows:

<math>{\vec{F_{net}} = 0 \Leftrightarrow \frac{d\vec{v}}{dt}} = 0</math>

Where...

<math>\vec{F_{net}}</math> is the net force from the surroundings.

<math>d\vec{v}</math> is the change in velocity of the system.

<math>dt</math> is the change in time of the system

If we trace this formula from the left to the right, we can see that if the net force on an object is zero, then the change in velocity of an object is also zero. Conversely, if we were given an object and told that its change in momentum is zero, then we can deduce that the net force acting on the object is also zero. Keep in mind, however, that this formula simple deals with the '''change''' in velocity. It does '''not''' mean that the object is at rest, only that its velocity remains constant.

==Examples==

The following examples are to test your basic understanding of Newton's First Law. For more examples that test your knowledge of all three of the laws, click [http://www.physicsclassroom.com/calcpad/newtlaws/problems here].

===Simple===
Does the object in the following image have a net force of zero? Does it have a constant velocity?

[[File:Newtonfirstlawsimple.png|400px]]

It's easy to see that the only force on the object is acting in the +x direction, with a magnitude of 5 newtons. Therefore, the object does not have a net force of zero or a constant velocity. It will be accelerating in the +x direction.

===Middling===
Does the object in the following image have a net force of zero? Does it have a constant velocity?

[[File:Newtonfirstlawmedium.png|400px]]

This example is slightly more difficult, but is still quite trivial. If we sum the forces in the x direction, we see that the net force is 2 newtons in the -x direction. Therefore, the object does not have a constant velocity, and will be accelerating in the -x direction.

===Difficult===
Does the object in the following image have a net force of zero? Does it have a constant velocity?

[[File:Newtonsfirstlawhard.png|400px]]

This final example tests your knowledge and understanding of Newton's First Law. We're able to see that the box will accelerate in the -x direction because the net force in the x direction is 5 newtons to the left. However, the box itself has a velocity of 5m/s upwards, which would indeed stay constant. This is because forces (and motion) in perpendicular directions are [http://www.physicsclassroom.com/class/vectors/Lesson-1/Independence-of-Perpendicular-Components-of-Motion independent] of each other.

==Connectedness==

[[File:Tablecloth.gif|left|300px|thumb|The "magic trick" of ripping off a table cloth without the plates on top moving is an example of Newton's First Law. The tableware is in a state of rest, and thus want to remain in such a state.]]

Newton's laws of motion tie into almost everything that we see or do. The first law, in particular, explains why we suddenly lurch forward when a car suddenly stops (our bodies are in a state of motion and thus resist the sudden stop), why it's much harder to stop when ice skating than walking (there's less friction, thus less net force to decelerate), and much, much, more. The importance of Newton's first law (and by extension, the other laws of motion) is not readily apparent, but serves as a basis to explain much of our daily interactions with our surroundings.

It can also apply to things outside of our daily interactions - space, for example. Newton's first law describes why an astronaut in space will continuously float in a direction forever if they are not pulled in by an asteroid or a planet's gravitational force. There is a lack of a net force opposing the astronaut's motion (due to the fact that there is no air in space) which results in the astronaut having a constant velocity. Floating off into space is probably an astronaut's worst nightmare, a scenario that a recent movie, ''Gravity'', explored. The entire premise of the movie (Sandra Bullock becomes untethered from her space station) relies on Newton's first law of motion.
==History==

While Galileo is the one credited with the idea of inertia motion, it was René Descartes, a French philosopher, who would expand upon Galileo's ideas. Descartes went on to propose three fundamental laws of nature in his book, ''Principles of Philosophy'', the first of which stated that "each thing, as far as is in its power, always remains in the same state; and that consequently, when it is once moved, it always continues to move." Thus, while the concept of inertia is often referred to as Newton's First Law, it was first described by Galileo and then perfected by Descartes decades before Newton published his findings.

As for Newton, he first described his three laws of motion in ''The Mathematical Principle of Natural Philosophy'', for the Principia, which was published in 1687. These laws described the relationship between an object and the forces acting upon it and laid the foundation for classical mechanics. While Newton's first law came from the work of Descartes and Galileo, his other laws are the work of himself.

==Electric Field==
The electric field created by a charge is present throughout space at all times, whether or not there is another charge around to feel its effects. The electric field created by a charge penetrates through matter. The field permeates the neighboring space, biding its time until it can affect anything brought into its space of interaction.
*[[Vectors]]
*[[Right-Hand Rule]]
*[[Right Hand Rule]]
</div>
</div>

<div class="toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">

====Electric force====
<div class="mw-collapsible-content">

*[[Electric Force]] Claimed by Amarachi Eze
*[[Lorentz Force]]
</div>
</div>

<div class="toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">

====Electric field of a point particle====

<div class="mw-collapsible-content">
*[[Point Charge]]
</div>
</div>

<div class="toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">

'''Bold text'''====Superposition====
<div class="mw-collapsible-content">
*[[Superposition Principle]]
*[[Superposition principle]]
</div>
</div>

<div class="toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">

====Dipoles====
<div class="mw-collapsible-content">
*[[Electric Dipole]]
*[[Magnetic Dipole]]
</div>
</div>

===Week 2===
<div class="toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">
====Interactions of charged objects====
<div class="mw-collapsible-content">
*[[Electric Field]]
*[[Electric Potential]]
*[[Electric Force]]
*[[Lorentz Force]]
</div>
</div>

<div class="toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">
====Tape experiments====
<div class="mw-collapsible-content">
*[[Polarization]]
*[[Electric Polarization]]
</div>
</div>

<div class="toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">
====Polarization====
<div class="mw-collapsible-content">
*[[Polarization]]
*[[Electric Polarization]]
*[[Polarization of an Atom]]
</div>
</div>

===Week 3===
<div class="toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">
====Insulators====
<div class="mw-collapsible-content">
*[[Insulators]]
*[[Potential Difference in an Insulator]]
*[[Charged Conductor and Charged Insulator]]
*[[Charged conductor and charged insulator]]
</div>
</div>

<div class="toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">
====Conductors====
<div class="mw-collapsible-content">
*[[Conductivity]]
*[[Charge Transfer]]
*[[Resistivity]]
*[[Polarization of a conductor]]
*[[Charged Conductor and Charged Insulator]]
*[[Charged conductor and charged insulator]]
</div>
</div>

<div class="toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">
====Charging and discharging====
<div class="mw-collapsible-content">
*[[Charge Transfer]]
*[[Electrostatic Discharge]]
*[[Charged Conductor and Charged Insulator]]
*[[Charged conductor and charged insulator]]
</div>
</div>

===Week 4===
<div class="toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">
====Field of a charged rod====
<div class="mw-collapsible-content">
*[[Charged Rod]]
</div>
</div>

<div class="toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">

====Field of a charged ring/disk/capacitor====
<div class="mw-collapsible-content">
*[[Charged Ring]]
*[[Charged Disk]]
*[[Charged Capacitor]]
</div>
</div>

<div class="toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">

====Field of a charged sphere====
<div class="mw-collapsible-content">
*[[Charged Spherical Shell]]
*[[Field of a Charged Ball]]
</div>
</div>

===Week 5===
<div class="toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">
====Potential energy====
<div class="mw-collapsible-content">
*[[Potential Energy]]
</div>
</div>

<div class="toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">
====Electric potential====
<div class="mw-collapsible-content">
*[[Electric Potential]]
*[[Path Independence of Electric Potential]]
*[[Potential Difference Path Independence, claimed by Aditya Mohile]]
*[[Potential Difference in a Uniform Field]]
*[[Potential Difference of Point Charge in a Non-Uniform Field]]
</div>
</div>
<div class="toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">

====Sign of a potential difference====
Claimed by Tyler Quill
*Overview
----
text here
*Determining the Sign of Potential Difference
----
text here
*Understanding the Sign of Potential Difference
----
text here

test test
<div class="mw-collapsible-content">

*[[Sign of Potential Difference}]
</div>

</div>
<div class="toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">

====Potential at a single location====
<div class="mw-collapsible-content">
*[[Electric Potential]]
*[[Potential Difference at One Location]]
</div>
</div>

<div class="toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">

====Path independence and round trip potential====
<div class="mw-collapsible-content">
*[[Path Independence of Electric Potential]]
*[[Potential Difference Path Independence, claimed by Aditya Mohile]]
</div>
</div>

===Week 6===
<div class="toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">
====Electric field and potential in an insulator====
<div class="mw-collapsible-content">
*[[Potential Difference in an Insulator]]
*[[Electric Field in an Insulator]]
</div>
</div>
<div class="toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">

====Moving charges in a magnetic field====
<div class="mw-collapsible-content">
*[[Magnetic Field]]
*[[Magnetic Force]]
*[[Lorentz Force]]
</div>
</div>
<div class="toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">

====Biot-Savart Law====
<div class="mw-collapsible-content">
*[[Biot-Savart Law]]
*[[Biot-Savart Law for Currents]]
</div>
</div>
<div class="toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">

====Moving charges, electron current, and conventional current====
<div class="mw-collapsible-content">
*[[Moving Point Charge]]
*[[Current]]
</div>
</div>

===Week 7=== Claimed by Diem Tran
<div class="toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">
====Magnetic field of a wire====
<div class="mw-collapsible-content">
*[[Magnetic Field of a Long Straight Wire]]
</div>
</div>

<div class="toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">
====Magnetic field of a current-carrying loop====
<div class="mw-collapsible-content">
*[[Magnetic Field of a Loop]]
</div>
</div>

<div class="toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">
====Magnetic dipoles====
<div class="mw-collapsible-content">
*[[Magnetic Dipole Moment]]
*[[Bar Magnet]]
</div>
</div>

<div class="toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">
====Atomic structure of magnets====
<div class="mw-collapsible-content">
*[[Atomic Structure of Magnets]]
</div>
</div>

===Week 8===
<div class="toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">
====Steady state current====
<div class="mw-collapsible-content">
*[[Steady State]]
*[[Non Steady State]]
</div>
</div>

<div class="toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">
====Node rule====
<div class="mw-collapsible-content">
*[[Node Rule]]
</div>
</div>

<div class="toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">
====Electric fields and energy in circuits====
<div class="mw-collapsible-content">
*[[Series circuit]] claimed by Hannah Jang
*[[Node Rule]]
*[[Loop Rule]]
*[[Electric Potential Difference]]
</div>
</div>

<div class="toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">

====Macroscopic analysis of circuits====
<div class="mw-collapsible-content">
*[[Series Circuits]]
*[[Parallel CIrcuits]]
*[[Parallel Circuits vs. Series Circuits*]]
*[[Loop Rule]]
*[[Node Rule]]
*[[Resistors*]]
</div>
</div>

===Week 9===
<div class="toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">
====Electric field and potential in circuits with capacitors====
<div class="mw-collapsible-content">
*[[Charging and Discharging a Capacitor]]
*[[RC Circuit]]
*[[R Circuit]]
*[[AC and DC]]

</div>
</div>

<div class="toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">

====Magnetic forces on charges and currents====
<div class="mw-collapsible-content">
*[[Magnetic Force]]
*[[Lorentz Force]]
*[[Applying Magnetic Force to Currents]]
*[[Magnetic Force in a Moving Reference Frame]]
*[[Right-Hand Rule]]
*[[Analysis of Railgun vs Coil gun technologies]]
</div>
</div>

<div class="toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">
====Electric and magnetic forces====
<div class="mw-collapsible-content">
*[[Electric Force]]
*[[Magnetic Force]]
*[[Lorentz Force]]
*[[VPython Modelling of Electric and Magnetic Forces]]
</div>
</div>

<div class="toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">
====Velocity selector====
<div class="mw-collapsible-content">
*[[Lorentz Force]]
*[[Combining Electric and Magnetic Forces]]
</div>
</div>

===Week 10===

====Student Content====

<div class=“toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed”>
==== Hall Effect ====
<div class="mw-collapsible-content">
*[[Hall Effect]]
*[[Motional Emf]]
*[[Magnetic Force]]
*[[Magnetic Torque]]

</div>
</div>

==Physics 3==

===Week 1===
<div class="toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">
====Classical Physics====
<div class="mw-collapsible-content">
</div>
</div>

===Week 2===
<div class="toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">
====Special Relativity====
<div class="mw-collapsible-content">
*[[Frame of Reference]]
*[[Einstein's Theory of Special Relativity]]
*[[Time Dilation]]
*[[Einstein's Theory of General Relativity]]
*[[Albert A. Micheleson & Edward W. Morley]]
*[[Magnetic Force in a Moving Reference Frame]]
</div>
</div>

===Week 3===
<div class="toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">
====Photons====
<div class="mw-collapsible-content">
*[[Spontaneous Photon Emission]]
*[[Light Scattering: Why is the Sky Blue]]
*[[Lasers]]
*[[Electronic Energy Levels and Photons]]
*[[Quantum Properties of Light]]
</div>
</div>

===Week 4===
<div class="toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">
====Matter Waves====
<div class="mw-collapsible-content">
*[[Wave-Particle Duality]]
</div>
</div>

===Week 5===
<div class="toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">
====Wave Mechanics====
<div class="mw-collapsible-content">
*[[Standing Waves]]
*[[Wavelength]]
*[[Wavelength and Frequency]]
*[[Mechanical Waves]]
*[[Transverse and Longitudinal Waves]]
</div>
</div>

===Week 6===
<div class="toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">
====Rutherford-Bohr Model====
<div class="mw-collapsible-content">
*[[Rutherford Experiment and Atomic Collisions]]
*[[Bohr Model]]
*[[Quantized energy levels]]
*[[Energy graphs and the Bohr model]]
</div>
</div>

===Week 7===
<div class="toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">
====The Hydrogen Atom====
<div class="mw-collapsible-content">
*[[Quantum Theory]]
*[[Atomic Theory]]
</div>
</div>

===Week 8===
<div class="toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">
====Many-Electron Atoms====
<div class="mw-collapsible-content">
*[[Quantum Theory]]
*[[Atomic Theory]]
*[[Pauli exclusion principle]]
</div>
</div>

===Week 9===
<div class="toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">
====Molecules====
<div class="mw-collapsible-content">
</div>
</div>

===Week 10===
<div class="toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">
====Statistical Physics====
<div class="mw-collapsible-content">
</div>
</div>

===Week 11===
<div class="toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">
====Condensed Matter Physics====
<div class="mw-collapsible-content">
</div>
</div>

===Week 12===
<div class="toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">
====The Nucleus====
<div class="mw-collapsible-content">
</div>
</div>

===Week 13===
<div class="toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">
====Nuclear Physics====
<div class="mw-collapsible-content">
*[[Nuclear Fission]]
*[[Nuclear Energy from Fission and Fusion]]
</div>
</div>

===Week 14===
<div class="toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">
====Particle Physics====
<div class="mw-collapsible-content">
*[[Elementary Particles and Particle Physics Theory]]
*[[String Theory]]
</div>
</div>

Main Page

2016-04-17T05:34:06Z

Tquill: /* Sign of a potential difference */

__NOTOC__
Welcome to the Georgia Tech Wiki for Introductory Physics. This resource was created so that students can contribute and curate content to help those with limited or no access to a textbook. When reading this website, please correct any errors you may come across. If you read something that isn't clear, please consider revising it for future students!

Looking to make a contribution?
#Pick one of the topics from intro physics listed below
#Add content to that topic or improve the quality of what is already there.
#Need to make a new topic? Edit this page and add it to the list under the appropriate category. Then copy and paste the default [[Template]] into your new page and start editing.

Please remember that this is not a textbook and you are not limited to expressing your ideas with only text and equations. Whenever possible embed: pictures, videos, diagrams, simulations, computational models (e.g. Glowscript), and whatever content you think makes learning physics easier for other students.

== Source Material ==
All of the content added to this resource must be in the public domain or similar free resource. If you are unsure about a source, contact the original author for permission. That said, there is a surprisingly large amount of introductory physics content scattered across the web. Here is an incomplete list of intro physics resources (please update as needed).
* A physics resource written by experts for an expert audience [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:Physics Physics Portal]
* A wiki written for students by a physics expert [http://p3server.pa.msu.edu/coursewiki/doku.php?id=183_notes MSU Physics Wiki]
* A wiki book on modern physics [https://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Modern_Physics Modern Physics Wiki]
* The MIT open courseware for intro physics [http://ocw.mit.edu/resources/res-8-002-a-wikitextbook-for-introductory-mechanics-fall-2009/index.htm MITOCW Wiki]
* An online concept map of intro physics [http://hyperphysics.phy-astr.gsu.edu/hbase/hph.html HyperPhysics]
* Interactive physics simulations [https://phet.colorado.edu/en/simulations/category/physics PhET]
* OpenStax algebra based intro physics textbook [https://openstaxcollege.org/textbooks/college-physics College Physics]
* The Open Source Physics project is a collection of online physics resources [http://www.opensourcephysics.org/ OSP]
* A resource guide compiled by the [http://www.aapt.org/ AAPT] for educators [http://www.compadre.org/ ComPADRE]

== Organizing Categories ==
These are the broad, overarching categories, that we cover in three semester of introductory physics. You can add subcategories as needed but a single topic should direct readers to a page in one of these categories.

== Resources ==
* Commonly used wiki commands [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:Cheatsheet Wiki Cheatsheet]
* A guide to representing equations in math mode [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:Displaying_a_formula Wiki Math Mode]
* A page to keep track of all the physics [[Constants]]
* A page for review of [[Vectors]] and vector operations
* A listing of [[Notable Scientist]] with links to their individual pages

<div style="float:left; width:30%; padding:1%;">
==Physics 1==
===Week 1===

====Student Content====
<div class=“toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed”>
=====Help with VPython=====
<div class=“mw-collapsible-content”>
*[[VPython]]
*[[VPython basics]]
*[[VPython Common Errors and Troubleshooting]]
*[[VPython Functions]]
*[[VPython Lists]]
*[[VPython Loops]]
*[[VPython Multithreading]]
*[[VPython Animation]]
*[[VPython Objects]]
*[[VPython 3D Objects]]
*[[VPython Reference]]
*[[VPython MapReduceFilter]]
*[[VPython GUIs]]
</div>
</div>

<div class=“toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed”>
=====Vectors and Units=====
<div class=“mw-collapsible-content”>
*[[Vectors]]
*[[SI units]]
</div>
</div>

<div class=“toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed”>

=====Interactions=====
<div class=“mw-collapsible-content”>
</div>
</div>
*[[Types of Interactions and How to Detect Them]]

<div class=“toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed”>

=====Velocity and Momentum=====
<div class=“mw-collapsible-content”>
*[[Newton’s First Law of Motion]]
*[[Velocity]]
*[[Mass]]
*[[Speed and Velocity]]
*[[Relative Velocity]]
*[[Derivation of Average Velocity]]
*[[2-Dimensional Motion]]
*[[3-Dimensional Position and Motion]]
</div>
</div>

====Expert Content====
<div class=“toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed”>

* [http://p3server.pa.msu.edu/coursewiki/doku.php?id=183_notes:vpython_resources Software for Projects]

</div>

===Week 2===
====Student Content====
<div class=“toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed”>
=====Momentum and the Momentum Principle=====
<div class=“mw-collapsible-content”>
*[[Momentum Principle]]
*[[Inertia]]
*[[Net Force]]
*[[Derivation of the Momentum Principle]]
*[[Impulse Momentum]]
*[[Acceleration]]
*[[Momentum with respect to external Forces]]
</div>
</div>

<div class=“toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed”>
=====Iterative Prediction with a Constant Force=====
<div class=“mw-collapsible-content”>
*[[Newton’s Second Law of Motion]]
*[[Iterative Prediction]]
*[[Kinematics]]
*[[Newton’s Laws and Linear Momentum]]
*[[Projectile Motion]]
</div>
</div>

====Expert Content====
<div class=“toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed”>

* [http://p3server.pa.msu.edu/coursewiki/doku.php?id=183_notes:scalars_and_vectors Scalars and Vectors]
* [http://p3server.pa.msu.edu/coursewiki/doku.php?id=183_notes:displacement_and_velocity Displacement and Velocity]
* [http://p3server.pa.msu.edu/coursewiki/doku.php?id=183_notes:modeling_with_vpython Modeling Motion with VPython]
* [http://p3server.pa.msu.edu/coursewiki/doku.php?id=183_notes:relative_motion Relative Motion]
* [http://p3server.pa.msu.edu/coursewiki/doku.php?id=183_notes:graphing_motion Graphing Motion]
* [http://p3server.pa.msu.edu/coursewiki/doku.php?id=183_notes:momentum Momentum]
* [http://p3server.pa.msu.edu/coursewiki/doku.php?id=183_notes:momentum_principle The Momentum Principle]
* [http://p3server.pa.msu.edu/coursewiki/doku.php?id=183_notes:acceleration Acceleration & The Change in Momentum]
* [http://p3server.pa.msu.edu/coursewiki/doku.php?id=183_notes:motionPredict Applying the Momentum Principle]
* [http://p3server.pa.msu.edu/coursewiki/doku.php?id=183_notes:constantF Constant Force Motion]
* [http://p3server.pa.msu.edu/coursewiki/doku.php?id=183_notes:iterativePredict Iterative Prediction of Motion]
* [http://p3server.pa.msu.edu/coursewiki/doku.php?id=183_notes:mp_multi The Momentum Principle in Multi-particle Systems]
* [http://p3server.pa.msu.edu/coursewiki/doku.php?id=183_notes:angular_motivation Why Angular Momentum?]
* [http://p3server.pa.msu.edu/coursewiki/doku.php?id=183_notes:ang_momentum Angular Momentum]
* [http://p3server.pa.msu.edu/coursewiki/doku.php?id=183_notes:L_principle Net Torque & The Angular Momentum Principle]
* [http://p3server.pa.msu.edu/coursewiki/doku.php?id=183_notes:L_conservation Angular Momentum Conservation]

</div>

===Week 3===
====Student Content====
<div class=“toccolours \
mw-collapsible mw-collapsed”>
=====Analytic Prediction with a Constant Force=====
<div \
class=“mw-collapsible-content”>
*[[Analytical Prediction]]
</div>
</div>

<div class=“toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed”>
=====Iterative Prediction with a Varying Force=====
<div \
class=“mw-collapsible-content”>
*[[Predicting Change in multiple dimensions]]
*[[Spring Force]]
*[[Hooke’s Law]]
*[[Simple Harmonic Motion]]
*[[Iterative Prediction of Spring-Mass System]]
*[[Terminal Speed]]
*[[Determinism]]
</div>
</div>

====Expert Content====
<div class=“toccolours mw-collapsible \
mw-collapsed”>

* [http://p3server.pa.msu.edu/coursewiki/doku.php?id=183_notes:drag Drag]
* [http://p3server.pa.msu.edu/coursewiki/doku.php?id=183_notes:gravitation Non-constant Force: Newtonian Gravitation]
* [http://p3server.pa.msu.edu/coursewiki/doku.php?id=183_notes:ucm Uniform Circular Motion]
* [http://p3server.pa.msu.edu/coursewiki/doku.php?id=183_notes:impulseGraphs Impulse Graphs]
* [http://p3server.pa.msu.edu/coursewiki/doku.php?id=183_notes:springMotion Non-constant Force: Springs & Spring-like Interactions]
* [http://p3server.pa.msu.edu/coursewiki/doku.php?id=183_notes:friction Contact Interactions: The Normal Force & Friction]

</div>

===Week 4===
====Student Content====
<div class=“toccolours \
mw-collapsible mw-collapsed”>
=====Fundamental Interactions=====
<div class=“mw-collapsible-content”>
*[[Gravitational Force]]
*[[Electric Force]]
*[[Reciprocity]]
</div>
</div>

====Expert Content====
<div class=“toccolours mw-collapsible \
mw-collapsed”>

* [http://p3server.pa.msu.edu/coursewiki/doku.php?id=183_notes:gravitation Non-constant Force: Newtonian Gravitation]

</div>

===Week 5===
====Student Content====
<div class=“toccolours \
mw-collapsible mw-collapsed”>
=====Conservation of Momentum=====
<div class=“mw-collapsible-content”>
*[[Conservation of Momentum]]
</div>
</div>
<div class=“toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed”>

=====Properties of Matter=====
<div class=“mw-collapsible-content”>
*[[Kinds of Matter]]
**[[Ball and Spring Model of Matter]]
*[[Density]]
*[[Length and Stiffness of an Interatomic Bond]]
*[[Young’s Modulus]]
*[[Speed of Sound in Solids]]
*[[Malleability]]
*[[Ductility]]
*[[Weight]]
*[[Hardness]]
*[[Boiling Point]]
*[[Melting Point]]
</div>
</div>

====Expert Content====
<div class=“toccolours mw-collapsible \
mw-collapsed”>

* [http://p3server.pa.msu.edu/coursewiki/doku.php?id=183_notes:model_of_a_wire Modeling a Solid Wire: springs in series and parallel]

</div>

===Week 6===
====Student Content====
<div class=“toccolours \
mw-collapsible mw-collapsed”>
=====Identifying Forces=====
<div class=“mw-collapsible-content”>
*[[Free Body Diagram]]
*[[Compression or Normal Force]]
*[[Tension]]
</div>
</div>
<div class=“toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed”>
=====Curving Motion=====
<div class=“mw-collapsible-content”>
*[[Curving Motion]]
*[[Centripetal Force and Curving Motion]]
*[[Perpetual Freefall (Orbit)]]
</div>
</div>

====Expert Content====
<div class=“toccolours mw-collapsible \
mw-collapsed”>

* [http://p3server.pa.msu.edu/coursewiki/doku.php?id=183_notes:gravitation Non-constant Force: Newtonian Gravitation]
* [http://p3server.pa.msu.edu/coursewiki/doku.php?id=183_notes:grav_accel Gravitational Acceleration]
* [http://p3server.pa.msu.edu/coursewiki/doku.php?id=183_notes:ucm Uniform Circular Motion]
* [http://p3server.pa.msu.edu/coursewiki/doku.php?id=183_notes:freebodydiagrams Free Body Diagrams]
* [http://p3server.pa.msu.edu/coursewiki/doku.php?id=183_notes:curving_motion Curved Motion]

</div>

===Week 7===
====Student Content====
<div class=“toccolours \
mw-collapsible mw-collapsed”>
=====Energy Principle=====
<div class=“mw-collapsible-content”>
*[[The Energy Principle]]
*[[Conservation of Energy]]
*[[Kinetic Energy]]
*[[Work]]
*[[Power (Mechanical)]]
</div>
</div>

====Expert Content====
<div class=“toccolours mw-collapsible \
mw-collapsed”>

* [http://p3server.pa.msu.edu/coursewiki/doku.php?id=183_notes:define_energy What is Energy?]
* [http://p3server.pa.msu.edu/coursewiki/doku.php?id=183_notes:point_particle The Simplest System: A Single Particle]
* [http://p3server.pa.msu.edu/coursewiki/doku.php?id=183_notes:work Work: Mechanical Energy Transfer]
* [http://p3server.pa.msu.edu/coursewiki/doku.php?id=183_notes:energy_cons Conservation of Energy]
* [http://p3server.pa.msu.edu/coursewiki/doku.php?id=183_notes:potential_energy Potential Energy]
* [http://p3server.pa.msu.edu/coursewiki/doku.php?id=183_notes:grav_and_spring_PE (Near Earth) Gravitational and Spring Potential Energy]
* [http://p3server.pa.msu.edu/coursewiki/doku.php?id=183_notes:force_and_PE Force and Potential Energy]
* [http://p3server.pa.msu.edu/coursewiki/doku.php?id=183_notes:newton_grav_pe Newtonian Gravitational Potential Energy]
* [http://p3server.pa.msu.edu/coursewiki/doku.php?id=183_notes:spring_PE Spring Potential Energy]

</div>

===Week 8===
====Student Content====
<div class=“toccolours \
mw-collapsible mw-collapsed”>
=====Work by Non-Constant Forces=====
<div \
class=“mw-collapsible-content”>
*[[Work Done By A Nonconstant Force]]
</div>
</div>
<div class=“toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed”>
=====Potential Energy=====
<div class=“mw-collapsible-content”>
*[[Potential Energy]]
*[[Potential Energy of Macroscopic Springs]]
*[[Spring Potential Energy]]
**[[Ball and Spring Model]]
*[[Gravitational Potential Energy]]
*[[Energy Graphs]]
*[[Escape Velocity]]
</div>
</div>

====Expert Content====
<div class=“toccolours mw-collapsible \
mw-collapsed”>

* [http://p3server.pa.msu.edu/coursewiki/doku.php?id=183_notes:work_by_nc_forces Work Done by Non-Constant Forces]
* [http://p3server.pa.msu.edu/coursewiki/doku.php?id=183_notes:potential_energy Potential Energy]
* [http://p3server.pa.msu.edu/coursewiki/doku.php?id=183_notes:grav_and_spring_PE (Near Earth) Gravitational and Spring Potential Energy]
* [http://p3server.pa.msu.edu/coursewiki/doku.php?id=183_notes:rest_mass Changes of Rest Mass Energy]
* [http://p3server.pa.msu.edu/coursewiki/doku.php?id=183_notes:force_and_PE Force and Potential Energy]
* [http://p3server.pa.msu.edu/coursewiki/doku.php?id=183_notes:newton_grav_pe Newtonian Gravitational Potential Energy]
* [http://p3server.pa.msu.edu/coursewiki/doku.php?id=183_notes:grav_pe_graphs Graphing Energy for Gravitationally Interacting Systems]
* [http://p3server.pa.msu.edu/coursewiki/doku.php?id=183_notes:spring_PE Spring Potential Energy]
* [http://p3server.pa.msu.edu/coursewiki/doku.php?id=183_notes:power Power: The Rate of Energy Change]
* [http://p3server.pa.msu.edu/coursewiki/doku.php?id=183_notes:energy_dissipation Dissipation of Energy]

</div>

===Week 9===
====Student Content====
<div class=“toccolours \
mw-collapsible mw-collapsed”>
=====Multiparticle Systems=====
<div class=“mw-collapsible-content”>
*[[Center of Mass]]
*[[Multi-particle analysis of Momentum]]
*[[Momentum with respect to external Forces]]
*[[Potential Energy of a Multiparticle System]]
*[[Work and Energy for an Extended System]]
*[[Internal Energy]]
**[[Potential Energy of a Pair of Neutral Atoms]]
</div>
</div>

====Expert Content====
<div class=“toccolours mw-collapsible \
mw-collapsed”>

* [http://p3server.pa.msu.edu/coursewiki/doku.php?id=183_notes:mp_multi The Momentum Principle in Multi-particle Systems]
* [http://p3server.pa.msu.edu/coursewiki/doku.php?id=183_notes:center_of_mass Center of Mass Motion]
* [http://p3server.pa.msu.edu/coursewiki/doku.php?id=183_notes:center_of_mass Center of Mass Motion]
* [http://p3server.pa.msu.edu/coursewiki/doku.php?id=183_notes:energy_sep Separating Energy in Multi-Particle Systems]

</div>

===Week 10===
====Student Content====
<div class=“toccolours \
mw-collapsible mw-collapsed”>
=====Choice of System=====
<div class=“mw-collapsible-content”>
*[[System & Surroundings]]
</div>
</div>
<div class=“toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed”>
=====Thermal Energy, Dissipation and Transfer of Energy=====
<div \
class=“mw-collapsible-content”>
*[[Thermal Energy]]
*[[Specific Heat]]
*[[Heat Capacity]]
*[[Specific Heat Capacity]]
*[[First Law of Thermodynamics]]
*[[Second Law of Thermodynamics and Entropy]]
*[[Temperature]]
*[[Predicting Change]]
*[[Energy Transfer due to a Temperature Difference]]
*[[Transformation of Energy]]
*[[The Maxwell-Boltzmann Distribution]]
*[[Air Resistance]]
</div>
</div>
<div class=“toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed”>
=====Rotational and Vibrational Energy=====
<div \
class=“mw-collapsible-content”>
*[[Translational, Rotational and Vibrational Energy]]
</div>
</div>

====Expert Content====
<div class=“toccolours mw-collapsible \
mw-collapsed”>

* [http://p3server.pa.msu.edu/coursewiki/doku.php?id=183_notes:grav_and_spring_PE (Near Earth) Gravitational and Spring Potential Energy]
* [http://p3server.pa.msu.edu/coursewiki/doku.php?id=183_notes:rest_mass Changes of Rest Mass Energy]
* [http://p3server.pa.msu.edu/coursewiki/doku.php?id=183_notes:newton_grav_pe Newtonian Gravitational Potential Energy]
* [http://p3server.pa.msu.edu/coursewiki/doku.php?id=183_notes:grav_pe_graphs Graphing Energy for Gravitationally Interacting Systems]
* [http://p3server.pa.msu.edu/coursewiki/doku.php?id=183_notes:escape_speed Escape Speed]
* [http://p3server.pa.msu.edu/coursewiki/doku.php?id=183_notes:spring_PE Spring Potential Energy]
* [http://p3server.pa.msu.edu/coursewiki/doku.php?id=183_notes:internal_energy Internal Energy]
* [http://p3server.pa.msu.edu/coursewiki/doku.php?id=183_notes:system_choice Choosing a System Matters]
* [http://p3server.pa.msu.edu/coursewiki/doku.php?id=183_notes:energy_dissipation Dissipation of Energy]

</div>

===Week 11===
====Student Content====
<div class=“toccolours \
mw-collapsible mw-collapsed”>
=====Different Models of a System=====
<div \
class=“mw-collapsible-content”>
*[[Real Systems]]
*[[Point Particle Systems]]
</div>
</div>
<div class=“toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed”>

=====Models of Friction=====
<div class=“mw-collapsible-content”>
*[[Friction]]
*[[Static Friction]]
</div>
</div>

====Expert Content====
<div class=“toccolours mw-collapsible \
mw-collapsed”>

* [http://p3server.pa.msu.edu/coursewiki/doku.php?id=183_notes:system_choice Choosing a System Matters]
* [http://p3server.pa.msu.edu/coursewiki/doku.php?id=183_notes:energy_dissipation Dissipation of Energy]

</div>

===Week 12===
====Student Content====
<div class=“toccolours \
mw-collapsible mw-collapsed”>
=====Collisions=====
<div class=“mw-collapsible-content”>
*[[Newton’s Third Law of Motion]]
*[[Collisions]]
*[[Elastic Collisions]]
*[[Inelastic Collisions]]
*[[Maximally Inelastic Collision]]
*[[Head-on Collision of Equal Masses]]
*[[Head-on Collision of Unequal Masses]]
*[[Scattering: Collisions in 2D and 3D]]
*[[Rutherford Experiment and Atomic Collisions]]
*[[Coefficient of Restitution]]
</div>
</div>

====Expert Content====
<div class=“toccolours mw-collapsible \
mw-collapsed”>

* [http://p3server.pa.msu.edu/coursewiki/doku.php?id=183_notes:collisions Colliding Objects]
* [http://p3server.pa.msu.edu/coursewiki/doku.php?id=183_notes:center_of_mass Center of Mass Motion]
* [http://p3server.pa.msu.edu/coursewiki/doku.php?id=183_notes:center_of_mass Center of Mass Motion]
* [http://p3server.pa.msu.edu/coursewiki/doku.php?id=183_notes:rot_KE Rotational Kinetic Energy]
* [http://p3server.pa.msu.edu/coursewiki/doku.php?id=183_notes:pp_vs_real Point Particle and Real Systems]
* [http://p3server.pa.msu.edu/coursewiki/doku.php?id=183_notes:colliding_systems Collisions]

</div>

===Week 13===
====Student Content====
<div class=“toccolours \
mw-collapsible mw-collapsed”>
=====Rotations=====
<div class=“mw-collapsible-content”>
*[[Rotation]]
*[[Angular Velocity]]
*[[Eulerian Angles]]
</div>
</div>
<div class=“toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed”>
=====Angular Momentum=====
<div class=“mw-collapsible-content”>
*[[Total Angular Momentum]]
*[[Translational Angular Momentum]]
*[[Rotational Angular Momentum]]
*[[The Angular Momentum Principle]]
*[[Angular Momentum Compared to Linear Momentum]]
*[[Angular Impulse]]
*[[Predicting the Position of a Rotating System]]
*[[Angular Momentum of Multiparticle Systems]]
*[[The Moments of Inertia]]
*[[Moment of Inertia for a cylinder]]
*[[Right Hand Rule]]
</div>
</div>

====Expert Content====
<div class=“toccolours mw-collapsible \
mw-collapsed”>

* [http://p3server.pa.msu.edu/coursewiki/doku.php?id=183_notes:rot_KE Rotational Kinetic Energy]
* [http://p3server.pa.msu.edu/coursewiki/doku.php?id=183_notes:angular_motivation Why Angular Momentum?]
* [http://p3server.pa.msu.edu/coursewiki/doku.php?id=183_notes:ang_momentum Angular Momentum]
* [http://p3server.pa.msu.edu/coursewiki/doku.php?id=183_notes:L_principle Net Torque & The Angular Momentum Principle]
* [http://p3server.pa.msu.edu/coursewiki/doku.php?id=183_notes:L_conservation Angular Momentum Conservation]

</div>
===Week 14===

====Student Content====
<div class=“toccolours mw-collapsible \
mw-collapsed”>
=====Analyzing Motion with and without Torque=====
<div \
class=“mw-collapsible-content”>
*[[Torque]]
*[[Torque 2]]
*[[Systems with Zero Torque]]
*[[Systems with Nonzero Torque]]
*[[Torque vs Work]]
*[[Gyroscopes]]
</div>
</div>

====Expert Content====
<div class=“toccolours mw-collapsible \
mw-collapsed”>

* [http://p3server.pa.msu.edu/coursewiki/doku.php?id=183_notes:discovery_of_the_nucleus Discovery of the Nucleus]
* [http://p3server.pa.msu.edu/coursewiki/doku.php?id=183_notes:torque Torques Cause Changes in Rotation]
* [http://p3server.pa.msu.edu/coursewiki/doku.php?id=183_notes:L_principle Net Torque & The Angular Momentum Principle]

</div>

===Week 15===

====Student Content====
<div class=“toccolours mw-collapsible \
mw-collapsed”>
=====Introduction to Quantum Concepts=====
<div \class=“mw-collapsible-content”>
*[[Bohr Model]]
*[[Energy graphs and the Bohr model]]
*[[Quantized energy levels]]
</div>
</div>

====Expert Content====
<div class=“toccolours mw-collapsible \
mw-collapsed”>

* [http://p3server.pa.msu.edu/coursewiki/doku.php?id=183_notes:discovery_of_the_nucleus Discovery of the Nucleus]

</div>

<div style=“float:left; width:30%; padding:1%;”>

==Physics 2==
===Week 1===
<div class="toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">
====3D Vectors====
<div class="mw-collapsible-content">
*[[Page claimed by Laura Winalski]]*
*[[Vectors]]
*[[Right-Hand Rule]]
*[[Right Hand Rule]]
</div>
</div>

<div class="toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">

'''CLAIMED BY DIPRO CHAKRABORTY'''

'''CLAIMED BY DIPRO CHAKRABORTY'''
'''CLAIMED BY DIPRO CHAKRABORTY'''
'''CLAIMED BY DIPRO CHAKRABORTY'''

'''CLAIMED BY DIPRO CHAKRABORTY'''
====Electric field====
<div class="mw-collapsible-content">

[[Electric field]]

The electric field created by a charge is present throughout space at all times, whether or not there is another charge around to feel its effects. The electric field created by a charge penetrates through matter. The field permeates the neighboring space, biding its time until it can affect anything brought into its space of interaction.

==The Main Idea==
To be exact, the definition of the Electric Field is as follows:
The electric field is a region around a charged particle or object within which a force would be exerted on other objects.
If we put a charged particle at a location and it experiences a force, it would be logical to assume that there is something present that
is interacting with the particle. This "virtual force" is in essence the electric field.
===A Mathematical Model===

The electric field can be expressed mathematically as follows:

<math>{\vec{F_{net}} = 0 \Leftrightarrow \frac{d\vec{v}}{dt}} = 0</math>

<math>{\vec{F_{2}} = {q_{1}}{\vec{E_{1}}} \Leftrightarrow \frac{d\vec{v}}{dt}} </math>

which can be translated to postulate that the force on particle 2 is determined by the charge of particle 2 and the electric
field.

==Examples==

The following examples are to test your basic understanding of the Electric Field. For more examples that test your knowledge of all three of the laws, peruse the class textbook.

===Simple===
Which way is the electric field going for a negatively charged particle?

[[File:Simple111.png]]

It's easy to see that the electric field is pointing toward the negatively charged particle. The electric field is tending
toward the negatively charged particle.

===Middling===
Does the object in the following image have a net force of zero? Does it have a constant velocity?

This example is slightly more difficult, but is still quite trivial. If we sum the forces in the x direction, we see that the net force is 2 newtons in the -x direction. Therefore, the object does not have a constant velocity, and will be accelerating in the -x direction.

