Physics Book - User contributions [en]

Motional Emf

2020-11-23T04:59:16Z

Stakang3: /* Examples */

'''Motional emf''' is an electromagnetic field caused by current that is produced through the motion of a conductor in a magnetic field. Polarization of the bar occurs which is similar to the Hall effect except that the Hall effect involves polarization through the force of a magnetic field on charged particles that are already moving inside a motionless conductor. Motional emf is difficult to observe visually using batteries, light bulbs, and compasses because it is so small.

Note: This page does involve the use of Faraday's Law.

==The Main Idea==

Moving a metal bar (or similar conductive material) will naturally also move the mobile charges within the metal bar. if this is done in a magnetic field it will create a magnetic force, which acts on the charged particles inside the bar polarizing it (charge separation). This makes the bar similar to a battery which means that If the bar is part of a circuit, the magnetic force produced causes a current to run through it.

====Edited by Solomon A. Takang======

EMF occurs when the movement of a bar along rails connected to a resistor (effectively creating a circuit) induces an increase in magnetic flux through said circuit. In a short time (dt), the bar moves a distance of dx = v * dt, and the area surrounded by current-carrying circuit pieces increases by the quantity dA = L (length of bar) * dx = L*v*dt. Again, the result is increased magnetic flux through the circuit.

(Change in) Magnetic flux = (B-field) * (dA - change in area) = B(L*v*dt)

Dividing by dt, we get:

dIB/dt =(B*L*v*dt)/(dt) = B*L*v. This is the case assuming bar velocity is perpendicular to the magnetic field inside the circuit.

Emf is equal to the magnitude of the change in magnetic flux over time. Therefore,

emf = |dIB/dt| = rate of change of magnetic flux

With motional emf, usually several cases cases will occur: the area surrounded by the circuit changes while the magnetic field is uniform and constant, or both the area and magnetic field are changing in magnitude. If the second scenario occurs, we can use the product rule to find the value of the rate of change in magnetic flux:

dIb/dt = d/dt(B*A)
dIb/dt = (dB/dt * A) + (B * dA/dt)
dIb/dt = (dB/dt * A) + (B * L * dx/dt)

dIb/dt = (dB/dt*A) + (B*L*v)

To get a further glimpse into how the basic emf expression (BLv) is derived, we must recall the concept of potential difference:

Electrical Potential difference (dV) = E (Electric Field) * d (distance between two points)

Because we are trying to find the potential difference across a conducting bar, "d" can be replaced with "L", the length of the bar.

dV = E * L (length of bar)

The value of the electric field is derived from the Lorentz force equation, listed below:

F = q(Eperp + v × B
|Eperp| = |vbar||B|

Therefore,
dV(bar) = Eperp * L = |vbar||B||L|

Additionally, when the metal bar is polarized, because of the charge separation, an electric force is created in the bar opposite to the magnetic force on charged particles.

===Polarization and Steady State===
[[File:Polarizationmotionalemf.png|thumb|alt=Picture showing a conducting bar moving in a magnetic field being polarized as a result of magnetic force|A conducting bar moving with velocity ''v'' is polarized as a result of the upwards magnetic force; see section 1.3 for a right-hand rule applicable to the scenario]]

Polarization occurs due to the shift of the mobile electron sea in one direction caused by the magnetic force. Eventually, the shifting will stop when enough electrons will shift in a particular direction so that the electric force, in the opposite direction, balances out the magnetic force (<math>qvB=qE</math>). Consequently, in the steady state, <math>E=vB</math> and there is no net force on the bar, so the bar does not require any additional force to keep it moving at a constant velocity, assuming it moves in a frictionless environment.
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In the steady state, a nonzero E-field exists inside the metal bar; however, if the bar is not connected in a circuit, there is no current. This is because the electric force is balanced with the magnetic force, resulting in zero net force on the mobile electrons. The potential difference across the metal bar is then the product of the electric field and the length of the bar.

