Refraction

2015-12-03T21:48:22Z

The40: Created page with "Claimed by the40 Refraction of EM waves ==The Main Idea== Light passes through different materials, or mediums, at different speeds. In general, the denser the medium, the..."

Claimed by the40

Refraction of EM waves

==The Main Idea==

Light passes through different materials, or mediums, at different speeds. In general, the denser the medium, the slower light passes through it. As light changes speed as it passes through a medium, it also bends at an angle. The <i>optical density</i> of a material is how well it can transmit light.

===The Math of Refraction===

*The Index of Refraction: the ratio of the speed of light through a vacuum to the speed of light in the medium. Written as: <math>n=\frac{c}{v}</math>, where
**c=speed of light in a vacuum
**v=speed of light in medium
Note that the index of refraction can never be less than one, since <math>\frac{c}{c}=1</math>.
*Snell's Law: size of the angle of refraction, or how much the light bends. Written as:<math>n_1\sin\theta_1=n_2\sin\theta_2</math>, where
**<math>n_1</math>=index of refraction of medium 1
**<math>n_2</math>=index of refraction of medium 2
**<math>\theta_1</math>=angle of incidence
**<math>\theta_2</math>=angle of refraction.

===A Visual Model===

[[File:Refraction.png]]

Here we see how the ray strikes a different medium and bends.

[[File:Light_dispersion_conceptual_waves.gif ]]

Here we see that the index of refraction is different for different wavelengths of light, so a prism will disperse white light.

==Examples==

===Simple===
Simple light from eye travels through water and bends:

[[File:Refraction_fishbowl.jpg]]

Can be solved very easily with Snell's Law.

===Middling===
Single beam refraction through a prism with a laser pointer:

[[File:Laser1.jpg]]

Calculations through a prism can be done as shown in the diagram below:

[[File:Prismcalculations.png|400px]]
===Difficult===
[[File:Rainbow.jpg]]

While pretty, it is very difficult to solve for all the angles and indices of refraction correctly!
This is how it works:

[[File:24-figure-48b.gif]]

==Connectedness==

One of the most common uses of refraction is, quite simply, glasses. The way that light bends around a curved lens and refracts magnifies the image and can give you better eyesight.

On this vein, refractor telescopes, used in astronomy are quite common as well, especially among amateur astronomers.

Fiber optics is entirely dependent upon refraction and total internal reflection. These cables can send information at speeds approaching the speed of light, since the information is carried in the light itself.

Atmospheric refraction is also the cause of green flashes.

==History==

Thomas Harriot was the first person to discover that light bends when travelling through a different medium. However, it was Willebrord Snell who rediscovered it and then have the law of refraction named after him. It was initially published by Descartes in 1637, although Harriot had discovered it at least 35 years prior to that date.

Refractive lens began to be used on telescopes by 1608 and were the first type of optical telescopes developed.

== See also ==

*[[Color Light Wave]]
*[[Wave-Particle Duality]]

===External links===
http://www-rohan.sdsu.edu/~aty/explain/optics/refr.html

http://ocw.mit.edu/courses/mechanical-engineering/2-71-optics-spring-2009/video-lectures/lecture-2-reflection-and-refraction-prisms-waveguides-and-dispersion/MIT2_71S09_lec02.pdf

==References==
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Refracting_telescope

http://www-rohan.sdsu.edu/~aty/explain/optics/refr.html

[[Category:Optics]]

File:24-figure-48b.gif

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The40:

File:Rainbow.jpg

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The40:

File:Refraction fishbowl.jpg

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The40:

File:Prismcalculations.png

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The40:

File:Laser1.jpg

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The40:

Main Page

2015-12-03T20:44:45Z

The40: /* Optics */

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<div class="toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">

===Radiation===
<div class="mw-collapsible-content">
*[[Producing a Radiative Electric Field]]
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*[[Light Scaterring: Why is the Sky Blue]]
*[[Light Refraction: Bending of light]]
*[[Cherenkov Radiation]]
</div>
</div>
<div class="toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">

===Sound===
<div class="mw-collapsible-content">
*[[Doppler Effect]]
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</div>
</div>
<div class="toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">

===Waves===
<div class="mw-collapsible-content">
*[[Multisource Interference: Diffraction]]
*[[Standing waves]]
*[[Gravitational waves]]
*[[Wave-Particle Duality]]
*[[Electromagnetic Waves]]
*[[Electromagnetic Spectrum]]
*[[Color Light Wave]]
*[[Mechanical Waves]]
*[[Pendulum Motion]]
</div>
</div>
<div class="toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">

===Real Life Applications of Electromagnetic Principles===
<div class="mw-collapsible-content">
*[[Electromagnetic Junkyard Cranes]]
*[[Maglev Trains]]
*[[Spark Plugs]]
*[[Metal Detectors]]
*[[Speakers]]
</div>
</div>

<div class="toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">

===Optics===
<div class="mw-collapsible-content">
*[[Mirrors]]
*[[Refraction]]
</div>
</div>

<div class="toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">

===Computing===
<div class="mw-collapsible-content">
*[[VPython]]
*[[VPython basics]]
</div>
</div>

== Resources ==
* Commonly used wiki commands [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:Cheatsheet Wiki Cheatsheet]
* A guide to representing equations in math mode [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:Displaying_a_formula Wiki Math Mode]
* A page to keep track of all the physics [[Constants]]

Physics Book - User contributions [en]

Refraction

File:24-figure-48b.gif

File:Rainbow.jpg

File:Refraction fishbowl.jpg

File:Prismcalculations.png

File:Laser1.jpg

File:Refraction.png

Main Page