===Difficult===
Does the object in the following image have a net force of zero? Does it have a constant velocity?

This final example tests your knowledge and understanding of Newton's First Law. We're able to see that the box will accelerate in the -x direction because the net force in the x direction is 5 newtons to the left. However, the box itself has a velocity of 5m/s upwards, which would indeed stay constant. This is because forces (and motion) in perpendicular directions are of each other.

==Connectedness==

Newton's laws of motion tie into almost everything that we see or do. The first law, in particular, explains why we suddenly lurch forward when a car suddenly stops (our bodies are in a state of motion and thus resist the sudden stop), why it's much harder to stop when ice skating than walking (there's less friction, thus less net force to decelerate), and much, much, more. The importance of Newton's first law (and by extension, the other laws of motion) is not readily apparent, but serves as a basis to explain much of our daily interactions with our surroundings.

It can also apply to things outside of our daily interactions - space, for example. Newton's first law describes why an astronaut in space will continuously float in a direction forever if they are not pulled in by an asteroid or a planet's gravitational force. There is a lack of a net force opposing the astronaut's motion (due to the fact that there is no air in space) which results in the astronaut having a constant velocity. Floating off into space is probably an astronaut's worst nightmare, a scenario that a recent movie, ''Gravity'', explored. The entire premise of the movie (Sandra Bullock becomes untethered from her space station) relies on Newton's first law of motion.
==History==

While Galileo is the one credited with the idea of inertia motion, it was René Descartes, a French philosopher, who would expand upon Galileo's ideas. Descartes went on to propose three fundamental laws of nature in his book, ''Principles of Philosophy'', the first of which stated that "each thing, as far as is in its power, always remains in the same state; and that consequently, when it is once moved, it always continues to move." Thus, while the concept of inertia is often referred to as Newton's First Law, it was first described by Galileo and then perfected by Descartes decades before Newton published his findings.

As for Newton, he first described his three laws of motion in ''The Mathematical Principle of Natural Philosophy'', for the Principia, which was published in 1687. These laws described the relationship between an object and the forces acting upon it and laid the foundation for classical mechanics. While Newton's first law came from the work of Descartes and Galileo, his other laws are the work of himself.

==The Main Idea==
To be exact, the definition of the Electric Field is as follows:
The electric field is a region around a charged particle or object within which a force would be exerted on other objects.
If we put a charged particle at a location and it experiences a force, it would be logical to assume that there is something present that
is interacting with the particle. This "virtual force" is in essence the electric field.
===A Mathematical Model===

The electric field can be expressed mathematically as follows:

<math>{\vec{F_{net}} = 0 \Leftrightarrow \frac{d\vec{v}}{dt}} = 0</math>

<math>{\vec{F_{2}} = {q_{1}}{\vec{E_{1}}} \Leftrightarrow \frac{d\vec{v}}{dt}} </math>

which can be translated to postulate that the force on particle 2 is determined by the charge of particle 2 and the electric
field.

==Examples==

The following examples are to test your basic understanding of the Electric Field. For more examples that test your knowledge of all three of the laws, peruse the class textbook.

===Simple===
Which way is the electric field going for a negatively charged particle?

[[File:Simple111.png]]

It's easy to see that the electric field is pointing toward the negatively charged particle. The electric field is tending
toward the negatively charged particle.

===Middling===
Does the object in the following image have a net force of zero? Does it have a constant velocity?

This example is slightly more difficult, but is still quite trivial. If we sum the forces in the x direction, we see that the net force is 2 newtons in the -x direction. Therefore, the object does not have a constant velocity, and will be accelerating in the -x direction.

===Difficult===
Does the object in the following image have a net force of zero? Does it have a constant velocity?

This final example tests your knowledge and understanding of Newton's First Law. We're able to see that the box will accelerate in the -x direction because the net force in the x direction is 5 newtons to the left. However, the box itself has a velocity of 5m/s upwards, which would indeed stay constant. This is because forces (and motion) in perpendicular directions are of each other.

==Connectedness==

Newton's laws of motion tie into almost everything that we see or do. The first law, in particular, explains why we suddenly lurch forward when a car suddenly stops (our bodies are in a state of motion and thus resist the sudden stop), why it's much harder to stop when ice skating than walking (there's less friction, thus less net force to decelerate), and much, much, more. The importance of Newton's first law (and by extension, the other laws of motion) is not readily apparent, but serves as a basis to explain much of our daily interactions with our surroundings.

It can also apply to things outside of our daily interactions - space, for example. Newton's first law describes why an astronaut in space will continuously float in a direction forever if they are not pulled in by an asteroid or a planet's gravitational force. There is a lack of a net force opposing the astronaut's motion (due to the fact that there is no air in space) which results in the astronaut having a constant velocity. Floating off into space is probably an astronaut's worst nightmare, a scenario that a recent movie, ''Gravity'', explored. The entire premise of the movie (Sandra Bullock becomes untethered from her space station) relies on Newton's first law of motion.
==History==

While Galileo is the one credited with the idea of inertia motion, it was René Descartes, a French philosopher, who would expand upon Galileo's ideas. Descartes went on to propose three fundamental laws of nature in his book, ''Principles of Philosophy'', the first of which stated that "each thing, as far as is in its power, always remains in the same state; and that consequently, when it is once moved, it always continues to move." Thus, while the concept of inertia is often referred to as Newton's First Law, it was first described by Galileo and then perfected by Descartes decades before Newton published his findings.

As for Newton, he first described his three laws of motion in ''The Mathematical Principle of Natural Philosophy'', for the Principia, which was published in 1687. These laws described the relationship between an object and the forces acting upon it and laid the foundation for classical mechanics. While Newton's first law came from the work of Descartes and Galileo, his other laws are the work of himself.

==The Main Idea==
To be exact, the definition of the Electric Field is as follows:
The electric field is a region around a charged particle or object within which a force would be exerted on other objects.
If we put a charged particle at a location and it experiences a force, it would be logical to assume that there is something present that
is interacting with the particle. This "virtual force" is in essence the electric field.
===A Mathematical Model===

The electric field can be expressed mathematically as follows:

<math>{\vec{F_{net}} = 0 \Leftrightarrow \frac{d\vec{v}}{dt}} = 0</math>

<math>{\vec{F_{2}} = {q_{1}}{\vec{E_{1}}} \Leftrightarrow \frac{d\vec{v}}{dt}} </math>

which can be translated to postulate that the force on particle 2 is determined by the charge of particle 2 and the electric
field.

==Examples==

The following examples are to test your basic understanding of the Electric Field. For more examples that test your knowledge of all three of the laws, peruse the class textbook.

===Simple===
Which way is the electric field going for a negatively charged particle?

[[File:Simple111.png]]

It's easy to see that the electric field is pointing toward the negatively charged particle. The electric field is tending
toward the negatively charged particle.

===Middling===
Does the object in the following image have a net force of zero? Does it have a constant velocity?

This example is slightly more difficult, but is still quite trivial. If we sum the forces in the x direction, we see that the net force is 2 newtons in the -x direction. Therefore, the object does not have a constant velocity, and will be accelerating in the -x direction.

===Difficult===
Does the object in the following image have a net force of zero? Does it have a constant velocity?

This final example tests your knowledge and understanding of Newton's First Law. We're able to see that the box will accelerate in the -x direction because the net force in the x direction is 5 newtons to the left. However, the box itself has a velocity of 5m/s upwards, which would indeed stay constant. This is because forces (and motion) in perpendicular directions are of each other.

==Connectedness==

Newton's laws of motion tie into almost everything that we see or do. The first law, in particular, explains why we suddenly lurch forward when a car suddenly stops (our bodies are in a state of motion and thus resist the sudden stop), why it's much harder to stop when ice skating than walking (there's less friction, thus less net force to decelerate), and much, much, more. The importance of Newton's first law (and by extension, the other laws of motion) is not readily apparent, but serves as a basis to explain much of our daily interactions with our surroundings.

It can also apply to things outside of our daily interactions - space, for example. Newton's first law describes why an astronaut in space will continuously float in a direction forever if they are not pulled in by an asteroid or a planet's gravitational force. There is a lack of a net force opposing the astronaut's motion (due to the fact that there is no air in space) which results in the astronaut having a constant velocity. Floating off into space is probably an astronaut's worst nightmare, a scenario that a recent movie, ''Gravity'', explored. The entire premise of the movie (Sandra Bullock becomes untethered from her space station) relies on Newton's first law of motion.
==History==

While Galileo is the one credited with the idea of inertia motion, it was René Descartes, a French philosopher, who would expand upon Galileo's ideas. Descartes went on to propose three fundamental laws of nature in his book, ''Principles of Philosophy'', the first of which stated that "each thing, as far as is in its power, always remains in the same state; and that consequently, when it is once moved, it always continues to move." Thus, while the concept of inertia is often referred to as Newton's First Law, it was first described by Galileo and then perfected by Descartes decades before Newton published his findings.

As for Newton, he first described his three laws of motion in ''The Mathematical Principle of Natural Philosophy'', for the Principia, which was published in 1687. These laws described the relationship between an object and the forces acting upon it and laid the foundation for classical mechanics. While Newton's first law came from the work of Descartes and Galileo, his other laws are the work of himself.

==The Main Idea==
To be exact, the definition of the Electric Field is as follows:
The electric field is a region around a charged particle or object within which a force would be exerted on other objects.
If we put a charged particle at a location and it experiences a force, it would be logical to assume that there is something present that
is interacting with the particle. This "virtual force" is in essence the electric field.
===A Mathematical Model===

The electric field can be expressed mathematically as follows:

<math>{\vec{F_{net}} = 0 \Leftrightarrow \frac{d\vec{v}}{dt}} = 0</math>

<math>{\vec{F_{2}} = {q_{1}}{\vec{E_{1}}} \Leftrightarrow \frac{d\vec{v}}{dt}} </math>

which can be translated to postulate that the force on particle 2 is determined by the charge of particle 2 and the electric
field.

==Examples==

The following examples are to test your basic understanding of the Electric Field. For more examples that test your knowledge of all three of the laws, peruse the class textbook.

===Simple===
Which way is the electric field going for a negatively charged particle?

[[File:Simple111.png]]

It's easy to see that the electric field is pointing toward the negatively charged particle. The electric field is tending
toward the negatively charged particle.

===Middling===
Does the object in the following image have a net force of zero? Does it have a constant velocity?

This example is slightly more difficult, but is still quite trivial. If we sum the forces in the x direction, we see that the net force is 2 newtons in the -x direction. Therefore, the object does not have a constant velocity, and will be accelerating in the -x direction.

===Difficult===
Does the object in the following image have a net force of zero? Does it have a constant velocity?

This final example tests your knowledge and understanding of Newton's First Law. We're able to see that the box will accelerate in the -x direction because the net force in the x direction is 5 newtons to the left. However, the box itself has a velocity of 5m/s upwards, which would indeed stay constant. This is because forces (and motion) in perpendicular directions are of each other.

==Connectedness==

Newton's laws of motion tie into almost everything that we see or do. The first law, in particular, explains why we suddenly lurch forward when a car suddenly stops (our bodies are in a state of motion and thus resist the sudden stop), why it's much harder to stop when ice skating than walking (there's less friction, thus less net force to decelerate), and much, much, more. The importance of Newton's first law (and by extension, the other laws of motion) is not readily apparent, but serves as a basis to explain much of our daily interactions with our surroundings.

It can also apply to things outside of our daily interactions - space, for example. Newton's first law describes why an astronaut in space will continuously float in a direction forever if they are not pulled in by an asteroid or a planet's gravitational force. There is a lack of a net force opposing the astronaut's motion (due to the fact that there is no air in space) which results in the astronaut having a constant velocity. Floating off into space is probably an astronaut's worst nightmare, a scenario that a recent movie, ''Gravity'', explored. The entire premise of the movie (Sandra Bullock becomes untethered from her space station) relies on Newton's first law of motion.
==History==

While Galileo is the one credited with the idea of inertia motion, it was René Descartes, a French philosopher, who would expand upon Galileo's ideas. Descartes went on to propose three fundamental laws of nature in his book, ''Principles of Philosophy'', the first of which stated that "each thing, as far as is in its power, always remains in the same state; and that consequently, when it is once moved, it always continues to move." Thus, while the concept of inertia is often referred to as Newton's First Law, it was first described by Galileo and then perfected by Descartes decades before Newton published his findings.

As for Newton, he first described his three laws of motion in ''The Mathematical Principle of Natural Philosophy'', for the Principia, which was published in 1687. These laws described the relationship between an object and the forces acting upon it and laid the foundation for classical mechanics. While Newton's first law came from the work of Descartes and Galileo, his other laws are the work of himself.

==The Main Idea==
To be exact, the definition of the Electric Field is as follows:
The electric field is a region around a charged particle or object within which a force would be exerted on other objects.
If we put a charged particle at a location and it experiences a force, it would be logical to assume that there is something present that
is interacting with the particle. This "virtual force" is in essence the electric field.
===A Mathematical Model===

The electric field can be expressed mathematically as follows:

<math>{\vec{F_{net}} = 0 \Leftrightarrow \frac{d\vec{v}}{dt}} = 0</math>

<math>{\vec{F_{2}} = {q_{1}}{\vec{E_{1}}} \Leftrightarrow \frac{d\vec{v}}{dt}} = 0</math>

which can be translated to postulate that the force on particle 2 is determined by the charge of particle 2 and the electric
field.

==Examples==

The following examples are to test your basic understanding of the Electric Field. For more examples that test your knowledge of all three of the laws, peruse the class textbook.

===Simple===
Which way is the electric field going for a negatively charged particle?

[[File:Example.jpg]]

It's easy to see that the electric field is pointing toward the negatively charged particle. The electric field is tending
toward the negatively charged particle.

===Middling===
Does the object in the following image have a net force of zero? Does it have a constant velocity?

This example is slightly more difficult, but is still quite trivial. If we sum the forces in the x direction, we see that the net force is 2 newtons in the -x direction. Therefore, the object does not have a constant velocity, and will be accelerating in the -x direction.

===Difficult===
Does the object in the following image have a net force of zero? Does it have a constant velocity?

This final example tests your knowledge and understanding of Newton's First Law. We're able to see that the box will accelerate in the -x direction because the net force in the x direction is 5 newtons to the left. However, the box itself has a velocity of 5m/s upwards, which would indeed stay constant. This is because forces (and motion) in perpendicular directions are of each other.

==Connectedness==

Newton's laws of motion tie into almost everything that we see or do. The first law, in particular, explains why we suddenly lurch forward when a car suddenly stops (our bodies are in a state of motion and thus resist the sudden stop), why it's much harder to stop when ice skating than walking (there's less friction, thus less net force to decelerate), and much, much, more. The importance of Newton's first law (and by extension, the other laws of motion) is not readily apparent, but serves as a basis to explain much of our daily interactions with our surroundings.

It can also apply to things outside of our daily interactions - space, for example. Newton's first law describes why an astronaut in space will continuously float in a direction forever if they are not pulled in by an asteroid or a planet's gravitational force. There is a lack of a net force opposing the astronaut's motion (due to the fact that there is no air in space) which results in the astronaut having a constant velocity. Floating off into space is probably an astronaut's worst nightmare, a scenario that a recent movie, ''Gravity'', explored. The entire premise of the movie (Sandra Bullock becomes untethered from her space station) relies on Newton's first law of motion.
==History==

While Galileo is the one credited with the idea of inertia motion, it was René Descartes, a French philosopher, who would expand upon Galileo's ideas. Descartes went on to propose three fundamental laws of nature in his book, ''Principles of Philosophy'', the first of which stated that "each thing, as far as is in its power, always remains in the same state; and that consequently, when it is once moved, it always continues to move." Thus, while the concept of inertia is often referred to as Newton's First Law, it was first described by Galileo and then perfected by Descartes decades before Newton published his findings.

As for Newton, he first described his three laws of motion in ''The Mathematical Principle of Natural Philosophy'', for the Principia, which was published in 1687. These laws described the relationship between an object and the forces acting upon it and laid the foundation for classical mechanics. While Newton's first law came from the work of Descartes and Galileo, his other laws are the work of himself.

==The Main Idea==
To be exact, the definition of the Electric Field is as follows:
The electric field is a region around a charged particle or object within which a force would be exerted on other charged particles or objects.
If we put a charged particle at a location and it experiences a force, it would be logical to assume that there is something present that
is interacting with the particle. This "virtual force" is in essence the electric field.
===A Mathematical Model===

The electric field can be expressed mathematically as follows:

<math>{\vec{F_{net}} = 0 \Leftrightarrow \frac{d\vec{v}}{dt}} = 0</math>

<math>{\vec{F_{2}} = {q_{1}}{\vec{E_{1}}} \Leftrightarrow \frac{d\vec{v}}{dt}} = 0</math>

which can be translated to postulate that the force on particle 2 is determined by the charge of particle 2 and the electric
field.

==Examples==

The following examples are to test your basic understanding of Newton's First Law. For more examples that test your knowledge of all three of the laws, click .

===Simple===
Does the object in the following image have a net force of zero? Does it have a constant velocity?

It's easy to see that the only force on the object is acting in the +x direction, with a magnitude of 5 newtons. Therefore, the object does not have a net force of zero or a constant velocity. It will be accelerating in the +x direction.

===Middling===
Does the object in the following image have a net force of zero? Does it have a constant velocity?

This example is slightly more difficult, but is still quite trivial. If we sum the forces in the x direction, we see that the net force is 2 newtons in the -x direction. Therefore, the object does not have a constant velocity, and will be accelerating in the -x direction.

===Difficult===
Does the object in the following image have a net force of zero? Does it have a constant velocity?

This final example tests your knowledge and understanding of Newton's First Law. We're able to see that the box will accelerate in the -x direction because the net force in the x direction is 5 newtons to the left. However, the box itself has a velocity of 5m/s upwards, which would indeed stay constant. This is because forces (and motion) in perpendicular directions are of each other.

==Connectedness==

Newton's laws of motion tie into almost everything that we see or do. The first law, in particular, explains why we suddenly lurch forward when a car suddenly stops (our bodies are in a state of motion and thus resist the sudden stop), why it's much harder to stop when ice skating than walking (there's less friction, thus less net force to decelerate), and much, much, more. The importance of Newton's first law (and by extension, the other laws of motion) is not readily apparent, but serves as a basis to explain much of our daily interactions with our surroundings.

It can also apply to things outside of our daily interactions - space, for example. Newton's first law describes why an astronaut in space will continuously float in a direction forever if they are not pulled in by an asteroid or a planet's gravitational force. There is a lack of a net force opposing the astronaut's motion (due to the fact that there is no air in space) which results in the astronaut having a constant velocity. Floating off into space is probably an astronaut's worst nightmare, a scenario that a recent movie, ''Gravity'', explored. The entire premise of the movie (Sandra Bullock becomes untethered from her space station) relies on Newton's first law of motion.
==History==

While Galileo is the one credited with the idea of inertia motion, it was René Descartes, a French philosopher, who would expand upon Galileo's ideas. Descartes went on to propose three fundamental laws of nature in his book, ''Principles of Philosophy'', the first of which stated that "each thing, as far as is in its power, always remains in the same state; and that consequently, when it is once moved, it always continues to move." Thus, while the concept of inertia is often referred to as Newton's First Law, it was first described by Galileo and then perfected by Descartes decades before Newton published his findings.

As for Newton, he first described his three laws of motion in ''The Mathematical Principle of Natural Philosophy'', for the Principia, which was published in 1687. These laws described the relationship between an object and the forces acting upon it and laid the foundation for classical mechanics. While Newton's first law came from the work of Descartes and Galileo, his other laws are the work of himself.

==The Main Idea==
To be exact, the definition of the First Law of Motion is as follows:
The electric field is a region around a charged particle or object within which a force would be exerted on other charged particles or objects.
In other (and much simpler) terms, it means that an object at rest stays at rest and an object in in motion stays in motion at a constant velocity unless acted on by an unbalanced net force. It's important to keep in mind that only a difference in affect the velocity of an object. The amount of change in velocity is determined by
===A Mathematical Model===

Newton's first law can be stated mathematically as follows:

<math>{\vec{F_{net}} = 0 \Leftrightarrow \frac{d\vec{v}}{dt}} = 0</math>

Where...

<math>\vec{F_{net}}</math> is the net force from the surroundings.

<math>d\vec{v}</math> is the change in velocity of the system.

<math>dt</math> is the change in time of the system

If we trace this formula from the left to the right, we can see that if the net force on an object is zero, then the change in velocity of an object is also zero. Conversely, if we were given an object and told that its change in momentum is zero, then we can deduce that the net force acting on the object is also zero. Keep in mind, however, that this formula simple deals with the '''change''' in velocity. It does '''not''' mean that the object is at rest, only that its velocity remains constant.

==Examples==

The following examples are to test your basic understanding of Newton's First Law. For more examples that test your knowledge of all three of the laws, click .

===Simple===
Does the object in the following image have a net force of zero? Does it have a constant velocity?

It's easy to see that the only force on the object is acting in the +x direction, with a magnitude of 5 newtons. Therefore, the object does not have a net force of zero or a constant velocity. It will be accelerating in the +x direction.

===Middling===
Does the object in the following image have a net force of zero? Does it have a constant velocity?

This example is slightly more difficult, but is still quite trivial. If we sum the forces in the x direction, we see that the net force is 2 newtons in the -x direction. Therefore, the object does not have a constant velocity, and will be accelerating in the -x direction.

===Difficult===
Does the object in the following image have a net force of zero? Does it have a constant velocity?

This final example tests your knowledge and understanding of Newton's First Law. We're able to see that the box will accelerate in the -x direction because the net force in the x direction is 5 newtons to the left. However, the box itself has a velocity of 5m/s upwards, which would indeed stay constant. This is because forces (and motion) in perpendicular directions are of each other.

==Connectedness==

Newton's laws of motion tie into almost everything that we see or do. The first law, in particular, explains why we suddenly lurch forward when a car suddenly stops (our bodies are in a state of motion and thus resist the sudden stop), why it's much harder to stop when ice skating than walking (there's less friction, thus less net force to decelerate), and much, much, more. The importance of Newton's first law (and by extension, the other laws of motion) is not readily apparent, but serves as a basis to explain much of our daily interactions with our surroundings.

It can also apply to things outside of our daily interactions - space, for example. Newton's first law describes why an astronaut in space will continuously float in a direction forever if they are not pulled in by an asteroid or a planet's gravitational force. There is a lack of a net force opposing the astronaut's motion (due to the fact that there is no air in space) which results in the astronaut having a constant velocity. Floating off into space is probably an astronaut's worst nightmare, a scenario that a recent movie, ''Gravity'', explored. The entire premise of the movie (Sandra Bullock becomes untethered from her space station) relies on Newton's first law of motion.
==History==

While Galileo is the one credited with the idea of inertia motion, it was René Descartes, a French philosopher, who would expand upon Galileo's ideas. Descartes went on to propose three fundamental laws of nature in his book, ''Principles of Philosophy'', the first of which stated that "each thing, as far as is in its power, always remains in the same state; and that consequently, when it is once moved, it always continues to move." Thus, while the concept of inertia is often referred to as Newton's First Law, it was first described by Galileo and then perfected by Descartes decades before Newton published his findings.

As for Newton, he first described his three laws of motion in ''The Mathematical Principle of Natural Philosophy'', for the Principia, which was published in 1687. These laws described the relationship between an object and the forces acting upon it and laid the foundation for classical mechanics. While Newton's first law came from the work of Descartes and Galileo, his other laws are the work of himself.

==The Main Idea==
To be exact, the definition of the First Law of Motion is as follows:
The electric field is a region around a charged particle or object within which a force would be exerted on other charged particles or objects.
In other (and much simpler) terms, it means that an object at rest stays at rest and an object in in motion stays in motion at a constant velocity unless acted on by an unbalanced net force. It's important to keep in mind that only a difference in affect the velocity of an object. The amount of change in velocity is determined by
===A Mathematical Model===

Newton's first law can be stated mathematically as follows:

<math>{\vec{F_{net}} = 0 \Leftrightarrow \frac{d\vec{v}}{dt}} = 0</math>

Where...

<math>\vec{F_{net}}</math> is the net force from the surroundings.

<math>d\vec{v}</math> is the change in velocity of the system.

<math>dt</math> is the change in time of the system

If we trace this formula from the left to the right, we can see that if the net force on an object is zero, then the change in velocity of an object is also zero. Conversely, if we were given an object and told that its change in momentum is zero, then we can deduce that the net force acting on the object is also zero. Keep in mind, however, that this formula simple deals with the '''change''' in velocity. It does '''not''' mean that the object is at rest, only that its velocity remains constant.

==Examples==

The following examples are to test your basic understanding of Newton's First Law. For more examples that test your knowledge of all three of the laws, click .

===Simple===
Does the object in the following image have a net force of zero? Does it have a constant velocity?

It's easy to see that the only force on the object is acting in the +x direction, with a magnitude of 5 newtons. Therefore, the object does not have a net force of zero or a constant velocity. It will be accelerating in the +x direction.

===Middling===
Does the object in the following image have a net force of zero? Does it have a constant velocity?

This example is slightly more difficult, but is still quite trivial. If we sum the forces in the x direction, we see that the net force is 2 newtons in the -x direction. Therefore, the object does not have a constant velocity, and will be accelerating in the -x direction.

===Difficult===
Does the object in the following image have a net force of zero? Does it have a constant velocity?

This final example tests your knowledge and understanding of Newton's First Law. We're able to see that the box will accelerate in the -x direction because the net force in the x direction is 5 newtons to the left. However, the box itself has a velocity of 5m/s upwards, which would indeed stay constant. This is because forces (and motion) in perpendicular directions are of each other.

==Connectedness==

Newton's laws of motion tie into almost everything that we see or do. The first law, in particular, explains why we suddenly lurch forward when a car suddenly stops (our bodies are in a state of motion and thus resist the sudden stop), why it's much harder to stop when ice skating than walking (there's less friction, thus less net force to decelerate), and much, much, more. The importance of Newton's first law (and by extension, the other laws of motion) is not readily apparent, but serves as a basis to explain much of our daily interactions with our surroundings.

It can also apply to things outside of our daily interactions - space, for example. Newton's first law describes why an astronaut in space will continuously float in a direction forever if they are not pulled in by an asteroid or a planet's gravitational force. There is a lack of a net force opposing the astronaut's motion (due to the fact that there is no air in space) which results in the astronaut having a constant velocity. Floating off into space is probably an astronaut's worst nightmare, a scenario that a recent movie, ''Gravity'', explored. The entire premise of the movie (Sandra Bullock becomes untethered from her space station) relies on Newton's first law of motion.
==History==

While Galileo is the one credited with the idea of inertia motion, it was René Descartes, a French philosopher, who would expand upon Galileo's ideas. Descartes went on to propose three fundamental laws of nature in his book, ''Principles of Philosophy'', the first of which stated that "each thing, as far as is in its power, always remains in the same state; and that consequently, when it is once moved, it always continues to move." Thus, while the concept of inertia is often referred to as Newton's First Law, it was first described by Galileo and then perfected by Descartes decades before Newton published his findings.

As for Newton, he first described his three laws of motion in ''The Mathematical Principle of Natural Philosophy'', for the Principia, which was published in 1687. These laws described the relationship between an object and the forces acting upon it and laid the foundation for classical mechanics. While Newton's first law came from the work of Descartes and Galileo, his other laws are the work of himself.

==The Main Idea==
To be exact, the definition of the First Law of Motion is as follows:
Every body persists in its state of rest or of moving with constant speed in a constant direction, except to the extent that it is compelled to change that state by forces acting on it.
In other (and much simpler) terms, it means that an object at rest stays at rest and an object in in motion stays in motion at a constant velocity unless acted on by an unbalanced net force. It's important to keep in mind that only a difference in [http://www.physicsclassroom.com/class/newtlaws/Lesson-2/Determining-the-Net-Force net force] can affect the velocity of an object. The amount of change in velocity is determined by [http://www.physicsclassroom.com/class/newtlaws/Lesson-3/Newton-s-Second-Law Newton's Second Law of Motion].

===A Mathematical Model===

Newton's first law can be stated mathematically as follows:

<math>{\vec{F_{net}} = 0 \Leftrightarrow \frac{d\vec{v}}{dt}} = 0</math>

Where...

<math>\vec{F_{net}}</math> is the net force from the surroundings.

<math>d\vec{v}</math> is the change in velocity of the system.

<math>dt</math> is the change in time of the system

If we trace this formula from the left to the right, we can see that if the net force on an object is zero, then the change in velocity of an object is also zero. Conversely, if we were given an object and told that its change in momentum is zero, then we can deduce that the net force acting on the object is also zero. Keep in mind, however, that this formula simple deals with the '''change''' in velocity. It does '''not''' mean that the object is at rest, only that its velocity remains constant.

==Examples==

The following examples are to test your basic understanding of Newton's First Law. For more examples that test your knowledge of all three of the laws, click [http://www.physicsclassroom.com/calcpad/newtlaws/problems here].

===Simple===
Does the object in the following image have a net force of zero? Does it have a constant velocity?

[[File:Newtonfirstlawsimple.png|400px]]

It's easy to see that the only force on the object is acting in the +x direction, with a magnitude of 5 newtons. Therefore, the object does not have a net force of zero or a constant velocity. It will be accelerating in the +x direction.

===Middling===
Does the object in the following image have a net force of zero? Does it have a constant velocity?

[[File:Newtonfirstlawmedium.png|400px]]

This example is slightly more difficult, but is still quite trivial. If we sum the forces in the x direction, we see that the net force is 2 newtons in the -x direction. Therefore, the object does not have a constant velocity, and will be accelerating in the -x direction.

===Difficult===
Does the object in the following image have a net force of zero? Does it have a constant velocity?

[[File:Newtonsfirstlawhard.png|400px]]

This final example tests your knowledge and understanding of Newton's First Law. We're able to see that the box will accelerate in the -x direction because the net force in the x direction is 5 newtons to the left. However, the box itself has a velocity of 5m/s upwards, which would indeed stay constant. This is because forces (and motion) in perpendicular directions are [http://www.physicsclassroom.com/class/vectors/Lesson-1/Independence-of-Perpendicular-Components-of-Motion independent] of each other.

==Connectedness==

[[File:Tablecloth.gif|left|300px|thumb|The "magic trick" of ripping off a table cloth without the plates on top moving is an example of Newton's First Law. The tableware is in a state of rest, and thus want to remain in such a state.]]

Newton's laws of motion tie into almost everything that we see or do. The first law, in particular, explains why we suddenly lurch forward when a car suddenly stops (our bodies are in a state of motion and thus resist the sudden stop), why it's much harder to stop when ice skating than walking (there's less friction, thus less net force to decelerate), and much, much, more. The importance of Newton's first law (and by extension, the other laws of motion) is not readily apparent, but serves as a basis to explain much of our daily interactions with our surroundings.

It can also apply to things outside of our daily interactions - space, for example. Newton's first law describes why an astronaut in space will continuously float in a direction forever if they are not pulled in by an asteroid or a planet's gravitational force. There is a lack of a net force opposing the astronaut's motion (due to the fact that there is no air in space) which results in the astronaut having a constant velocity. Floating off into space is probably an astronaut's worst nightmare, a scenario that a recent movie, ''Gravity'', explored. The entire premise of the movie (Sandra Bullock becomes untethered from her space station) relies on Newton's first law of motion.
==History==

While Galileo is the one credited with the idea of inertia motion, it was René Descartes, a French philosopher, who would expand upon Galileo's ideas. Descartes went on to propose three fundamental laws of nature in his book, ''Principles of Philosophy'', the first of which stated that "each thing, as far as is in its power, always remains in the same state; and that consequently, when it is once moved, it always continues to move." Thus, while the concept of inertia is often referred to as Newton's First Law, it was first described by Galileo and then perfected by Descartes decades before Newton published his findings.

As for Newton, he first described his three laws of motion in ''The Mathematical Principle of Natural Philosophy'', for the Principia, which was published in 1687. These laws described the relationship between an object and the forces acting upon it and laid the foundation for classical mechanics. While Newton's first law came from the work of Descartes and Galileo, his other laws are the work of himself.

==Electric Field==
The electric field created by a charge is present throughout space at all times, whether or not there is another charge around to feel its effects. The electric field created by a charge penetrates through matter. The field permeates the neighboring space, biding its time until it can affect anything brought into its space of interaction.
*[[Vectors]]
*[[Right-Hand Rule]]
*[[Right Hand Rule]]
</div>
</div>

<div class="toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">

====Electric force====
<div class="mw-collapsible-content">

*[[Electric Force]] Claimed by Amarachi Eze
*[[Lorentz Force]]
</div>
</div>

<div class="toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">

====Electric field of a point particle====

<div class="mw-collapsible-content">
*[[Point Charge]]
</div>
</div>

<div class="toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">

'''Bold text'''====Superposition====
<div class="mw-collapsible-content">
*[[Superposition Principle]]
*[[Superposition principle]]
</div>
</div>

<div class="toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">

====Dipoles====
<div class="mw-collapsible-content">
*[[Electric Dipole]]
*[[Magnetic Dipole]]
</div>
</div>

===Week 2===
<div class="toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">
====Interactions of charged objects====
<div class="mw-collapsible-content">
*[[Electric Field]]
*[[Electric Potential]]
*[[Electric Force]]
*[[Lorentz Force]]
</div>
</div>

<div class="toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">
====Tape experiments====
<div class="mw-collapsible-content">
*[[Polarization]]
*[[Electric Polarization]]
</div>
</div>

<div class="toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">
====Polarization====
<div class="mw-collapsible-content">
*[[Polarization]]
*[[Electric Polarization]]
*[[Polarization of an Atom]]
</div>
</div>

===Week 3===
<div class="toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">
====Insulators====
<div class="mw-collapsible-content">
*[[Insulators]]
*[[Potential Difference in an Insulator]]
*[[Charged Conductor and Charged Insulator]]
*[[Charged conductor and charged insulator]]
</div>
</div>

<div class="toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">
====Conductors====
<div class="mw-collapsible-content">
*[[Conductivity]]
*[[Charge Transfer]]
*[[Resistivity]]
*[[Polarization of a conductor]]
*[[Charged Conductor and Charged Insulator]]
*[[Charged conductor and charged insulator]]
</div>
</div>

<div class="toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">
====Charging and discharging====
<div class="mw-collapsible-content">
*[[Charge Transfer]]
*[[Electrostatic Discharge]]
*[[Charged Conductor and Charged Insulator]]
*[[Charged conductor and charged insulator]]
</div>
</div>

===Week 4===
<div class="toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">
====Field of a charged rod====
<div class="mw-collapsible-content">
*[[Charged Rod]]
</div>
</div>

<div class="toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">

====Field of a charged ring/disk/capacitor====
<div class="mw-collapsible-content">
*[[Charged Ring]]
*[[Charged Disk]]
*[[Charged Capacitor]]
</div>
</div>

<div class="toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">

====Field of a charged sphere====
<div class="mw-collapsible-content">
*[[Charged Spherical Shell]]
*[[Field of a Charged Ball]]
</div>
</div>

===Week 5===
<div class="toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">
====Potential energy====
<div class="mw-collapsible-content">
*[[Potential Energy]]
</div>
</div>

<div class="toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">
====Electric potential====
<div class="mw-collapsible-content">
*[[Electric Potential]]
*[[Path Independence of Electric Potential]]
*[[Potential Difference Path Independence, claimed by Aditya Mohile]]
*[[Potential Difference in a Uniform Field]]
*[[Potential Difference of Point Charge in a Non-Uniform Field]]
</div>
</div>
<div class="toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">

====Sign of a potential difference====
Claimed by Tyler Quill
*Overview
----
text here
*Determining the Sign of Potential Difference
----
text here
*Understanding the Sign of Potential Difference
----
text here

test test
<div class="mw-collapsible-content">

===Overview===
The potential difference is a quantity representing the potential energy per unit of charge. The potential difference is the driving behind the current flow in circuits, and can also be referred to as "voltage" since the Volt is the unit of potential difference.

*[[Sign of Potential Difference}]
</div>

</div>
<div class="toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">

====Potential at a single location====
<div class="mw-collapsible-content">
*[[Electric Potential]]
*[[Potential Difference at One Location]]
</div>
</div>

<div class="toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">

====Path independence and round trip potential====
<div class="mw-collapsible-content">
*[[Path Independence of Electric Potential]]
*[[Potential Difference Path Independence, claimed by Aditya Mohile]]
</div>
</div>

===Week 6===
<div class="toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">
====Electric field and potential in an insulator====
<div class="mw-collapsible-content">
*[[Potential Difference in an Insulator]]
*[[Electric Field in an Insulator]]
</div>
</div>
<div class="toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">

====Moving charges in a magnetic field====
<div class="mw-collapsible-content">
*[[Magnetic Field]]
*[[Magnetic Force]]
*[[Lorentz Force]]
</div>
</div>
<div class="toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">

====Biot-Savart Law====
<div class="mw-collapsible-content">
*[[Biot-Savart Law]]
*[[Biot-Savart Law for Currents]]
</div>
</div>
<div class="toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">

====Moving charges, electron current, and conventional current====
<div class="mw-collapsible-content">
*[[Moving Point Charge]]
*[[Current]]
</div>
</div>

===Week 7=== Claimed by Diem Tran
<div class="toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">
====Magnetic field of a wire====
<div class="mw-collapsible-content">
*[[Magnetic Field of a Long Straight Wire]]
</div>
</div>

<div class="toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">
====Magnetic field of a current-carrying loop====
<div class="mw-collapsible-content">
*[[Magnetic Field of a Loop]]
</div>
</div>

<div class="toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">
====Magnetic dipoles====
<div class="mw-collapsible-content">
*[[Magnetic Dipole Moment]]
*[[Bar Magnet]]
</div>
</div>

<div class="toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">
====Atomic structure of magnets====
<div class="mw-collapsible-content">
*[[Atomic Structure of Magnets]]
</div>
</div>

===Week 8===
<div class="toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">
====Steady state current====
<div class="mw-collapsible-content">
*[[Steady State]]
*[[Non Steady State]]
</div>
</div>

<div class="toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">
====Node rule====
<div class="mw-collapsible-content">
*[[Node Rule]]
</div>
</div>

<div class="toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">
====Electric fields and energy in circuits====
<div class="mw-collapsible-content">
*[[Series circuit]] claimed by Hannah Jang
*[[Node Rule]]
*[[Loop Rule]]
*[[Electric Potential Difference]]
</div>
</div>

<div class="toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">

====Macroscopic analysis of circuits====
<div class="mw-collapsible-content">
*[[Series Circuits]]
*[[Parallel CIrcuits]]
*[[Parallel Circuits vs. Series Circuits*]]
*[[Loop Rule]]
*[[Node Rule]]
*[[Resistors*]]
</div>
</div>

===Week 9===
<div class="toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">
====Electric field and potential in circuits with capacitors====
<div class="mw-collapsible-content">
*[[Charging and Discharging a Capacitor]]
*[[RC Circuit]]
*[[R Circuit]]
*[[AC and DC]]

</div>
</div>

<div class="toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">

====Magnetic forces on charges and currents====
<div class="mw-collapsible-content">
*[[Magnetic Force]]
*[[Lorentz Force]]
*[[Applying Magnetic Force to Currents]]
*[[Magnetic Force in a Moving Reference Frame]]
*[[Right-Hand Rule]]
*[[Analysis of Railgun vs Coil gun technologies]]
</div>
</div>

<div class="toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">
====Electric and magnetic forces====
<div class="mw-collapsible-content">
*[[Electric Force]]
*[[Magnetic Force]]
*[[Lorentz Force]]
*[[VPython Modelling of Electric and Magnetic Forces]]
</div>
</div>

<div class="toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">
====Velocity selector====
<div class="mw-collapsible-content">
*[[Lorentz Force]]
*[[Combining Electric and Magnetic Forces]]
</div>
</div>

===Week 10===

====Student Content====

<div class=“toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed”>
==== Hall Effect ====
<div class="mw-collapsible-content">
*[[Hall Effect]]
*[[Motional Emf]]
*[[Magnetic Force]]
*[[Magnetic Torque]]

</div>
</div>

==Physics 3==

===Week 1===
<div class="toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">
====Classical Physics====
<div class="mw-collapsible-content">
</div>
</div>

===Week 2===
<div class="toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">
====Special Relativity====
<div class="mw-collapsible-content">
*[[Frame of Reference]]
*[[Einstein's Theory of Special Relativity]]
*[[Time Dilation]]
*[[Einstein's Theory of General Relativity]]
*[[Albert A. Micheleson & Edward W. Morley]]
*[[Magnetic Force in a Moving Reference Frame]]
</div>
</div>

===Week 3===
<div class="toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">
====Photons====
<div class="mw-collapsible-content">
*[[Spontaneous Photon Emission]]
*[[Light Scattering: Why is the Sky Blue]]
*[[Lasers]]
*[[Electronic Energy Levels and Photons]]
*[[Quantum Properties of Light]]
</div>
</div>

===Week 4===
<div class="toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">
====Matter Waves====
<div class="mw-collapsible-content">
*[[Wave-Particle Duality]]
</div>
</div>

===Week 5===
<div class="toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">
====Wave Mechanics====
<div class="mw-collapsible-content">
*[[Standing Waves]]
*[[Wavelength]]
*[[Wavelength and Frequency]]
*[[Mechanical Waves]]
*[[Transverse and Longitudinal Waves]]
</div>
</div>

===Week 6===
<div class="toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">
====Rutherford-Bohr Model====
<div class="mw-collapsible-content">
*[[Rutherford Experiment and Atomic Collisions]]
*[[Bohr Model]]
*[[Quantized energy levels]]
*[[Energy graphs and the Bohr model]]
</div>
</div>

===Week 7===
<div class="toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">
====The Hydrogen Atom====
<div class="mw-collapsible-content">
*[[Quantum Theory]]
*[[Atomic Theory]]
</div>
</div>

===Week 8===
<div class="toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">
====Many-Electron Atoms====
<div class="mw-collapsible-content">
*[[Quantum Theory]]
*[[Atomic Theory]]
*[[Pauli exclusion principle]]
</div>
</div>

===Week 9===
<div class="toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">
====Molecules====
<div class="mw-collapsible-content">
</div>
</div>

===Week 10===
<div class="toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">
====Statistical Physics====
<div class="mw-collapsible-content">
</div>
</div>

===Week 11===
<div class="toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">
====Condensed Matter Physics====
<div class="mw-collapsible-content">
</div>
</div>

===Week 12===
<div class="toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">
====The Nucleus====
<div class="mw-collapsible-content">
</div>
</div>

===Week 13===
<div class="toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">
====Nuclear Physics====
<div class="mw-collapsible-content">
*[[Nuclear Fission]]
*[[Nuclear Energy from Fission and Fusion]]
</div>
</div>

===Week 14===
<div class="toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">
====Particle Physics====
<div class="mw-collapsible-content">
*[[Elementary Particles and Particle Physics Theory]]
*[[String Theory]]
</div>
</div>

Main Page

2016-04-17T05:27:33Z

Tquill: /* Overview */

__NOTOC__
Welcome to the Georgia Tech Wiki for Introductory Physics. This resource was created so that students can contribute and curate content to help those with limited or no access to a textbook. When reading this website, please correct any errors you may come across. If you read something that isn't clear, please consider revising it for future students!