===Driving Current===
[[File:Circuitmotionalemf.png|thumb|left|alt=Picture demonstrating a possible circuit setup involving a moving conducting bar|A circuit formed with a moving conducting bar on conducting, frictionless rails connected by a resistor]]

[[File:electromagnetforce.png|thumb|alt=sssa|The x and y components of the magnetic force on a mobile electron in the bar]]

If the metal bar is used to form a circuit, where the bar is slid along on two frictionless metal rails that are also connected, then the bar's polarization in the bar mimics a battery and can drive a current through the bar and the rails it slides on, given the bars are connected at some other point.
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Once the bar, moving within the magnetic field, has a velocity, the direction of the magnetic force can be determined through the right-hand rule. There will be a magnetic force in the direction of the length of the bar on the electrons which will cause the electrons to have a small velocity through the bar. This is in addition to the velocity caused by the moving bar. In the diagram shown on the left the velocity vector of the electrons would be <math> < V_{bar}, V, 0 > </math>. Magnetic force on the electrons is <math> <-e*V*B,-e*V_{bar}*B, 0> </math>. B is the magnetic field being applied. It is clear that there is a magnetic force on the electrons that is opposite to the horizontal force of the moving bar. This means that the horizontal net force for the bar is <math> F_{net} = F_{applied} - N*V*B*e </math> with N being the number of mobile electrons. If the bar moves at higher speeds, the vertical magnetic force on the electrons becomes greater along with the vertical velocity of the electrons. This in turn, increases the magnetic force to the left of the bar. If the bar continues to accelerate, the horizontal net force will get smaller and smaller until it reaches zero at which point the bar will move at a constant velocity with one force pulling it in one direction and the magnetic force pulling it in the opposite direction. A current now runs through the bar. The mobile electrons in the bar move toward the negatively charged end, rather than the positively charged end, because the continuous depletion of charge means that the electric field is always slightly less than what is needed to balance out the opposing magnetic field. Therefore, the electrons move to the negative end to maintain charge separation and the electric field.
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The potential difference across the bar is still the product of the electric field and the length of the bar. If the bar does have some resistance, then it is treated like a battery with internal resistance. In the circuit, the potential difference round-trip for the entire circuit is zero.

===Ideal Conditions===
Motional emf is difficult to observe with light bulbs and batteries because it is relatively small. In order to obtain a sizeable emf, a large magnetic field (B) needs to be applied over large regions (L) all the while the bar is moving at great velocities (V) through the region. If dealing with a wire, adding multiple turns will also help. Even then if you have a large emf, it only lasts for a little amount of time. Also detectors like lightbulbs and compasses are not very sensitive, so in order to actually detect motional emf more sensitive equipment is needed.

==A Mathematical Model==
[[File:RHRmotionalemf.JPG|thumb|alt=Picture showing a right-hand rule applicable to motional emf|A right-hand rule determining the directions of magnetic force, conventional current, and magnetic field]]

The potential difference across the metal bar is <math>\Delta V=emf=EL=v_{bar}BL</math>. If the bar has resistance, then <math>\Delta V=emf-r_{int}I</math>.
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When the bar in the circuit, in steady state, moves a distance <math>\Delta x</math> over a time <math>\Delta t</math>, the work done is <math>F \Delta x</math> and the power supplied is <math>{F \Delta x}/{\Delta t}</math>, or <math>Fv_{bar}</math>. If the rails in the circuit are connected by a resistor, then the power dissipated in the resistor is <math>ILBv_{bar}=I*emf={emf/R}*emf={emf^{2}}/R=RI^{2}</math>.
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Motional emf can be calculated in terms of magnetic flux: <math>\left | emf \right |=\left | \frac{\mathrm{d} \Phi_ {mag}}{\mathrm{d} t} \right |</math>.

===Equations to remember===
'''1.''' <math>\left | emf \right |=\left | \frac{\mathrm{d} \Phi_ {mag}}{\mathrm{d} t} \right |</math>.
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'''2.''' During steady state, the electric force balances with the magnetic force(<math>qvB=qE</math>), so <math>E=vB</math>.
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'''3.'''We know <math>\Delta V=emf</math>, <br /> <math>\Delta V=EL</math>, <br /> and <math>E=vB</math>, <br /> so <math>\Delta V=v_{bar}BL</math>.
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'''4.''' Power <math>P=I\Delta V</math> so <math>P=I(IR)=I^{2}R</math>.
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'''5.'''<math> emf = {\frac{q(\vec{v} \times \vec{B})L}{q}} = v*B*L </math> where v is the velocity of the bar and L is the bar length

==A Computational Model==
A simulation of motional emf can be found [http://www.phy.hk/wiki/englishhtm/Induction.htm here].

==Examples==

===Simple===
[[File:Motional EMF Example.jpg]]
[[File:Motionalemfsimple.png|center|alt=Diagram for simple example]]

''Taken from the'' Matter & Interactions ''textbook, variation of P60''.

A neutral iron bar is dragged to the left at speed v through a region with a magnetic field B that points out of the page, as shown above. '''(a)''' In which direction is the magnetic force? '''(b)''' Which diagram (1–5) best shows the state of the bar?
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'''(a)''' The magnetic force points ''upwards''. Use the right hand rule.
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'''(b)''' ''Diagram 3'' shows the correct polarization based on the direction of the magnetic force.
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===Middling===
[[File:21.X.091-moving-bar01.gif|center|alt=Diagram for middle example]]
''Taken from the ''Matter & Interactions ''textbook, variation of P63.''

A neutral metal rod of length '''0.21 m''' slides horizontally at a constant speed of '''7 m/s''' on frictionless insulating rails through a region of uniform magnetic field of magnitude '''0.18 tesla''', directed '''out of the page''' as shown in the diagram. '''(a)''' Is the top of the moving rod positive or negative? '''(b)''' After the initial transient, what is the magnitude of the net force on a mobile electron inside the rod? '''(c)''' What is the magnitude of the electric force on a mobile electron inside the rod? '''(d)''' What is the magnitude of the magnetic force on a mobile electron inside the rod? '''(e)''' What is the magnitude of the potential difference across the rod? '''(f)''' In what direction must you exert a force to keep the rod moving at constant speed?
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'''(a)''' The top of the moving rod is ''negative''. Use the right-hand rule.
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'''(b)''' <math>\left | \overrightarrow{F}_{net} \right |=0 \: N</math> because after the initial transient the system is in steady state and the electric force balances out the magnetic force.
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'''(c)''' First we recognize that the system is in steady state, so <math>E=vB=7 \times 0.18=1.26</math>. Then <math>\left | \overrightarrow{F}_{E} \right |=\left | qE \right |=\left | -1.6 \times 10^{-19}(1.26) \right |=2.016 \times 10^{-19} \: N</math>.
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'''(d)''' In steady state, <math>\left | \overrightarrow{F}_{E} \right |=\left | \overrightarrow{F}_{B} \right |</math>. So, <math>\left | \overrightarrow{F}_{B} \right |=2.016 \times 10^{-19} \: N</math>.
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'''(e)''' <math>\Delta V=EL=v_{bar}BL=7 \times 0.18 \times 0.21=0.2646 \: V</math>.
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'''(f)''' ''No force is needed''. The system is in steady state, so no additional force needs to be applied to keep the rod at constant speed.
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===Difficult===
[[File:Middlemotionalemf.png|center|alt=Picture for difficult example]]

''Taken from the'' Matter & Interactions ''textbook, P64''.
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A metal bar of mass ''M'' and length ''L'' slides with negligible friction but with good electrical contact down between two vertical metal posts, as shown above. The bar falls at a constant speed ''v''. The falling bar and the vertical metal posts have negligible electrical resistance, but the bottom rod is a resistor with resistance ''R''. Throughout the entire region there is a uniform magnetic field of magnitude ''B'' coming straight out of the page. '''(a)''' Calculate the amount of current ''I'' running through the resistor. '''(b)''' What is the direction of the conventional current ''I''? '''(c)''' Calculate the constant speed ''v'' of the falling bar. '''(d)''' What is the direction of the electric force acting on a positive mobile charge? '''(e)''' What is the direction of the magnetic force acting on the bar?
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'''(a)''' The bar is already falling at a constant velocity, so <math>\left | \overrightarrow {F}_{net} \right |=0</math> and <math>E=vB</math>. We know that <math>I={emf}/R</math> and <math>{emf}=EL=vBL</math> so it follows that <math>I={vBL}/R</math>.
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'''(b)''' The magnetic force <math>qvB</math> causes positive charges to move left and negative charges to move right. Conventional current flows from the positively charged end of the bar to the negative end, so it runs ''counterclockwise''.
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'''(c)''' The conventional current ''I'' running through the bar causes a magnetic force upwards of magnitude <math>ILB\sin 90^{\circ}=({vBL}/R)LB={vL^{2}B^{2}}/R</math>. This magnitude must balance out the gravitational force <math>Mg</math> because the magnetic and gravitational forces must cancel for <math>\left | \overrightarrow {F}_{net} \right |=0</math> and the bar to have a constant velocity ''v''. So, setting the forces equal to each other, <math>v={MgR}/{L^{2}B^{2}}</math>.
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Note: We can also find the speed of the falling bar with <math>\left | emf \right |=\left | \frac{\mathrm{d} \Phi_ {mag}}{\mathrm{d} t} \right |</math>. Using the loop rule, <math>0=IR - {emf}</math>. So <math>\left | \frac{\mathrm{d} \Phi_ {mag}}{\mathrm{d} t} \right |=IR</math>. We can transform that to <math>IR=\frac{\mathrm{d} (BA)}{\mathrm{d} t}</math>. Since B is constant, <math>IR=B(\frac{\mathrm{d} (A)}{\mathrm{d} t})</math>. We can transform that to <math>IR=B(\frac{\mathrm{d} (Lh)}{\mathrm{d} t})</math>, where h is the distance of the bar above the bottom rod. Since L is constant, <math>IR=BL(\frac{\mathrm{d} (h)}{\mathrm{d} t})</math>. <math>\frac{\mathrm{d} (h)}{\mathrm{d} t})</math> is the velocity of the bar, so <math>IR=BLv</math>. Solving for v, <math>v={MgR}/{L^{2}B^{2}}</math>.
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'''(d)''' The electric force acting on a positive mobile charge points towards the ''right'' in the bar. Using the right hand rule, with B pointing out of the page, v pointing downwards, we know that the magnetic force points to the right. This means that the bar is polarized with positive charges on the left side of the bar and negative charges on the right side. The electric force points from positive charges to negative charges, so the electric force points towards the right.
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'''(e)''' The magnetic force acting on the bar points ''upwards''. We know that current flows from left to right in the bar because positive charges are polarized on the left side of the bar and negative charges are on the right side of the bar. Using the right hand rule, with B pointing out of the page and current pointing to the right, we find that the magnetic force points upwards.