Looking to make a contribution?
#Pick one of the topics from intro physics listed below
#Add content to that topic or improve the quality of what is already there.
#Need to make a new topic? Edit this page and add it to the list under the appropriate category. Then copy and paste the default [[Template]] into your new page and start editing.

Please remember that this is not a textbook and you are not limited to expressing your ideas with only text and equations. Whenever possible embed: pictures, videos, diagrams, simulations, computational models (e.g. Glowscript), and whatever content you think makes learning physics easier for other students.

== Source Material ==
All of the content added to this resource must be in the public domain or similar free resource. If you are unsure about a source, contact the original author for permission. That said, there is a surprisingly large amount of introductory physics content scattered across the web. Here is an incomplete list of intro physics resources (please update as needed).
* A physics resource written by experts for an expert audience [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:Physics Physics Portal]
* A wiki written for students by a physics expert [http://p3server.pa.msu.edu/coursewiki/doku.php?id=183_notes MSU Physics Wiki]
* A wiki book on modern physics [https://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Modern_Physics Modern Physics Wiki]
* The MIT open courseware for intro physics [http://ocw.mit.edu/resources/res-8-002-a-wikitextbook-for-introductory-mechanics-fall-2009/index.htm MITOCW Wiki]
* An online concept map of intro physics [http://hyperphysics.phy-astr.gsu.edu/hbase/hph.html HyperPhysics]
* Interactive physics simulations [https://phet.colorado.edu/en/simulations/category/physics PhET]
* OpenStax algebra based intro physics textbook [https://openstaxcollege.org/textbooks/college-physics College Physics]
* The Open Source Physics project is a collection of online physics resources [http://www.opensourcephysics.org/ OSP]
* A resource guide compiled by the [http://www.aapt.org/ AAPT] for educators [http://www.compadre.org/ ComPADRE]

== Organizing Categories ==
These are the broad, overarching categories, that we cover in three semester of introductory physics. You can add subcategories as needed but a single topic should direct readers to a page in one of these categories.

== Resources ==
* Commonly used wiki commands [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:Cheatsheet Wiki Cheatsheet]
* A guide to representing equations in math mode [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:Displaying_a_formula Wiki Math Mode]
* A page to keep track of all the physics [[Constants]]
* A page for review of [[Vectors]] and vector operations
* A listing of [[Notable Scientist]] with links to their individual pages

<div style="float:left; width:30%; padding:1%;">
==Physics 1==
===Week 1===

====Student Content====
<div class=“toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed”>
=====Help with VPython=====
<div class=“mw-collapsible-content”>
*[[VPython]]
*[[VPython basics]]
*[[VPython Common Errors and Troubleshooting]]
*[[VPython Functions]]
*[[VPython Lists]]
*[[VPython Loops]]
*[[VPython Multithreading]]
*[[VPython Animation]]
*[[VPython Objects]]
*[[VPython 3D Objects]]
*[[VPython Reference]]
*[[VPython MapReduceFilter]]
*[[VPython GUIs]]
</div>
</div>

<div class=“toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed”>
=====Vectors and Units=====
<div class=“mw-collapsible-content”>
*[[Vectors]]
*[[SI units]]
</div>
</div>

<div class=“toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed”>

=====Interactions=====
<div class=“mw-collapsible-content”>
</div>
</div>
*[[Types of Interactions and How to Detect Them]]

<div class=“toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed”>

=====Velocity and Momentum=====
<div class=“mw-collapsible-content”>
*[[Newton’s First Law of Motion]]
*[[Velocity]]
*[[Mass]]
*[[Speed and Velocity]]
*[[Relative Velocity]]
*[[Derivation of Average Velocity]]
*[[2-Dimensional Motion]]
*[[3-Dimensional Position and Motion]]
</div>
</div>

====Expert Content====
<div class=“toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed”>

* [http://p3server.pa.msu.edu/coursewiki/doku.php?id=183_notes:vpython_resources Software for Projects]

</div>

===Week 2===
====Student Content====
<div class=“toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed”>
=====Momentum and the Momentum Principle=====
<div class=“mw-collapsible-content”>
*[[Momentum Principle]]
*[[Inertia]]
*[[Net Force]]
*[[Derivation of the Momentum Principle]]
*[[Impulse Momentum]]
*[[Acceleration]]
*[[Momentum with respect to external Forces]]
</div>
</div>

<div class=“toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed”>
=====Iterative Prediction with a Constant Force=====
<div class=“mw-collapsible-content”>
*[[Newton’s Second Law of Motion]]
*[[Iterative Prediction]]
*[[Kinematics]]
*[[Newton’s Laws and Linear Momentum]]
*[[Projectile Motion]]
</div>
</div>

====Expert Content====
<div class=“toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed”>

* [http://p3server.pa.msu.edu/coursewiki/doku.php?id=183_notes:scalars_and_vectors Scalars and Vectors]
* [http://p3server.pa.msu.edu/coursewiki/doku.php?id=183_notes:displacement_and_velocity Displacement and Velocity]
* [http://p3server.pa.msu.edu/coursewiki/doku.php?id=183_notes:modeling_with_vpython Modeling Motion with VPython]
* [http://p3server.pa.msu.edu/coursewiki/doku.php?id=183_notes:relative_motion Relative Motion]
* [http://p3server.pa.msu.edu/coursewiki/doku.php?id=183_notes:graphing_motion Graphing Motion]
* [http://p3server.pa.msu.edu/coursewiki/doku.php?id=183_notes:momentum Momentum]
* [http://p3server.pa.msu.edu/coursewiki/doku.php?id=183_notes:momentum_principle The Momentum Principle]
* [http://p3server.pa.msu.edu/coursewiki/doku.php?id=183_notes:acceleration Acceleration & The Change in Momentum]
* [http://p3server.pa.msu.edu/coursewiki/doku.php?id=183_notes:motionPredict Applying the Momentum Principle]
* [http://p3server.pa.msu.edu/coursewiki/doku.php?id=183_notes:constantF Constant Force Motion]
* [http://p3server.pa.msu.edu/coursewiki/doku.php?id=183_notes:iterativePredict Iterative Prediction of Motion]
* [http://p3server.pa.msu.edu/coursewiki/doku.php?id=183_notes:mp_multi The Momentum Principle in Multi-particle Systems]
* [http://p3server.pa.msu.edu/coursewiki/doku.php?id=183_notes:angular_motivation Why Angular Momentum?]
* [http://p3server.pa.msu.edu/coursewiki/doku.php?id=183_notes:ang_momentum Angular Momentum]
* [http://p3server.pa.msu.edu/coursewiki/doku.php?id=183_notes:L_principle Net Torque & The Angular Momentum Principle]
* [http://p3server.pa.msu.edu/coursewiki/doku.php?id=183_notes:L_conservation Angular Momentum Conservation]

</div>

===Week 3===
====Student Content====
<div class=“toccolours \
mw-collapsible mw-collapsed”>
=====Analytic Prediction with a Constant Force=====
<div \
class=“mw-collapsible-content”>
*[[Analytical Prediction]]
</div>
</div>

<div class=“toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed”>
=====Iterative Prediction with a Varying Force=====
<div \
class=“mw-collapsible-content”>
*[[Predicting Change in multiple dimensions]]
*[[Spring Force]]
*[[Hooke’s Law]]
*[[Simple Harmonic Motion]]
*[[Iterative Prediction of Spring-Mass System]]
*[[Terminal Speed]]
*[[Determinism]]
</div>
</div>

====Expert Content====
<div class=“toccolours mw-collapsible \
mw-collapsed”>

* [http://p3server.pa.msu.edu/coursewiki/doku.php?id=183_notes:drag Drag]
* [http://p3server.pa.msu.edu/coursewiki/doku.php?id=183_notes:gravitation Non-constant Force: Newtonian Gravitation]
* [http://p3server.pa.msu.edu/coursewiki/doku.php?id=183_notes:ucm Uniform Circular Motion]
* [http://p3server.pa.msu.edu/coursewiki/doku.php?id=183_notes:impulseGraphs Impulse Graphs]
* [http://p3server.pa.msu.edu/coursewiki/doku.php?id=183_notes:springMotion Non-constant Force: Springs & Spring-like Interactions]
* [http://p3server.pa.msu.edu/coursewiki/doku.php?id=183_notes:friction Contact Interactions: The Normal Force & Friction]

</div>

===Week 4===
====Student Content====
<div class=“toccolours \
mw-collapsible mw-collapsed”>
=====Fundamental Interactions=====
<div class=“mw-collapsible-content”>
*[[Gravitational Force]]
*[[Electric Force]]
*[[Reciprocity]]
</div>
</div>

====Expert Content====
<div class=“toccolours mw-collapsible \
mw-collapsed”>

* [http://p3server.pa.msu.edu/coursewiki/doku.php?id=183_notes:gravitation Non-constant Force: Newtonian Gravitation]

</div>

===Week 5===
====Student Content====
<div class=“toccolours \
mw-collapsible mw-collapsed”>
=====Conservation of Momentum=====
<div class=“mw-collapsible-content”>
*[[Conservation of Momentum]]
</div>
</div>
<div class=“toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed”>

=====Properties of Matter=====
<div class=“mw-collapsible-content”>
*[[Kinds of Matter]]
**[[Ball and Spring Model of Matter]]
*[[Density]]
*[[Length and Stiffness of an Interatomic Bond]]
*[[Young’s Modulus]]
*[[Speed of Sound in Solids]]
*[[Malleability]]
*[[Ductility]]
*[[Weight]]
*[[Hardness]]
*[[Boiling Point]]
*[[Melting Point]]
</div>
</div>

====Expert Content====
<div class=“toccolours mw-collapsible \
mw-collapsed”>

* [http://p3server.pa.msu.edu/coursewiki/doku.php?id=183_notes:model_of_a_wire Modeling a Solid Wire: springs in series and parallel]

</div>

===Week 6===
====Student Content====
<div class=“toccolours \
mw-collapsible mw-collapsed”>
=====Identifying Forces=====
<div class=“mw-collapsible-content”>
*[[Free Body Diagram]]
*[[Compression or Normal Force]]
*[[Tension]]
</div>
</div>
<div class=“toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed”>
=====Curving Motion=====
<div class=“mw-collapsible-content”>
*[[Curving Motion]]
*[[Centripetal Force and Curving Motion]]
*[[Perpetual Freefall (Orbit)]]
</div>
</div>

====Expert Content====
<div class=“toccolours mw-collapsible \
mw-collapsed”>

* [http://p3server.pa.msu.edu/coursewiki/doku.php?id=183_notes:gravitation Non-constant Force: Newtonian Gravitation]
* [http://p3server.pa.msu.edu/coursewiki/doku.php?id=183_notes:grav_accel Gravitational Acceleration]
* [http://p3server.pa.msu.edu/coursewiki/doku.php?id=183_notes:ucm Uniform Circular Motion]
* [http://p3server.pa.msu.edu/coursewiki/doku.php?id=183_notes:freebodydiagrams Free Body Diagrams]
* [http://p3server.pa.msu.edu/coursewiki/doku.php?id=183_notes:curving_motion Curved Motion]

</div>

===Week 7===
====Student Content====
<div class=“toccolours \
mw-collapsible mw-collapsed”>
=====Energy Principle=====
<div class=“mw-collapsible-content”>
*[[The Energy Principle]]
*[[Conservation of Energy]]
*[[Kinetic Energy]]
*[[Work]]
*[[Power (Mechanical)]]
</div>
</div>

====Expert Content====
<div class=“toccolours mw-collapsible \
mw-collapsed”>

* [http://p3server.pa.msu.edu/coursewiki/doku.php?id=183_notes:define_energy What is Energy?]
* [http://p3server.pa.msu.edu/coursewiki/doku.php?id=183_notes:point_particle The Simplest System: A Single Particle]
* [http://p3server.pa.msu.edu/coursewiki/doku.php?id=183_notes:work Work: Mechanical Energy Transfer]
* [http://p3server.pa.msu.edu/coursewiki/doku.php?id=183_notes:energy_cons Conservation of Energy]
* [http://p3server.pa.msu.edu/coursewiki/doku.php?id=183_notes:potential_energy Potential Energy]
* [http://p3server.pa.msu.edu/coursewiki/doku.php?id=183_notes:grav_and_spring_PE (Near Earth) Gravitational and Spring Potential Energy]
* [http://p3server.pa.msu.edu/coursewiki/doku.php?id=183_notes:force_and_PE Force and Potential Energy]
* [http://p3server.pa.msu.edu/coursewiki/doku.php?id=183_notes:newton_grav_pe Newtonian Gravitational Potential Energy]
* [http://p3server.pa.msu.edu/coursewiki/doku.php?id=183_notes:spring_PE Spring Potential Energy]

</div>

===Week 8===
====Student Content====
<div class=“toccolours \
mw-collapsible mw-collapsed”>
=====Work by Non-Constant Forces=====
<div \
class=“mw-collapsible-content”>
*[[Work Done By A Nonconstant Force]]
</div>
</div>
<div class=“toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed”>
=====Potential Energy=====
<div class=“mw-collapsible-content”>
*[[Potential Energy]]
*[[Potential Energy of Macroscopic Springs]]
*[[Spring Potential Energy]]
**[[Ball and Spring Model]]
*[[Gravitational Potential Energy]]
*[[Energy Graphs]]
*[[Escape Velocity]]
</div>
</div>

====Expert Content====
<div class=“toccolours mw-collapsible \
mw-collapsed”>

* [http://p3server.pa.msu.edu/coursewiki/doku.php?id=183_notes:work_by_nc_forces Work Done by Non-Constant Forces]
* [http://p3server.pa.msu.edu/coursewiki/doku.php?id=183_notes:potential_energy Potential Energy]
* [http://p3server.pa.msu.edu/coursewiki/doku.php?id=183_notes:grav_and_spring_PE (Near Earth) Gravitational and Spring Potential Energy]
* [http://p3server.pa.msu.edu/coursewiki/doku.php?id=183_notes:rest_mass Changes of Rest Mass Energy]
* [http://p3server.pa.msu.edu/coursewiki/doku.php?id=183_notes:force_and_PE Force and Potential Energy]
* [http://p3server.pa.msu.edu/coursewiki/doku.php?id=183_notes:newton_grav_pe Newtonian Gravitational Potential Energy]
* [http://p3server.pa.msu.edu/coursewiki/doku.php?id=183_notes:grav_pe_graphs Graphing Energy for Gravitationally Interacting Systems]
* [http://p3server.pa.msu.edu/coursewiki/doku.php?id=183_notes:spring_PE Spring Potential Energy]
* [http://p3server.pa.msu.edu/coursewiki/doku.php?id=183_notes:power Power: The Rate of Energy Change]
* [http://p3server.pa.msu.edu/coursewiki/doku.php?id=183_notes:energy_dissipation Dissipation of Energy]

</div>

===Week 9===
====Student Content====
<div class=“toccolours \
mw-collapsible mw-collapsed”>
=====Multiparticle Systems=====
<div class=“mw-collapsible-content”>
*[[Center of Mass]]
*[[Multi-particle analysis of Momentum]]
*[[Momentum with respect to external Forces]]
*[[Potential Energy of a Multiparticle System]]
*[[Work and Energy for an Extended System]]
*[[Internal Energy]]
**[[Potential Energy of a Pair of Neutral Atoms]]
</div>
</div>

====Expert Content====
<div class=“toccolours mw-collapsible \
mw-collapsed”>

* [http://p3server.pa.msu.edu/coursewiki/doku.php?id=183_notes:mp_multi The Momentum Principle in Multi-particle Systems]
* [http://p3server.pa.msu.edu/coursewiki/doku.php?id=183_notes:center_of_mass Center of Mass Motion]
* [http://p3server.pa.msu.edu/coursewiki/doku.php?id=183_notes:center_of_mass Center of Mass Motion]
* [http://p3server.pa.msu.edu/coursewiki/doku.php?id=183_notes:energy_sep Separating Energy in Multi-Particle Systems]

</div>

===Week 10===
====Student Content====
<div class=“toccolours \
mw-collapsible mw-collapsed”>
=====Choice of System=====
<div class=“mw-collapsible-content”>
*[[System & Surroundings]]
</div>
</div>
<div class=“toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed”>
=====Thermal Energy, Dissipation and Transfer of Energy=====
<div \
class=“mw-collapsible-content”>
*[[Thermal Energy]]
*[[Specific Heat]]
*[[Heat Capacity]]
*[[Specific Heat Capacity]]
*[[First Law of Thermodynamics]]
*[[Second Law of Thermodynamics and Entropy]]
*[[Temperature]]
*[[Predicting Change]]
*[[Energy Transfer due to a Temperature Difference]]
*[[Transformation of Energy]]
*[[The Maxwell-Boltzmann Distribution]]
*[[Air Resistance]]
</div>
</div>
<div class=“toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed”>
=====Rotational and Vibrational Energy=====
<div \
class=“mw-collapsible-content”>
*[[Translational, Rotational and Vibrational Energy]]
</div>
</div>

====Expert Content====
<div class=“toccolours mw-collapsible \
mw-collapsed”>

* [http://p3server.pa.msu.edu/coursewiki/doku.php?id=183_notes:grav_and_spring_PE (Near Earth) Gravitational and Spring Potential Energy]
* [http://p3server.pa.msu.edu/coursewiki/doku.php?id=183_notes:rest_mass Changes of Rest Mass Energy]
* [http://p3server.pa.msu.edu/coursewiki/doku.php?id=183_notes:newton_grav_pe Newtonian Gravitational Potential Energy]
* [http://p3server.pa.msu.edu/coursewiki/doku.php?id=183_notes:grav_pe_graphs Graphing Energy for Gravitationally Interacting Systems]
* [http://p3server.pa.msu.edu/coursewiki/doku.php?id=183_notes:escape_speed Escape Speed]
* [http://p3server.pa.msu.edu/coursewiki/doku.php?id=183_notes:spring_PE Spring Potential Energy]
* [http://p3server.pa.msu.edu/coursewiki/doku.php?id=183_notes:internal_energy Internal Energy]
* [http://p3server.pa.msu.edu/coursewiki/doku.php?id=183_notes:system_choice Choosing a System Matters]
* [http://p3server.pa.msu.edu/coursewiki/doku.php?id=183_notes:energy_dissipation Dissipation of Energy]

</div>

===Week 11===
====Student Content====
<div class=“toccolours \
mw-collapsible mw-collapsed”>
=====Different Models of a System=====
<div \
class=“mw-collapsible-content”>
*[[Real Systems]]
*[[Point Particle Systems]]
</div>
</div>
<div class=“toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed”>

=====Models of Friction=====
<div class=“mw-collapsible-content”>
*[[Friction]]
*[[Static Friction]]
</div>
</div>

====Expert Content====
<div class=“toccolours mw-collapsible \
mw-collapsed”>

* [http://p3server.pa.msu.edu/coursewiki/doku.php?id=183_notes:system_choice Choosing a System Matters]
* [http://p3server.pa.msu.edu/coursewiki/doku.php?id=183_notes:energy_dissipation Dissipation of Energy]

</div>

===Week 12===
====Student Content====
<div class=“toccolours \
mw-collapsible mw-collapsed”>
=====Collisions=====
<div class=“mw-collapsible-content”>
*[[Newton’s Third Law of Motion]]
*[[Collisions]]
*[[Elastic Collisions]]
*[[Inelastic Collisions]]
*[[Maximally Inelastic Collision]]
*[[Head-on Collision of Equal Masses]]
*[[Head-on Collision of Unequal Masses]]
*[[Scattering: Collisions in 2D and 3D]]
*[[Rutherford Experiment and Atomic Collisions]]
*[[Coefficient of Restitution]]
</div>
</div>

====Expert Content====
<div class=“toccolours mw-collapsible \
mw-collapsed”>

* [http://p3server.pa.msu.edu/coursewiki/doku.php?id=183_notes:collisions Colliding Objects]
* [http://p3server.pa.msu.edu/coursewiki/doku.php?id=183_notes:center_of_mass Center of Mass Motion]
* [http://p3server.pa.msu.edu/coursewiki/doku.php?id=183_notes:center_of_mass Center of Mass Motion]
* [http://p3server.pa.msu.edu/coursewiki/doku.php?id=183_notes:rot_KE Rotational Kinetic Energy]
* [http://p3server.pa.msu.edu/coursewiki/doku.php?id=183_notes:pp_vs_real Point Particle and Real Systems]
* [http://p3server.pa.msu.edu/coursewiki/doku.php?id=183_notes:colliding_systems Collisions]

</div>

===Week 13===
====Student Content====
<div class=“toccolours \
mw-collapsible mw-collapsed”>
=====Rotations=====
<div class=“mw-collapsible-content”>
*[[Rotation]]
*[[Angular Velocity]]
*[[Eulerian Angles]]
</div>
</div>
<div class=“toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed”>
=====Angular Momentum=====
<div class=“mw-collapsible-content”>
*[[Total Angular Momentum]]
*[[Translational Angular Momentum]]
*[[Rotational Angular Momentum]]
*[[The Angular Momentum Principle]]
*[[Angular Momentum Compared to Linear Momentum]]
*[[Angular Impulse]]
*[[Predicting the Position of a Rotating System]]
*[[Angular Momentum of Multiparticle Systems]]
*[[The Moments of Inertia]]
*[[Moment of Inertia for a cylinder]]
*[[Right Hand Rule]]
</div>
</div>

====Expert Content====
<div class=“toccolours mw-collapsible \
mw-collapsed”>

* [http://p3server.pa.msu.edu/coursewiki/doku.php?id=183_notes:rot_KE Rotational Kinetic Energy]
* [http://p3server.pa.msu.edu/coursewiki/doku.php?id=183_notes:angular_motivation Why Angular Momentum?]
* [http://p3server.pa.msu.edu/coursewiki/doku.php?id=183_notes:ang_momentum Angular Momentum]
* [http://p3server.pa.msu.edu/coursewiki/doku.php?id=183_notes:L_principle Net Torque & The Angular Momentum Principle]
* [http://p3server.pa.msu.edu/coursewiki/doku.php?id=183_notes:L_conservation Angular Momentum Conservation]

</div>
===Week 14===

====Student Content====
<div class=“toccolours mw-collapsible \
mw-collapsed”>
=====Analyzing Motion with and without Torque=====
<div \
class=“mw-collapsible-content”>
*[[Torque]]
*[[Torque 2]]
*[[Systems with Zero Torque]]
*[[Systems with Nonzero Torque]]
*[[Torque vs Work]]
*[[Gyroscopes]]
</div>
</div>

====Expert Content====
<div class=“toccolours mw-collapsible \
mw-collapsed”>

* [http://p3server.pa.msu.edu/coursewiki/doku.php?id=183_notes:discovery_of_the_nucleus Discovery of the Nucleus]
* [http://p3server.pa.msu.edu/coursewiki/doku.php?id=183_notes:torque Torques Cause Changes in Rotation]
* [http://p3server.pa.msu.edu/coursewiki/doku.php?id=183_notes:L_principle Net Torque & The Angular Momentum Principle]

</div>

===Week 15===

====Student Content====
<div class=“toccolours mw-collapsible \
mw-collapsed”>
=====Introduction to Quantum Concepts=====
<div \class=“mw-collapsible-content”>
*[[Bohr Model]]
*[[Energy graphs and the Bohr model]]
*[[Quantized energy levels]]
</div>
</div>

====Expert Content====
<div class=“toccolours mw-collapsible \
mw-collapsed”>

* [http://p3server.pa.msu.edu/coursewiki/doku.php?id=183_notes:discovery_of_the_nucleus Discovery of the Nucleus]

</div>

<div style=“float:left; width:30%; padding:1%;”>

==Physics 2==
===Week 1===
<div class="toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">
====3D Vectors====
<div class="mw-collapsible-content">
*[[Page claimed by Laura Winalski]]*
*[[Vectors]]
*[[Right-Hand Rule]]
*[[Right Hand Rule]]
</div>
</div>

<div class="toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">

'''CLAIMED BY DIPRO CHAKRABORTY'''

'''CLAIMED BY DIPRO CHAKRABORTY'''
'''CLAIMED BY DIPRO CHAKRABORTY'''
'''CLAIMED BY DIPRO CHAKRABORTY'''

'''CLAIMED BY DIPRO CHAKRABORTY'''
====Electric field====
<div class="mw-collapsible-content">

[[Electric field]]

The electric field created by a charge is present throughout space at all times, whether or not there is another charge around to feel its effects. The electric field created by a charge penetrates through matter. The field permeates the neighboring space, biding its time until it can affect anything brought into its space of interaction.

==The Main Idea==
To be exact, the definition of the Electric Field is as follows:
The electric field is a region around a charged particle or object within which a force would be exerted on other objects.
If we put a charged particle at a location and it experiences a force, it would be logical to assume that there is something present that
is interacting with the particle. This "virtual force" is in essence the electric field.
===A Mathematical Model===

The electric field can be expressed mathematically as follows:

<math>{\vec{F_{net}} = 0 \Leftrightarrow \frac{d\vec{v}}{dt}} = 0</math>

<math>{\vec{F_{2}} = {q_{1}}{\vec{E_{1}}} \Leftrightarrow \frac{d\vec{v}}{dt}} </math>

which can be translated to postulate that the force on particle 2 is determined by the charge of particle 2 and the electric
field.

==Examples==

The following examples are to test your basic understanding of the Electric Field. For more examples that test your knowledge of all three of the laws, peruse the class textbook.

===Simple===
Which way is the electric field going for a negatively charged particle?

[[File:Simple111.png]]

It's easy to see that the electric field is pointing toward the negatively charged particle. The electric field is tending
toward the negatively charged particle.

===Middling===
Does the object in the following image have a net force of zero? Does it have a constant velocity?

This example is slightly more difficult, but is still quite trivial. If we sum the forces in the x direction, we see that the net force is 2 newtons in the -x direction. Therefore, the object does not have a constant velocity, and will be accelerating in the -x direction.

===Difficult===
Does the object in the following image have a net force of zero? Does it have a constant velocity?

This final example tests your knowledge and understanding of Newton's First Law. We're able to see that the box will accelerate in the -x direction because the net force in the x direction is 5 newtons to the left. However, the box itself has a velocity of 5m/s upwards, which would indeed stay constant. This is because forces (and motion) in perpendicular directions are of each other.

==Connectedness==

Newton's laws of motion tie into almost everything that we see or do. The first law, in particular, explains why we suddenly lurch forward when a car suddenly stops (our bodies are in a state of motion and thus resist the sudden stop), why it's much harder to stop when ice skating than walking (there's less friction, thus less net force to decelerate), and much, much, more. The importance of Newton's first law (and by extension, the other laws of motion) is not readily apparent, but serves as a basis to explain much of our daily interactions with our surroundings.

It can also apply to things outside of our daily interactions - space, for example. Newton's first law describes why an astronaut in space will continuously float in a direction forever if they are not pulled in by an asteroid or a planet's gravitational force. There is a lack of a net force opposing the astronaut's motion (due to the fact that there is no air in space) which results in the astronaut having a constant velocity. Floating off into space is probably an astronaut's worst nightmare, a scenario that a recent movie, ''Gravity'', explored. The entire premise of the movie (Sandra Bullock becomes untethered from her space station) relies on Newton's first law of motion.
==History==

While Galileo is the one credited with the idea of inertia motion, it was René Descartes, a French philosopher, who would expand upon Galileo's ideas. Descartes went on to propose three fundamental laws of nature in his book, ''Principles of Philosophy'', the first of which stated that "each thing, as far as is in its power, always remains in the same state; and that consequently, when it is once moved, it always continues to move." Thus, while the concept of inertia is often referred to as Newton's First Law, it was first described by Galileo and then perfected by Descartes decades before Newton published his findings.

As for Newton, he first described his three laws of motion in ''The Mathematical Principle of Natural Philosophy'', for the Principia, which was published in 1687. These laws described the relationship between an object and the forces acting upon it and laid the foundation for classical mechanics. While Newton's first law came from the work of Descartes and Galileo, his other laws are the work of himself.

==The Main Idea==
To be exact, the definition of the Electric Field is as follows:
The electric field is a region around a charged particle or object within which a force would be exerted on other objects.
If we put a charged particle at a location and it experiences a force, it would be logical to assume that there is something present that
is interacting with the particle. This "virtual force" is in essence the electric field.
===A Mathematical Model===

The electric field can be expressed mathematically as follows:

<math>{\vec{F_{net}} = 0 \Leftrightarrow \frac{d\vec{v}}{dt}} = 0</math>

<math>{\vec{F_{2}} = {q_{1}}{\vec{E_{1}}} \Leftrightarrow \frac{d\vec{v}}{dt}} </math>

which can be translated to postulate that the force on particle 2 is determined by the charge of particle 2 and the electric
field.

==Examples==

The following examples are to test your basic understanding of the Electric Field. For more examples that test your knowledge of all three of the laws, peruse the class textbook.

===Simple===
Which way is the electric field going for a negatively charged particle?

[[File:Simple111.png]]

It's easy to see that the electric field is pointing toward the negatively charged particle. The electric field is tending
toward the negatively charged particle.

===Middling===
Does the object in the following image have a net force of zero? Does it have a constant velocity?

This example is slightly more difficult, but is still quite trivial. If we sum the forces in the x direction, we see that the net force is 2 newtons in the -x direction. Therefore, the object does not have a constant velocity, and will be accelerating in the -x direction.

===Difficult===
Does the object in the following image have a net force of zero? Does it have a constant velocity?

This final example tests your knowledge and understanding of Newton's First Law. We're able to see that the box will accelerate in the -x direction because the net force in the x direction is 5 newtons to the left. However, the box itself has a velocity of 5m/s upwards, which would indeed stay constant. This is because forces (and motion) in perpendicular directions are of each other.

==Connectedness==

Newton's laws of motion tie into almost everything that we see or do. The first law, in particular, explains why we suddenly lurch forward when a car suddenly stops (our bodies are in a state of motion and thus resist the sudden stop), why it's much harder to stop when ice skating than walking (there's less friction, thus less net force to decelerate), and much, much, more. The importance of Newton's first law (and by extension, the other laws of motion) is not readily apparent, but serves as a basis to explain much of our daily interactions with our surroundings.

It can also apply to things outside of our daily interactions - space, for example. Newton's first law describes why an astronaut in space will continuously float in a direction forever if they are not pulled in by an asteroid or a planet's gravitational force. There is a lack of a net force opposing the astronaut's motion (due to the fact that there is no air in space) which results in the astronaut having a constant velocity. Floating off into space is probably an astronaut's worst nightmare, a scenario that a recent movie, ''Gravity'', explored. The entire premise of the movie (Sandra Bullock becomes untethered from her space station) relies on Newton's first law of motion.
==History==

While Galileo is the one credited with the idea of inertia motion, it was René Descartes, a French philosopher, who would expand upon Galileo's ideas. Descartes went on to propose three fundamental laws of nature in his book, ''Principles of Philosophy'', the first of which stated that "each thing, as far as is in its power, always remains in the same state; and that consequently, when it is once moved, it always continues to move." Thus, while the concept of inertia is often referred to as Newton's First Law, it was first described by Galileo and then perfected by Descartes decades before Newton published his findings.

As for Newton, he first described his three laws of motion in ''The Mathematical Principle of Natural Philosophy'', for the Principia, which was published in 1687. These laws described the relationship between an object and the forces acting upon it and laid the foundation for classical mechanics. While Newton's first law came from the work of Descartes and Galileo, his other laws are the work of himself.

==The Main Idea==
To be exact, the definition of the Electric Field is as follows:
The electric field is a region around a charged particle or object within which a force would be exerted on other objects.
If we put a charged particle at a location and it experiences a force, it would be logical to assume that there is something present that
is interacting with the particle. This "virtual force" is in essence the electric field.
===A Mathematical Model===

The electric field can be expressed mathematically as follows:

<math>{\vec{F_{net}} = 0 \Leftrightarrow \frac{d\vec{v}}{dt}} = 0</math>

<math>{\vec{F_{2}} = {q_{1}}{\vec{E_{1}}} \Leftrightarrow \frac{d\vec{v}}{dt}} </math>

which can be translated to postulate that the force on particle 2 is determined by the charge of particle 2 and the electric
field.

==Examples==

The following examples are to test your basic understanding of the Electric Field. For more examples that test your knowledge of all three of the laws, peruse the class textbook.

===Simple===
Which way is the electric field going for a negatively charged particle?

[[File:Simple111.png]]

It's easy to see that the electric field is pointing toward the negatively charged particle. The electric field is tending
toward the negatively charged particle.

===Middling===
Does the object in the following image have a net force of zero? Does it have a constant velocity?

This example is slightly more difficult, but is still quite trivial. If we sum the forces in the x direction, we see that the net force is 2 newtons in the -x direction. Therefore, the object does not have a constant velocity, and will be accelerating in the -x direction.

===Difficult===
Does the object in the following image have a net force of zero? Does it have a constant velocity?

This final example tests your knowledge and understanding of Newton's First Law. We're able to see that the box will accelerate in the -x direction because the net force in the x direction is 5 newtons to the left. However, the box itself has a velocity of 5m/s upwards, which would indeed stay constant. This is because forces (and motion) in perpendicular directions are of each other.

==Connectedness==

Newton's laws of motion tie into almost everything that we see or do. The first law, in particular, explains why we suddenly lurch forward when a car suddenly stops (our bodies are in a state of motion and thus resist the sudden stop), why it's much harder to stop when ice skating than walking (there's less friction, thus less net force to decelerate), and much, much, more. The importance of Newton's first law (and by extension, the other laws of motion) is not readily apparent, but serves as a basis to explain much of our daily interactions with our surroundings.

It can also apply to things outside of our daily interactions - space, for example. Newton's first law describes why an astronaut in space will continuously float in a direction forever if they are not pulled in by an asteroid or a planet's gravitational force. There is a lack of a net force opposing the astronaut's motion (due to the fact that there is no air in space) which results in the astronaut having a constant velocity. Floating off into space is probably an astronaut's worst nightmare, a scenario that a recent movie, ''Gravity'', explored. The entire premise of the movie (Sandra Bullock becomes untethered from her space station) relies on Newton's first law of motion.
==History==

While Galileo is the one credited with the idea of inertia motion, it was René Descartes, a French philosopher, who would expand upon Galileo's ideas. Descartes went on to propose three fundamental laws of nature in his book, ''Principles of Philosophy'', the first of which stated that "each thing, as far as is in its power, always remains in the same state; and that consequently, when it is once moved, it always continues to move." Thus, while the concept of inertia is often referred to as Newton's First Law, it was first described by Galileo and then perfected by Descartes decades before Newton published his findings.

As for Newton, he first described his three laws of motion in ''The Mathematical Principle of Natural Philosophy'', for the Principia, which was published in 1687. These laws described the relationship between an object and the forces acting upon it and laid the foundation for classical mechanics. While Newton's first law came from the work of Descartes and Galileo, his other laws are the work of himself.

==The Main Idea==
To be exact, the definition of the Electric Field is as follows:
The electric field is a region around a charged particle or object within which a force would be exerted on other objects.
If we put a charged particle at a location and it experiences a force, it would be logical to assume that there is something present that
is interacting with the particle. This "virtual force" is in essence the electric field.
===A Mathematical Model===

The electric field can be expressed mathematically as follows:

<math>{\vec{F_{net}} = 0 \Leftrightarrow \frac{d\vec{v}}{dt}} = 0</math>

<math>{\vec{F_{2}} = {q_{1}}{\vec{E_{1}}} \Leftrightarrow \frac{d\vec{v}}{dt}} </math>

which can be translated to postulate that the force on particle 2 is determined by the charge of particle 2 and the electric
field.

==Examples==

The following examples are to test your basic understanding of the Electric Field. For more examples that test your knowledge of all three of the laws, peruse the class textbook.

===Simple===
Which way is the electric field going for a negatively charged particle?

[[File:Simple111.png]]

It's easy to see that the electric field is pointing toward the negatively charged particle. The electric field is tending
toward the negatively charged particle.

===Middling===
Does the object in the following image have a net force of zero? Does it have a constant velocity?

This example is slightly more difficult, but is still quite trivial. If we sum the forces in the x direction, we see that the net force is 2 newtons in the -x direction. Therefore, the object does not have a constant velocity, and will be accelerating in the -x direction.

===Difficult===
Does the object in the following image have a net force of zero? Does it have a constant velocity?

This final example tests your knowledge and understanding of Newton's First Law. We're able to see that the box will accelerate in the -x direction because the net force in the x direction is 5 newtons to the left. However, the box itself has a velocity of 5m/s upwards, which would indeed stay constant. This is because forces (and motion) in perpendicular directions are of each other.

==Connectedness==

Newton's laws of motion tie into almost everything that we see or do. The first law, in particular, explains why we suddenly lurch forward when a car suddenly stops (our bodies are in a state of motion and thus resist the sudden stop), why it's much harder to stop when ice skating than walking (there's less friction, thus less net force to decelerate), and much, much, more. The importance of Newton's first law (and by extension, the other laws of motion) is not readily apparent, but serves as a basis to explain much of our daily interactions with our surroundings.

It can also apply to things outside of our daily interactions - space, for example. Newton's first law describes why an astronaut in space will continuously float in a direction forever if they are not pulled in by an asteroid or a planet's gravitational force. There is a lack of a net force opposing the astronaut's motion (due to the fact that there is no air in space) which results in the astronaut having a constant velocity. Floating off into space is probably an astronaut's worst nightmare, a scenario that a recent movie, ''Gravity'', explored. The entire premise of the movie (Sandra Bullock becomes untethered from her space station) relies on Newton's first law of motion.
==History==

While Galileo is the one credited with the idea of inertia motion, it was René Descartes, a French philosopher, who would expand upon Galileo's ideas. Descartes went on to propose three fundamental laws of nature in his book, ''Principles of Philosophy'', the first of which stated that "each thing, as far as is in its power, always remains in the same state; and that consequently, when it is once moved, it always continues to move." Thus, while the concept of inertia is often referred to as Newton's First Law, it was first described by Galileo and then perfected by Descartes decades before Newton published his findings.

As for Newton, he first described his three laws of motion in ''The Mathematical Principle of Natural Philosophy'', for the Principia, which was published in 1687. These laws described the relationship between an object and the forces acting upon it and laid the foundation for classical mechanics. While Newton's first law came from the work of Descartes and Galileo, his other laws are the work of himself.