https://drive.google.com/file/d/15HiDCO1dNy676X7_sm1yWiYb87Dn_fY3/view?usp=drivesdk

https://drive.google.com/file/d/14Q_EItpjeq9cmCD3Gj8aMOUsARM3UyOE/view?usp=drivesdk

==Connectedness==
The concept of power generated from a mechanical input is how electric generators function. The mechanical energy is commonly supplied by falling water at dams or expanding steam in turbines.
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Motional emf is also applied in the DC motors of airplanes, when mechanical energy is transformed into electrical energy. Additionally, motional emf is applied in breaking systems. When an object moves through a magnetic field, it resists the change(movement) by converting the mechanical energy into electrical energy. So if an object moves with a sufficient amount of force to move, through a magnetic field, it can convert enough mechanical energy to stop a system. This concept is applied in, for example, roller coasters.

==History==
[[File:Faraday-Millikan-Gale-1913.jpg|thumb|alt=Picture of Michael Faraday|Michael Faraday]][[File:James Clerk Maxwell.png|thumb|left|James Clerk Maxwell]] The phenomenon of electromagnetic induction, the emf produced from the interactions between a magnetic field and an electric circuit, was discovered independently in 1831 by Michael Faraday and 1832 by Joseph Henry (Faraday published his results first). Many of Faraday's ideas were rejected by the scientists of the day because they had no mathematical basis, but James Clerk Maxwell used these ideas to formulate his electromagnetic theory and the Maxwell equations.
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At the time, it was not well understood how Maxwell's equations related to moving charged objects. J.J. Thomson was the first to attempt to derive, from Maxwell's equations, an equation describing effects on moving charged particles, and Oliver Heaviside built upon this work and fixed errors in Thomson's derivation. In 1892, Hendrik Lorentz finally derived the correct equation called the Lorentz force. The magnetic force component of the Lorentz force describes motional emf, as the magnetic force pushing electrons in the moving charged object induces the emf.

== See also ==
*[[Motional Emf using Faraday's Law]]: An expansion of this concept
*[[Lorentz Force]]: Combining electric and magnetic forces
*[[Generator]]: Real-world application
*[[Right-Hand Rule]]: How it works and other RHRs
===Further reading===
*''Matter & Interactions, Vol 2''
*''The Feynman Lectures on Physics, Vol 2'', Ch 16

===External links===
*[http://web.mit.edu/8.02t/www/materials/StudyGuide/guide10.pdf Guide from MIT]

==References==

*''Matter & Interactions Vol 2''
*MIT OpenCourseWare
*[http://web.hep.uiuc.edu/home/serrede/P435/Lecture_Notes/A_Brief_History_of_Electromagnetism.pdf A Brief History of The Development of Classical Electrodynamics]

[[Category:Fields]]

Motional Emf

2020-11-23T04:58:43Z

Stakang3: /* Examples */

'''Motional emf''' is an electromagnetic field caused by current that is produced through the motion of a conductor in a magnetic field. Polarization of the bar occurs which is similar to the Hall effect except that the Hall effect involves polarization through the force of a magnetic field on charged particles that are already moving inside a motionless conductor. Motional emf is difficult to observe visually using batteries, light bulbs, and compasses because it is so small.

Note: This page does involve the use of Faraday's Law.

==The Main Idea==

Moving a metal bar (or similar conductive material) will naturally also move the mobile charges within the metal bar. if this is done in a magnetic field it will create a magnetic force, which acts on the charged particles inside the bar polarizing it (charge separation). This makes the bar similar to a battery which means that If the bar is part of a circuit, the magnetic force produced causes a current to run through it.

====Edited by Solomon A. Takang======

EMF occurs when the movement of a bar along rails connected to a resistor (effectively creating a circuit) induces an increase in magnetic flux through said circuit. In a short time (dt), the bar moves a distance of dx = v * dt, and the area surrounded by current-carrying circuit pieces increases by the quantity dA = L (length of bar) * dx = L*v*dt. Again, the result is increased magnetic flux through the circuit.

(Change in) Magnetic flux = (B-field) * (dA - change in area) = B(L*v*dt)

Dividing by dt, we get:

dIB/dt =(B*L*v*dt)/(dt) = B*L*v. This is the case assuming bar velocity is perpendicular to the magnetic field inside the circuit.

Emf is equal to the magnitude of the change in magnetic flux over time. Therefore,

emf = |dIB/dt| = rate of change of magnetic flux

With motional emf, usually several cases cases will occur: the area surrounded by the circuit changes while the magnetic field is uniform and constant, or both the area and magnetic field are changing in magnitude. If the second scenario occurs, we can use the product rule to find the value of the rate of change in magnetic flux:

dIb/dt = d/dt(B*A)
dIb/dt = (dB/dt * A) + (B * dA/dt)
dIb/dt = (dB/dt * A) + (B * L * dx/dt)

dIb/dt = (dB/dt*A) + (B*L*v)

To get a further glimpse into how the basic emf expression (BLv) is derived, we must recall the concept of potential difference:

Electrical Potential difference (dV) = E (Electric Field) * d (distance between two points)

Because we are trying to find the potential difference across a conducting bar, "d" can be replaced with "L", the length of the bar.

dV = E * L (length of bar)

The value of the electric field is derived from the Lorentz force equation, listed below:

F = q(Eperp + v × B
|Eperp| = |vbar||B|

Therefore,
dV(bar) = Eperp * L = |vbar||B||L|

Additionally, when the metal bar is polarized, because of the charge separation, an electric force is created in the bar opposite to the magnetic force on charged particles.

===Polarization and Steady State===
[[File:Polarizationmotionalemf.png|thumb|alt=Picture showing a conducting bar moving in a magnetic field being polarized as a result of magnetic force|A conducting bar moving with velocity ''v'' is polarized as a result of the upwards magnetic force; see section 1.3 for a right-hand rule applicable to the scenario]]

Polarization occurs due to the shift of the mobile electron sea in one direction caused by the magnetic force. Eventually, the shifting will stop when enough electrons will shift in a particular direction so that the electric force, in the opposite direction, balances out the magnetic force (<math>qvB=qE</math>). Consequently, in the steady state, <math>E=vB</math> and there is no net force on the bar, so the bar does not require any additional force to keep it moving at a constant velocity, assuming it moves in a frictionless environment.
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In the steady state, a nonzero E-field exists inside the metal bar; however, if the bar is not connected in a circuit, there is no current. This is because the electric force is balanced with the magnetic force, resulting in zero net force on the mobile electrons. The potential difference across the metal bar is then the product of the electric field and the length of the bar.

===Driving Current===
[[File:Circuitmotionalemf.png|thumb|left|alt=Picture demonstrating a possible circuit setup involving a moving conducting bar|A circuit formed with a moving conducting bar on conducting, frictionless rails connected by a resistor]]

[[File:electromagnetforce.png|thumb|alt=sssa|The x and y components of the magnetic force on a mobile electron in the bar]]