==The Main Idea==
To be exact, the definition of the Electric Field is as follows:
The electric field is a region around a charged particle or object within which a force would be exerted on other objects.
If we put a charged particle at a location and it experiences a force, it would be logical to assume that there is something present that
is interacting with the particle. This "virtual force" is in essence the electric field.
===A Mathematical Model===

The electric field can be expressed mathematically as follows:

<math>{\vec{F_{net}} = 0 \Leftrightarrow \frac{d\vec{v}}{dt}} = 0</math>

<math>{\vec{F_{2}} = {q_{1}}{\vec{E_{1}}} \Leftrightarrow \frac{d\vec{v}}{dt}} = 0</math>

which can be translated to postulate that the force on particle 2 is determined by the charge of particle 2 and the electric
field.

==Examples==

The following examples are to test your basic understanding of the Electric Field. For more examples that test your knowledge of all three of the laws, peruse the class textbook.

===Simple===
Which way is the electric field going for a negatively charged particle?

[[File:Example.jpg]]

It's easy to see that the electric field is pointing toward the negatively charged particle. The electric field is tending
toward the negatively charged particle.

===Middling===
Does the object in the following image have a net force of zero? Does it have a constant velocity?

This example is slightly more difficult, but is still quite trivial. If we sum the forces in the x direction, we see that the net force is 2 newtons in the -x direction. Therefore, the object does not have a constant velocity, and will be accelerating in the -x direction.

===Difficult===
Does the object in the following image have a net force of zero? Does it have a constant velocity?

This final example tests your knowledge and understanding of Newton's First Law. We're able to see that the box will accelerate in the -x direction because the net force in the x direction is 5 newtons to the left. However, the box itself has a velocity of 5m/s upwards, which would indeed stay constant. This is because forces (and motion) in perpendicular directions are of each other.

==Connectedness==

Newton's laws of motion tie into almost everything that we see or do. The first law, in particular, explains why we suddenly lurch forward when a car suddenly stops (our bodies are in a state of motion and thus resist the sudden stop), why it's much harder to stop when ice skating than walking (there's less friction, thus less net force to decelerate), and much, much, more. The importance of Newton's first law (and by extension, the other laws of motion) is not readily apparent, but serves as a basis to explain much of our daily interactions with our surroundings.

It can also apply to things outside of our daily interactions - space, for example. Newton's first law describes why an astronaut in space will continuously float in a direction forever if they are not pulled in by an asteroid or a planet's gravitational force. There is a lack of a net force opposing the astronaut's motion (due to the fact that there is no air in space) which results in the astronaut having a constant velocity. Floating off into space is probably an astronaut's worst nightmare, a scenario that a recent movie, ''Gravity'', explored. The entire premise of the movie (Sandra Bullock becomes untethered from her space station) relies on Newton's first law of motion.
==History==

While Galileo is the one credited with the idea of inertia motion, it was René Descartes, a French philosopher, who would expand upon Galileo's ideas. Descartes went on to propose three fundamental laws of nature in his book, ''Principles of Philosophy'', the first of which stated that "each thing, as far as is in its power, always remains in the same state; and that consequently, when it is once moved, it always continues to move." Thus, while the concept of inertia is often referred to as Newton's First Law, it was first described by Galileo and then perfected by Descartes decades before Newton published his findings.

As for Newton, he first described his three laws of motion in ''The Mathematical Principle of Natural Philosophy'', for the Principia, which was published in 1687. These laws described the relationship between an object and the forces acting upon it and laid the foundation for classical mechanics. While Newton's first law came from the work of Descartes and Galileo, his other laws are the work of himself.

==The Main Idea==
To be exact, the definition of the Electric Field is as follows:
The electric field is a region around a charged particle or object within which a force would be exerted on other charged particles or objects.
If we put a charged particle at a location and it experiences a force, it would be logical to assume that there is something present that
is interacting with the particle. This "virtual force" is in essence the electric field.
===A Mathematical Model===

The electric field can be expressed mathematically as follows:

<math>{\vec{F_{net}} = 0 \Leftrightarrow \frac{d\vec{v}}{dt}} = 0</math>

<math>{\vec{F_{2}} = {q_{1}}{\vec{E_{1}}} \Leftrightarrow \frac{d\vec{v}}{dt}} = 0</math>

which can be translated to postulate that the force on particle 2 is determined by the charge of particle 2 and the electric
field.

==Examples==

The following examples are to test your basic understanding of Newton's First Law. For more examples that test your knowledge of all three of the laws, click .

===Simple===
Does the object in the following image have a net force of zero? Does it have a constant velocity?

It's easy to see that the only force on the object is acting in the +x direction, with a magnitude of 5 newtons. Therefore, the object does not have a net force of zero or a constant velocity. It will be accelerating in the +x direction.

===Middling===
Does the object in the following image have a net force of zero? Does it have a constant velocity?

This example is slightly more difficult, but is still quite trivial. If we sum the forces in the x direction, we see that the net force is 2 newtons in the -x direction. Therefore, the object does not have a constant velocity, and will be accelerating in the -x direction.

===Difficult===
Does the object in the following image have a net force of zero? Does it have a constant velocity?

This final example tests your knowledge and understanding of Newton's First Law. We're able to see that the box will accelerate in the -x direction because the net force in the x direction is 5 newtons to the left. However, the box itself has a velocity of 5m/s upwards, which would indeed stay constant. This is because forces (and motion) in perpendicular directions are of each other.

==Connectedness==

Newton's laws of motion tie into almost everything that we see or do. The first law, in particular, explains why we suddenly lurch forward when a car suddenly stops (our bodies are in a state of motion and thus resist the sudden stop), why it's much harder to stop when ice skating than walking (there's less friction, thus less net force to decelerate), and much, much, more. The importance of Newton's first law (and by extension, the other laws of motion) is not readily apparent, but serves as a basis to explain much of our daily interactions with our surroundings.

It can also apply to things outside of our daily interactions - space, for example. Newton's first law describes why an astronaut in space will continuously float in a direction forever if they are not pulled in by an asteroid or a planet's gravitational force. There is a lack of a net force opposing the astronaut's motion (due to the fact that there is no air in space) which results in the astronaut having a constant velocity. Floating off into space is probably an astronaut's worst nightmare, a scenario that a recent movie, ''Gravity'', explored. The entire premise of the movie (Sandra Bullock becomes untethered from her space station) relies on Newton's first law of motion.
==History==

While Galileo is the one credited with the idea of inertia motion, it was René Descartes, a French philosopher, who would expand upon Galileo's ideas. Descartes went on to propose three fundamental laws of nature in his book, ''Principles of Philosophy'', the first of which stated that "each thing, as far as is in its power, always remains in the same state; and that consequently, when it is once moved, it always continues to move." Thus, while the concept of inertia is often referred to as Newton's First Law, it was first described by Galileo and then perfected by Descartes decades before Newton published his findings.

As for Newton, he first described his three laws of motion in ''The Mathematical Principle of Natural Philosophy'', for the Principia, which was published in 1687. These laws described the relationship between an object and the forces acting upon it and laid the foundation for classical mechanics. While Newton's first law came from the work of Descartes and Galileo, his other laws are the work of himself.

==The Main Idea==
To be exact, the definition of the First Law of Motion is as follows:
The electric field is a region around a charged particle or object within which a force would be exerted on other charged particles or objects.
In other (and much simpler) terms, it means that an object at rest stays at rest and an object in in motion stays in motion at a constant velocity unless acted on by an unbalanced net force. It's important to keep in mind that only a difference in affect the velocity of an object. The amount of change in velocity is determined by
===A Mathematical Model===

Newton's first law can be stated mathematically as follows:

<math>{\vec{F_{net}} = 0 \Leftrightarrow \frac{d\vec{v}}{dt}} = 0</math>

Where...

<math>\vec{F_{net}}</math> is the net force from the surroundings.

<math>d\vec{v}</math> is the change in velocity of the system.

<math>dt</math> is the change in time of the system

If we trace this formula from the left to the right, we can see that if the net force on an object is zero, then the change in velocity of an object is also zero. Conversely, if we were given an object and told that its change in momentum is zero, then we can deduce that the net force acting on the object is also zero. Keep in mind, however, that this formula simple deals with the '''change''' in velocity. It does '''not''' mean that the object is at rest, only that its velocity remains constant.

==Examples==

The following examples are to test your basic understanding of Newton's First Law. For more examples that test your knowledge of all three of the laws, click .

===Simple===
Does the object in the following image have a net force of zero? Does it have a constant velocity?

It's easy to see that the only force on the object is acting in the +x direction, with a magnitude of 5 newtons. Therefore, the object does not have a net force of zero or a constant velocity. It will be accelerating in the +x direction.

===Middling===
Does the object in the following image have a net force of zero? Does it have a constant velocity?

This example is slightly more difficult, but is still quite trivial. If we sum the forces in the x direction, we see that the net force is 2 newtons in the -x direction. Therefore, the object does not have a constant velocity, and will be accelerating in the -x direction.

===Difficult===
Does the object in the following image have a net force of zero? Does it have a constant velocity?

This final example tests your knowledge and understanding of Newton's First Law. We're able to see that the box will accelerate in the -x direction because the net force in the x direction is 5 newtons to the left. However, the box itself has a velocity of 5m/s upwards, which would indeed stay constant. This is because forces (and motion) in perpendicular directions are of each other.

==Connectedness==

Newton's laws of motion tie into almost everything that we see or do. The first law, in particular, explains why we suddenly lurch forward when a car suddenly stops (our bodies are in a state of motion and thus resist the sudden stop), why it's much harder to stop when ice skating than walking (there's less friction, thus less net force to decelerate), and much, much, more. The importance of Newton's first law (and by extension, the other laws of motion) is not readily apparent, but serves as a basis to explain much of our daily interactions with our surroundings.

It can also apply to things outside of our daily interactions - space, for example. Newton's first law describes why an astronaut in space will continuously float in a direction forever if they are not pulled in by an asteroid or a planet's gravitational force. There is a lack of a net force opposing the astronaut's motion (due to the fact that there is no air in space) which results in the astronaut having a constant velocity. Floating off into space is probably an astronaut's worst nightmare, a scenario that a recent movie, ''Gravity'', explored. The entire premise of the movie (Sandra Bullock becomes untethered from her space station) relies on Newton's first law of motion.
==History==

While Galileo is the one credited with the idea of inertia motion, it was René Descartes, a French philosopher, who would expand upon Galileo's ideas. Descartes went on to propose three fundamental laws of nature in his book, ''Principles of Philosophy'', the first of which stated that "each thing, as far as is in its power, always remains in the same state; and that consequently, when it is once moved, it always continues to move." Thus, while the concept of inertia is often referred to as Newton's First Law, it was first described by Galileo and then perfected by Descartes decades before Newton published his findings.

As for Newton, he first described his three laws of motion in ''The Mathematical Principle of Natural Philosophy'', for the Principia, which was published in 1687. These laws described the relationship between an object and the forces acting upon it and laid the foundation for classical mechanics. While Newton's first law came from the work of Descartes and Galileo, his other laws are the work of himself.

==The Main Idea==
To be exact, the definition of the First Law of Motion is as follows:
The electric field is a region around a charged particle or object within which a force would be exerted on other charged particles or objects.
In other (and much simpler) terms, it means that an object at rest stays at rest and an object in in motion stays in motion at a constant velocity unless acted on by an unbalanced net force. It's important to keep in mind that only a difference in affect the velocity of an object. The amount of change in velocity is determined by
===A Mathematical Model===

Newton's first law can be stated mathematically as follows:

<math>{\vec{F_{net}} = 0 \Leftrightarrow \frac{d\vec{v}}{dt}} = 0</math>

Where...

<math>\vec{F_{net}}</math> is the net force from the surroundings.

<math>d\vec{v}</math> is the change in velocity of the system.

<math>dt</math> is the change in time of the system

If we trace this formula from the left to the right, we can see that if the net force on an object is zero, then the change in velocity of an object is also zero. Conversely, if we were given an object and told that its change in momentum is zero, then we can deduce that the net force acting on the object is also zero. Keep in mind, however, that this formula simple deals with the '''change''' in velocity. It does '''not''' mean that the object is at rest, only that its velocity remains constant.

==Examples==

The following examples are to test your basic understanding of Newton's First Law. For more examples that test your knowledge of all three of the laws, click .

===Simple===
Does the object in the following image have a net force of zero? Does it have a constant velocity?

It's easy to see that the only force on the object is acting in the +x direction, with a magnitude of 5 newtons. Therefore, the object does not have a net force of zero or a constant velocity. It will be accelerating in the +x direction.

===Middling===
Does the object in the following image have a net force of zero? Does it have a constant velocity?

This example is slightly more difficult, but is still quite trivial. If we sum the forces in the x direction, we see that the net force is 2 newtons in the -x direction. Therefore, the object does not have a constant velocity, and will be accelerating in the -x direction.

===Difficult===
Does the object in the following image have a net force of zero? Does it have a constant velocity?

This final example tests your knowledge and understanding of Newton's First Law. We're able to see that the box will accelerate in the -x direction because the net force in the x direction is 5 newtons to the left. However, the box itself has a velocity of 5m/s upwards, which would indeed stay constant. This is because forces (and motion) in perpendicular directions are of each other.

==Connectedness==

Newton's laws of motion tie into almost everything that we see or do. The first law, in particular, explains why we suddenly lurch forward when a car suddenly stops (our bodies are in a state of motion and thus resist the sudden stop), why it's much harder to stop when ice skating than walking (there's less friction, thus less net force to decelerate), and much, much, more. The importance of Newton's first law (and by extension, the other laws of motion) is not readily apparent, but serves as a basis to explain much of our daily interactions with our surroundings.

It can also apply to things outside of our daily interactions - space, for example. Newton's first law describes why an astronaut in space will continuously float in a direction forever if they are not pulled in by an asteroid or a planet's gravitational force. There is a lack of a net force opposing the astronaut's motion (due to the fact that there is no air in space) which results in the astronaut having a constant velocity. Floating off into space is probably an astronaut's worst nightmare, a scenario that a recent movie, ''Gravity'', explored. The entire premise of the movie (Sandra Bullock becomes untethered from her space station) relies on Newton's first law of motion.
==History==

While Galileo is the one credited with the idea of inertia motion, it was René Descartes, a French philosopher, who would expand upon Galileo's ideas. Descartes went on to propose three fundamental laws of nature in his book, ''Principles of Philosophy'', the first of which stated that "each thing, as far as is in its power, always remains in the same state; and that consequently, when it is once moved, it always continues to move." Thus, while the concept of inertia is often referred to as Newton's First Law, it was first described by Galileo and then perfected by Descartes decades before Newton published his findings.

As for Newton, he first described his three laws of motion in ''The Mathematical Principle of Natural Philosophy'', for the Principia, which was published in 1687. These laws described the relationship between an object and the forces acting upon it and laid the foundation for classical mechanics. While Newton's first law came from the work of Descartes and Galileo, his other laws are the work of himself.

==The Main Idea==
To be exact, the definition of the First Law of Motion is as follows:
Every body persists in its state of rest or of moving with constant speed in a constant direction, except to the extent that it is compelled to change that state by forces acting on it.
In other (and much simpler) terms, it means that an object at rest stays at rest and an object in in motion stays in motion at a constant velocity unless acted on by an unbalanced net force. It's important to keep in mind that only a difference in [http://www.physicsclassroom.com/class/newtlaws/Lesson-2/Determining-the-Net-Force net force] can affect the velocity of an object. The amount of change in velocity is determined by [http://www.physicsclassroom.com/class/newtlaws/Lesson-3/Newton-s-Second-Law Newton's Second Law of Motion].

===A Mathematical Model===

Newton's first law can be stated mathematically as follows:

<math>{\vec{F_{net}} = 0 \Leftrightarrow \frac{d\vec{v}}{dt}} = 0</math>

Where...

<math>\vec{F_{net}}</math> is the net force from the surroundings.

<math>d\vec{v}</math> is the change in velocity of the system.

<math>dt</math> is the change in time of the system

If we trace this formula from the left to the right, we can see that if the net force on an object is zero, then the change in velocity of an object is also zero. Conversely, if we were given an object and told that its change in momentum is zero, then we can deduce that the net force acting on the object is also zero. Keep in mind, however, that this formula simple deals with the '''change''' in velocity. It does '''not''' mean that the object is at rest, only that its velocity remains constant.

==Examples==

The following examples are to test your basic understanding of Newton's First Law. For more examples that test your knowledge of all three of the laws, click [http://www.physicsclassroom.com/calcpad/newtlaws/problems here].

===Simple===
Does the object in the following image have a net force of zero? Does it have a constant velocity?

[[File:Newtonfirstlawsimple.png|400px]]

It's easy to see that the only force on the object is acting in the +x direction, with a magnitude of 5 newtons. Therefore, the object does not have a net force of zero or a constant velocity. It will be accelerating in the +x direction.

===Middling===
Does the object in the following image have a net force of zero? Does it have a constant velocity?

[[File:Newtonfirstlawmedium.png|400px]]

This example is slightly more difficult, but is still quite trivial. If we sum the forces in the x direction, we see that the net force is 2 newtons in the -x direction. Therefore, the object does not have a constant velocity, and will be accelerating in the -x direction.

===Difficult===
Does the object in the following image have a net force of zero? Does it have a constant velocity?

[[File:Newtonsfirstlawhard.png|400px]]

This final example tests your knowledge and understanding of Newton's First Law. We're able to see that the box will accelerate in the -x direction because the net force in the x direction is 5 newtons to the left. However, the box itself has a velocity of 5m/s upwards, which would indeed stay constant. This is because forces (and motion) in perpendicular directions are [http://www.physicsclassroom.com/class/vectors/Lesson-1/Independence-of-Perpendicular-Components-of-Motion independent] of each other.

==Connectedness==

[[File:Tablecloth.gif|left|300px|thumb|The "magic trick" of ripping off a table cloth without the plates on top moving is an example of Newton's First Law. The tableware is in a state of rest, and thus want to remain in such a state.]]

Newton's laws of motion tie into almost everything that we see or do. The first law, in particular, explains why we suddenly lurch forward when a car suddenly stops (our bodies are in a state of motion and thus resist the sudden stop), why it's much harder to stop when ice skating than walking (there's less friction, thus less net force to decelerate), and much, much, more. The importance of Newton's first law (and by extension, the other laws of motion) is not readily apparent, but serves as a basis to explain much of our daily interactions with our surroundings.

It can also apply to things outside of our daily interactions - space, for example. Newton's first law describes why an astronaut in space will continuously float in a direction forever if they are not pulled in by an asteroid or a planet's gravitational force. There is a lack of a net force opposing the astronaut's motion (due to the fact that there is no air in space) which results in the astronaut having a constant velocity. Floating off into space is probably an astronaut's worst nightmare, a scenario that a recent movie, ''Gravity'', explored. The entire premise of the movie (Sandra Bullock becomes untethered from her space station) relies on Newton's first law of motion.
==History==

While Galileo is the one credited with the idea of inertia motion, it was René Descartes, a French philosopher, who would expand upon Galileo's ideas. Descartes went on to propose three fundamental laws of nature in his book, ''Principles of Philosophy'', the first of which stated that "each thing, as far as is in its power, always remains in the same state; and that consequently, when it is once moved, it always continues to move." Thus, while the concept of inertia is often referred to as Newton's First Law, it was first described by Galileo and then perfected by Descartes decades before Newton published his findings.

As for Newton, he first described his three laws of motion in ''The Mathematical Principle of Natural Philosophy'', for the Principia, which was published in 1687. These laws described the relationship between an object and the forces acting upon it and laid the foundation for classical mechanics. While Newton's first law came from the work of Descartes and Galileo, his other laws are the work of himself.

==Electric Field==
The electric field created by a charge is present throughout space at all times, whether or not there is another charge around to feel its effects. The electric field created by a charge penetrates through matter. The field permeates the neighboring space, biding its time until it can affect anything brought into its space of interaction.
*[[Vectors]]
*[[Right-Hand Rule]]
*[[Right Hand Rule]]
</div>
</div>

<div class="toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">

====Electric force====
<div class="mw-collapsible-content">

*[[Electric Force]] Claimed by Amarachi Eze
*[[Lorentz Force]]
</div>
</div>

<div class="toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">

====Electric field of a point particle====

<div class="mw-collapsible-content">
*[[Point Charge]]
</div>
</div>

<div class="toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">

'''Bold text'''====Superposition====
<div class="mw-collapsible-content">
*[[Superposition Principle]]
*[[Superposition principle]]
</div>
</div>

<div class="toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">

====Dipoles====
<div class="mw-collapsible-content">
*[[Electric Dipole]]
*[[Magnetic Dipole]]
</div>
</div>

===Week 2===
<div class="toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">
====Interactions of charged objects====
<div class="mw-collapsible-content">
*[[Electric Field]]
*[[Electric Potential]]
*[[Electric Force]]
*[[Lorentz Force]]
</div>
</div>

<div class="toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">
====Tape experiments====
<div class="mw-collapsible-content">
*[[Polarization]]
*[[Electric Polarization]]
</div>
</div>

<div class="toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">
====Polarization====
<div class="mw-collapsible-content">
*[[Polarization]]
*[[Electric Polarization]]
*[[Polarization of an Atom]]
</div>
</div>

===Week 3===
<div class="toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">
====Insulators====
<div class="mw-collapsible-content">
*[[Insulators]]
*[[Potential Difference in an Insulator]]
*[[Charged Conductor and Charged Insulator]]
*[[Charged conductor and charged insulator]]
</div>
</div>

<div class="toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">
====Conductors====
<div class="mw-collapsible-content">
*[[Conductivity]]
*[[Charge Transfer]]
*[[Resistivity]]
*[[Polarization of a conductor]]
*[[Charged Conductor and Charged Insulator]]
*[[Charged conductor and charged insulator]]
</div>
</div>

<div class="toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">
====Charging and discharging====
<div class="mw-collapsible-content">
*[[Charge Transfer]]
*[[Electrostatic Discharge]]
*[[Charged Conductor and Charged Insulator]]
*[[Charged conductor and charged insulator]]
</div>
</div>

===Week 4===
<div class="toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">
====Field of a charged rod====
<div class="mw-collapsible-content">
*[[Charged Rod]]
</div>
</div>

<div class="toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">

====Field of a charged ring/disk/capacitor====
<div class="mw-collapsible-content">
*[[Charged Ring]]
*[[Charged Disk]]
*[[Charged Capacitor]]
</div>
</div>

<div class="toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">

====Field of a charged sphere====
<div class="mw-collapsible-content">
*[[Charged Spherical Shell]]
*[[Field of a Charged Ball]]
</div>
</div>

===Week 5===
<div class="toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">
====Potential energy====
<div class="mw-collapsible-content">
*[[Potential Energy]]
</div>
</div>

<div class="toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">
====Electric potential====
<div class="mw-collapsible-content">
*[[Electric Potential]]
*[[Path Independence of Electric Potential]]
*[[Potential Difference Path Independence, claimed by Aditya Mohile]]
*[[Potential Difference in a Uniform Field]]
*[[Potential Difference of Point Charge in a Non-Uniform Field]]
</div>
</div>
<div class="toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">

====Sign of a potential difference====
Claimed by Tyler Quill
<div class="mw-collapsible-content">
===Overview===
The potential difference is a quantity representing the potential energy per unit of charge. The potential difference is the driving behind the current flow in circuits, and can also be referred to as "voltage" since the Volt is the unit of potential difference.

*[[Sign of Potential Difference}]
</div>

</div>
<div class="toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">

====Potential at a single location====
<div class="mw-collapsible-content">
*[[Electric Potential]]
*[[Potential Difference at One Location]]
</div>
</div>

<div class="toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">

====Path independence and round trip potential====
<div class="mw-collapsible-content">
*[[Path Independence of Electric Potential]]
*[[Potential Difference Path Independence, claimed by Aditya Mohile]]
</div>
</div>

===Week 6===
<div class="toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">
====Electric field and potential in an insulator====
<div class="mw-collapsible-content">
*[[Potential Difference in an Insulator]]
*[[Electric Field in an Insulator]]
</div>
</div>
<div class="toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">

====Moving charges in a magnetic field====
<div class="mw-collapsible-content">
*[[Magnetic Field]]
*[[Magnetic Force]]
*[[Lorentz Force]]
</div>
</div>
<div class="toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">

====Biot-Savart Law====
<div class="mw-collapsible-content">
*[[Biot-Savart Law]]
*[[Biot-Savart Law for Currents]]
</div>
</div>
<div class="toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">

====Moving charges, electron current, and conventional current====
<div class="mw-collapsible-content">
*[[Moving Point Charge]]
*[[Current]]
</div>
</div>

===Week 7=== Claimed by Diem Tran
<div class="toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">
====Magnetic field of a wire====
<div class="mw-collapsible-content">
*[[Magnetic Field of a Long Straight Wire]]
</div>
</div>

<div class="toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">
====Magnetic field of a current-carrying loop====
<div class="mw-collapsible-content">
*[[Magnetic Field of a Loop]]
</div>
</div>

<div class="toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">
====Magnetic dipoles====
<div class="mw-collapsible-content">
*[[Magnetic Dipole Moment]]
*[[Bar Magnet]]
</div>
</div>

<div class="toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">
====Atomic structure of magnets====
<div class="mw-collapsible-content">
*[[Atomic Structure of Magnets]]
</div>
</div>

===Week 8===
<div class="toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">
====Steady state current====
<div class="mw-collapsible-content">
*[[Steady State]]
*[[Non Steady State]]
</div>
</div>

<div class="toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">
====Node rule====
<div class="mw-collapsible-content">
*[[Node Rule]]
</div>
</div>

<div class="toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">
====Electric fields and energy in circuits====
<div class="mw-collapsible-content">
*[[Series circuit]] claimed by Hannah Jang
*[[Node Rule]]
*[[Loop Rule]]
*[[Electric Potential Difference]]
</div>
</div>

<div class="toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">

====Macroscopic analysis of circuits====
<div class="mw-collapsible-content">
*[[Series Circuits]]
*[[Parallel CIrcuits]]
*[[Parallel Circuits vs. Series Circuits*]]
*[[Loop Rule]]
*[[Node Rule]]
*[[Resistors*]]
</div>
</div>

===Week 9===
<div class="toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">
====Electric field and potential in circuits with capacitors====
<div class="mw-collapsible-content">
*[[Charging and Discharging a Capacitor]]
*[[RC Circuit]]
*[[R Circuit]]
*[[AC and DC]]

</div>
</div>

<div class="toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">

====Magnetic forces on charges and currents====
<div class="mw-collapsible-content">
*[[Magnetic Force]]
*[[Lorentz Force]]
*[[Applying Magnetic Force to Currents]]
*[[Magnetic Force in a Moving Reference Frame]]
*[[Right-Hand Rule]]
*[[Analysis of Railgun vs Coil gun technologies]]
</div>
</div>

<div class="toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">
====Electric and magnetic forces====
<div class="mw-collapsible-content">
*[[Electric Force]]
*[[Magnetic Force]]
*[[Lorentz Force]]
*[[VPython Modelling of Electric and Magnetic Forces]]
</div>
</div>

<div class="toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">
====Velocity selector====
<div class="mw-collapsible-content">
*[[Lorentz Force]]
*[[Combining Electric and Magnetic Forces]]
</div>
</div>

===Week 10===

====Student Content====

<div class=“toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed”>
==== Hall Effect ====
<div class="mw-collapsible-content">
*[[Hall Effect]]
*[[Motional Emf]]
*[[Magnetic Force]]
*[[Magnetic Torque]]

</div>
</div>

==Physics 3==

===Week 1===
<div class="toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">
====Classical Physics====
<div class="mw-collapsible-content">
</div>
</div>

===Week 2===
<div class="toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">
====Special Relativity====
<div class="mw-collapsible-content">
*[[Frame of Reference]]
*[[Einstein's Theory of Special Relativity]]
*[[Time Dilation]]
*[[Einstein's Theory of General Relativity]]
*[[Albert A. Micheleson & Edward W. Morley]]
*[[Magnetic Force in a Moving Reference Frame]]
</div>
</div>

===Week 3===
<div class="toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">
====Photons====
<div class="mw-collapsible-content">
*[[Spontaneous Photon Emission]]
*[[Light Scattering: Why is the Sky Blue]]
*[[Lasers]]
*[[Electronic Energy Levels and Photons]]
*[[Quantum Properties of Light]]
</div>
</div>

===Week 4===
<div class="toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">
====Matter Waves====
<div class="mw-collapsible-content">
*[[Wave-Particle Duality]]
</div>
</div>

===Week 5===
<div class="toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">
====Wave Mechanics====
<div class="mw-collapsible-content">
*[[Standing Waves]]
*[[Wavelength]]
*[[Wavelength and Frequency]]
*[[Mechanical Waves]]
*[[Transverse and Longitudinal Waves]]
</div>
</div>

===Week 6===
<div class="toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">
====Rutherford-Bohr Model====
<div class="mw-collapsible-content">
*[[Rutherford Experiment and Atomic Collisions]]
*[[Bohr Model]]
*[[Quantized energy levels]]
*[[Energy graphs and the Bohr model]]
</div>
</div>

===Week 7===
<div class="toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">
====The Hydrogen Atom====
<div class="mw-collapsible-content">
*[[Quantum Theory]]
*[[Atomic Theory]]
</div>
</div>

===Week 8===
<div class="toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">
====Many-Electron Atoms====
<div class="mw-collapsible-content">
*[[Quantum Theory]]
*[[Atomic Theory]]
*[[Pauli exclusion principle]]
</div>
</div>

===Week 9===
<div class="toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">
====Molecules====
<div class="mw-collapsible-content">
</div>
</div>

===Week 10===
<div class="toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">
====Statistical Physics====
<div class="mw-collapsible-content">
</div>
</div>

===Week 11===
<div class="toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">
====Condensed Matter Physics====
<div class="mw-collapsible-content">
</div>
</div>

===Week 12===
<div class="toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">
====The Nucleus====
<div class="mw-collapsible-content">
</div>
</div>

===Week 13===
<div class="toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">
====Nuclear Physics====
<div class="mw-collapsible-content">
*[[Nuclear Fission]]
*[[Nuclear Energy from Fission and Fusion]]
</div>
</div>

===Week 14===
<div class="toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">
====Particle Physics====
<div class="mw-collapsible-content">
*[[Elementary Particles and Particle Physics Theory]]
*[[String Theory]]
</div>
</div>

Main Page

2016-04-17T05:24:50Z

Tquill: /* Claimed by Tyler Quill */

__NOTOC__
Welcome to the Georgia Tech Wiki for Introductory Physics. This resource was created so that students can contribute and curate content to help those with limited or no access to a textbook. When reading this website, please correct any errors you may come across. If you read something that isn't clear, please consider revising it for future students!

Looking to make a contribution?
#Pick one of the topics from intro physics listed below
#Add content to that topic or improve the quality of what is already there.
#Need to make a new topic? Edit this page and add it to the list under the appropriate category. Then copy and paste the default [[Template]] into your new page and start editing.

Please remember that this is not a textbook and you are not limited to expressing your ideas with only text and equations. Whenever possible embed: pictures, videos, diagrams, simulations, computational models (e.g. Glowscript), and whatever content you think makes learning physics easier for other students.

== Source Material ==
All of the content added to this resource must be in the public domain or similar free resource. If you are unsure about a source, contact the original author for permission. That said, there is a surprisingly large amount of introductory physics content scattered across the web. Here is an incomplete list of intro physics resources (please update as needed).
* A physics resource written by experts for an expert audience [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:Physics Physics Portal]
* A wiki written for students by a physics expert [http://p3server.pa.msu.edu/coursewiki/doku.php?id=183_notes MSU Physics Wiki]
* A wiki book on modern physics [https://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Modern_Physics Modern Physics Wiki]
* The MIT open courseware for intro physics [http://ocw.mit.edu/resources/res-8-002-a-wikitextbook-for-introductory-mechanics-fall-2009/index.htm MITOCW Wiki]
* An online concept map of intro physics [http://hyperphysics.phy-astr.gsu.edu/hbase/hph.html HyperPhysics]
* Interactive physics simulations [https://phet.colorado.edu/en/simulations/category/physics PhET]
* OpenStax algebra based intro physics textbook [https://openstaxcollege.org/textbooks/college-physics College Physics]
* The Open Source Physics project is a collection of online physics resources [http://www.opensourcephysics.org/ OSP]
* A resource guide compiled by the [http://www.aapt.org/ AAPT] for educators [http://www.compadre.org/ ComPADRE]

== Organizing Categories ==
These are the broad, overarching categories, that we cover in three semester of introductory physics. You can add subcategories as needed but a single topic should direct readers to a page in one of these categories.

== Resources ==
* Commonly used wiki commands [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:Cheatsheet Wiki Cheatsheet]
* A guide to representing equations in math mode [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:Displaying_a_formula Wiki Math Mode]
* A page to keep track of all the physics [[Constants]]
* A page for review of [[Vectors]] and vector operations
* A listing of [[Notable Scientist]] with links to their individual pages

<div style="float:left; width:30%; padding:1%;">
==Physics 1==
===Week 1===

====Student Content====
<div class=“toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed”>
=====Help with VPython=====
<div class=“mw-collapsible-content”>
*[[VPython]]
*[[VPython basics]]
*[[VPython Common Errors and Troubleshooting]]
*[[VPython Functions]]
*[[VPython Lists]]
*[[VPython Loops]]
*[[VPython Multithreading]]
*[[VPython Animation]]
*[[VPython Objects]]
*[[VPython 3D Objects]]
*[[VPython Reference]]
*[[VPython MapReduceFilter]]
*[[VPython GUIs]]
</div>
</div>

<div class=“toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed”>
=====Vectors and Units=====
<div class=“mw-collapsible-content”>
*[[Vectors]]
*[[SI units]]
</div>
</div>

<div class=“toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed”>

=====Interactions=====
<div class=“mw-collapsible-content”>
</div>
</div>
*[[Types of Interactions and How to Detect Them]]

<div class=“toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed”>

=====Velocity and Momentum=====
<div class=“mw-collapsible-content”>
*[[Newton’s First Law of Motion]]
*[[Velocity]]
*[[Mass]]
*[[Speed and Velocity]]
*[[Relative Velocity]]
*[[Derivation of Average Velocity]]
*[[2-Dimensional Motion]]
*[[3-Dimensional Position and Motion]]
</div>
</div>

====Expert Content====
<div class=“toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed”>

* [http://p3server.pa.msu.edu/coursewiki/doku.php?id=183_notes:vpython_resources Software for Projects]

</div>

===Week 2===
====Student Content====
<div class=“toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed”>
=====Momentum and the Momentum Principle=====
<div class=“mw-collapsible-content”>
*[[Momentum Principle]]
*[[Inertia]]
*[[Net Force]]
*[[Derivation of the Momentum Principle]]
*[[Impulse Momentum]]
*[[Acceleration]]
*[[Momentum with respect to external Forces]]
</div>
</div>

<div class=“toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed”>
=====Iterative Prediction with a Constant Force=====
<div class=“mw-collapsible-content”>
*[[Newton’s Second Law of Motion]]
*[[Iterative Prediction]]
*[[Kinematics]]
*[[Newton’s Laws and Linear Momentum]]
*[[Projectile Motion]]
</div>
</div>

====Expert Content====
<div class=“toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed”>

* [http://p3server.pa.msu.edu/coursewiki/doku.php?id=183_notes:scalars_and_vectors Scalars and Vectors]
* [http://p3server.pa.msu.edu/coursewiki/doku.php?id=183_notes:displacement_and_velocity Displacement and Velocity]
* [http://p3server.pa.msu.edu/coursewiki/doku.php?id=183_notes:modeling_with_vpython Modeling Motion with VPython]
* [http://p3server.pa.msu.edu/coursewiki/doku.php?id=183_notes:relative_motion Relative Motion]
* [http://p3server.pa.msu.edu/coursewiki/doku.php?id=183_notes:graphing_motion Graphing Motion]
* [http://p3server.pa.msu.edu/coursewiki/doku.php?id=183_notes:momentum Momentum]
* [http://p3server.pa.msu.edu/coursewiki/doku.php?id=183_notes:momentum_principle The Momentum Principle]
* [http://p3server.pa.msu.edu/coursewiki/doku.php?id=183_notes:acceleration Acceleration & The Change in Momentum]
* [http://p3server.pa.msu.edu/coursewiki/doku.php?id=183_notes:motionPredict Applying the Momentum Principle]
* [http://p3server.pa.msu.edu/coursewiki/doku.php?id=183_notes:constantF Constant Force Motion]
* [http://p3server.pa.msu.edu/coursewiki/doku.php?id=183_notes:iterativePredict Iterative Prediction of Motion]
* [http://p3server.pa.msu.edu/coursewiki/doku.php?id=183_notes:mp_multi The Momentum Principle in Multi-particle Systems]
* [http://p3server.pa.msu.edu/coursewiki/doku.php?id=183_notes:angular_motivation Why Angular Momentum?]
* [http://p3server.pa.msu.edu/coursewiki/doku.php?id=183_notes:ang_momentum Angular Momentum]
* [http://p3server.pa.msu.edu/coursewiki/doku.php?id=183_notes:L_principle Net Torque & The Angular Momentum Principle]
* [http://p3server.pa.msu.edu/coursewiki/doku.php?id=183_notes:L_conservation Angular Momentum Conservation]

</div>

===Week 3===
====Student Content====
<div class=“toccolours \
mw-collapsible mw-collapsed”>
=====Analytic Prediction with a Constant Force=====
<div \
class=“mw-collapsible-content”>
*[[Analytical Prediction]]
</div>
</div>

<div class=“toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed”>
=====Iterative Prediction with a Varying Force=====
<div \
class=“mw-collapsible-content”>
*[[Predicting Change in multiple dimensions]]
*[[Spring Force]]
*[[Hooke’s Law]]
*[[Simple Harmonic Motion]]
*[[Iterative Prediction of Spring-Mass System]]
*[[Terminal Speed]]
*[[Determinism]]
</div>
</div>

====Expert Content====
<div class=“toccolours mw-collapsible \
mw-collapsed”>

* [http://p3server.pa.msu.edu/coursewiki/doku.php?id=183_notes:drag Drag]
* [http://p3server.pa.msu.edu/coursewiki/doku.php?id=183_notes:gravitation Non-constant Force: Newtonian Gravitation]
* [http://p3server.pa.msu.edu/coursewiki/doku.php?id=183_notes:ucm Uniform Circular Motion]
* [http://p3server.pa.msu.edu/coursewiki/doku.php?id=183_notes:impulseGraphs Impulse Graphs]
* [http://p3server.pa.msu.edu/coursewiki/doku.php?id=183_notes:springMotion Non-constant Force: Springs & Spring-like Interactions]
* [http://p3server.pa.msu.edu/coursewiki/doku.php?id=183_notes:friction Contact Interactions: The Normal Force & Friction]

</div>

===Week 4===
====Student Content====
<div class=“toccolours \
mw-collapsible mw-collapsed”>
=====Fundamental Interactions=====
<div class=“mw-collapsible-content”>
*[[Gravitational Force]]
*[[Electric Force]]
*[[Reciprocity]]
</div>
</div>

====Expert Content====
<div class=“toccolours mw-collapsible \
mw-collapsed”>

* [http://p3server.pa.msu.edu/coursewiki/doku.php?id=183_notes:gravitation Non-constant Force: Newtonian Gravitation]

</div>

===Week 5===
====Student Content====
<div class=“toccolours \
mw-collapsible mw-collapsed”>
=====Conservation of Momentum=====
<div class=“mw-collapsible-content”>
*[[Conservation of Momentum]]
</div>
</div>
<div class=“toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed”>

=====Properties of Matter=====
<div class=“mw-collapsible-content”>
*[[Kinds of Matter]]
**[[Ball and Spring Model of Matter]]
*[[Density]]
*[[Length and Stiffness of an Interatomic Bond]]
*[[Young’s Modulus]]
*[[Speed of Sound in Solids]]
*[[Malleability]]
*[[Ductility]]
*[[Weight]]
*[[Hardness]]
*[[Boiling Point]]
*[[Melting Point]]
</div>
</div>

====Expert Content====
<div class=“toccolours mw-collapsible \
mw-collapsed”>

* [http://p3server.pa.msu.edu/coursewiki/doku.php?id=183_notes:model_of_a_wire Modeling a Solid Wire: springs in series and parallel]

</div>

===Week 6===
====Student Content====
<div class=“toccolours \
mw-collapsible mw-collapsed”>
=====Identifying Forces=====
<div class=“mw-collapsible-content”>
*[[Free Body Diagram]]
*[[Compression or Normal Force]]
*[[Tension]]
</div>
</div>
<div class=“toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed”>
=====Curving Motion=====
<div class=“mw-collapsible-content”>
*[[Curving Motion]]
*[[Centripetal Force and Curving Motion]]
*[[Perpetual Freefall (Orbit)]]
</div>
</div>

====Expert Content====
<div class=“toccolours mw-collapsible \
mw-collapsed”>

* [http://p3server.pa.msu.edu/coursewiki/doku.php?id=183_notes:gravitation Non-constant Force: Newtonian Gravitation]
* [http://p3server.pa.msu.edu/coursewiki/doku.php?id=183_notes:grav_accel Gravitational Acceleration]
* [http://p3server.pa.msu.edu/coursewiki/doku.php?id=183_notes:ucm Uniform Circular Motion]
* [http://p3server.pa.msu.edu/coursewiki/doku.php?id=183_notes:freebodydiagrams Free Body Diagrams]
* [http://p3server.pa.msu.edu/coursewiki/doku.php?id=183_notes:curving_motion Curved Motion]

</div>

===Week 7===
====Student Content====
<div class=“toccolours \
mw-collapsible mw-collapsed”>
=====Energy Principle=====
<div class=“mw-collapsible-content”>
*[[The Energy Principle]]
*[[Conservation of Energy]]
*[[Kinetic Energy]]
*[[Work]]
*[[Power (Mechanical)]]
</div>
</div>

====Expert Content====
<div class=“toccolours mw-collapsible \
mw-collapsed”>

* [http://p3server.pa.msu.edu/coursewiki/doku.php?id=183_notes:define_energy What is Energy?]
* [http://p3server.pa.msu.edu/coursewiki/doku.php?id=183_notes:point_particle The Simplest System: A Single Particle]
* [http://p3server.pa.msu.edu/coursewiki/doku.php?id=183_notes:work Work: Mechanical Energy Transfer]
* [http://p3server.pa.msu.edu/coursewiki/doku.php?id=183_notes:energy_cons Conservation of Energy]
* [http://p3server.pa.msu.edu/coursewiki/doku.php?id=183_notes:potential_energy Potential Energy]
* [http://p3server.pa.msu.edu/coursewiki/doku.php?id=183_notes:grav_and_spring_PE (Near Earth) Gravitational and Spring Potential Energy]
* [http://p3server.pa.msu.edu/coursewiki/doku.php?id=183_notes:force_and_PE Force and Potential Energy]
* [http://p3server.pa.msu.edu/coursewiki/doku.php?id=183_notes:newton_grav_pe Newtonian Gravitational Potential Energy]
* [http://p3server.pa.msu.edu/coursewiki/doku.php?id=183_notes:spring_PE Spring Potential Energy]

</div>

===Week 8===
====Student Content====
<div class=“toccolours \
mw-collapsible mw-collapsed”>
=====Work by Non-Constant Forces=====
<div \
class=“mw-collapsible-content”>
*[[Work Done By A Nonconstant Force]]
</div>
</div>
<div class=“toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed”>
=====Potential Energy=====
<div class=“mw-collapsible-content”>
*[[Potential Energy]]
*[[Potential Energy of Macroscopic Springs]]
*[[Spring Potential Energy]]
**[[Ball and Spring Model]]
*[[Gravitational Potential Energy]]
*[[Energy Graphs]]
*[[Escape Velocity]]
</div>
</div>

====Expert Content====
<div class=“toccolours mw-collapsible \
mw-collapsed”>

* [http://p3server.pa.msu.edu/coursewiki/doku.php?id=183_notes:work_by_nc_forces Work Done by Non-Constant Forces]
* [http://p3server.pa.msu.edu/coursewiki/doku.php?id=183_notes:potential_energy Potential Energy]
* [http://p3server.pa.msu.edu/coursewiki/doku.php?id=183_notes:grav_and_spring_PE (Near Earth) Gravitational and Spring Potential Energy]
* [http://p3server.pa.msu.edu/coursewiki/doku.php?id=183_notes:rest_mass Changes of Rest Mass Energy]
* [http://p3server.pa.msu.edu/coursewiki/doku.php?id=183_notes:force_and_PE Force and Potential Energy]
* [http://p3server.pa.msu.edu/coursewiki/doku.php?id=183_notes:newton_grav_pe Newtonian Gravitational Potential Energy]
* [http://p3server.pa.msu.edu/coursewiki/doku.php?id=183_notes:grav_pe_graphs Graphing Energy for Gravitationally Interacting Systems]
* [http://p3server.pa.msu.edu/coursewiki/doku.php?id=183_notes:spring_PE Spring Potential Energy]
* [http://p3server.pa.msu.edu/coursewiki/doku.php?id=183_notes:power Power: The Rate of Energy Change]
* [http://p3server.pa.msu.edu/coursewiki/doku.php?id=183_notes:energy_dissipation Dissipation of Energy]

</div>

===Week 9===
====Student Content====
<div class=“toccolours \
mw-collapsible mw-collapsed”>
=====Multiparticle Systems=====
<div class=“mw-collapsible-content”>
*[[Center of Mass]]
*[[Multi-particle analysis of Momentum]]
*[[Momentum with respect to external Forces]]
*[[Potential Energy of a Multiparticle System]]
*[[Work and Energy for an Extended System]]
*[[Internal Energy]]
**[[Potential Energy of a Pair of Neutral Atoms]]
</div>
</div>

====Expert Content====
<div class=“toccolours mw-collapsible \
mw-collapsed”>

* [http://p3server.pa.msu.edu/coursewiki/doku.php?id=183_notes:mp_multi The Momentum Principle in Multi-particle Systems]
* [http://p3server.pa.msu.edu/coursewiki/doku.php?id=183_notes:center_of_mass Center of Mass Motion]
* [http://p3server.pa.msu.edu/coursewiki/doku.php?id=183_notes:center_of_mass Center of Mass Motion]
* [http://p3server.pa.msu.edu/coursewiki/doku.php?id=183_notes:energy_sep Separating Energy in Multi-Particle Systems]

</div>

===Week 10===
====Student Content====
<div class=“toccolours \
mw-collapsible mw-collapsed”>
=====Choice of System=====
<div class=“mw-collapsible-content”>
*[[System & Surroundings]]
</div>
</div>
<div class=“toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed”>
=====Thermal Energy, Dissipation and Transfer of Energy=====
<div \
class=“mw-collapsible-content”>
*[[Thermal Energy]]
*[[Specific Heat]]
*[[Heat Capacity]]
*[[Specific Heat Capacity]]
*[[First Law of Thermodynamics]]
*[[Second Law of Thermodynamics and Entropy]]
*[[Temperature]]
*[[Predicting Change]]
*[[Energy Transfer due to a Temperature Difference]]
*[[Transformation of Energy]]
*[[The Maxwell-Boltzmann Distribution]]
*[[Air Resistance]]
</div>
</div>
<div class=“toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed”>
=====Rotational and Vibrational Energy=====
<div \
class=“mw-collapsible-content”>
*[[Translational, Rotational and Vibrational Energy]]
</div>
</div>

====Expert Content====
<div class=“toccolours mw-collapsible \
mw-collapsed”>

* [http://p3server.pa.msu.edu/coursewiki/doku.php?id=183_notes:grav_and_spring_PE (Near Earth) Gravitational and Spring Potential Energy]
* [http://p3server.pa.msu.edu/coursewiki/doku.php?id=183_notes:rest_mass Changes of Rest Mass Energy]
* [http://p3server.pa.msu.edu/coursewiki/doku.php?id=183_notes:newton_grav_pe Newtonian Gravitational Potential Energy]
* [http://p3server.pa.msu.edu/coursewiki/doku.php?id=183_notes:grav_pe_graphs Graphing Energy for Gravitationally Interacting Systems]
* [http://p3server.pa.msu.edu/coursewiki/doku.php?id=183_notes:escape_speed Escape Speed]
* [http://p3server.pa.msu.edu/coursewiki/doku.php?id=183_notes:spring_PE Spring Potential Energy]
* [http://p3server.pa.msu.edu/coursewiki/doku.php?id=183_notes:internal_energy Internal Energy]
* [http://p3server.pa.msu.edu/coursewiki/doku.php?id=183_notes:system_choice Choosing a System Matters]
* [http://p3server.pa.msu.edu/coursewiki/doku.php?id=183_notes:energy_dissipation Dissipation of Energy]

</div>

===Week 11===
====Student Content====
<div class=“toccolours \
mw-collapsible mw-collapsed”>
=====Different Models of a System=====
<div \
class=“mw-collapsible-content”>
*[[Real Systems]]
*[[Point Particle Systems]]
</div>
</div>
<div class=“toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed”>

=====Models of Friction=====
<div class=“mw-collapsible-content”>
*[[Friction]]
*[[Static Friction]]
</div>
</div>

====Expert Content====
<div class=“toccolours mw-collapsible \
mw-collapsed”>

* [http://p3server.pa.msu.edu/coursewiki/doku.php?id=183_notes:system_choice Choosing a System Matters]
* [http://p3server.pa.msu.edu/coursewiki/doku.php?id=183_notes:energy_dissipation Dissipation of Energy]

</div>

===Week 12===
====Student Content====
<div class=“toccolours \
mw-collapsible mw-collapsed”>
=====Collisions=====
<div class=“mw-collapsible-content”>
*[[Newton’s Third Law of Motion]]
*[[Collisions]]
*[[Elastic Collisions]]
*[[Inelastic Collisions]]
*[[Maximally Inelastic Collision]]
*[[Head-on Collision of Equal Masses]]
*[[Head-on Collision of Unequal Masses]]
*[[Scattering: Collisions in 2D and 3D]]
*[[Rutherford Experiment and Atomic Collisions]]
*[[Coefficient of Restitution]]
</div>
</div>

====Expert Content====
<div class=“toccolours mw-collapsible \
mw-collapsed”>

* [http://p3server.pa.msu.edu/coursewiki/doku.php?id=183_notes:collisions Colliding Objects]
* [http://p3server.pa.msu.edu/coursewiki/doku.php?id=183_notes:center_of_mass Center of Mass Motion]
* [http://p3server.pa.msu.edu/coursewiki/doku.php?id=183_notes:center_of_mass Center of Mass Motion]
* [http://p3server.pa.msu.edu/coursewiki/doku.php?id=183_notes:rot_KE Rotational Kinetic Energy]
* [http://p3server.pa.msu.edu/coursewiki/doku.php?id=183_notes:pp_vs_real Point Particle and Real Systems]
* [http://p3server.pa.msu.edu/coursewiki/doku.php?id=183_notes:colliding_systems Collisions]

</div>

===Week 13===
====Student Content====
<div class=“toccolours \
mw-collapsible mw-collapsed”>
=====Rotations=====
<div class=“mw-collapsible-content”>
*[[Rotation]]
*[[Angular Velocity]]
*[[Eulerian Angles]]
</div>
</div>
<div class=“toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed”>
=====Angular Momentum=====
<div class=“mw-collapsible-content”>
*[[Total Angular Momentum]]
*[[Translational Angular Momentum]]
*[[Rotational Angular Momentum]]
*[[The Angular Momentum Principle]]
*[[Angular Momentum Compared to Linear Momentum]]
*[[Angular Impulse]]
*[[Predicting the Position of a Rotating System]]
*[[Angular Momentum of Multiparticle Systems]]
*[[The Moments of Inertia]]
*[[Moment of Inertia for a cylinder]]
*[[Right Hand Rule]]
</div>
</div>

====Expert Content====
<div class=“toccolours mw-collapsible \
mw-collapsed”>

* [http://p3server.pa.msu.edu/coursewiki/doku.php?id=183_notes:rot_KE Rotational Kinetic Energy]
* [http://p3server.pa.msu.edu/coursewiki/doku.php?id=183_notes:angular_motivation Why Angular Momentum?]
* [http://p3server.pa.msu.edu/coursewiki/doku.php?id=183_notes:ang_momentum Angular Momentum]
* [http://p3server.pa.msu.edu/coursewiki/doku.php?id=183_notes:L_principle Net Torque & The Angular Momentum Principle]
* [http://p3server.pa.msu.edu/coursewiki/doku.php?id=183_notes:L_conservation Angular Momentum Conservation]

</div>
===Week 14===

====Student Content====
<div class=“toccolours mw-collapsible \
mw-collapsed”>
=====Analyzing Motion with and without Torque=====
<div \
class=“mw-collapsible-content”>
*[[Torque]]
*[[Torque 2]]
*[[Systems with Zero Torque]]
*[[Systems with Nonzero Torque]]
*[[Torque vs Work]]
*[[Gyroscopes]]
</div>
</div>

====Expert Content====
<div class=“toccolours mw-collapsible \
mw-collapsed”>

* [http://p3server.pa.msu.edu/coursewiki/doku.php?id=183_notes:discovery_of_the_nucleus Discovery of the Nucleus]
* [http://p3server.pa.msu.edu/coursewiki/doku.php?id=183_notes:torque Torques Cause Changes in Rotation]
* [http://p3server.pa.msu.edu/coursewiki/doku.php?id=183_notes:L_principle Net Torque & The Angular Momentum Principle]

</div>

===Week 15===

====Student Content====
<div class=“toccolours mw-collapsible \
mw-collapsed”>
=====Introduction to Quantum Concepts=====
<div \class=“mw-collapsible-content”>
*[[Bohr Model]]
*[[Energy graphs and the Bohr model]]
*[[Quantized energy levels]]
</div>
</div>

====Expert Content====
<div class=“toccolours mw-collapsible \
mw-collapsed”>

* [http://p3server.pa.msu.edu/coursewiki/doku.php?id=183_notes:discovery_of_the_nucleus Discovery of the Nucleus]

</div>

<div style=“float:left; width:30%; padding:1%;”>

==Physics 2==
===Week 1===
<div class="toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">
====3D Vectors====
<div class="mw-collapsible-content">
*[[Page claimed by Laura Winalski]]*
*[[Vectors]]
*[[Right-Hand Rule]]
*[[Right Hand Rule]]
</div>
</div>

<div class="toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">

'''CLAIMED BY DIPRO CHAKRABORTY'''

'''CLAIMED BY DIPRO CHAKRABORTY'''
'''CLAIMED BY DIPRO CHAKRABORTY'''
'''CLAIMED BY DIPRO CHAKRABORTY'''

'''CLAIMED BY DIPRO CHAKRABORTY'''
====Electric field====
<div class="mw-collapsible-content">

[[Electric field]]

The electric field created by a charge is present throughout space at all times, whether or not there is another charge around to feel its effects. The electric field created by a charge penetrates through matter. The field permeates the neighboring space, biding its time until it can affect anything brought into its space of interaction.

==The Main Idea==
To be exact, the definition of the Electric Field is as follows:
The electric field is a region around a charged particle or object within which a force would be exerted on other objects.
If we put a charged particle at a location and it experiences a force, it would be logical to assume that there is something present that
is interacting with the particle. This "virtual force" is in essence the electric field.
===A Mathematical Model===

The electric field can be expressed mathematically as follows:

<math>{\vec{F_{net}} = 0 \Leftrightarrow \frac{d\vec{v}}{dt}} = 0</math>

<math>{\vec{F_{2}} = {q_{1}}{\vec{E_{1}}} \Leftrightarrow \frac{d\vec{v}}{dt}} </math>

which can be translated to postulate that the force on particle 2 is determined by the charge of particle 2 and the electric
field.

==Examples==

The following examples are to test your basic understanding of the Electric Field. For more examples that test your knowledge of all three of the laws, peruse the class textbook.

===Simple===
Which way is the electric field going for a negatively charged particle?

[[File:Simple111.png]]

It's easy to see that the electric field is pointing toward the negatively charged particle. The electric field is tending
toward the negatively charged particle.

===Middling===
Does the object in the following image have a net force of zero? Does it have a constant velocity?

This example is slightly more difficult, but is still quite trivial. If we sum the forces in the x direction, we see that the net force is 2 newtons in the -x direction. Therefore, the object does not have a constant velocity, and will be accelerating in the -x direction.

===Difficult===
Does the object in the following image have a net force of zero? Does it have a constant velocity?

This final example tests your knowledge and understanding of Newton's First Law. We're able to see that the box will accelerate in the -x direction because the net force in the x direction is 5 newtons to the left. However, the box itself has a velocity of 5m/s upwards, which would indeed stay constant. This is because forces (and motion) in perpendicular directions are of each other.

==Connectedness==

Newton's laws of motion tie into almost everything that we see or do. The first law, in particular, explains why we suddenly lurch forward when a car suddenly stops (our bodies are in a state of motion and thus resist the sudden stop), why it's much harder to stop when ice skating than walking (there's less friction, thus less net force to decelerate), and much, much, more. The importance of Newton's first law (and by extension, the other laws of motion) is not readily apparent, but serves as a basis to explain much of our daily interactions with our surroundings.

It can also apply to things outside of our daily interactions - space, for example. Newton's first law describes why an astronaut in space will continuously float in a direction forever if they are not pulled in by an asteroid or a planet's gravitational force. There is a lack of a net force opposing the astronaut's motion (due to the fact that there is no air in space) which results in the astronaut having a constant velocity. Floating off into space is probably an astronaut's worst nightmare, a scenario that a recent movie, ''Gravity'', explored. The entire premise of the movie (Sandra Bullock becomes untethered from her space station) relies on Newton's first law of motion.
==History==

While Galileo is the one credited with the idea of inertia motion, it was René Descartes, a French philosopher, who would expand upon Galileo's ideas. Descartes went on to propose three fundamental laws of nature in his book, ''Principles of Philosophy'', the first of which stated that "each thing, as far as is in its power, always remains in the same state; and that consequently, when it is once moved, it always continues to move." Thus, while the concept of inertia is often referred to as Newton's First Law, it was first described by Galileo and then perfected by Descartes decades before Newton published his findings.

As for Newton, he first described his three laws of motion in ''The Mathematical Principle of Natural Philosophy'', for the Principia, which was published in 1687. These laws described the relationship between an object and the forces acting upon it and laid the foundation for classical mechanics. While Newton's first law came from the work of Descartes and Galileo, his other laws are the work of himself.

==The Main Idea==
To be exact, the definition of the Electric Field is as follows:
The electric field is a region around a charged particle or object within which a force would be exerted on other objects.
If we put a charged particle at a location and it experiences a force, it would be logical to assume that there is something present that
is interacting with the particle. This "virtual force" is in essence the electric field.
===A Mathematical Model===

The electric field can be expressed mathematically as follows:

<math>{\vec{F_{net}} = 0 \Leftrightarrow \frac{d\vec{v}}{dt}} = 0</math>

<math>{\vec{F_{2}} = {q_{1}}{\vec{E_{1}}} \Leftrightarrow \frac{d\vec{v}}{dt}} </math>

which can be translated to postulate that the force on particle 2 is determined by the charge of particle 2 and the electric
field.

==Examples==

The following examples are to test your basic understanding of the Electric Field. For more examples that test your knowledge of all three of the laws, peruse the class textbook.

===Simple===
Which way is the electric field going for a negatively charged particle?

[[File:Simple111.png]]

It's easy to see that the electric field is pointing toward the negatively charged particle. The electric field is tending
toward the negatively charged particle.

===Middling===
Does the object in the following image have a net force of zero? Does it have a constant velocity?

This example is slightly more difficult, but is still quite trivial. If we sum the forces in the x direction, we see that the net force is 2 newtons in the -x direction. Therefore, the object does not have a constant velocity, and will be accelerating in the -x direction.

===Difficult===
Does the object in the following image have a net force of zero? Does it have a constant velocity?

This final example tests your knowledge and understanding of Newton's First Law. We're able to see that the box will accelerate in the -x direction because the net force in the x direction is 5 newtons to the left. However, the box itself has a velocity of 5m/s upwards, which would indeed stay constant. This is because forces (and motion) in perpendicular directions are of each other.

==Connectedness==

Newton's laws of motion tie into almost everything that we see or do. The first law, in particular, explains why we suddenly lurch forward when a car suddenly stops (our bodies are in a state of motion and thus resist the sudden stop), why it's much harder to stop when ice skating than walking (there's less friction, thus less net force to decelerate), and much, much, more. The importance of Newton's first law (and by extension, the other laws of motion) is not readily apparent, but serves as a basis to explain much of our daily interactions with our surroundings.

It can also apply to things outside of our daily interactions - space, for example. Newton's first law describes why an astronaut in space will continuously float in a direction forever if they are not pulled in by an asteroid or a planet's gravitational force. There is a lack of a net force opposing the astronaut's motion (due to the fact that there is no air in space) which results in the astronaut having a constant velocity. Floating off into space is probably an astronaut's worst nightmare, a scenario that a recent movie, ''Gravity'', explored. The entire premise of the movie (Sandra Bullock becomes untethered from her space station) relies on Newton's first law of motion.
==History==

While Galileo is the one credited with the idea of inertia motion, it was René Descartes, a French philosopher, who would expand upon Galileo's ideas. Descartes went on to propose three fundamental laws of nature in his book, ''Principles of Philosophy'', the first of which stated that "each thing, as far as is in its power, always remains in the same state; and that consequently, when it is once moved, it always continues to move." Thus, while the concept of inertia is often referred to as Newton's First Law, it was first described by Galileo and then perfected by Descartes decades before Newton published his findings.

As for Newton, he first described his three laws of motion in ''The Mathematical Principle of Natural Philosophy'', for the Principia, which was published in 1687. These laws described the relationship between an object and the forces acting upon it and laid the foundation for classical mechanics. While Newton's first law came from the work of Descartes and Galileo, his other laws are the work of himself.

==The Main Idea==
To be exact, the definition of the Electric Field is as follows:
The electric field is a region around a charged particle or object within which a force would be exerted on other objects.
If we put a charged particle at a location and it experiences a force, it would be logical to assume that there is something present that
is interacting with the particle. This "virtual force" is in essence the electric field.
===A Mathematical Model===

The electric field can be expressed mathematically as follows:

<math>{\vec{F_{net}} = 0 \Leftrightarrow \frac{d\vec{v}}{dt}} = 0</math>

<math>{\vec{F_{2}} = {q_{1}}{\vec{E_{1}}} \Leftrightarrow \frac{d\vec{v}}{dt}} </math>

which can be translated to postulate that the force on particle 2 is determined by the charge of particle 2 and the electric
field.

==Examples==

The following examples are to test your basic understanding of the Electric Field. For more examples that test your knowledge of all three of the laws, peruse the class textbook.

===Simple===
Which way is the electric field going for a negatively charged particle?

[[File:Simple111.png]]

It's easy to see that the electric field is pointing toward the negatively charged particle. The electric field is tending
toward the negatively charged particle.

===Middling===
Does the object in the following image have a net force of zero? Does it have a constant velocity?

This example is slightly more difficult, but is still quite trivial. If we sum the forces in the x direction, we see that the net force is 2 newtons in the -x direction. Therefore, the object does not have a constant velocity, and will be accelerating in the -x direction.

===Difficult===
Does the object in the following image have a net force of zero? Does it have a constant velocity?

This final example tests your knowledge and understanding of Newton's First Law. We're able to see that the box will accelerate in the -x direction because the net force in the x direction is 5 newtons to the left. However, the box itself has a velocity of 5m/s upwards, which would indeed stay constant. This is because forces (and motion) in perpendicular directions are of each other.

==Connectedness==

Newton's laws of motion tie into almost everything that we see or do. The first law, in particular, explains why we suddenly lurch forward when a car suddenly stops (our bodies are in a state of motion and thus resist the sudden stop), why it's much harder to stop when ice skating than walking (there's less friction, thus less net force to decelerate), and much, much, more. The importance of Newton's first law (and by extension, the other laws of motion) is not readily apparent, but serves as a basis to explain much of our daily interactions with our surroundings.

It can also apply to things outside of our daily interactions - space, for example. Newton's first law describes why an astronaut in space will continuously float in a direction forever if they are not pulled in by an asteroid or a planet's gravitational force. There is a lack of a net force opposing the astronaut's motion (due to the fact that there is no air in space) which results in the astronaut having a constant velocity. Floating off into space is probably an astronaut's worst nightmare, a scenario that a recent movie, ''Gravity'', explored. The entire premise of the movie (Sandra Bullock becomes untethered from her space station) relies on Newton's first law of motion.
==History==

While Galileo is the one credited with the idea of inertia motion, it was René Descartes, a French philosopher, who would expand upon Galileo's ideas. Descartes went on to propose three fundamental laws of nature in his book, ''Principles of Philosophy'', the first of which stated that "each thing, as far as is in its power, always remains in the same state; and that consequently, when it is once moved, it always continues to move." Thus, while the concept of inertia is often referred to as Newton's First Law, it was first described by Galileo and then perfected by Descartes decades before Newton published his findings.

As for Newton, he first described his three laws of motion in ''The Mathematical Principle of Natural Philosophy'', for the Principia, which was published in 1687. These laws described the relationship between an object and the forces acting upon it and laid the foundation for classical mechanics. While Newton's first law came from the work of Descartes and Galileo, his other laws are the work of himself.

==The Main Idea==
To be exact, the definition of the Electric Field is as follows:
The electric field is a region around a charged particle or object within which a force would be exerted on other objects.
If we put a charged particle at a location and it experiences a force, it would be logical to assume that there is something present that
is interacting with the particle. This "virtual force" is in essence the electric field.
===A Mathematical Model===

The electric field can be expressed mathematically as follows:

<math>{\vec{F_{net}} = 0 \Leftrightarrow \frac{d\vec{v}}{dt}} = 0</math>

<math>{\vec{F_{2}} = {q_{1}}{\vec{E_{1}}} \Leftrightarrow \frac{d\vec{v}}{dt}} </math>

which can be translated to postulate that the force on particle 2 is determined by the charge of particle 2 and the electric
field.

==Examples==

The following examples are to test your basic understanding of the Electric Field. For more examples that test your knowledge of all three of the laws, peruse the class textbook.

===Simple===
Which way is the electric field going for a negatively charged particle?

[[File:Simple111.png]]

It's easy to see that the electric field is pointing toward the negatively charged particle. The electric field is tending
toward the negatively charged particle.

===Middling===
Does the object in the following image have a net force of zero? Does it have a constant velocity?

This example is slightly more difficult, but is still quite trivial. If we sum the forces in the x direction, we see that the net force is 2 newtons in the -x direction. Therefore, the object does not have a constant velocity, and will be accelerating in the -x direction.

===Difficult===
Does the object in the following image have a net force of zero? Does it have a constant velocity?

This final example tests your knowledge and understanding of Newton's First Law. We're able to see that the box will accelerate in the -x direction because the net force in the x direction is 5 newtons to the left. However, the box itself has a velocity of 5m/s upwards, which would indeed stay constant. This is because forces (and motion) in perpendicular directions are of each other.

==Connectedness==

Newton's laws of motion tie into almost everything that we see or do. The first law, in particular, explains why we suddenly lurch forward when a car suddenly stops (our bodies are in a state of motion and thus resist the sudden stop), why it's much harder to stop when ice skating than walking (there's less friction, thus less net force to decelerate), and much, much, more. The importance of Newton's first law (and by extension, the other laws of motion) is not readily apparent, but serves as a basis to explain much of our daily interactions with our surroundings.

It can also apply to things outside of our daily interactions - space, for example. Newton's first law describes why an astronaut in space will continuously float in a direction forever if they are not pulled in by an asteroid or a planet's gravitational force. There is a lack of a net force opposing the astronaut's motion (due to the fact that there is no air in space) which results in the astronaut having a constant velocity. Floating off into space is probably an astronaut's worst nightmare, a scenario that a recent movie, ''Gravity'', explored. The entire premise of the movie (Sandra Bullock becomes untethered from her space station) relies on Newton's first law of motion.
==History==

While Galileo is the one credited with the idea of inertia motion, it was René Descartes, a French philosopher, who would expand upon Galileo's ideas. Descartes went on to propose three fundamental laws of nature in his book, ''Principles of Philosophy'', the first of which stated that "each thing, as far as is in its power, always remains in the same state; and that consequently, when it is once moved, it always continues to move." Thus, while the concept of inertia is often referred to as Newton's First Law, it was first described by Galileo and then perfected by Descartes decades before Newton published his findings.

As for Newton, he first described his three laws of motion in ''The Mathematical Principle of Natural Philosophy'', for the Principia, which was published in 1687. These laws described the relationship between an object and the forces acting upon it and laid the foundation for classical mechanics. While Newton's first law came from the work of Descartes and Galileo, his other laws are the work of himself.

==The Main Idea==
To be exact, the definition of the Electric Field is as follows:
The electric field is a region around a charged particle or object within which a force would be exerted on other objects.
If we put a charged particle at a location and it experiences a force, it would be logical to assume that there is something present that
is interacting with the particle. This "virtual force" is in essence the electric field.
===A Mathematical Model===

The electric field can be expressed mathematically as follows:

<math>{\vec{F_{net}} = 0 \Leftrightarrow \frac{d\vec{v}}{dt}} = 0</math>

<math>{\vec{F_{2}} = {q_{1}}{\vec{E_{1}}} \Leftrightarrow \frac{d\vec{v}}{dt}} = 0</math>

which can be translated to postulate that the force on particle 2 is determined by the charge of particle 2 and the electric
field.

==Examples==

The following examples are to test your basic understanding of the Electric Field. For more examples that test your knowledge of all three of the laws, peruse the class textbook.

===Simple===
Which way is the electric field going for a negatively charged particle?

[[File:Example.jpg]]

It's easy to see that the electric field is pointing toward the negatively charged particle. The electric field is tending
toward the negatively charged particle.

===Middling===
Does the object in the following image have a net force of zero? Does it have a constant velocity?

This example is slightly more difficult, but is still quite trivial. If we sum the forces in the x direction, we see that the net force is 2 newtons in the -x direction. Therefore, the object does not have a constant velocity, and will be accelerating in the -x direction.

===Difficult===
Does the object in the following image have a net force of zero? Does it have a constant velocity?

This final example tests your knowledge and understanding of Newton's First Law. We're able to see that the box will accelerate in the -x direction because the net force in the x direction is 5 newtons to the left. However, the box itself has a velocity of 5m/s upwards, which would indeed stay constant. This is because forces (and motion) in perpendicular directions are of each other.

==Connectedness==

Newton's laws of motion tie into almost everything that we see or do. The first law, in particular, explains why we suddenly lurch forward when a car suddenly stops (our bodies are in a state of motion and thus resist the sudden stop), why it's much harder to stop when ice skating than walking (there's less friction, thus less net force to decelerate), and much, much, more. The importance of Newton's first law (and by extension, the other laws of motion) is not readily apparent, but serves as a basis to explain much of our daily interactions with our surroundings.

It can also apply to things outside of our daily interactions - space, for example. Newton's first law describes why an astronaut in space will continuously float in a direction forever if they are not pulled in by an asteroid or a planet's gravitational force. There is a lack of a net force opposing the astronaut's motion (due to the fact that there is no air in space) which results in the astronaut having a constant velocity. Floating off into space is probably an astronaut's worst nightmare, a scenario that a recent movie, ''Gravity'', explored. The entire premise of the movie (Sandra Bullock becomes untethered from her space station) relies on Newton's first law of motion.
==History==

While Galileo is the one credited with the idea of inertia motion, it was René Descartes, a French philosopher, who would expand upon Galileo's ideas. Descartes went on to propose three fundamental laws of nature in his book, ''Principles of Philosophy'', the first of which stated that "each thing, as far as is in its power, always remains in the same state; and that consequently, when it is once moved, it always continues to move." Thus, while the concept of inertia is often referred to as Newton's First Law, it was first described by Galileo and then perfected by Descartes decades before Newton published his findings.

As for Newton, he first described his three laws of motion in ''The Mathematical Principle of Natural Philosophy'', for the Principia, which was published in 1687. These laws described the relationship between an object and the forces acting upon it and laid the foundation for classical mechanics. While Newton's first law came from the work of Descartes and Galileo, his other laws are the work of himself.

==The Main Idea==
To be exact, the definition of the Electric Field is as follows:
The electric field is a region around a charged particle or object within which a force would be exerted on other charged particles or objects.
If we put a charged particle at a location and it experiences a force, it would be logical to assume that there is something present that
is interacting with the particle. This "virtual force" is in essence the electric field.
===A Mathematical Model===

The electric field can be expressed mathematically as follows:

<math>{\vec{F_{net}} = 0 \Leftrightarrow \frac{d\vec{v}}{dt}} = 0</math>

<math>{\vec{F_{2}} = {q_{1}}{\vec{E_{1}}} \Leftrightarrow \frac{d\vec{v}}{dt}} = 0</math>

which can be translated to postulate that the force on particle 2 is determined by the charge of particle 2 and the electric
field.

==Examples==

The following examples are to test your basic understanding of Newton's First Law. For more examples that test your knowledge of all three of the laws, click .

===Simple===
Does the object in the following image have a net force of zero? Does it have a constant velocity?

It's easy to see that the only force on the object is acting in the +x direction, with a magnitude of 5 newtons. Therefore, the object does not have a net force of zero or a constant velocity. It will be accelerating in the +x direction.

===Middling===
Does the object in the following image have a net force of zero? Does it have a constant velocity?

This example is slightly more difficult, but is still quite trivial. If we sum the forces in the x direction, we see that the net force is 2 newtons in the -x direction. Therefore, the object does not have a constant velocity, and will be accelerating in the -x direction.

===Difficult===
Does the object in the following image have a net force of zero? Does it have a constant velocity?

This final example tests your knowledge and understanding of Newton's First Law. We're able to see that the box will accelerate in the -x direction because the net force in the x direction is 5 newtons to the left. However, the box itself has a velocity of 5m/s upwards, which would indeed stay constant. This is because forces (and motion) in perpendicular directions are of each other.

==Connectedness==

Newton's laws of motion tie into almost everything that we see or do. The first law, in particular, explains why we suddenly lurch forward when a car suddenly stops (our bodies are in a state of motion and thus resist the sudden stop), why it's much harder to stop when ice skating than walking (there's less friction, thus less net force to decelerate), and much, much, more. The importance of Newton's first law (and by extension, the other laws of motion) is not readily apparent, but serves as a basis to explain much of our daily interactions with our surroundings.

It can also apply to things outside of our daily interactions - space, for example. Newton's first law describes why an astronaut in space will continuously float in a direction forever if they are not pulled in by an asteroid or a planet's gravitational force. There is a lack of a net force opposing the astronaut's motion (due to the fact that there is no air in space) which results in the astronaut having a constant velocity. Floating off into space is probably an astronaut's worst nightmare, a scenario that a recent movie, ''Gravity'', explored. The entire premise of the movie (Sandra Bullock becomes untethered from her space station) relies on Newton's first law of motion.
==History==

While Galileo is the one credited with the idea of inertia motion, it was René Descartes, a French philosopher, who would expand upon Galileo's ideas. Descartes went on to propose three fundamental laws of nature in his book, ''Principles of Philosophy'', the first of which stated that "each thing, as far as is in its power, always remains in the same state; and that consequently, when it is once moved, it always continues to move." Thus, while the concept of inertia is often referred to as Newton's First Law, it was first described by Galileo and then perfected by Descartes decades before Newton published his findings.

As for Newton, he first described his three laws of motion in ''The Mathematical Principle of Natural Philosophy'', for the Principia, which was published in 1687. These laws described the relationship between an object and the forces acting upon it and laid the foundation for classical mechanics. While Newton's first law came from the work of Descartes and Galileo, his other laws are the work of himself.

==The Main Idea==
To be exact, the definition of the First Law of Motion is as follows:
The electric field is a region around a charged particle or object within which a force would be exerted on other charged particles or objects.
In other (and much simpler) terms, it means that an object at rest stays at rest and an object in in motion stays in motion at a constant velocity unless acted on by an unbalanced net force. It's important to keep in mind that only a difference in affect the velocity of an object. The amount of change in velocity is determined by
===A Mathematical Model===

Newton's first law can be stated mathematically as follows:

<math>{\vec{F_{net}} = 0 \Leftrightarrow \frac{d\vec{v}}{dt}} = 0</math>

Where...

<math>\vec{F_{net}}</math> is the net force from the surroundings.

<math>d\vec{v}</math> is the change in velocity of the system.

<math>dt</math> is the change in time of the system

If we trace this formula from the left to the right, we can see that if the net force on an object is zero, then the change in velocity of an object is also zero. Conversely, if we were given an object and told that its change in momentum is zero, then we can deduce that the net force acting on the object is also zero. Keep in mind, however, that this formula simple deals with the '''change''' in velocity. It does '''not''' mean that the object is at rest, only that its velocity remains constant.

==Examples==

The following examples are to test your basic understanding of Newton's First Law. For more examples that test your knowledge of all three of the laws, click .

===Simple===
Does the object in the following image have a net force of zero? Does it have a constant velocity?

It's easy to see that the only force on the object is acting in the +x direction, with a magnitude of 5 newtons. Therefore, the object does not have a net force of zero or a constant velocity. It will be accelerating in the +x direction.

===Middling===
Does the object in the following image have a net force of zero? Does it have a constant velocity?

This example is slightly more difficult, but is still quite trivial. If we sum the forces in the x direction, we see that the net force is 2 newtons in the -x direction. Therefore, the object does not have a constant velocity, and will be accelerating in the -x direction.

===Difficult===
Does the object in the following image have a net force of zero? Does it have a constant velocity?

This final example tests your knowledge and understanding of Newton's First Law. We're able to see that the box will accelerate in the -x direction because the net force in the x direction is 5 newtons to the left. However, the box itself has a velocity of 5m/s upwards, which would indeed stay constant. This is because forces (and motion) in perpendicular directions are of each other.

==Connectedness==

Newton's laws of motion tie into almost everything that we see or do. The first law, in particular, explains why we suddenly lurch forward when a car suddenly stops (our bodies are in a state of motion and thus resist the sudden stop), why it's much harder to stop when ice skating than walking (there's less friction, thus less net force to decelerate), and much, much, more. The importance of Newton's first law (and by extension, the other laws of motion) is not readily apparent, but serves as a basis to explain much of our daily interactions with our surroundings.

It can also apply to things outside of our daily interactions - space, for example. Newton's first law describes why an astronaut in space will continuously float in a direction forever if they are not pulled in by an asteroid or a planet's gravitational force. There is a lack of a net force opposing the astronaut's motion (due to the fact that there is no air in space) which results in the astronaut having a constant velocity. Floating off into space is probably an astronaut's worst nightmare, a scenario that a recent movie, ''Gravity'', explored. The entire premise of the movie (Sandra Bullock becomes untethered from her space station) relies on Newton's first law of motion.
==History==

While Galileo is the one credited with the idea of inertia motion, it was René Descartes, a French philosopher, who would expand upon Galileo's ideas. Descartes went on to propose three fundamental laws of nature in his book, ''Principles of Philosophy'', the first of which stated that "each thing, as far as is in its power, always remains in the same state; and that consequently, when it is once moved, it always continues to move." Thus, while the concept of inertia is often referred to as Newton's First Law, it was first described by Galileo and then perfected by Descartes decades before Newton published his findings.

As for Newton, he first described his three laws of motion in ''The Mathematical Principle of Natural Philosophy'', for the Principia, which was published in 1687. These laws described the relationship between an object and the forces acting upon it and laid the foundation for classical mechanics. While Newton's first law came from the work of Descartes and Galileo, his other laws are the work of himself.

==The Main Idea==
To be exact, the definition of the First Law of Motion is as follows:
The electric field is a region around a charged particle or object within which a force would be exerted on other charged particles or objects.
In other (and much simpler) terms, it means that an object at rest stays at rest and an object in in motion stays in motion at a constant velocity unless acted on by an unbalanced net force. It's important to keep in mind that only a difference in affect the velocity of an object. The amount of change in velocity is determined by
===A Mathematical Model===

Newton's first law can be stated mathematically as follows:

<math>{\vec{F_{net}} = 0 \Leftrightarrow \frac{d\vec{v}}{dt}} = 0</math>

Where...

<math>\vec{F_{net}}</math> is the net force from the surroundings.

<math>d\vec{v}</math> is the change in velocity of the system.

<math>dt</math> is the change in time of the system

If we trace this formula from the left to the right, we can see that if the net force on an object is zero, then the change in velocity of an object is also zero. Conversely, if we were given an object and told that its change in momentum is zero, then we can deduce that the net force acting on the object is also zero. Keep in mind, however, that this formula simple deals with the '''change''' in velocity. It does '''not''' mean that the object is at rest, only that its velocity remains constant.

==Examples==

The following examples are to test your basic understanding of Newton's First Law. For more examples that test your knowledge of all three of the laws, click .

===Simple===
Does the object in the following image have a net force of zero? Does it have a constant velocity?

It's easy to see that the only force on the object is acting in the +x direction, with a magnitude of 5 newtons. Therefore, the object does not have a net force of zero or a constant velocity. It will be accelerating in the +x direction.

===Middling===
Does the object in the following image have a net force of zero? Does it have a constant velocity?

This example is slightly more difficult, but is still quite trivial. If we sum the forces in the x direction, we see that the net force is 2 newtons in the -x direction. Therefore, the object does not have a constant velocity, and will be accelerating in the -x direction.

===Difficult===
Does the object in the following image have a net force of zero? Does it have a constant velocity?

This final example tests your knowledge and understanding of Newton's First Law. We're able to see that the box will accelerate in the -x direction because the net force in the x direction is 5 newtons to the left. However, the box itself has a velocity of 5m/s upwards, which would indeed stay constant. This is because forces (and motion) in perpendicular directions are of each other.

==Connectedness==

Newton's laws of motion tie into almost everything that we see or do. The first law, in particular, explains why we suddenly lurch forward when a car suddenly stops (our bodies are in a state of motion and thus resist the sudden stop), why it's much harder to stop when ice skating than walking (there's less friction, thus less net force to decelerate), and much, much, more. The importance of Newton's first law (and by extension, the other laws of motion) is not readily apparent, but serves as a basis to explain much of our daily interactions with our surroundings.

It can also apply to things outside of our daily interactions - space, for example. Newton's first law describes why an astronaut in space will continuously float in a direction forever if they are not pulled in by an asteroid or a planet's gravitational force. There is a lack of a net force opposing the astronaut's motion (due to the fact that there is no air in space) which results in the astronaut having a constant velocity. Floating off into space is probably an astronaut's worst nightmare, a scenario that a recent movie, ''Gravity'', explored. The entire premise of the movie (Sandra Bullock becomes untethered from her space station) relies on Newton's first law of motion.
==History==

While Galileo is the one credited with the idea of inertia motion, it was René Descartes, a French philosopher, who would expand upon Galileo's ideas. Descartes went on to propose three fundamental laws of nature in his book, ''Principles of Philosophy'', the first of which stated that "each thing, as far as is in its power, always remains in the same state; and that consequently, when it is once moved, it always continues to move." Thus, while the concept of inertia is often referred to as Newton's First Law, it was first described by Galileo and then perfected by Descartes decades before Newton published his findings.

As for Newton, he first described his three laws of motion in ''The Mathematical Principle of Natural Philosophy'', for the Principia, which was published in 1687. These laws described the relationship between an object and the forces acting upon it and laid the foundation for classical mechanics. While Newton's first law came from the work of Descartes and Galileo, his other laws are the work of himself.

==The Main Idea==
To be exact, the definition of the First Law of Motion is as follows:
Every body persists in its state of rest or of moving with constant speed in a constant direction, except to the extent that it is compelled to change that state by forces acting on it.
In other (and much simpler) terms, it means that an object at rest stays at rest and an object in in motion stays in motion at a constant velocity unless acted on by an unbalanced net force. It's important to keep in mind that only a difference in [http://www.physicsclassroom.com/class/newtlaws/Lesson-2/Determining-the-Net-Force net force] can affect the velocity of an object. The amount of change in velocity is determined by [http://www.physicsclassroom.com/class/newtlaws/Lesson-3/Newton-s-Second-Law Newton's Second Law of Motion].

===A Mathematical Model===

Newton's first law can be stated mathematically as follows:

<math>{\vec{F_{net}} = 0 \Leftrightarrow \frac{d\vec{v}}{dt}} = 0</math>

Where...

<math>\vec{F_{net}}</math> is the net force from the surroundings.

<math>d\vec{v}</math> is the change in velocity of the system.

<math>dt</math> is the change in time of the system

If we trace this formula from the left to the right, we can see that if the net force on an object is zero, then the change in velocity of an object is also zero. Conversely, if we were given an object and told that its change in momentum is zero, then we can deduce that the net force acting on the object is also zero. Keep in mind, however, that this formula simple deals with the '''change''' in velocity. It does '''not''' mean that the object is at rest, only that its velocity remains constant.

==Examples==

The following examples are to test your basic understanding of Newton's First Law. For more examples that test your knowledge of all three of the laws, click [http://www.physicsclassroom.com/calcpad/newtlaws/problems here].

===Simple===
Does the object in the following image have a net force of zero? Does it have a constant velocity?

[[File:Newtonfirstlawsimple.png|400px]]

It's easy to see that the only force on the object is acting in the +x direction, with a magnitude of 5 newtons. Therefore, the object does not have a net force of zero or a constant velocity. It will be accelerating in the +x direction.

===Middling===
Does the object in the following image have a net force of zero? Does it have a constant velocity?

[[File:Newtonfirstlawmedium.png|400px]]

This example is slightly more difficult, but is still quite trivial. If we sum the forces in the x direction, we see that the net force is 2 newtons in the -x direction. Therefore, the object does not have a constant velocity, and will be accelerating in the -x direction.

===Difficult===
Does the object in the following image have a net force of zero? Does it have a constant velocity?

[[File:Newtonsfirstlawhard.png|400px]]

This final example tests your knowledge and understanding of Newton's First Law. We're able to see that the box will accelerate in the -x direction because the net force in the x direction is 5 newtons to the left. However, the box itself has a velocity of 5m/s upwards, which would indeed stay constant. This is because forces (and motion) in perpendicular directions are [http://www.physicsclassroom.com/class/vectors/Lesson-1/Independence-of-Perpendicular-Components-of-Motion independent] of each other.

==Connectedness==

[[File:Tablecloth.gif|left|300px|thumb|The "magic trick" of ripping off a table cloth without the plates on top moving is an example of Newton's First Law. The tableware is in a state of rest, and thus want to remain in such a state.]]

Newton's laws of motion tie into almost everything that we see or do. The first law, in particular, explains why we suddenly lurch forward when a car suddenly stops (our bodies are in a state of motion and thus resist the sudden stop), why it's much harder to stop when ice skating than walking (there's less friction, thus less net force to decelerate), and much, much, more. The importance of Newton's first law (and by extension, the other laws of motion) is not readily apparent, but serves as a basis to explain much of our daily interactions with our surroundings.

It can also apply to things outside of our daily interactions - space, for example. Newton's first law describes why an astronaut in space will continuously float in a direction forever if they are not pulled in by an asteroid or a planet's gravitational force. There is a lack of a net force opposing the astronaut's motion (due to the fact that there is no air in space) which results in the astronaut having a constant velocity. Floating off into space is probably an astronaut's worst nightmare, a scenario that a recent movie, ''Gravity'', explored. The entire premise of the movie (Sandra Bullock becomes untethered from her space station) relies on Newton's first law of motion.
==History==

While Galileo is the one credited with the idea of inertia motion, it was René Descartes, a French philosopher, who would expand upon Galileo's ideas. Descartes went on to propose three fundamental laws of nature in his book, ''Principles of Philosophy'', the first of which stated that "each thing, as far as is in its power, always remains in the same state; and that consequently, when it is once moved, it always continues to move." Thus, while the concept of inertia is often referred to as Newton's First Law, it was first described by Galileo and then perfected by Descartes decades before Newton published his findings.

As for Newton, he first described his three laws of motion in ''The Mathematical Principle of Natural Philosophy'', for the Principia, which was published in 1687. These laws described the relationship between an object and the forces acting upon it and laid the foundation for classical mechanics. While Newton's first law came from the work of Descartes and Galileo, his other laws are the work of himself.

==Electric Field==
The electric field created by a charge is present throughout space at all times, whether or not there is another charge around to feel its effects. The electric field created by a charge penetrates through matter. The field permeates the neighboring space, biding its time until it can affect anything brought into its space of interaction.
*[[Vectors]]
*[[Right-Hand Rule]]
*[[Right Hand Rule]]
</div>
</div>

<div class="toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">

====Electric force====
<div class="mw-collapsible-content">

*[[Electric Force]] Claimed by Amarachi Eze
*[[Lorentz Force]]
</div>
</div>

<div class="toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">

====Electric field of a point particle====

<div class="mw-collapsible-content">
*[[Point Charge]]
</div>
</div>

<div class="toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">

'''Bold text'''====Superposition====
<div class="mw-collapsible-content">
*[[Superposition Principle]]
*[[Superposition principle]]
</div>
</div>

<div class="toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">

====Dipoles====
<div class="mw-collapsible-content">
*[[Electric Dipole]]
*[[Magnetic Dipole]]
</div>
</div>

===Week 2===
<div class="toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">
====Interactions of charged objects====
<div class="mw-collapsible-content">
*[[Electric Field]]
*[[Electric Potential]]
*[[Electric Force]]
*[[Lorentz Force]]
</div>
</div>

<div class="toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">
====Tape experiments====
<div class="mw-collapsible-content">
*[[Polarization]]
*[[Electric Polarization]]
</div>
</div>

<div class="toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">
====Polarization====
<div class="mw-collapsible-content">
*[[Polarization]]
*[[Electric Polarization]]
*[[Polarization of an Atom]]
</div>
</div>

===Week 3===
<div class="toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">
====Insulators====
<div class="mw-collapsible-content">
*[[Insulators]]
*[[Potential Difference in an Insulator]]
*[[Charged Conductor and Charged Insulator]]
*[[Charged conductor and charged insulator]]
</div>
</div>

<div class="toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">
====Conductors====
<div class="mw-collapsible-content">
*[[Conductivity]]
*[[Charge Transfer]]
*[[Resistivity]]
*[[Polarization of a conductor]]
*[[Charged Conductor and Charged Insulator]]
*[[Charged conductor and charged insulator]]
</div>
</div>

<div class="toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">
====Charging and discharging====
<div class="mw-collapsible-content">
*[[Charge Transfer]]
*[[Electrostatic Discharge]]
*[[Charged Conductor and Charged Insulator]]
*[[Charged conductor and charged insulator]]
</div>
</div>

===Week 4===
<div class="toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">
====Field of a charged rod====
<div class="mw-collapsible-content">
*[[Charged Rod]]
</div>
</div>

<div class="toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">

====Field of a charged ring/disk/capacitor====
<div class="mw-collapsible-content">
*[[Charged Ring]]
*[[Charged Disk]]
*[[Charged Capacitor]]
</div>
</div>

<div class="toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">

====Field of a charged sphere====
<div class="mw-collapsible-content">
*[[Charged Spherical Shell]]
*[[Field of a Charged Ball]]
</div>
</div>

===Week 5===
<div class="toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">
====Potential energy====
<div class="mw-collapsible-content">
*[[Potential Energy]]
</div>
</div>

<div class="toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">
====Electric potential====
<div class="mw-collapsible-content">
*[[Electric Potential]]
*[[Path Independence of Electric Potential]]
*[[Potential Difference Path Independence, claimed by Aditya Mohile]]
*[[Potential Difference in a Uniform Field]]
*[[Potential Difference of Point Charge in a Non-Uniform Field]]
</div>
</div>
<div class="toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">

====Sign of a potential difference====
Claimed by Tyler Quill
<div class="mw-collapsible-content">
==Overview==
The potential difference is a quantity representing the potential energy per unit of charge. The potential difference is the driving behind the current flow in circuits, and can also be referred to as "voltage" since the Volt is the unit of potential difference.

*[[Sign of Potential Difference}]
</div>

</div>
<div class="toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">

====Potential at a single location====
<div class="mw-collapsible-content">
*[[Electric Potential]]
*[[Potential Difference at One Location]]
</div>
</div>

<div class="toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">

====Path independence and round trip potential====
<div class="mw-collapsible-content">
*[[Path Independence of Electric Potential]]
*[[Potential Difference Path Independence, claimed by Aditya Mohile]]
</div>
</div>

===Week 6===
<div class="toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">
====Electric field and potential in an insulator====
<div class="mw-collapsible-content">
*[[Potential Difference in an Insulator]]
*[[Electric Field in an Insulator]]
</div>
</div>
<div class="toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">

====Moving charges in a magnetic field====
<div class="mw-collapsible-content">
*[[Magnetic Field]]
*[[Magnetic Force]]
*[[Lorentz Force]]
</div>
</div>
<div class="toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">

====Biot-Savart Law====
<div class="mw-collapsible-content">
*[[Biot-Savart Law]]
*[[Biot-Savart Law for Currents]]
</div>
</div>
<div class="toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">

====Moving charges, electron current, and conventional current====
<div class="mw-collapsible-content">
*[[Moving Point Charge]]
*[[Current]]
</div>
</div>

===Week 7=== Claimed by Diem Tran
<div class="toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">
====Magnetic field of a wire====
<div class="mw-collapsible-content">
*[[Magnetic Field of a Long Straight Wire]]
</div>
</div>

<div class="toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">
====Magnetic field of a current-carrying loop====
<div class="mw-collapsible-content">
*[[Magnetic Field of a Loop]]
</div>
</div>

<div class="toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">
====Magnetic dipoles====
<div class="mw-collapsible-content">
*[[Magnetic Dipole Moment]]
*[[Bar Magnet]]
</div>
</div>

<div class="toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">
====Atomic structure of magnets====
<div class="mw-collapsible-content">
*[[Atomic Structure of Magnets]]
</div>
</div>

===Week 8===
<div class="toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">
====Steady state current====
<div class="mw-collapsible-content">
*[[Steady State]]
*[[Non Steady State]]
</div>
</div>

<div class="toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">
====Node rule====
<div class="mw-collapsible-content">
*[[Node Rule]]
</div>
</div>

<div class="toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">
====Electric fields and energy in circuits====
<div class="mw-collapsible-content">
*[[Series circuit]] claimed by Hannah Jang
*[[Node Rule]]
*[[Loop Rule]]
*[[Electric Potential Difference]]
</div>
</div>

<div class="toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">

====Macroscopic analysis of circuits====
<div class="mw-collapsible-content">
*[[Series Circuits]]
*[[Parallel CIrcuits]]
*[[Parallel Circuits vs. Series Circuits*]]
*[[Loop Rule]]
*[[Node Rule]]
*[[Resistors*]]
</div>
</div>

===Week 9===
<div class="toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">
====Electric field and potential in circuits with capacitors====
<div class="mw-collapsible-content">
*[[Charging and Discharging a Capacitor]]
*[[RC Circuit]]
*[[R Circuit]]
*[[AC and DC]]

</div>
</div>

<div class="toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">

====Magnetic forces on charges and currents====
<div class="mw-collapsible-content">
*[[Magnetic Force]]
*[[Lorentz Force]]
*[[Applying Magnetic Force to Currents]]
*[[Magnetic Force in a Moving Reference Frame]]
*[[Right-Hand Rule]]
*[[Analysis of Railgun vs Coil gun technologies]]
</div>
</div>

<div class="toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">
====Electric and magnetic forces====
<div class="mw-collapsible-content">
*[[Electric Force]]
*[[Magnetic Force]]
*[[Lorentz Force]]
*[[VPython Modelling of Electric and Magnetic Forces]]
</div>
</div>

<div class="toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">
====Velocity selector====
<div class="mw-collapsible-content">
*[[Lorentz Force]]
*[[Combining Electric and Magnetic Forces]]
</div>
</div>

===Week 10===

====Student Content====

<div class=“toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed”>
==== Hall Effect ====
<div class="mw-collapsible-content">
*[[Hall Effect]]
*[[Motional Emf]]
*[[Magnetic Force]]
*[[Magnetic Torque]]

</div>
</div>

==Physics 3==

===Week 1===
<div class="toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">
====Classical Physics====
<div class="mw-collapsible-content">
</div>
</div>

===Week 2===
<div class="toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">
====Special Relativity====
<div class="mw-collapsible-content">
*[[Frame of Reference]]
*[[Einstein's Theory of Special Relativity]]
*[[Time Dilation]]
*[[Einstein's Theory of General Relativity]]
*[[Albert A. Micheleson & Edward W. Morley]]
*[[Magnetic Force in a Moving Reference Frame]]
</div>
</div>

===Week 3===
<div class="toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">
====Photons====
<div class="mw-collapsible-content">
*[[Spontaneous Photon Emission]]
*[[Light Scattering: Why is the Sky Blue]]
*[[Lasers]]
*[[Electronic Energy Levels and Photons]]
*[[Quantum Properties of Light]]
</div>
</div>

===Week 4===
<div class="toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">
====Matter Waves====
<div class="mw-collapsible-content">
*[[Wave-Particle Duality]]
</div>
</div>

===Week 5===
<div class="toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">
====Wave Mechanics====
<div class="mw-collapsible-content">
*[[Standing Waves]]
*[[Wavelength]]
*[[Wavelength and Frequency]]
*[[Mechanical Waves]]
*[[Transverse and Longitudinal Waves]]
</div>
</div>

===Week 6===
<div class="toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">
====Rutherford-Bohr Model====
<div class="mw-collapsible-content">
*[[Rutherford Experiment and Atomic Collisions]]
*[[Bohr Model]]
*[[Quantized energy levels]]
*[[Energy graphs and the Bohr model]]
</div>
</div>

===Week 7===
<div class="toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">
====The Hydrogen Atom====
<div class="mw-collapsible-content">
*[[Quantum Theory]]
*[[Atomic Theory]]
</div>
</div>

===Week 8===
<div class="toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">
====Many-Electron Atoms====
<div class="mw-collapsible-content">
*[[Quantum Theory]]
*[[Atomic Theory]]
*[[Pauli exclusion principle]]
</div>
</div>

===Week 9===
<div class="toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">
====Molecules====
<div class="mw-collapsible-content">
</div>
</div>

===Week 10===
<div class="toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">
====Statistical Physics====
<div class="mw-collapsible-content">
</div>
</div>

===Week 11===
<div class="toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">
====Condensed Matter Physics====
<div class="mw-collapsible-content">
</div>
</div>

===Week 12===
<div class="toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">
====The Nucleus====
<div class="mw-collapsible-content">
</div>
</div>

===Week 13===
<div class="toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">
====Nuclear Physics====
<div class="mw-collapsible-content">
*[[Nuclear Fission]]
*[[Nuclear Energy from Fission and Fusion]]
</div>
</div>

===Week 14===
<div class="toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">
====Particle Physics====
<div class="mw-collapsible-content">
*[[Elementary Particles and Particle Physics Theory]]
*[[String Theory]]
</div>
</div>

Main Page

2016-04-17T05:23:51Z

Tquill: /* Sign of a potential difference */

__NOTOC__
Welcome to the Georgia Tech Wiki for Introductory Physics. This resource was created so that students can contribute and curate content to help those with limited or no access to a textbook. When reading this website, please correct any errors you may come across. If you read something that isn't clear, please consider revising it for future students!

Looking to make a contribution?
#Pick one of the topics from intro physics listed below
#Add content to that topic or improve the quality of what is already there.
#Need to make a new topic? Edit this page and add it to the list under the appropriate category. Then copy and paste the default [[Template]] into your new page and start editing.

Please remember that this is not a textbook and you are not limited to expressing your ideas with only text and equations. Whenever possible embed: pictures, videos, diagrams, simulations, computational models (e.g. Glowscript), and whatever content you think makes learning physics easier for other students.

== Source Material ==
All of the content added to this resource must be in the public domain or similar free resource. If you are unsure about a source, contact the original author for permission. That said, there is a surprisingly large amount of introductory physics content scattered across the web. Here is an incomplete list of intro physics resources (please update as needed).
* A physics resource written by experts for an expert audience [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:Physics Physics Portal]
* A wiki written for students by a physics expert [http://p3server.pa.msu.edu/coursewiki/doku.php?id=183_notes MSU Physics Wiki]
* A wiki book on modern physics [https://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Modern_Physics Modern Physics Wiki]
* The MIT open courseware for intro physics [http://ocw.mit.edu/resources/res-8-002-a-wikitextbook-for-introductory-mechanics-fall-2009/index.htm MITOCW Wiki]
* An online concept map of intro physics [http://hyperphysics.phy-astr.gsu.edu/hbase/hph.html HyperPhysics]
* Interactive physics simulations [https://phet.colorado.edu/en/simulations/category/physics PhET]
* OpenStax algebra based intro physics textbook [https://openstaxcollege.org/textbooks/college-physics College Physics]
* The Open Source Physics project is a collection of online physics resources [http://www.opensourcephysics.org/ OSP]
* A resource guide compiled by the [http://www.aapt.org/ AAPT] for educators [http://www.compadre.org/ ComPADRE]

== Organizing Categories ==
These are the broad, overarching categories, that we cover in three semester of introductory physics. You can add subcategories as needed but a single topic should direct readers to a page in one of these categories.

== Resources ==
* Commonly used wiki commands [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:Cheatsheet Wiki Cheatsheet]
* A guide to representing equations in math mode [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:Displaying_a_formula Wiki Math Mode]
* A page to keep track of all the physics [[Constants]]
* A page for review of [[Vectors]] and vector operations
* A listing of [[Notable Scientist]] with links to their individual pages

<div style="float:left; width:30%; padding:1%;">
==Physics 1==
===Week 1===

====Student Content====
<div class=“toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed”>
=====Help with VPython=====
<div class=“mw-collapsible-content”>
*[[VPython]]
*[[VPython basics]]
*[[VPython Common Errors and Troubleshooting]]
*[[VPython Functions]]
*[[VPython Lists]]
*[[VPython Loops]]
*[[VPython Multithreading]]
*[[VPython Animation]]
*[[VPython Objects]]
*[[VPython 3D Objects]]
*[[VPython Reference]]
*[[VPython MapReduceFilter]]
*[[VPython GUIs]]
</div>
</div>

<div class=“toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed”>
=====Vectors and Units=====
<div class=“mw-collapsible-content”>
*[[Vectors]]
*[[SI units]]
</div>
</div>

<div class=“toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed”>

=====Interactions=====
<div class=“mw-collapsible-content”>
</div>
</div>
*[[Types of Interactions and How to Detect Them]]

<div class=“toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed”>

=====Velocity and Momentum=====
<div class=“mw-collapsible-content”>
*[[Newton’s First Law of Motion]]
*[[Velocity]]
*[[Mass]]
*[[Speed and Velocity]]
*[[Relative Velocity]]
*[[Derivation of Average Velocity]]
*[[2-Dimensional Motion]]
*[[3-Dimensional Position and Motion]]
</div>
</div>

====Expert Content====
<div class=“toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed”>

* [http://p3server.pa.msu.edu/coursewiki/doku.php?id=183_notes:vpython_resources Software for Projects]

</div>

===Week 2===
====Student Content====
<div class=“toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed”>
=====Momentum and the Momentum Principle=====
<div class=“mw-collapsible-content”>
*[[Momentum Principle]]
*[[Inertia]]
*[[Net Force]]
*[[Derivation of the Momentum Principle]]
*[[Impulse Momentum]]
*[[Acceleration]]
*[[Momentum with respect to external Forces]]
</div>
</div>

<div class=“toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed”>
=====Iterative Prediction with a Constant Force=====
<div class=“mw-collapsible-content”>
*[[Newton’s Second Law of Motion]]
*[[Iterative Prediction]]
*[[Kinematics]]
*[[Newton’s Laws and Linear Momentum]]
*[[Projectile Motion]]
</div>
</div>

====Expert Content====
<div class=“toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed”>

* [http://p3server.pa.msu.edu/coursewiki/doku.php?id=183_notes:scalars_and_vectors Scalars and Vectors]
* [http://p3server.pa.msu.edu/coursewiki/doku.php?id=183_notes:displacement_and_velocity Displacement and Velocity]
* [http://p3server.pa.msu.edu/coursewiki/doku.php?id=183_notes:modeling_with_vpython Modeling Motion with VPython]
* [http://p3server.pa.msu.edu/coursewiki/doku.php?id=183_notes:relative_motion Relative Motion]
* [http://p3server.pa.msu.edu/coursewiki/doku.php?id=183_notes:graphing_motion Graphing Motion]
* [http://p3server.pa.msu.edu/coursewiki/doku.php?id=183_notes:momentum Momentum]
* [http://p3server.pa.msu.edu/coursewiki/doku.php?id=183_notes:momentum_principle The Momentum Principle]
* [http://p3server.pa.msu.edu/coursewiki/doku.php?id=183_notes:acceleration Acceleration & The Change in Momentum]
* [http://p3server.pa.msu.edu/coursewiki/doku.php?id=183_notes:motionPredict Applying the Momentum Principle]
* [http://p3server.pa.msu.edu/coursewiki/doku.php?id=183_notes:constantF Constant Force Motion]
* [http://p3server.pa.msu.edu/coursewiki/doku.php?id=183_notes:iterativePredict Iterative Prediction of Motion]
* [http://p3server.pa.msu.edu/coursewiki/doku.php?id=183_notes:mp_multi The Momentum Principle in Multi-particle Systems]
* [http://p3server.pa.msu.edu/coursewiki/doku.php?id=183_notes:angular_motivation Why Angular Momentum?]
* [http://p3server.pa.msu.edu/coursewiki/doku.php?id=183_notes:ang_momentum Angular Momentum]
* [http://p3server.pa.msu.edu/coursewiki/doku.php?id=183_notes:L_principle Net Torque & The Angular Momentum Principle]
* [http://p3server.pa.msu.edu/coursewiki/doku.php?id=183_notes:L_conservation Angular Momentum Conservation]

</div>

===Week 3===
====Student Content====
<div class=“toccolours \
mw-collapsible mw-collapsed”>
=====Analytic Prediction with a Constant Force=====
<div \
class=“mw-collapsible-content”>
*[[Analytical Prediction]]
</div>
</div>

<div class=“toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed”>
=====Iterative Prediction with a Varying Force=====
<div \
class=“mw-collapsible-content”>
*[[Predicting Change in multiple dimensions]]
*[[Spring Force]]
*[[Hooke’s Law]]
*[[Simple Harmonic Motion]]
*[[Iterative Prediction of Spring-Mass System]]
*[[Terminal Speed]]
*[[Determinism]]
</div>
</div>

====Expert Content====
<div class=“toccolours mw-collapsible \
mw-collapsed”>

* [http://p3server.pa.msu.edu/coursewiki/doku.php?id=183_notes:drag Drag]
* [http://p3server.pa.msu.edu/coursewiki/doku.php?id=183_notes:gravitation Non-constant Force: Newtonian Gravitation]
* [http://p3server.pa.msu.edu/coursewiki/doku.php?id=183_notes:ucm Uniform Circular Motion]
* [http://p3server.pa.msu.edu/coursewiki/doku.php?id=183_notes:impulseGraphs Impulse Graphs]
* [http://p3server.pa.msu.edu/coursewiki/doku.php?id=183_notes:springMotion Non-constant Force: Springs & Spring-like Interactions]
* [http://p3server.pa.msu.edu/coursewiki/doku.php?id=183_notes:friction Contact Interactions: The Normal Force & Friction]

</div>

===Week 4===
====Student Content====
<div class=“toccolours \
mw-collapsible mw-collapsed”>
=====Fundamental Interactions=====
<div class=“mw-collapsible-content”>
*[[Gravitational Force]]
*[[Electric Force]]
*[[Reciprocity]]
</div>
</div>

====Expert Content====
<div class=“toccolours mw-collapsible \
mw-collapsed”>

* [http://p3server.pa.msu.edu/coursewiki/doku.php?id=183_notes:gravitation Non-constant Force: Newtonian Gravitation]

</div>

===Week 5===
====Student Content====
<div class=“toccolours \
mw-collapsible mw-collapsed”>
=====Conservation of Momentum=====
<div class=“mw-collapsible-content”>
*[[Conservation of Momentum]]
</div>
</div>
<div class=“toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed”>

=====Properties of Matter=====
<div class=“mw-collapsible-content”>
*[[Kinds of Matter]]
**[[Ball and Spring Model of Matter]]
*[[Density]]
*[[Length and Stiffness of an Interatomic Bond]]
*[[Young’s Modulus]]
*[[Speed of Sound in Solids]]
*[[Malleability]]
*[[Ductility]]
*[[Weight]]
*[[Hardness]]
*[[Boiling Point]]
*[[Melting Point]]
</div>
</div>

====Expert Content====
<div class=“toccolours mw-collapsible \
mw-collapsed”>

* [http://p3server.pa.msu.edu/coursewiki/doku.php?id=183_notes:model_of_a_wire Modeling a Solid Wire: springs in series and parallel]

</div>

===Week 6===
====Student Content====
<div class=“toccolours \
mw-collapsible mw-collapsed”>
=====Identifying Forces=====
<div class=“mw-collapsible-content”>
*[[Free Body Diagram]]
*[[Compression or Normal Force]]
*[[Tension]]
</div>
</div>
<div class=“toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed”>
=====Curving Motion=====
<div class=“mw-collapsible-content”>
*[[Curving Motion]]
*[[Centripetal Force and Curving Motion]]
*[[Perpetual Freefall (Orbit)]]
</div>
</div>

====Expert Content====
<div class=“toccolours mw-collapsible \
mw-collapsed”>

* [http://p3server.pa.msu.edu/coursewiki/doku.php?id=183_notes:gravitation Non-constant Force: Newtonian Gravitation]
* [http://p3server.pa.msu.edu/coursewiki/doku.php?id=183_notes:grav_accel Gravitational Acceleration]
* [http://p3server.pa.msu.edu/coursewiki/doku.php?id=183_notes:ucm Uniform Circular Motion]
* [http://p3server.pa.msu.edu/coursewiki/doku.php?id=183_notes:freebodydiagrams Free Body Diagrams]
* [http://p3server.pa.msu.edu/coursewiki/doku.php?id=183_notes:curving_motion Curved Motion]

</div>

===Week 7===
====Student Content====
<div class=“toccolours \
mw-collapsible mw-collapsed”>
=====Energy Principle=====
<div class=“mw-collapsible-content”>
*[[The Energy Principle]]
*[[Conservation of Energy]]
*[[Kinetic Energy]]
*[[Work]]
*[[Power (Mechanical)]]
</div>
</div>

====Expert Content====
<div class=“toccolours mw-collapsible \
mw-collapsed”>

* [http://p3server.pa.msu.edu/coursewiki/doku.php?id=183_notes:define_energy What is Energy?]
* [http://p3server.pa.msu.edu/coursewiki/doku.php?id=183_notes:point_particle The Simplest System: A Single Particle]
* [http://p3server.pa.msu.edu/coursewiki/doku.php?id=183_notes:work Work: Mechanical Energy Transfer]
* [http://p3server.pa.msu.edu/coursewiki/doku.php?id=183_notes:energy_cons Conservation of Energy]
* [http://p3server.pa.msu.edu/coursewiki/doku.php?id=183_notes:potential_energy Potential Energy]
* [http://p3server.pa.msu.edu/coursewiki/doku.php?id=183_notes:grav_and_spring_PE (Near Earth) Gravitational and Spring Potential Energy]
* [http://p3server.pa.msu.edu/coursewiki/doku.php?id=183_notes:force_and_PE Force and Potential Energy]
* [http://p3server.pa.msu.edu/coursewiki/doku.php?id=183_notes:newton_grav_pe Newtonian Gravitational Potential Energy]
* [http://p3server.pa.msu.edu/coursewiki/doku.php?id=183_notes:spring_PE Spring Potential Energy]

</div>

===Week 8===
====Student Content====
<div class=“toccolours \
mw-collapsible mw-collapsed”>
=====Work by Non-Constant Forces=====
<div \
class=“mw-collapsible-content”>
*[[Work Done By A Nonconstant Force]]
</div>
</div>
<div class=“toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed”>
=====Potential Energy=====
<div class=“mw-collapsible-content”>
*[[Potential Energy]]
*[[Potential Energy of Macroscopic Springs]]
*[[Spring Potential Energy]]
**[[Ball and Spring Model]]
*[[Gravitational Potential Energy]]
*[[Energy Graphs]]
*[[Escape Velocity]]
</div>
</div>

====Expert Content====
<div class=“toccolours mw-collapsible \
mw-collapsed”>

* [http://p3server.pa.msu.edu/coursewiki/doku.php?id=183_notes:work_by_nc_forces Work Done by Non-Constant Forces]
* [http://p3server.pa.msu.edu/coursewiki/doku.php?id=183_notes:potential_energy Potential Energy]
* [http://p3server.pa.msu.edu/coursewiki/doku.php?id=183_notes:grav_and_spring_PE (Near Earth) Gravitational and Spring Potential Energy]
* [http://p3server.pa.msu.edu/coursewiki/doku.php?id=183_notes:rest_mass Changes of Rest Mass Energy]
* [http://p3server.pa.msu.edu/coursewiki/doku.php?id=183_notes:force_and_PE Force and Potential Energy]
* [http://p3server.pa.msu.edu/coursewiki/doku.php?id=183_notes:newton_grav_pe Newtonian Gravitational Potential Energy]
* [http://p3server.pa.msu.edu/coursewiki/doku.php?id=183_notes:grav_pe_graphs Graphing Energy for Gravitationally Interacting Systems]
* [http://p3server.pa.msu.edu/coursewiki/doku.php?id=183_notes:spring_PE Spring Potential Energy]
* [http://p3server.pa.msu.edu/coursewiki/doku.php?id=183_notes:power Power: The Rate of Energy Change]
* [http://p3server.pa.msu.edu/coursewiki/doku.php?id=183_notes:energy_dissipation Dissipation of Energy]

</div>

===Week 9===
====Student Content====
<div class=“toccolours \
mw-collapsible mw-collapsed”>
=====Multiparticle Systems=====
<div class=“mw-collapsible-content”>
*[[Center of Mass]]
*[[Multi-particle analysis of Momentum]]
*[[Momentum with respect to external Forces]]
*[[Potential Energy of a Multiparticle System]]
*[[Work and Energy for an Extended System]]
*[[Internal Energy]]
**[[Potential Energy of a Pair of Neutral Atoms]]
</div>
</div>

====Expert Content====
<div class=“toccolours mw-collapsible \
mw-collapsed”>

* [http://p3server.pa.msu.edu/coursewiki/doku.php?id=183_notes:mp_multi The Momentum Principle in Multi-particle Systems]
* [http://p3server.pa.msu.edu/coursewiki/doku.php?id=183_notes:center_of_mass Center of Mass Motion]
* [http://p3server.pa.msu.edu/coursewiki/doku.php?id=183_notes:center_of_mass Center of Mass Motion]
* [http://p3server.pa.msu.edu/coursewiki/doku.php?id=183_notes:energy_sep Separating Energy in Multi-Particle Systems]

</div>

===Week 10===
====Student Content====
<div class=“toccolours \
mw-collapsible mw-collapsed”>
=====Choice of System=====
<div class=“mw-collapsible-content”>
*[[System & Surroundings]]
</div>
</div>
<div class=“toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed”>
=====Thermal Energy, Dissipation and Transfer of Energy=====
<div \
class=“mw-collapsible-content”>
*[[Thermal Energy]]
*[[Specific Heat]]
*[[Heat Capacity]]
*[[Specific Heat Capacity]]
*[[First Law of Thermodynamics]]
*[[Second Law of Thermodynamics and Entropy]]
*[[Temperature]]
*[[Predicting Change]]
*[[Energy Transfer due to a Temperature Difference]]
*[[Transformation of Energy]]
*[[The Maxwell-Boltzmann Distribution]]
*[[Air Resistance]]
</div>
</div>
<div class=“toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed”>
=====Rotational and Vibrational Energy=====
<div \
class=“mw-collapsible-content”>
*[[Translational, Rotational and Vibrational Energy]]
</div>
</div>

====Expert Content====
<div class=“toccolours mw-collapsible \
mw-collapsed”>

* [http://p3server.pa.msu.edu/coursewiki/doku.php?id=183_notes:grav_and_spring_PE (Near Earth) Gravitational and Spring Potential Energy]
* [http://p3server.pa.msu.edu/coursewiki/doku.php?id=183_notes:rest_mass Changes of Rest Mass Energy]
* [http://p3server.pa.msu.edu/coursewiki/doku.php?id=183_notes:newton_grav_pe Newtonian Gravitational Potential Energy]
* [http://p3server.pa.msu.edu/coursewiki/doku.php?id=183_notes:grav_pe_graphs Graphing Energy for Gravitationally Interacting Systems]
* [http://p3server.pa.msu.edu/coursewiki/doku.php?id=183_notes:escape_speed Escape Speed]
* [http://p3server.pa.msu.edu/coursewiki/doku.php?id=183_notes:spring_PE Spring Potential Energy]
* [http://p3server.pa.msu.edu/coursewiki/doku.php?id=183_notes:internal_energy Internal Energy]
* [http://p3server.pa.msu.edu/coursewiki/doku.php?id=183_notes:system_choice Choosing a System Matters]
* [http://p3server.pa.msu.edu/coursewiki/doku.php?id=183_notes:energy_dissipation Dissipation of Energy]

</div>

===Week 11===
====Student Content====
<div class=“toccolours \
mw-collapsible mw-collapsed”>
=====Different Models of a System=====
<div \
class=“mw-collapsible-content”>
*[[Real Systems]]
*[[Point Particle Systems]]
</div>
</div>
<div class=“toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed”>

=====Models of Friction=====
<div class=“mw-collapsible-content”>
*[[Friction]]
*[[Static Friction]]
</div>
</div>

====Expert Content====
<div class=“toccolours mw-collapsible \
mw-collapsed”>

* [http://p3server.pa.msu.edu/coursewiki/doku.php?id=183_notes:system_choice Choosing a System Matters]
* [http://p3server.pa.msu.edu/coursewiki/doku.php?id=183_notes:energy_dissipation Dissipation of Energy]

</div>

===Week 12===
====Student Content====
<div class=“toccolours \
mw-collapsible mw-collapsed”>
=====Collisions=====
<div class=“mw-collapsible-content”>
*[[Newton’s Third Law of Motion]]
*[[Collisions]]
*[[Elastic Collisions]]
*[[Inelastic Collisions]]
*[[Maximally Inelastic Collision]]
*[[Head-on Collision of Equal Masses]]
*[[Head-on Collision of Unequal Masses]]
*[[Scattering: Collisions in 2D and 3D]]
*[[Rutherford Experiment and Atomic Collisions]]
*[[Coefficient of Restitution]]
</div>
</div>

====Expert Content====
<div class=“toccolours mw-collapsible \
mw-collapsed”>

* [http://p3server.pa.msu.edu/coursewiki/doku.php?id=183_notes:collisions Colliding Objects]
* [http://p3server.pa.msu.edu/coursewiki/doku.php?id=183_notes:center_of_mass Center of Mass Motion]
* [http://p3server.pa.msu.edu/coursewiki/doku.php?id=183_notes:center_of_mass Center of Mass Motion]
* [http://p3server.pa.msu.edu/coursewiki/doku.php?id=183_notes:rot_KE Rotational Kinetic Energy]
* [http://p3server.pa.msu.edu/coursewiki/doku.php?id=183_notes:pp_vs_real Point Particle and Real Systems]
* [http://p3server.pa.msu.edu/coursewiki/doku.php?id=183_notes:colliding_systems Collisions]

</div>

===Week 13===
====Student Content====
<div class=“toccolours \
mw-collapsible mw-collapsed”>
=====Rotations=====
<div class=“mw-collapsible-content”>
*[[Rotation]]
*[[Angular Velocity]]
*[[Eulerian Angles]]
</div>
</div>
<div class=“toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed”>
=====Angular Momentum=====
<div class=“mw-collapsible-content”>
*[[Total Angular Momentum]]
*[[Translational Angular Momentum]]
*[[Rotational Angular Momentum]]
*[[The Angular Momentum Principle]]
*[[Angular Momentum Compared to Linear Momentum]]
*[[Angular Impulse]]
*[[Predicting the Position of a Rotating System]]
*[[Angular Momentum of Multiparticle Systems]]
*[[The Moments of Inertia]]
*[[Moment of Inertia for a cylinder]]
*[[Right Hand Rule]]
</div>
</div>

====Expert Content====
<div class=“toccolours mw-collapsible \
mw-collapsed”>

* [http://p3server.pa.msu.edu/coursewiki/doku.php?id=183_notes:rot_KE Rotational Kinetic Energy]
* [http://p3server.pa.msu.edu/coursewiki/doku.php?id=183_notes:angular_motivation Why Angular Momentum?]
* [http://p3server.pa.msu.edu/coursewiki/doku.php?id=183_notes:ang_momentum Angular Momentum]
* [http://p3server.pa.msu.edu/coursewiki/doku.php?id=183_notes:L_principle Net Torque & The Angular Momentum Principle]
* [http://p3server.pa.msu.edu/coursewiki/doku.php?id=183_notes:L_conservation Angular Momentum Conservation]

</div>
===Week 14===

====Student Content====
<div class=“toccolours mw-collapsible \
mw-collapsed”>
=====Analyzing Motion with and without Torque=====
<div \
class=“mw-collapsible-content”>
*[[Torque]]
*[[Torque 2]]
*[[Systems with Zero Torque]]
*[[Systems with Nonzero Torque]]
*[[Torque vs Work]]
*[[Gyroscopes]]
</div>
</div>

====Expert Content====
<div class=“toccolours mw-collapsible \
mw-collapsed”>

* [http://p3server.pa.msu.edu/coursewiki/doku.php?id=183_notes:discovery_of_the_nucleus Discovery of the Nucleus]
* [http://p3server.pa.msu.edu/coursewiki/doku.php?id=183_notes:torque Torques Cause Changes in Rotation]
* [http://p3server.pa.msu.edu/coursewiki/doku.php?id=183_notes:L_principle Net Torque & The Angular Momentum Principle]

</div>

===Week 15===

====Student Content====
<div class=“toccolours mw-collapsible \
mw-collapsed”>
=====Introduction to Quantum Concepts=====
<div \class=“mw-collapsible-content”>
*[[Bohr Model]]
*[[Energy graphs and the Bohr model]]
*[[Quantized energy levels]]
</div>
</div>

====Expert Content====
<div class=“toccolours mw-collapsible \
mw-collapsed”>

* [http://p3server.pa.msu.edu/coursewiki/doku.php?id=183_notes:discovery_of_the_nucleus Discovery of the Nucleus]

</div>

<div style=“float:left; width:30%; padding:1%;”>

==Physics 2==
===Week 1===
<div class="toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">
====3D Vectors====
<div class="mw-collapsible-content">
*[[Page claimed by Laura Winalski]]*
*[[Vectors]]
*[[Right-Hand Rule]]
*[[Right Hand Rule]]
</div>
</div>

<div class="toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">

'''CLAIMED BY DIPRO CHAKRABORTY'''

'''CLAIMED BY DIPRO CHAKRABORTY'''
'''CLAIMED BY DIPRO CHAKRABORTY'''
'''CLAIMED BY DIPRO CHAKRABORTY'''

'''CLAIMED BY DIPRO CHAKRABORTY'''
====Electric field====
<div class="mw-collapsible-content">

[[Electric field]]

The electric field created by a charge is present throughout space at all times, whether or not there is another charge around to feel its effects. The electric field created by a charge penetrates through matter. The field permeates the neighboring space, biding its time until it can affect anything brought into its space of interaction.

==The Main Idea==
To be exact, the definition of the Electric Field is as follows:
The electric field is a region around a charged particle or object within which a force would be exerted on other objects.
If we put a charged particle at a location and it experiences a force, it would be logical to assume that there is something present that
is interacting with the particle. This "virtual force" is in essence the electric field.
===A Mathematical Model===

The electric field can be expressed mathematically as follows:

<math>{\vec{F_{net}} = 0 \Leftrightarrow \frac{d\vec{v}}{dt}} = 0</math>

<math>{\vec{F_{2}} = {q_{1}}{\vec{E_{1}}} \Leftrightarrow \frac{d\vec{v}}{dt}} </math>

which can be translated to postulate that the force on particle 2 is determined by the charge of particle 2 and the electric
field.

==Examples==

The following examples are to test your basic understanding of the Electric Field. For more examples that test your knowledge of all three of the laws, peruse the class textbook.

===Simple===
Which way is the electric field going for a negatively charged particle?

[[File:Simple111.png]]

It's easy to see that the electric field is pointing toward the negatively charged particle. The electric field is tending
toward the negatively charged particle.

===Middling===
Does the object in the following image have a net force of zero? Does it have a constant velocity?

This example is slightly more difficult, but is still quite trivial. If we sum the forces in the x direction, we see that the net force is 2 newtons in the -x direction. Therefore, the object does not have a constant velocity, and will be accelerating in the -x direction.

===Difficult===
Does the object in the following image have a net force of zero? Does it have a constant velocity?

This final example tests your knowledge and understanding of Newton's First Law. We're able to see that the box will accelerate in the -x direction because the net force in the x direction is 5 newtons to the left. However, the box itself has a velocity of 5m/s upwards, which would indeed stay constant. This is because forces (and motion) in perpendicular directions are of each other.

==Connectedness==

Newton's laws of motion tie into almost everything that we see or do. The first law, in particular, explains why we suddenly lurch forward when a car suddenly stops (our bodies are in a state of motion and thus resist the sudden stop), why it's much harder to stop when ice skating than walking (there's less friction, thus less net force to decelerate), and much, much, more. The importance of Newton's first law (and by extension, the other laws of motion) is not readily apparent, but serves as a basis to explain much of our daily interactions with our surroundings.

It can also apply to things outside of our daily interactions - space, for example. Newton's first law describes why an astronaut in space will continuously float in a direction forever if they are not pulled in by an asteroid or a planet's gravitational force. There is a lack of a net force opposing the astronaut's motion (due to the fact that there is no air in space) which results in the astronaut having a constant velocity. Floating off into space is probably an astronaut's worst nightmare, a scenario that a recent movie, ''Gravity'', explored. The entire premise of the movie (Sandra Bullock becomes untethered from her space station) relies on Newton's first law of motion.
==History==

While Galileo is the one credited with the idea of inertia motion, it was René Descartes, a French philosopher, who would expand upon Galileo's ideas. Descartes went on to propose three fundamental laws of nature in his book, ''Principles of Philosophy'', the first of which stated that "each thing, as far as is in its power, always remains in the same state; and that consequently, when it is once moved, it always continues to move." Thus, while the concept of inertia is often referred to as Newton's First Law, it was first described by Galileo and then perfected by Descartes decades before Newton published his findings.

As for Newton, he first described his three laws of motion in ''The Mathematical Principle of Natural Philosophy'', for the Principia, which was published in 1687. These laws described the relationship between an object and the forces acting upon it and laid the foundation for classical mechanics. While Newton's first law came from the work of Descartes and Galileo, his other laws are the work of himself.

==The Main Idea==
To be exact, the definition of the Electric Field is as follows:
The electric field is a region around a charged particle or object within which a force would be exerted on other objects.
If we put a charged particle at a location and it experiences a force, it would be logical to assume that there is something present that
is interacting with the particle. This "virtual force" is in essence the electric field.
===A Mathematical Model===

The electric field can be expressed mathematically as follows:

<math>{\vec{F_{net}} = 0 \Leftrightarrow \frac{d\vec{v}}{dt}} = 0</math>

<math>{\vec{F_{2}} = {q_{1}}{\vec{E_{1}}} \Leftrightarrow \frac{d\vec{v}}{dt}} </math>

which can be translated to postulate that the force on particle 2 is determined by the charge of particle 2 and the electric
field.

==Examples==

The following examples are to test your basic understanding of the Electric Field. For more examples that test your knowledge of all three of the laws, peruse the class textbook.

===Simple===
Which way is the electric field going for a negatively charged particle?

[[File:Simple111.png]]

It's easy to see that the electric field is pointing toward the negatively charged particle. The electric field is tending
toward the negatively charged particle.

===Middling===
Does the object in the following image have a net force of zero? Does it have a constant velocity?

This example is slightly more difficult, but is still quite trivial. If we sum the forces in the x direction, we see that the net force is 2 newtons in the -x direction. Therefore, the object does not have a constant velocity, and will be accelerating in the -x direction.

===Difficult===
Does the object in the following image have a net force of zero? Does it have a constant velocity?

This final example tests your knowledge and understanding of Newton's First Law. We're able to see that the box will accelerate in the -x direction because the net force in the x direction is 5 newtons to the left. However, the box itself has a velocity of 5m/s upwards, which would indeed stay constant. This is because forces (and motion) in perpendicular directions are of each other.

==Connectedness==

Newton's laws of motion tie into almost everything that we see or do. The first law, in particular, explains why we suddenly lurch forward when a car suddenly stops (our bodies are in a state of motion and thus resist the sudden stop), why it's much harder to stop when ice skating than walking (there's less friction, thus less net force to decelerate), and much, much, more. The importance of Newton's first law (and by extension, the other laws of motion) is not readily apparent, but serves as a basis to explain much of our daily interactions with our surroundings.

It can also apply to things outside of our daily interactions - space, for example. Newton's first law describes why an astronaut in space will continuously float in a direction forever if they are not pulled in by an asteroid or a planet's gravitational force. There is a lack of a net force opposing the astronaut's motion (due to the fact that there is no air in space) which results in the astronaut having a constant velocity. Floating off into space is probably an astronaut's worst nightmare, a scenario that a recent movie, ''Gravity'', explored. The entire premise of the movie (Sandra Bullock becomes untethered from her space station) relies on Newton's first law of motion.
==History==

While Galileo is the one credited with the idea of inertia motion, it was René Descartes, a French philosopher, who would expand upon Galileo's ideas. Descartes went on to propose three fundamental laws of nature in his book, ''Principles of Philosophy'', the first of which stated that "each thing, as far as is in its power, always remains in the same state; and that consequently, when it is once moved, it always continues to move." Thus, while the concept of inertia is often referred to as Newton's First Law, it was first described by Galileo and then perfected by Descartes decades before Newton published his findings.

As for Newton, he first described his three laws of motion in ''The Mathematical Principle of Natural Philosophy'', for the Principia, which was published in 1687. These laws described the relationship between an object and the forces acting upon it and laid the foundation for classical mechanics. While Newton's first law came from the work of Descartes and Galileo, his other laws are the work of himself.

==The Main Idea==
To be exact, the definition of the Electric Field is as follows:
The electric field is a region around a charged particle or object within which a force would be exerted on other objects.
If we put a charged particle at a location and it experiences a force, it would be logical to assume that there is something present that
is interacting with the particle. This "virtual force" is in essence the electric field.
===A Mathematical Model===

The electric field can be expressed mathematically as follows:

<math>{\vec{F_{net}} = 0 \Leftrightarrow \frac{d\vec{v}}{dt}} = 0</math>

<math>{\vec{F_{2}} = {q_{1}}{\vec{E_{1}}} \Leftrightarrow \frac{d\vec{v}}{dt}} </math>

which can be translated to postulate that the force on particle 2 is determined by the charge of particle 2 and the electric
field.

==Examples==

The following examples are to test your basic understanding of the Electric Field. For more examples that test your knowledge of all three of the laws, peruse the class textbook.

===Simple===
Which way is the electric field going for a negatively charged particle?

[[File:Simple111.png]]

It's easy to see that the electric field is pointing toward the negatively charged particle. The electric field is tending
toward the negatively charged particle.

===Middling===
Does the object in the following image have a net force of zero? Does it have a constant velocity?

This example is slightly more difficult, but is still quite trivial. If we sum the forces in the x direction, we see that the net force is 2 newtons in the -x direction. Therefore, the object does not have a constant velocity, and will be accelerating in the -x direction.

===Difficult===
Does the object in the following image have a net force of zero? Does it have a constant velocity?

This final example tests your knowledge and understanding of Newton's First Law. We're able to see that the box will accelerate in the -x direction because the net force in the x direction is 5 newtons to the left. However, the box itself has a velocity of 5m/s upwards, which would indeed stay constant. This is because forces (and motion) in perpendicular directions are of each other.

==Connectedness==

Newton's laws of motion tie into almost everything that we see or do. The first law, in particular, explains why we suddenly lurch forward when a car suddenly stops (our bodies are in a state of motion and thus resist the sudden stop), why it's much harder to stop when ice skating than walking (there's less friction, thus less net force to decelerate), and much, much, more. The importance of Newton's first law (and by extension, the other laws of motion) is not readily apparent, but serves as a basis to explain much of our daily interactions with our surroundings.

It can also apply to things outside of our daily interactions - space, for example. Newton's first law describes why an astronaut in space will continuously float in a direction forever if they are not pulled in by an asteroid or a planet's gravitational force. There is a lack of a net force opposing the astronaut's motion (due to the fact that there is no air in space) which results in the astronaut having a constant velocity. Floating off into space is probably an astronaut's worst nightmare, a scenario that a recent movie, ''Gravity'', explored. The entire premise of the movie (Sandra Bullock becomes untethered from her space station) relies on Newton's first law of motion.
==History==

While Galileo is the one credited with the idea of inertia motion, it was René Descartes, a French philosopher, who would expand upon Galileo's ideas. Descartes went on to propose three fundamental laws of nature in his book, ''Principles of Philosophy'', the first of which stated that "each thing, as far as is in its power, always remains in the same state; and that consequently, when it is once moved, it always continues to move." Thus, while the concept of inertia is often referred to as Newton's First Law, it was first described by Galileo and then perfected by Descartes decades before Newton published his findings.

As for Newton, he first described his three laws of motion in ''The Mathematical Principle of Natural Philosophy'', for the Principia, which was published in 1687. These laws described the relationship between an object and the forces acting upon it and laid the foundation for classical mechanics. While Newton's first law came from the work of Descartes and Galileo, his other laws are the work of himself.

==The Main Idea==
To be exact, the definition of the Electric Field is as follows:
The electric field is a region around a charged particle or object within which a force would be exerted on other objects.
If we put a charged particle at a location and it experiences a force, it would be logical to assume that there is something present that
is interacting with the particle. This "virtual force" is in essence the electric field.
===A Mathematical Model===

The electric field can be expressed mathematically as follows:

<math>{\vec{F_{net}} = 0 \Leftrightarrow \frac{d\vec{v}}{dt}} = 0</math>

<math>{\vec{F_{2}} = {q_{1}}{\vec{E_{1}}} \Leftrightarrow \frac{d\vec{v}}{dt}} </math>

which can be translated to postulate that the force on particle 2 is determined by the charge of particle 2 and the electric
field.

==Examples==

The following examples are to test your basic understanding of the Electric Field. For more examples that test your knowledge of all three of the laws, peruse the class textbook.

===Simple===
Which way is the electric field going for a negatively charged particle?

[[File:Simple111.png]]

It's easy to see that the electric field is pointing toward the negatively charged particle. The electric field is tending
toward the negatively charged particle.

===Middling===
Does the object in the following image have a net force of zero? Does it have a constant velocity?

This example is slightly more difficult, but is still quite trivial. If we sum the forces in the x direction, we see that the net force is 2 newtons in the -x direction. Therefore, the object does not have a constant velocity, and will be accelerating in the -x direction.

===Difficult===
Does the object in the following image have a net force of zero? Does it have a constant velocity?

This final example tests your knowledge and understanding of Newton's First Law. We're able to see that the box will accelerate in the -x direction because the net force in the x direction is 5 newtons to the left. However, the box itself has a velocity of 5m/s upwards, which would indeed stay constant. This is because forces (and motion) in perpendicular directions are of each other.

==Connectedness==

Newton's laws of motion tie into almost everything that we see or do. The first law, in particular, explains why we suddenly lurch forward when a car suddenly stops (our bodies are in a state of motion and thus resist the sudden stop), why it's much harder to stop when ice skating than walking (there's less friction, thus less net force to decelerate), and much, much, more. The importance of Newton's first law (and by extension, the other laws of motion) is not readily apparent, but serves as a basis to explain much of our daily interactions with our surroundings.

It can also apply to things outside of our daily interactions - space, for example. Newton's first law describes why an astronaut in space will continuously float in a direction forever if they are not pulled in by an asteroid or a planet's gravitational force. There is a lack of a net force opposing the astronaut's motion (due to the fact that there is no air in space) which results in the astronaut having a constant velocity. Floating off into space is probably an astronaut's worst nightmare, a scenario that a recent movie, ''Gravity'', explored. The entire premise of the movie (Sandra Bullock becomes untethered from her space station) relies on Newton's first law of motion.
==History==

While Galileo is the one credited with the idea of inertia motion, it was René Descartes, a French philosopher, who would expand upon Galileo's ideas. Descartes went on to propose three fundamental laws of nature in his book, ''Principles of Philosophy'', the first of which stated that "each thing, as far as is in its power, always remains in the same state; and that consequently, when it is once moved, it always continues to move." Thus, while the concept of inertia is often referred to as Newton's First Law, it was first described by Galileo and then perfected by Descartes decades before Newton published his findings.

As for Newton, he first described his three laws of motion in ''The Mathematical Principle of Natural Philosophy'', for the Principia, which was published in 1687. These laws described the relationship between an object and the forces acting upon it and laid the foundation for classical mechanics. While Newton's first law came from the work of Descartes and Galileo, his other laws are the work of himself.

==The Main Idea==
To be exact, the definition of the Electric Field is as follows:
The electric field is a region around a charged particle or object within which a force would be exerted on other objects.
If we put a charged particle at a location and it experiences a force, it would be logical to assume that there is something present that
is interacting with the particle. This "virtual force" is in essence the electric field.
===A Mathematical Model===

The electric field can be expressed mathematically as follows:

<math>{\vec{F_{net}} = 0 \Leftrightarrow \frac{d\vec{v}}{dt}} = 0</math>

<math>{\vec{F_{2}} = {q_{1}}{\vec{E_{1}}} \Leftrightarrow \frac{d\vec{v}}{dt}} = 0</math>

which can be translated to postulate that the force on particle 2 is determined by the charge of particle 2 and the electric
field.

==Examples==

The following examples are to test your basic understanding of the Electric Field. For more examples that test your knowledge of all three of the laws, peruse the class textbook.

===Simple===
Which way is the electric field going for a negatively charged particle?

[[File:Example.jpg]]

It's easy to see that the electric field is pointing toward the negatively charged particle. The electric field is tending
toward the negatively charged particle.

===Middling===
Does the object in the following image have a net force of zero? Does it have a constant velocity?

This example is slightly more difficult, but is still quite trivial. If we sum the forces in the x direction, we see that the net force is 2 newtons in the -x direction. Therefore, the object does not have a constant velocity, and will be accelerating in the -x direction.

===Difficult===
Does the object in the following image have a net force of zero? Does it have a constant velocity?

This final example tests your knowledge and understanding of Newton's First Law. We're able to see that the box will accelerate in the -x direction because the net force in the x direction is 5 newtons to the left. However, the box itself has a velocity of 5m/s upwards, which would indeed stay constant. This is because forces (and motion) in perpendicular directions are of each other.

==Connectedness==

Newton's laws of motion tie into almost everything that we see or do. The first law, in particular, explains why we suddenly lurch forward when a car suddenly stops (our bodies are in a state of motion and thus resist the sudden stop), why it's much harder to stop when ice skating than walking (there's less friction, thus less net force to decelerate), and much, much, more. The importance of Newton's first law (and by extension, the other laws of motion) is not readily apparent, but serves as a basis to explain much of our daily interactions with our surroundings.

It can also apply to things outside of our daily interactions - space, for example. Newton's first law describes why an astronaut in space will continuously float in a direction forever if they are not pulled in by an asteroid or a planet's gravitational force. There is a lack of a net force opposing the astronaut's motion (due to the fact that there is no air in space) which results in the astronaut having a constant velocity. Floating off into space is probably an astronaut's worst nightmare, a scenario that a recent movie, ''Gravity'', explored. The entire premise of the movie (Sandra Bullock becomes untethered from her space station) relies on Newton's first law of motion.
==History==

While Galileo is the one credited with the idea of inertia motion, it was René Descartes, a French philosopher, who would expand upon Galileo's ideas. Descartes went on to propose three fundamental laws of nature in his book, ''Principles of Philosophy'', the first of which stated that "each thing, as far as is in its power, always remains in the same state; and that consequently, when it is once moved, it always continues to move." Thus, while the concept of inertia is often referred to as Newton's First Law, it was first described by Galileo and then perfected by Descartes decades before Newton published his findings.

As for Newton, he first described his three laws of motion in ''The Mathematical Principle of Natural Philosophy'', for the Principia, which was published in 1687. These laws described the relationship between an object and the forces acting upon it and laid the foundation for classical mechanics. While Newton's first law came from the work of Descartes and Galileo, his other laws are the work of himself.

==The Main Idea==
To be exact, the definition of the Electric Field is as follows:
The electric field is a region around a charged particle or object within which a force would be exerted on other charged particles or objects.
If we put a charged particle at a location and it experiences a force, it would be logical to assume that there is something present that
is interacting with the particle. This "virtual force" is in essence the electric field.
===A Mathematical Model===

The electric field can be expressed mathematically as follows:

<math>{\vec{F_{net}} = 0 \Leftrightarrow \frac{d\vec{v}}{dt}} = 0</math>

<math>{\vec{F_{2}} = {q_{1}}{\vec{E_{1}}} \Leftrightarrow \frac{d\vec{v}}{dt}} = 0</math>

which can be translated to postulate that the force on particle 2 is determined by the charge of particle 2 and the electric
field.

==Examples==

The following examples are to test your basic understanding of Newton's First Law. For more examples that test your knowledge of all three of the laws, click .

===Simple===
Does the object in the following image have a net force of zero? Does it have a constant velocity?

It's easy to see that the only force on the object is acting in the +x direction, with a magnitude of 5 newtons. Therefore, the object does not have a net force of zero or a constant velocity. It will be accelerating in the +x direction.

===Middling===
Does the object in the following image have a net force of zero? Does it have a constant velocity?

This example is slightly more difficult, but is still quite trivial. If we sum the forces in the x direction, we see that the net force is 2 newtons in the -x direction. Therefore, the object does not have a constant velocity, and will be accelerating in the -x direction.

===Difficult===
Does the object in the following image have a net force of zero? Does it have a constant velocity?

This final example tests your knowledge and understanding of Newton's First Law. We're able to see that the box will accelerate in the -x direction because the net force in the x direction is 5 newtons to the left. However, the box itself has a velocity of 5m/s upwards, which would indeed stay constant. This is because forces (and motion) in perpendicular directions are of each other.

==Connectedness==

Newton's laws of motion tie into almost everything that we see or do. The first law, in particular, explains why we suddenly lurch forward when a car suddenly stops (our bodies are in a state of motion and thus resist the sudden stop), why it's much harder to stop when ice skating than walking (there's less friction, thus less net force to decelerate), and much, much, more. The importance of Newton's first law (and by extension, the other laws of motion) is not readily apparent, but serves as a basis to explain much of our daily interactions with our surroundings.

It can also apply to things outside of our daily interactions - space, for example. Newton's first law describes why an astronaut in space will continuously float in a direction forever if they are not pulled in by an asteroid or a planet's gravitational force. There is a lack of a net force opposing the astronaut's motion (due to the fact that there is no air in space) which results in the astronaut having a constant velocity. Floating off into space is probably an astronaut's worst nightmare, a scenario that a recent movie, ''Gravity'', explored. The entire premise of the movie (Sandra Bullock becomes untethered from her space station) relies on Newton's first law of motion.
==History==

While Galileo is the one credited with the idea of inertia motion, it was René Descartes, a French philosopher, who would expand upon Galileo's ideas. Descartes went on to propose three fundamental laws of nature in his book, ''Principles of Philosophy'', the first of which stated that "each thing, as far as is in its power, always remains in the same state; and that consequently, when it is once moved, it always continues to move." Thus, while the concept of inertia is often referred to as Newton's First Law, it was first described by Galileo and then perfected by Descartes decades before Newton published his findings.

As for Newton, he first described his three laws of motion in ''The Mathematical Principle of Natural Philosophy'', for the Principia, which was published in 1687. These laws described the relationship between an object and the forces acting upon it and laid the foundation for classical mechanics. While Newton's first law came from the work of Descartes and Galileo, his other laws are the work of himself.

==The Main Idea==
To be exact, the definition of the First Law of Motion is as follows:
The electric field is a region around a charged particle or object within which a force would be exerted on other charged particles or objects.
In other (and much simpler) terms, it means that an object at rest stays at rest and an object in in motion stays in motion at a constant velocity unless acted on by an unbalanced net force. It's important to keep in mind that only a difference in affect the velocity of an object. The amount of change in velocity is determined by
===A Mathematical Model===

Newton's first law can be stated mathematically as follows:

<math>{\vec{F_{net}} = 0 \Leftrightarrow \frac{d\vec{v}}{dt}} = 0</math>

Where...

<math>\vec{F_{net}}</math> is the net force from the surroundings.

<math>d\vec{v}</math> is the change in velocity of the system.

<math>dt</math> is the change in time of the system

If we trace this formula from the left to the right, we can see that if the net force on an object is zero, then the change in velocity of an object is also zero. Conversely, if we were given an object and told that its change in momentum is zero, then we can deduce that the net force acting on the object is also zero. Keep in mind, however, that this formula simple deals with the '''change''' in velocity. It does '''not''' mean that the object is at rest, only that its velocity remains constant.

==Examples==

The following examples are to test your basic understanding of Newton's First Law. For more examples that test your knowledge of all three of the laws, click .

===Simple===
Does the object in the following image have a net force of zero? Does it have a constant velocity?

It's easy to see that the only force on the object is acting in the +x direction, with a magnitude of 5 newtons. Therefore, the object does not have a net force of zero or a constant velocity. It will be accelerating in the +x direction.

===Middling===
Does the object in the following image have a net force of zero? Does it have a constant velocity?

This example is slightly more difficult, but is still quite trivial. If we sum the forces in the x direction, we see that the net force is 2 newtons in the -x direction. Therefore, the object does not have a constant velocity, and will be accelerating in the -x direction.

===Difficult===
Does the object in the following image have a net force of zero? Does it have a constant velocity?

This final example tests your knowledge and understanding of Newton's First Law. We're able to see that the box will accelerate in the -x direction because the net force in the x direction is 5 newtons to the left. However, the box itself has a velocity of 5m/s upwards, which would indeed stay constant. This is because forces (and motion) in perpendicular directions are of each other.

==Connectedness==

Newton's laws of motion tie into almost everything that we see or do. The first law, in particular, explains why we suddenly lurch forward when a car suddenly stops (our bodies are in a state of motion and thus resist the sudden stop), why it's much harder to stop when ice skating than walking (there's less friction, thus less net force to decelerate), and much, much, more. The importance of Newton's first law (and by extension, the other laws of motion) is not readily apparent, but serves as a basis to explain much of our daily interactions with our surroundings.

It can also apply to things outside of our daily interactions - space, for example. Newton's first law describes why an astronaut in space will continuously float in a direction forever if they are not pulled in by an asteroid or a planet's gravitational force. There is a lack of a net force opposing the astronaut's motion (due to the fact that there is no air in space) which results in the astronaut having a constant velocity. Floating off into space is probably an astronaut's worst nightmare, a scenario that a recent movie, ''Gravity'', explored. The entire premise of the movie (Sandra Bullock becomes untethered from her space station) relies on Newton's first law of motion.
==History==

While Galileo is the one credited with the idea of inertia motion, it was René Descartes, a French philosopher, who would expand upon Galileo's ideas. Descartes went on to propose three fundamental laws of nature in his book, ''Principles of Philosophy'', the first of which stated that "each thing, as far as is in its power, always remains in the same state; and that consequently, when it is once moved, it always continues to move." Thus, while the concept of inertia is often referred to as Newton's First Law, it was first described by Galileo and then perfected by Descartes decades before Newton published his findings.

As for Newton, he first described his three laws of motion in ''The Mathematical Principle of Natural Philosophy'', for the Principia, which was published in 1687. These laws described the relationship between an object and the forces acting upon it and laid the foundation for classical mechanics. While Newton's first law came from the work of Descartes and Galileo, his other laws are the work of himself.

==The Main Idea==
To be exact, the definition of the First Law of Motion is as follows:
The electric field is a region around a charged particle or object within which a force would be exerted on other charged particles or objects.
In other (and much simpler) terms, it means that an object at rest stays at rest and an object in in motion stays in motion at a constant velocity unless acted on by an unbalanced net force. It's important to keep in mind that only a difference in affect the velocity of an object. The amount of change in velocity is determined by
===A Mathematical Model===

Newton's first law can be stated mathematically as follows:

<math>{\vec{F_{net}} = 0 \Leftrightarrow \frac{d\vec{v}}{dt}} = 0</math>

Where...

<math>\vec{F_{net}}</math> is the net force from the surroundings.

<math>d\vec{v}</math> is the change in velocity of the system.

<math>dt</math> is the change in time of the system

If we trace this formula from the left to the right, we can see that if the net force on an object is zero, then the change in velocity of an object is also zero. Conversely, if we were given an object and told that its change in momentum is zero, then we can deduce that the net force acting on the object is also zero. Keep in mind, however, that this formula simple deals with the '''change''' in velocity. It does '''not''' mean that the object is at rest, only that its velocity remains constant.

==Examples==

The following examples are to test your basic understanding of Newton's First Law. For more examples that test your knowledge of all three of the laws, click .

===Simple===
Does the object in the following image have a net force of zero? Does it have a constant velocity?

It's easy to see that the only force on the object is acting in the +x direction, with a magnitude of 5 newtons. Therefore, the object does not have a net force of zero or a constant velocity. It will be accelerating in the +x direction.

===Middling===
Does the object in the following image have a net force of zero? Does it have a constant velocity?

This example is slightly more difficult, but is still quite trivial. If we sum the forces in the x direction, we see that the net force is 2 newtons in the -x direction. Therefore, the object does not have a constant velocity, and will be accelerating in the -x direction.

===Difficult===
Does the object in the following image have a net force of zero? Does it have a constant velocity?

This final example tests your knowledge and understanding of Newton's First Law. We're able to see that the box will accelerate in the -x direction because the net force in the x direction is 5 newtons to the left. However, the box itself has a velocity of 5m/s upwards, which would indeed stay constant. This is because forces (and motion) in perpendicular directions are of each other.

==Connectedness==

Newton's laws of motion tie into almost everything that we see or do. The first law, in particular, explains why we suddenly lurch forward when a car suddenly stops (our bodies are in a state of motion and thus resist the sudden stop), why it's much harder to stop when ice skating than walking (there's less friction, thus less net force to decelerate), and much, much, more. The importance of Newton's first law (and by extension, the other laws of motion) is not readily apparent, but serves as a basis to explain much of our daily interactions with our surroundings.

It can also apply to things outside of our daily interactions - space, for example. Newton's first law describes why an astronaut in space will continuously float in a direction forever if they are not pulled in by an asteroid or a planet's gravitational force. There is a lack of a net force opposing the astronaut's motion (due to the fact that there is no air in space) which results in the astronaut having a constant velocity. Floating off into space is probably an astronaut's worst nightmare, a scenario that a recent movie, ''Gravity'', explored. The entire premise of the movie (Sandra Bullock becomes untethered from her space station) relies on Newton's first law of motion.
==History==

While Galileo is the one credited with the idea of inertia motion, it was René Descartes, a French philosopher, who would expand upon Galileo's ideas. Descartes went on to propose three fundamental laws of nature in his book, ''Principles of Philosophy'', the first of which stated that "each thing, as far as is in its power, always remains in the same state; and that consequently, when it is once moved, it always continues to move." Thus, while the concept of inertia is often referred to as Newton's First Law, it was first described by Galileo and then perfected by Descartes decades before Newton published his findings.

As for Newton, he first described his three laws of motion in ''The Mathematical Principle of Natural Philosophy'', for the Principia, which was published in 1687. These laws described the relationship between an object and the forces acting upon it and laid the foundation for classical mechanics. While Newton's first law came from the work of Descartes and Galileo, his other laws are the work of himself.

==The Main Idea==
To be exact, the definition of the First Law of Motion is as follows:
Every body persists in its state of rest or of moving with constant speed in a constant direction, except to the extent that it is compelled to change that state by forces acting on it.
In other (and much simpler) terms, it means that an object at rest stays at rest and an object in in motion stays in motion at a constant velocity unless acted on by an unbalanced net force. It's important to keep in mind that only a difference in [http://www.physicsclassroom.com/class/newtlaws/Lesson-2/Determining-the-Net-Force net force] can affect the velocity of an object. The amount of change in velocity is determined by [http://www.physicsclassroom.com/class/newtlaws/Lesson-3/Newton-s-Second-Law Newton's Second Law of Motion].

===A Mathematical Model===

Newton's first law can be stated mathematically as follows:

<math>{\vec{F_{net}} = 0 \Leftrightarrow \frac{d\vec{v}}{dt}} = 0</math>

Where...

<math>\vec{F_{net}}</math> is the net force from the surroundings.

<math>d\vec{v}</math> is the change in velocity of the system.

<math>dt</math> is the change in time of the system

If we trace this formula from the left to the right, we can see that if the net force on an object is zero, then the change in velocity of an object is also zero. Conversely, if we were given an object and told that its change in momentum is zero, then we can deduce that the net force acting on the object is also zero. Keep in mind, however, that this formula simple deals with the '''change''' in velocity. It does '''not''' mean that the object is at rest, only that its velocity remains constant.

==Examples==

The following examples are to test your basic understanding of Newton's First Law. For more examples that test your knowledge of all three of the laws, click [http://www.physicsclassroom.com/calcpad/newtlaws/problems here].

===Simple===
Does the object in the following image have a net force of zero? Does it have a constant velocity?

[[File:Newtonfirstlawsimple.png|400px]]

It's easy to see that the only force on the object is acting in the +x direction, with a magnitude of 5 newtons. Therefore, the object does not have a net force of zero or a constant velocity. It will be accelerating in the +x direction.

===Middling===
Does the object in the following image have a net force of zero? Does it have a constant velocity?

[[File:Newtonfirstlawmedium.png|400px]]

This example is slightly more difficult, but is still quite trivial. If we sum the forces in the x direction, we see that the net force is 2 newtons in the -x direction. Therefore, the object does not have a constant velocity, and will be accelerating in the -x direction.

===Difficult===
Does the object in the following image have a net force of zero? Does it have a constant velocity?

[[File:Newtonsfirstlawhard.png|400px]]

This final example tests your knowledge and understanding of Newton's First Law. We're able to see that the box will accelerate in the -x direction because the net force in the x direction is 5 newtons to the left. However, the box itself has a velocity of 5m/s upwards, which would indeed stay constant. This is because forces (and motion) in perpendicular directions are [http://www.physicsclassroom.com/class/vectors/Lesson-1/Independence-of-Perpendicular-Components-of-Motion independent] of each other.

==Connectedness==

[[File:Tablecloth.gif|left|300px|thumb|The "magic trick" of ripping off a table cloth without the plates on top moving is an example of Newton's First Law. The tableware is in a state of rest, and thus want to remain in such a state.]]

Newton's laws of motion tie into almost everything that we see or do. The first law, in particular, explains why we suddenly lurch forward when a car suddenly stops (our bodies are in a state of motion and thus resist the sudden stop), why it's much harder to stop when ice skating than walking (there's less friction, thus less net force to decelerate), and much, much, more. The importance of Newton's first law (and by extension, the other laws of motion) is not readily apparent, but serves as a basis to explain much of our daily interactions with our surroundings.

It can also apply to things outside of our daily interactions - space, for example. Newton's first law describes why an astronaut in space will continuously float in a direction forever if they are not pulled in by an asteroid or a planet's gravitational force. There is a lack of a net force opposing the astronaut's motion (due to the fact that there is no air in space) which results in the astronaut having a constant velocity. Floating off into space is probably an astronaut's worst nightmare, a scenario that a recent movie, ''Gravity'', explored. The entire premise of the movie (Sandra Bullock becomes untethered from her space station) relies on Newton's first law of motion.
==History==

While Galileo is the one credited with the idea of inertia motion, it was René Descartes, a French philosopher, who would expand upon Galileo's ideas. Descartes went on to propose three fundamental laws of nature in his book, ''Principles of Philosophy'', the first of which stated that "each thing, as far as is in its power, always remains in the same state; and that consequently, when it is once moved, it always continues to move." Thus, while the concept of inertia is often referred to as Newton's First Law, it was first described by Galileo and then perfected by Descartes decades before Newton published his findings.

As for Newton, he first described his three laws of motion in ''The Mathematical Principle of Natural Philosophy'', for the Principia, which was published in 1687. These laws described the relationship between an object and the forces acting upon it and laid the foundation for classical mechanics. While Newton's first law came from the work of Descartes and Galileo, his other laws are the work of himself.

==Electric Field==
The electric field created by a charge is present throughout space at all times, whether or not there is another charge around to feel its effects. The electric field created by a charge penetrates through matter. The field permeates the neighboring space, biding its time until it can affect anything brought into its space of interaction.
*[[Vectors]]
*[[Right-Hand Rule]]
*[[Right Hand Rule]]
</div>
</div>

<div class="toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">

====Electric force====
<div class="mw-collapsible-content">

*[[Electric Force]] Claimed by Amarachi Eze
*[[Lorentz Force]]
</div>
</div>

<div class="toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">

====Electric field of a point particle====

<div class="mw-collapsible-content">
*[[Point Charge]]
</div>
</div>

<div class="toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">

'''Bold text'''====Superposition====
<div class="mw-collapsible-content">
*[[Superposition Principle]]
*[[Superposition principle]]
</div>
</div>

<div class="toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">

====Dipoles====
<div class="mw-collapsible-content">
*[[Electric Dipole]]
*[[Magnetic Dipole]]
</div>
</div>

===Week 2===
<div class="toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">
====Interactions of charged objects====
<div class="mw-collapsible-content">
*[[Electric Field]]
*[[Electric Potential]]
*[[Electric Force]]
*[[Lorentz Force]]
</div>
</div>

<div class="toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">
====Tape experiments====
<div class="mw-collapsible-content">
*[[Polarization]]
*[[Electric Polarization]]
</div>
</div>

<div class="toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">
====Polarization====
<div class="mw-collapsible-content">
*[[Polarization]]
*[[Electric Polarization]]
*[[Polarization of an Atom]]
</div>
</div>

===Week 3===
<div class="toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">
====Insulators====
<div class="mw-collapsible-content">
*[[Insulators]]
*[[Potential Difference in an Insulator]]
*[[Charged Conductor and Charged Insulator]]
*[[Charged conductor and charged insulator]]
</div>
</div>

<div class="toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">
====Conductors====
<div class="mw-collapsible-content">
*[[Conductivity]]
*[[Charge Transfer]]
*[[Resistivity]]
*[[Polarization of a conductor]]
*[[Charged Conductor and Charged Insulator]]
*[[Charged conductor and charged insulator]]
</div>
</div>

<div class="toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">
====Charging and discharging====
<div class="mw-collapsible-content">
*[[Charge Transfer]]
*[[Electrostatic Discharge]]
*[[Charged Conductor and Charged Insulator]]
*[[Charged conductor and charged insulator]]
</div>
</div>

===Week 4===
<div class="toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">
====Field of a charged rod====
<div class="mw-collapsible-content">
*[[Charged Rod]]
</div>
</div>

<div class="toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">

====Field of a charged ring/disk/capacitor====
<div class="mw-collapsible-content">
*[[Charged Ring]]
*[[Charged Disk]]
*[[Charged Capacitor]]
</div>
</div>

<div class="toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">

====Field of a charged sphere====
<div class="mw-collapsible-content">
*[[Charged Spherical Shell]]
*[[Field of a Charged Ball]]
</div>
</div>

===Week 5===
<div class="toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">
====Potential energy====
<div class="mw-collapsible-content">
*[[Potential Energy]]
</div>
</div>

<div class="toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">
====Electric potential====
<div class="mw-collapsible-content">
*[[Electric Potential]]
*[[Path Independence of Electric Potential]]
*[[Potential Difference Path Independence, claimed by Aditya Mohile]]
*[[Potential Difference in a Uniform Field]]
*[[Potential Difference of Point Charge in a Non-Uniform Field]]
</div>
</div>
<div class="toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">

====Sign of a potential difference====
Claimed by Tyler Quill
<div class="mw-collapsible-content">
==Overview==
The potential difference is a quantity representing the potential energy per unit of charge. The potential difference is the driving behind the current flow in circuits, and can also be referred to as "voltage" since the Volt is the unit of potential difference.

*[[Sign of Potential Difference}]
</div>

== Claimed by Tyler Quill ==

</div>
<div class="toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">

====Potential at a single location====
<div class="mw-collapsible-content">
*[[Electric Potential]]
*[[Potential Difference at One Location]]
</div>
</div>

<div class="toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">

====Path independence and round trip potential====
<div class="mw-collapsible-content">
*[[Path Independence of Electric Potential]]
*[[Potential Difference Path Independence, claimed by Aditya Mohile]]
</div>
</div>

===Week 6===
<div class="toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">
====Electric field and potential in an insulator====
<div class="mw-collapsible-content">
*[[Potential Difference in an Insulator]]
*[[Electric Field in an Insulator]]
</div>
</div>
<div class="toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">

====Moving charges in a magnetic field====
<div class="mw-collapsible-content">
*[[Magnetic Field]]
*[[Magnetic Force]]
*[[Lorentz Force]]
</div>
</div>
<div class="toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">

====Biot-Savart Law====
<div class="mw-collapsible-content">
*[[Biot-Savart Law]]
*[[Biot-Savart Law for Currents]]
</div>
</div>
<div class="toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">

====Moving charges, electron current, and conventional current====
<div class="mw-collapsible-content">
*[[Moving Point Charge]]
*[[Current]]
</div>
</div>

===Week 7=== Claimed by Diem Tran
<div class="toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">
====Magnetic field of a wire====
<div class="mw-collapsible-content">
*[[Magnetic Field of a Long Straight Wire]]
</div>
</div>

<div class="toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">
====Magnetic field of a current-carrying loop====
<div class="mw-collapsible-content">
*[[Magnetic Field of a Loop]]
</div>
</div>

<div class="toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">
====Magnetic dipoles====
<div class="mw-collapsible-content">
*[[Magnetic Dipole Moment]]
*[[Bar Magnet]]
</div>
</div>

<div class="toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">
====Atomic structure of magnets====
<div class="mw-collapsible-content">
*[[Atomic Structure of Magnets]]
</div>
</div>

===Week 8===
<div class="toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">
====Steady state current====
<div class="mw-collapsible-content">
*[[Steady State]]
*[[Non Steady State]]
</div>
</div>

<div class="toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">
====Node rule====
<div class="mw-collapsible-content">
*[[Node Rule]]
</div>
</div>

<div class="toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">
====Electric fields and energy in circuits====
<div class="mw-collapsible-content">
*[[Series circuit]] claimed by Hannah Jang
*[[Node Rule]]
*[[Loop Rule]]
*[[Electric Potential Difference]]
</div>
</div>

<div class="toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">

====Macroscopic analysis of circuits====
<div class="mw-collapsible-content">
*[[Series Circuits]]
*[[Parallel CIrcuits]]
*[[Parallel Circuits vs. Series Circuits*]]
*[[Loop Rule]]
*[[Node Rule]]
*[[Resistors*]]
</div>
</div>

===Week 9===
<div class="toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">
====Electric field and potential in circuits with capacitors====
<div class="mw-collapsible-content">
*[[Charging and Discharging a Capacitor]]
*[[RC Circuit]]
*[[R Circuit]]
*[[AC and DC]]

</div>
</div>

<div class="toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">

====Magnetic forces on charges and currents====
<div class="mw-collapsible-content">
*[[Magnetic Force]]
*[[Lorentz Force]]
*[[Applying Magnetic Force to Currents]]
*[[Magnetic Force in a Moving Reference Frame]]
*[[Right-Hand Rule]]
*[[Analysis of Railgun vs Coil gun technologies]]
</div>
</div>

<div class="toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">
====Electric and magnetic forces====
<div class="mw-collapsible-content">
*[[Electric Force]]
*[[Magnetic Force]]
*[[Lorentz Force]]
*[[VPython Modelling of Electric and Magnetic Forces]]
</div>
</div>

<div class="toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">
====Velocity selector====
<div class="mw-collapsible-content">
*[[Lorentz Force]]
*[[Combining Electric and Magnetic Forces]]
</div>
</div>

===Week 10===

====Student Content====

<div class=“toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed”>
==== Hall Effect ====
<div class="mw-collapsible-content">
*[[Hall Effect]]
*[[Motional Emf]]
*[[Magnetic Force]]
*[[Magnetic Torque]]

</div>
</div>

==Physics 3==

===Week 1===
<div class="toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">
====Classical Physics====
<div class="mw-collapsible-content">
</div>
</div>

===Week 2===
<div class="toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">
====Special Relativity====
<div class="mw-collapsible-content">
*[[Frame of Reference]]
*[[Einstein's Theory of Special Relativity]]
*[[Time Dilation]]
*[[Einstein's Theory of General Relativity]]
*[[Albert A. Micheleson & Edward W. Morley]]
*[[Magnetic Force in a Moving Reference Frame]]
</div>
</div>

===Week 3===
<div class="toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">
====Photons====
<div class="mw-collapsible-content">
*[[Spontaneous Photon Emission]]
*[[Light Scattering: Why is the Sky Blue]]
*[[Lasers]]
*[[Electronic Energy Levels and Photons]]
*[[Quantum Properties of Light]]
</div>
</div>

===Week 4===
<div class="toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">
====Matter Waves====
<div class="mw-collapsible-content">
*[[Wave-Particle Duality]]
</div>
</div>

===Week 5===
<div class="toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">
====Wave Mechanics====
<div class="mw-collapsible-content">
*[[Standing Waves]]
*[[Wavelength]]
*[[Wavelength and Frequency]]
*[[Mechanical Waves]]
*[[Transverse and Longitudinal Waves]]
</div>
</div>

===Week 6===
<div class="toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">
====Rutherford-Bohr Model====
<div class="mw-collapsible-content">
*[[Rutherford Experiment and Atomic Collisions]]
*[[Bohr Model]]
*[[Quantized energy levels]]
*[[Energy graphs and the Bohr model]]
</div>
</div>

===Week 7===
<div class="toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">
====The Hydrogen Atom====
<div class="mw-collapsible-content">
*[[Quantum Theory]]
*[[Atomic Theory]]
</div>
</div>

===Week 8===
<div class="toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">
====Many-Electron Atoms====
<div class="mw-collapsible-content">
*[[Quantum Theory]]
*[[Atomic Theory]]
*[[Pauli exclusion principle]]
</div>
</div>

===Week 9===
<div class="toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">
====Molecules====
<div class="mw-collapsible-content">
</div>
</div>

===Week 10===
<div class="toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">
====Statistical Physics====
<div class="mw-collapsible-content">
</div>
</div>

===Week 11===
<div class="toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">
====Condensed Matter Physics====
<div class="mw-collapsible-content">
</div>
</div>

===Week 12===
<div class="toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">
====The Nucleus====
<div class="mw-collapsible-content">
</div>
</div>

===Week 13===
<div class="toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">
====Nuclear Physics====
<div class="mw-collapsible-content">
*[[Nuclear Fission]]
*[[Nuclear Energy from Fission and Fusion]]
</div>
</div>

===Week 14===
<div class="toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">
====Particle Physics====
<div class="mw-collapsible-content">
*[[Elementary Particles and Particle Physics Theory]]
*[[String Theory]]
</div>
</div>

Main Page

2016-03-30T22:21:26Z

Tquill: /* Sign of a potential difference */

__NOTOC__
Welcome to the Georgia Tech Wiki for Introductory Physics. This resources was created so that students can contribute and curate content to help those with limited or no access to a textbook. When reading this website, please correct any errors you may come across. If you read something that isn't clear, please consider revising it for future students!

Looking to make a contribution?
#Pick one of the topics from intro physics listed below
#Add content to that topic or improve the quality of what is already there.
#Need to make a new topic? Edit this page and add it to the list under the appropriate category. Then copy and paste the default [[Template]] into your new page and start editing.

Please remember that this is not a textbook and you are not limited to expressing your ideas with only text and equations. Whenever possible embed: pictures, videos, diagrams, simulations, computational models (e.g. Glowscript), and whatever content you think makes learning physics easier for other students.

== Source Material ==
All of the content added to this resource must be in the public domain or similar free resource. If you are unsure about a source, contact the original author for permission. That said, there is a surprisingly large amount of introductory physics content scattered across the web. Here is an incomplete list of intro physics resources (please update as needed).
* A physics resource written by experts for an expert audience [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:Physics Physics Portal]
* A wiki written for students by a physics expert [http://p3server.pa.msu.edu/coursewiki/doku.php?id=183_notes MSU Physics Wiki]
* A wiki book on modern physics [https://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Modern_Physics Modern Physics Wiki]
* The MIT open courseware for intro physics [http://ocw.mit.edu/resources/res-8-002-a-wikitextbook-for-introductory-mechanics-fall-2009/index.htm MITOCW Wiki]
* An online concept map of intro physics [http://hyperphysics.phy-astr.gsu.edu/hbase/hph.html HyperPhysics]
* Interactive physics simulations [https://phet.colorado.edu/en/simulations/category/physics PhET]
* OpenStax algebra based intro physics textbook [https://openstaxcollege.org/textbooks/college-physics College Physics]
* The Open Source Physics project is a collection of online physics resources [http://www.opensourcephysics.org/ OSP]
* A resource guide compiled by the [http://www.aapt.org/ AAPT] for educators [http://www.compadre.org/ ComPADRE]

== Organizing Categories ==
These are the broad, overarching categories, that we cover in three semester of introductory physics. You can add subcategories as needed but a single topic should direct readers to a page in one of these categories.

== Resources ==
* Commonly used wiki commands [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:Cheatsheet Wiki Cheatsheet]
* A guide to representing equations in math mode [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:Displaying_a_formula Wiki Math Mode]
* A page to keep track of all the physics [[Constants]]
* A page for review of [[Vectors]] and vector operations
* A listing of [[Notable Scientist]] with links to their individual pages

<div style="float:left; width:30%; padding:1%;">
==Physics 1==
===Week 1===

====Student Content====
<div class=“toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed”>
=====Help with VPython=====
<div class=“mw-collapsible-content”>
*[[VPython]]
*[[VPython basics]]
*[[VPython Common Errors and Troubleshooting]]
*[[VPython Functions]]
*[[VPython Lists]]
*[[VPython Loops]]
*[[VPython Multithreading]]
*[[VPython Animation]]
*[[VPython Objects]]
*[[VPython 3D Objects]]
*[[VPython Reference]]
*[[VPython MapReduceFilter]]
*[[VPython GUIs]]
</div>
</div>

<div class=“toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed”>
=====Vectors and Units=====
<div class=“mw-collapsible-content”>
*[[Vectors]]
*[[SI Units]]
</div>
</div>

<div class=“toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed”>
=====Interactions=====
<div class=“mw-collapsible-content”>
</div>
</div>

<div class=“toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed”>
=====Velocity and Momentum=====
<div class=“mw-collapsible-content”>
*[[Newton’s First Law of Motion]]
*[[Velocity]]
*[[Mass]]
*[[Speed and Velocity]]
*[[Relative Velocity]]
*[[Derivation of Average Velocity]]
*[[2-Dimensional Motion]]
*[[3-Dimensional Position and Motion]]
</div>
</div>

====Expert Content====
<div class=“toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed”>

* [http://p3server.pa.msu.edu/coursewiki/doku.php?id=183_notes:vpython_resources Software for Projects]

</div>

===Week 2===
====Student Content====
<div class=“toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed”>
=====Momentum and the Momentum Principle=====
<div class=“mw-collapsible-content”>
*[[Momentum Principle]]
*[[Inertia]]
*[[Net Force]]
*[[Derivation of the Momentum Principle]]
*[[Impulse Momentum]]
*[[Acceleration]]
*[[Momentum with respect to external Forces]]
</div>
</div>

<div class=“toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed”>
=====Iterative Prediction with a Constant Force=====
<div class=“mw-collapsible-content”>
*[[Newton’s Second Law of Motion]]
*[[Iterative Prediction]]
*[[Kinematics]]
*[[Newton’s Laws and Linear Momentum]]
*[[Projectile Motion]]
</div>
</div>

====Expert Content====
<div class=“toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed”>

* [http://p3server.pa.msu.edu/coursewiki/doku.php?id=183_notes:scalars_and_vectors Scalars and Vectors]
* [http://p3server.pa.msu.edu/coursewiki/doku.php?id=183_notes:displacement_and_velocity Displacement and Velocity]
* [http://p3server.pa.msu.edu/coursewiki/doku.php?id=183_notes:modeling_with_vpython Modeling Motion with VPython]
* [http://p3server.pa.msu.edu/coursewiki/doku.php?id=183_notes:relative_motion Relative Motion]
* [http://p3server.pa.msu.edu/coursewiki/doku.php?id=183_notes:graphing_motion Graphing Motion]
* [http://p3server.pa.msu.edu/coursewiki/doku.php?id=183_notes:momentum Momentum]
* [http://p3server.pa.msu.edu/coursewiki/doku.php?id=183_notes:momentum_principle The Momentum Principle]
* [http://p3server.pa.msu.edu/coursewiki/doku.php?id=183_notes:acceleration Acceleration & The Change in Momentum]
* [http://p3server.pa.msu.edu/coursewiki/doku.php?id=183_notes:motionPredict Applying the Momentum Principle]
* [http://p3server.pa.msu.edu/coursewiki/doku.php?id=183_notes:constantF Constant Force Motion]
* [http://p3server.pa.msu.edu/coursewiki/doku.php?id=183_notes:iterativePredict Iterative Prediction of Motion]
* [http://p3server.pa.msu.edu/coursewiki/doku.php?id=183_notes:mp_multi The Momentum Principle in Multi-particle Systems]
* [http://p3server.pa.msu.edu/coursewiki/doku.php?id=183_notes:angular_motivation Why Angular Momentum?]
* [http://p3server.pa.msu.edu/coursewiki/doku.php?id=183_notes:ang_momentum Angular Momentum]
* [http://p3server.pa.msu.edu/coursewiki/doku.php?id=183_notes:L_principle Net Torque & The Angular Momentum Principle]
* [http://p3server.pa.msu.edu/coursewiki/doku.php?id=183_notes:L_conservation Angular Momentum Conservation]

</div>

===Week 3===
====Student Content====
<div class=“toccolours \
mw-collapsible mw-collapsed”>
=====Analytic Prediction with a Constant Force=====
<div \
class=“mw-collapsible-content”>
*[[Analytical Prediction]]
</div>
</div>

<div class=“toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed”>
=====Iterative Prediction with a Varying Force=====
<div \
class=“mw-collapsible-content”>
*[[Predicting Change in multiple dimensions]]
*[[Spring Force]]
*[[Hooke’s Law]]
*[[Simple Harmonic Motion]]
*[[Iterative Prediction of Spring-Mass System]]
*[[Terminal Speed]]
*[[Determinism]]
</div>
</div>

====Expert Content====
<div class=“toccolours mw-collapsible \
mw-collapsed”>

* [http://p3server.pa.msu.edu/coursewiki/doku.php?id=183_notes:drag Drag]
* [http://p3server.pa.msu.edu/coursewiki/doku.php?id=183_notes:gravitation Non-constant Force: Newtonian Gravitation]
* [http://p3server.pa.msu.edu/coursewiki/doku.php?id=183_notes:ucm Uniform Circular Motion]
* [http://p3server.pa.msu.edu/coursewiki/doku.php?id=183_notes:impulseGraphs Impulse Graphs]
* [http://p3server.pa.msu.edu/coursewiki/doku.php?id=183_notes:springMotion Non-constant Force: Springs & Spring-like Interactions]
* [http://p3server.pa.msu.edu/coursewiki/doku.php?id=183_notes:friction Contact Interactions: The Normal Force & Friction]

</div>

===Week 4===
====Student Content====
<div class=“toccolours \
mw-collapsible mw-collapsed”>
=====Fundamental Interactions=====
<div class=“mw-collapsible-content”>
*[[Gravitational Force]]
</div>
</div>

====Expert Content====
<div class=“toccolours mw-collapsible \
mw-collapsed”>

* [http://p3server.pa.msu.edu/coursewiki/doku.php?id=183_notes:gravitation Non-constant Force: Newtonian Gravitation]

</div>

===Week 5===
====Student Content====
<div class=“toccolours \
mw-collapsible mw-collapsed”>
=====Conservation of Momentum=====
<div class=“mw-collapsible-content”>
*[[Conservation of Momentum]]
</div>
</div>
<div class=“toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed”>

=====Properties of Matter=====
<div class=“mw-collapsible-content”>
*[[Kinds of Matter]]
**[[Ball and Spring Model of Matter]]
*[[Density]]
*[[Length and Stiffness of an Interatomic Bond]]
*[[Young’s Modulus]]
*[[Speed of Sound in Solids]]
*[[Malleability]]
*[[Ductility]]
*[[Weight]]
*[[Hardness]]
*[[Boiling Point]]
*[[Melting Point]]
</div>
</div>

====Expert Content====
<div class=“toccolours mw-collapsible \
mw-collapsed”>

* [http://p3server.pa.msu.edu/coursewiki/doku.php?id=183_notes:model_of_a_wire Modeling a Solid Wire: springs in series and parallel]

</div>

===Week 6===
====Student Content====
<div class=“toccolours \
mw-collapsible mw-collapsed”>
=====Identifying Forces=====
<div class=“mw-collapsible-content”>
*[[Free Body Diagram]]
*[[Compression or Normal Force]]
*[[Tension]]
</div>
</div>
<div class=“toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed”>
=====Curving Motion=====
<div class=“mw-collapsible-content”>
*[[Curving Motion]]
*[[Centripetal Force and Curving Motion]]
*[[Perpetual Freefall (Orbit)]]
</div>
</div>

====Expert Content====
<div class=“toccolours mw-collapsible \
mw-collapsed”>

* [http://p3server.pa.msu.edu/coursewiki/doku.php?id=183_notes:gravitation Non-constant Force: Newtonian Gravitation]
* [http://p3server.pa.msu.edu/coursewiki/doku.php?id=183_notes:grav_accel Gravitational Acceleration]
* [http://p3server.pa.msu.edu/coursewiki/doku.php?id=183_notes:ucm Uniform Circular Motion]
* [http://p3server.pa.msu.edu/coursewiki/doku.php?id=183_notes:freebodydiagrams Free Body Diagrams]
* [http://p3server.pa.msu.edu/coursewiki/doku.php?id=183_notes:curving_motion Curved Motion]

</div>

===Week 7===
====Student Content====
<div class=“toccolours \
mw-collapsible mw-collapsed”>
=====Energy Principle=====
<div class=“mw-collapsible-content”>
*[[The Energy Principle]]
*[[Conservation of Energy]]
*[[Kinetic Energy]]
*[[Work]]
*[[Power (Mechanical)]]
</div>
</div>

====Expert Content====
<div class=“toccolours mw-collapsible \
mw-collapsed”>

* [http://p3server.pa.msu.edu/coursewiki/doku.php?id=183_notes:define_energy What is Energy?]
* [http://p3server.pa.msu.edu/coursewiki/doku.php?id=183_notes:point_particle The Simplest System: A Single Particle]
* [http://p3server.pa.msu.edu/coursewiki/doku.php?id=183_notes:work Work: Mechanical Energy Transfer]
* [http://p3server.pa.msu.edu/coursewiki/doku.php?id=183_notes:energy_cons Conservation of Energy]
* [http://p3server.pa.msu.edu/coursewiki/doku.php?id=183_notes:potential_energy Potential Energy]
* [http://p3server.pa.msu.edu/coursewiki/doku.php?id=183_notes:grav_and_spring_PE (Near Earth) Gravitational and Spring Potential Energy]
* [http://p3server.pa.msu.edu/coursewiki/doku.php?id=183_notes:force_and_PE Force and Potential Energy]
* [http://p3server.pa.msu.edu/coursewiki/doku.php?id=183_notes:newton_grav_pe Newtonian Gravitational Potential Energy]
* [http://p3server.pa.msu.edu/coursewiki/doku.php?id=183_notes:spring_PE Spring Potential Energy]

</div>

===Week 8===
====Student Content====
<div class=“toccolours \
mw-collapsible mw-collapsed”>
=====Work by Non-Constant Forces=====
<div \
class=“mw-collapsible-content”>
*[[Work Done By A Nonconstant Force]]
</div>
</div>
<div class=“toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed”>
=====Potential Energy=====
<div class=“mw-collapsible-content”>
*[[Potential Energy]]
*[[Potential Energy of Macroscopic Springs]]
*[[Spring Potential Energy]]
**[[Ball and Spring Model]]
*[[Gravitational Potential Energy]]
*[[Energy Graphs]]
*[[Escape Velocity]]
</div>
</div>

====Expert Content====
<div class=“toccolours mw-collapsible \
mw-collapsed”>

* [http://p3server.pa.msu.edu/coursewiki/doku.php?id=183_notes:work_by_nc_forces Work Done by Non-Constant Forces]
* [http://p3server.pa.msu.edu/coursewiki/doku.php?id=183_notes:potential_energy Potential Energy]
* [http://p3server.pa.msu.edu/coursewiki/doku.php?id=183_notes:grav_and_spring_PE (Near Earth) Gravitational and Spring Potential Energy]
* [http://p3server.pa.msu.edu/coursewiki/doku.php?id=183_notes:rest_mass Changes of Rest Mass Energy]
* [http://p3server.pa.msu.edu/coursewiki/doku.php?id=183_notes:force_and_PE Force and Potential Energy]
* [http://p3server.pa.msu.edu/coursewiki/doku.php?id=183_notes:newton_grav_pe Newtonian Gravitational Potential Energy]
* [http://p3server.pa.msu.edu/coursewiki/doku.php?id=183_notes:grav_pe_graphs Graphing Energy for Gravitationally Interacting Systems]
* [http://p3server.pa.msu.edu/coursewiki/doku.php?id=183_notes:spring_PE Spring Potential Energy]
* [http://p3server.pa.msu.edu/coursewiki/doku.php?id=183_notes:power Power: The Rate of Energy Change]
* [http://p3server.pa.msu.edu/coursewiki/doku.php?id=183_notes:energy_dissipation Dissipation of Energy]

</div>

===Week 9===
====Student Content====
<div class=“toccolours \
mw-collapsible mw-collapsed”>
=====Multiparticle Systems=====
<div class=“mw-collapsible-content”>
*[[Center of Mass]]
*[[Multi-particle analysis of Momentum]]
*[[Momentum with respect to external Forces]]
*[[Potential Energy of a Multiparticle System]]
*[[Work and Energy for an Extended System]]
*[[Internal Energy]]
**[[Potential Energy of a Pair of Neutral Atoms]]
</div>
</div>

====Expert Content====
<div class=“toccolours mw-collapsible \
mw-collapsed”>

* [http://p3server.pa.msu.edu/coursewiki/doku.php?id=183_notes:mp_multi The Momentum Principle in Multi-particle Systems]
* [http://p3server.pa.msu.edu/coursewiki/doku.php?id=183_notes:center_of_mass Center of Mass Motion]
* [http://p3server.pa.msu.edu/coursewiki/doku.php?id=183_notes:center_of_mass Center of Mass Motion]
* [http://p3server.pa.msu.edu/coursewiki/doku.php?id=183_notes:energy_sep Separating Energy in Multi-Particle Systems]

</div>

===Week 10===
====Student Content====
<div class=“toccolours \
mw-collapsible mw-collapsed”>
=====Choice of System=====
<div class=“mw-collapsible-content”>
*[[System & Surroundings]]
</div>
</div>
<div class=“toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed”>
=====Thermal Energy, Dissipation and Transfer of Energy=====
<div \
class=“mw-collapsible-content”>
*[[Thermal Energy]]
*[[Specific Heat]]
*[[Heat Capacity]]
*[[Specific Heat Capacity]]
*[[First Law of Thermodynamics]]
*[[Second Law of Thermodynamics and Entropy]]
*[[Temperature]]
*[[Predicting Change]]
*[[Energy Transfer due to a Temperature Difference]]
*[[Transformation of Energy]]
*[[The Maxwell-Boltzmann Distribution]]
*[[Air Resistance]]
</div>
</div>
<div class=“toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed”>
=====Rotational and Vibrational Energy=====
<div \
class=“mw-collapsible-content”>
*[[Translational, Rotational and Vibrational Energy]]
</div>
</div>

====Expert Content====
<div class=“toccolours mw-collapsible \
mw-collapsed”>

* [http://p3server.pa.msu.edu/coursewiki/doku.php?id=183_notes:grav_and_spring_PE (Near Earth) Gravitational and Spring Potential Energy]
* [http://p3server.pa.msu.edu/coursewiki/doku.php?id=183_notes:rest_mass Changes of Rest Mass Energy]
* [http://p3server.pa.msu.edu/coursewiki/doku.php?id=183_notes:newton_grav_pe Newtonian Gravitational Potential Energy]
* [http://p3server.pa.msu.edu/coursewiki/doku.php?id=183_notes:grav_pe_graphs Graphing Energy for Gravitationally Interacting Systems]
* [http://p3server.pa.msu.edu/coursewiki/doku.php?id=183_notes:escape_speed Escape Speed]
* [http://p3server.pa.msu.edu/coursewiki/doku.php?id=183_notes:spring_PE Spring Potential Energy]
* [http://p3server.pa.msu.edu/coursewiki/doku.php?id=183_notes:internal_energy Internal Energy]
* [http://p3server.pa.msu.edu/coursewiki/doku.php?id=183_notes:system_choice Choosing a System Matters]
* [http://p3server.pa.msu.edu/coursewiki/doku.php?id=183_notes:energy_dissipation Dissipation of Energy]

</div>

===Week 11===
====Student Content====
<div class=“toccolours \
mw-collapsible mw-collapsed”>
=====Different Models of a System=====
<div \
class=“mw-collapsible-content”>
*[[Real Systems]]
*[[Point Particle Systems]]
</div>
</div>
<div class=“toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed”>

=====Models of Friction=====
<div class=“mw-collapsible-content”>
*[[Friction]]
*[[Static Friction]]
</div>
</div>

====Expert Content====
<div class=“toccolours mw-collapsible \
mw-collapsed”>

* [http://p3server.pa.msu.edu/coursewiki/doku.php?id=183_notes:system_choice Choosing a System Matters]
* [http://p3server.pa.msu.edu/coursewiki/doku.php?id=183_notes:energy_dissipation Dissipation of Energy]

</div>

===Week 12===
====Student Content====
<div class=“toccolours \
mw-collapsible mw-collapsed”>
=====Collisions=====
<div class=“mw-collapsible-content”>
*[[Newton’s Third Law of Motion]]
*[[Collisions]]
*[[Elastic Collisions]]
*[[Inelastic Collisions]]
*[[Maximally Inelastic Collision]]
*[[Head-on Collision of Equal Masses]]
*[[Head-on Collision of Unequal Masses]]
*[[Scattering: Collisions in 2D and 3D]]
*[[Rutherford Experiment and Atomic Collisions]]
*[[Coefficient of Restitution]]
</div>
</div>

====Expert Content====
<div class=“toccolours mw-collapsible \
mw-collapsed”>

* [http://p3server.pa.msu.edu/coursewiki/doku.php?id=183_notes:collisions Colliding Objects]
* [http://p3server.pa.msu.edu/coursewiki/doku.php?id=183_notes:center_of_mass Center of Mass Motion]
* [http://p3server.pa.msu.edu/coursewiki/doku.php?id=183_notes:center_of_mass Center of Mass Motion]
* [http://p3server.pa.msu.edu/coursewiki/doku.php?id=183_notes:rot_KE Rotational Kinetic Energy]
* [http://p3server.pa.msu.edu/coursewiki/doku.php?id=183_notes:pp_vs_real Point Particle and Real Systems]
* [http://p3server.pa.msu.edu/coursewiki/doku.php?id=183_notes:colliding_systems Collisions]

</div>

===Week 13===
====Student Content====
<div class=“toccolours \
mw-collapsible mw-collapsed”>
=====Rotations=====
<div class=“mw-collapsible-content”>
*[[Rotation]]
*[[Angular Velocity]]
*[[Eulerian Angles]]
</div>
</div>
<div class=“toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed”>
=====Angular Momentum=====
<div class=“mw-collapsible-content”>
*[[Total Angular Momentum]]
*[[Translational Angular Momentum]]
*[[Rotational Angular Momentum]]
*[[The Angular Momentum Principle]]
*[[Angular Momentum Compared to Linear Momentum]]
*[[Angular Impulse]]
*[[Predicting the Position of a Rotating System]]
*[[Angular Momentum of Multiparticle Systems]]
*[[The Moments of Inertia]]
*[[Moment of Inertia for a cylinder]]
*[[Right Hand Rule]]
</div>
</div>

====Expert Content====
<div class=“toccolours mw-collapsible \
mw-collapsed”>

* [http://p3server.pa.msu.edu/coursewiki/doku.php?id=183_notes:rot_KE Rotational Kinetic Energy]
* [http://p3server.pa.msu.edu/coursewiki/doku.php?id=183_notes:angular_motivation Why Angular Momentum?]
* [http://p3server.pa.msu.edu/coursewiki/doku.php?id=183_notes:ang_momentum Angular Momentum]
* [http://p3server.pa.msu.edu/coursewiki/doku.php?id=183_notes:L_principle Net Torque & The Angular Momentum Principle]
* [http://p3server.pa.msu.edu/coursewiki/doku.php?id=183_notes:L_conservation Angular Momentum Conservation]

</div>
===Week 14===

====Student Content====
<div class=“toccolours mw-collapsible \
mw-collapsed”>
=====Analyzing Motion with and without Torque=====
<div \
class=“mw-collapsible-content”>
*[[Torque]]
*[[Torque 2]]
*[[Systems with Zero Torque]]
*[[Systems with Nonzero Torque]]
*[[Torque vs Work]]
*[[Gyroscopes]]
</div>
</div>

====Expert Content====
<div class=“toccolours mw-collapsible \
mw-collapsed”>

* [http://p3server.pa.msu.edu/coursewiki/doku.php?id=183_notes:discovery_of_the_nucleus Discovery of the Nucleus]
* [http://p3server.pa.msu.edu/coursewiki/doku.php?id=183_notes:torque Torques Cause Changes in Rotation]
* [http://p3server.pa.msu.edu/coursewiki/doku.php?id=183_notes:L_principle Net Torque & The Angular Momentum Principle]

</div>

===Week 15===

====Student Content====
<div class=“toccolours mw-collapsible \
mw-collapsed”>
=====Introduction to Quantum Concepts=====
<div \class=“mw-collapsible-content”>
*[[Bohr Model]]
*[[Energy graphs and the Bohr model]]
*[[Quantized energy levels]]
</div>
</div>

====Expert Content====
<div class=“toccolours mw-collapsible \
mw-collapsed”>

* [http://p3server.pa.msu.edu/coursewiki/doku.php?id=183_notes:discovery_of_the_nucleus Discovery of the Nucleus]

</div>

<div style=“float:left; width:30%; padding:1%;”>

==Physics 2==
===Week 1===
<div class="toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">
====3D Vectors====
<div class="mw-collapsible-content">
*[[Vectors]]
*[[Right-Hand Rule]]
*[[Right Hand Rule]]
</div>
</div>

<div class="toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">
====Electric field====
<div class="mw-collapsible-content">
*[[Electric Field]]
</div>
</div>

<div class="toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">
====Electric force====
<div class="mw-collapsible-content">

*[[Electric Force]] Claimed by Amarachi Eze
*[[Lorentz Force]]
</div>
</div>

<div class="toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">

====Electric field of a point particle====

<div class="mw-collapsible-content">
*[[Point Charge]]
</div>
</div>

<div class="toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">

'''Bold text'''====Superposition====
<div class="mw-collapsible-content">
*[[Superposition Principle]]
*[[Superposition principle]]
</div>
</div>

<div class="toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">

====Dipoles====
<div class="mw-collapsible-content">
Claimed by Trevor Craport
*[[Electric Dipole]]
*[[Magnetic Dipole]]
</div>
</div>

===Week 2===
<div class="toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">
====Interactions of charged objects====
<div class="mw-collapsible-content">
*[[Electric Field]]
*[[Electric Potential]]
*[[Electric Force]]
*[[Lorentz Force]]
</div>
</div>

<div class="toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">
====Tape experiments====
<div class="mw-collapsible-content">
*[[Polarization]]
*[[Electric Polarization]]
</div>
</div>

<div class="toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">
====Polarization====
<div class="mw-collapsible-content">
*[[Polarization]]
*[[Electric Polarization]]
*[[Polarization of an Atom]]
</div>
</div>

===Week 3===
<div class="toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">
====Insulators====
<div class="mw-collapsible-content">
*[[Insulators]]
*[[Potential Difference in an Insulator]]
*[[Charged Conductor and Charged Insulator]]
*[[Charged conductor and charged insulator]]
</div>
</div>

<div class="toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">
====Conductors====
<div class="mw-collapsible-content">
*[[Conductivity]]
*[[Charge Transfer]]
*[[Resistivity]]
*[[Polarization of a conductor]]
*[[Charged Conductor and Charged Insulator]]
*[[Charged conductor and charged insulator]]
</div>
</div>

<div class="toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">
====Charging and discharging====
<div class="mw-collapsible-content">
*[[Charge Transfer]]
*[[Electrostatic Discharge]]
*[[Charged Conductor and Charged Insulator]]
*[[Charged conductor and charged insulator]]
</div>
</div>

===Week 4===
<div class="toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">
====Field of a charged rod====
<div class="mw-collapsible-content">
*[[Charged Rod]]
</div>
</div>

<div class="toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">

====Field of a charged ring/disk/capacitor====
<div class="mw-collapsible-content">
*[[Charged Ring]]
*[[Charged Disk]]
*[[Charged Capacitor]]
</div>
</div>

<div class="toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">

====Field of a charged sphere====
<div class="mw-collapsible-content">
*[[Charged Spherical Shell]]
*[[Field of a Charged Ball]]
</div>
</div>

===Week 5===
<div class="toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">
====Potential energy====
<div class="mw-collapsible-content">
*[[Potential Energy]]
</div>
</div>

<div class="toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">
====Electric potential====
<div class="mw-collapsible-content">
*[[Electric Potential]]
*[[Path Independence of Electric Potential]]
*[[Potential DIfference Path Independence]]
*[[Potential Difference in a Uniform Field]]
*[[Potential Difference of Point Charge in a Non-Uniform Field]]
</div>
</div>
<div class="toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">
====Sign of a potential difference====
<div class="mw-collapsible-content">
*[[Sign of Potential Difference, claimed by Tyler Quill]]
</div>

== Claimed by Tyler Quill ==

</div>
<div class="toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">

====Potential at a single location====
<div class="mw-collapsible-content">
*[[Electric Potential]]
*[[Potential Difference at One Location]]
</div>
</div>

<div class="toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">

====Path independence and round trip potential====
<div class="mw-collapsible-content">
*[[Path Independence of Electric Potential]]
*[[Potential DIfference Path Independence]]
</div>
</div>

===Week 6===
<div class="toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">
====Electric field and potential in an insulator====
<div class="mw-collapsible-content">
*[[Potential Difference in an Insulator]]
</div>
</div>
<div class="toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">
====Moving charges in a magnetic field====
<div class="mw-collapsible-content">
*[[Magnetic Field]]
*[[Magnetic Force]]
*[[Lorentz Force]]
</div>
</div>
<div class="toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">
====Biot-Savart Law====
<div class="mw-collapsible-content">
*[[Biot-Savart Law]]
*[[Biot-Savart Law for Currents]]
</div>
</div>
<div class="toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">
====Moving charges, electron current, and conventional current====
<div class="mw-collapsible-content">
*[[Moving Point Charge]]
*[[Curent]]
</div>
</div>

===Week 7===
<div class="toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">
====Magnetic field of a wire====
<div class="mw-collapsible-content">
*[[Magnetic Field of a Long Straight Wire]]
</div>
</div>

<div class="toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">
====Magnetic field of a current-carrying loop====
<div class="mw-collapsible-content">
*[[Magnetic Field of a Loop]]
</div>
</div>

<div class="toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">
====Magnetic dipoles====
<div class="mw-collapsible-content">
*[[Magnetic Dipole Moment]]
*[[Bar Magnet]]
</div>
</div>

<div class="toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">
====Atomic structure of magnets====
<div class="mw-collapsible-content">
*[[Atomic Structure of Magnets]]
</div>
</div>

===Week 8===
<div class="toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">
====Steady state current====
<div class="mw-collapsible-content">
*[[Steady State]]
*[[Non Steady State]]
</div>
</div>

<div class="toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">
====Node rule====
<div class="mw-collapsible-content">
*[[Node Rule]]
</div>
</div>

<div class="toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">
====Electric fields and energy in circuits====
<div class="mw-collapsible-content">
*[[Series circuit]]
*[[Node Rule]]
*[[Loop Rule]]
</div>
</div>

<div class="toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">
====Macroscopic analysis of circuits====
<div class="mw-collapsible-content">
*[[Series Circuits]]
*[[Parallel CIrcuits]]
*[[Parallel Circuits vs. Series Circuits*]]
*[[Loop Rule]]
*[[Node Rule]]
</div>
</div>

===Week 9===
<div class="toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">
====Electric field and potential in circuits with capacitors====
<div class="mw-collapsible-content">
*[[Charging and Discharging a Capacitor]]
*[[RC Circuit]]
</div>
</div>

<div class="toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">
====Magnetic forces on charges and currents====
<div class="mw-collapsible-content">
*[[Magnetic Force]]
*[[Lorentz Force]]
*[[Applying Magnetic Force to Currents]]
*[[Magnetic Force in a Moving Reference Frame]]
*[[Right-Hand Rule]]
</div>
</div>

<div class="toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">
====Electric and magnetic forces====
<div class="mw-collapsible-content">
*[[Electric Force]]
*[[Magnetic Force]]
*[[Lorentz Force]]
</div>
</div>

<div class="toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">
====Velocity selector====
<div class="mw-collapsible-content">
*[[Lorentz Force]]
*[[Combining Electric and Magnetic Forces]]
</div>
</div>

===Week 10===
<div class="toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">
====The Hall effect====
<div class="mw-collapsible-content">
*[[Hall Effect]]
*[[Right-Hand Rule]]
*[[Polarization]]
</div>
</div>

<div class="toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">
====Motional EMF====
<div class="mw-collapsible-content">
*[[Motional Emf]]
*[[Motional Emf using Faraday's Law]]
</div>
</div>

<div class="toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">
====Magnetic force====
<div class="mw-collapsible-content">
*[[Magnetic Force]]
*[[Lorentz Force]]
</div>
</div>

<div class="toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">
====Magnetic torque====
<div class="mw-collapsible-content">
*[[Magnetic Torque]]
*[[Right-Hand Rule]]
</div>
</div>

===Week 12===

<div class="toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">
====Gauss's Law====
<div class="mw-collapsible-content">
*[[Gauss's Flux Theorem]]
*[[Gauss's Law]]
*[[Magnetic Flux]]
</div>
</div>

<div class="toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">

====Ampere's Law====
<div class="mw-collapsible-content">
*[[Ampere's Law]]
*[[Ampere-Maxwell Law]]
*[[Magnetic Field of Coaxial Cable Using Ampere's Law]]
*[[Magnetic Field of a Long Thick Wire Using Ampere's Law]]
*[[Magnetic Field of a Toroid Using Ampere's Law]]
*[[Magnetic Field of a Solenoid Using Ampere's Law]]
*[[The Differential Form of Ampere's Law]]
</div>
</div>

===Week 13===
<div class="toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">
====Semiconductors====
<div class="mw-collapsible-content">
*[[Semiconductor Devices]]
</div>
</div>

<div class="toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">
====Faraday's Law====
<div class="mw-collapsible-content">
*[[Faraday's Law]]
*[[Motional Emf using Faraday's Law]]
*[[Lenz's Law]]
</div>
</div>

<div class="toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">
====Maxwell's equations====
<div class="mw-collapsible-content">
*[[Gauss's Law]]
*[[Magnetic Flux]]
*[[Ampere's Law]]
*[[Faraday's Law]]
*[[Maxwell's Electromagnetic Theory]]
</div>
</div>

===Week 14===
<div class="toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">
====Circuits revisited====
<div class="mw-collapsible-content">

</div>
</div>

<div class="toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">
====Inductors====
<div class="mw-collapsible-content">
*[[Inductors]]
*[[Current in an LC Circuit]]
</div>
</div>

===Week 15===
<div class="toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">
====Sparks in the air====
<div class="mw-collapsible-content">
*[[Sparks in Air]]
*[[Spark Plugs]]
</div>
</div>

<div class="toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">
====Superconductors====
<div class="mw-collapsible-content">
*[[Superconducters]]
*[[Superconductors]]
*[[Meissner effect]]
</div>
</div>
</div>

<div style="float:left; width:30%; padding:1%;">

==Physics 3==

===Week 1===
<div class="toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">
====Classical Physics====
<div class="mw-collapsible-content">
</div>
</div>

===Week 2===
<div class="toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">
====Special Relativity====
<div class="mw-collapsible-content">
*[[Frame of Reference]]
*[[Einstein's Theory of Special Relativity]]
*[[Time Dilation]]
*[[Einstein's Theory of General Relativity]]
*[[Albert A. Micheleson & Edward W. Morley]]
*[[Magnetic Force in a Moving Reference Frame]]
</div>
</div>

===Week 3===
<div class="toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">
====Photons====
<div class="mw-collapsible-content">
*[[Spontaneous Photon Emission]]
*[[Light Scattering: Why is the Sky Blue]]
*[[Lasers]]
*[[Electronic Energy Levels and Photons]]
*[[Quantum Properties of Light]]
</div>
</div>

===Week 4===
<div class="toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">
====Matter Waves====
<div class="mw-collapsible-content">
*[[Wave-Particle Duality]]
</div>
</div>

===Week 5===
<div class="toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">
====Wave Mechanics====
<div class="mw-collapsible-content">
*[[Standing Waves]]
*[[Wavelength]]
*[[Wavelength and Frequency]]
*[[Mechanical Waves]]
*[[Transverse and Longitudinal Waves]]
</div>
</div>

===Week 6===
<div class="toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">
====Rutherford-Bohr Model====
<div class="mw-collapsible-content">
*[[Rutherford Experiment and Atomic Collisions]]
*[[Bohr Model]]
*[[Quantized energy levels]]
*[[Energy graphs and the Bohr model]]
</div>
</div>

===Week 7===
<div class="toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">
====The Hydrogen Atom====
<div class="mw-collapsible-content">
*[[Quantum Theory]]
*[[Atomic Theory]]
</div>
</div>

===Week 8===
<div class="toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">
====Many-Electron Atoms====
<div class="mw-collapsible-content">
*[[Quantum Theory]]
*[[Atomic Theory]]
*[[Pauli exclusion principle]]
</div>
</div>

===Week 9===
<div class="toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">
====Molecules====
<div class="mw-collapsible-content">
</div>
</div>

===Week 10===
<div class="toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">
====Statistical Physics====
<div class="mw-collapsible-content">
</div>
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===Week 11===
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====Condensed Matter Physics====
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===Week 12===
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====The Nucleus====
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===Week 13===
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====Nuclear Physics====
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*[[Nuclear Fission]]
*[[Nuclear Energy from Fission and Fusion]]
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===Week 14===
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====Particle Physics====
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*[[Elementary Particles and Particle Physics Theory]]
*[[String Theory]]
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