If the metal bar is used to form a circuit, where the bar is slid along on two frictionless metal rails that are also connected, then the bar's polarization in the bar mimics a battery and can drive a current through the bar and the rails it slides on, given the bars are connected at some other point.
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Once the bar, moving within the magnetic field, has a velocity, the direction of the magnetic force can be determined through the right-hand rule. There will be a magnetic force in the direction of the length of the bar on the electrons which will cause the electrons to have a small velocity through the bar. This is in addition to the velocity caused by the moving bar. In the diagram shown on the left the velocity vector of the electrons would be <math> < V_{bar}, V, 0 > </math>. Magnetic force on the electrons is <math> <-e*V*B,-e*V_{bar}*B, 0> </math>. B is the magnetic field being applied. It is clear that there is a magnetic force on the electrons that is opposite to the horizontal force of the moving bar. This means that the horizontal net force for the bar is <math> F_{net} = F_{applied} - N*V*B*e </math> with N being the number of mobile electrons. If the bar moves at higher speeds, the vertical magnetic force on the electrons becomes greater along with the vertical velocity of the electrons. This in turn, increases the magnetic force to the left of the bar. If the bar continues to accelerate, the horizontal net force will get smaller and smaller until it reaches zero at which point the bar will move at a constant velocity with one force pulling it in one direction and the magnetic force pulling it in the opposite direction. A current now runs through the bar. The mobile electrons in the bar move toward the negatively charged end, rather than the positively charged end, because the continuous depletion of charge means that the electric field is always slightly less than what is needed to balance out the opposing magnetic field. Therefore, the electrons move to the negative end to maintain charge separation and the electric field.
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The potential difference across the bar is still the product of the electric field and the length of the bar. If the bar does have some resistance, then it is treated like a battery with internal resistance. In the circuit, the potential difference round-trip for the entire circuit is zero.

===Ideal Conditions===
Motional emf is difficult to observe with light bulbs and batteries because it is relatively small. In order to obtain a sizeable emf, a large magnetic field (B) needs to be applied over large regions (L) all the while the bar is moving at great velocities (V) through the region. If dealing with a wire, adding multiple turns will also help. Even then if you have a large emf, it only lasts for a little amount of time. Also detectors like lightbulbs and compasses are not very sensitive, so in order to actually detect motional emf more sensitive equipment is needed.

==A Mathematical Model==
[[File:RHRmotionalemf.JPG|thumb|alt=Picture showing a right-hand rule applicable to motional emf|A right-hand rule determining the directions of magnetic force, conventional current, and magnetic field]]

The potential difference across the metal bar is <math>\Delta V=emf=EL=v_{bar}BL</math>. If the bar has resistance, then <math>\Delta V=emf-r_{int}I</math>.
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When the bar in the circuit, in steady state, moves a distance <math>\Delta x</math> over a time <math>\Delta t</math>, the work done is <math>F \Delta x</math> and the power supplied is <math>{F \Delta x}/{\Delta t}</math>, or <math>Fv_{bar}</math>. If the rails in the circuit are connected by a resistor, then the power dissipated in the resistor is <math>ILBv_{bar}=I*emf={emf/R}*emf={emf^{2}}/R=RI^{2}</math>.
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Motional emf can be calculated in terms of magnetic flux: <math>\left | emf \right |=\left | \frac{\mathrm{d} \Phi_ {mag}}{\mathrm{d} t} \right |</math>.

===Equations to remember===
'''1.''' <math>\left | emf \right |=\left | \frac{\mathrm{d} \Phi_ {mag}}{\mathrm{d} t} \right |</math>.
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'''2.''' During steady state, the electric force balances with the magnetic force(<math>qvB=qE</math>), so <math>E=vB</math>.
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'''3.'''We know <math>\Delta V=emf</math>, <br /> <math>\Delta V=EL</math>, <br /> and <math>E=vB</math>, <br /> so <math>\Delta V=v_{bar}BL</math>.
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'''4.''' Power <math>P=I\Delta V</math> so <math>P=I(IR)=I^{2}R</math>.
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'''5.'''<math> emf = {\frac{q(\vec{v} \times \vec{B})L}{q}} = v*B*L </math> where v is the velocity of the bar and L is the bar length

==A Computational Model==
A simulation of motional emf can be found [http://www.phy.hk/wiki/englishhtm/Induction.htm here].

==Examples==

===Simple===
[[File:Motional EMF Example.jpg]]
[[File:Motionalemfsimple.png|center|alt=Diagram for simple example]]

''Taken from the'' Matter & Interactions ''textbook, variation of P60''.

A neutral iron bar is dragged to the left at speed v through a region with a magnetic field B that points out of the page, as shown above. '''(a)''' In which direction is the magnetic force? '''(b)''' Which diagram (1–5) best shows the state of the bar?
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'''(a)''' The magnetic force points ''upwards''. Use the right hand rule.
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'''(b)''' ''Diagram 3'' shows the correct polarization based on the direction of the magnetic force.
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===Middling===
[[File:21.X.091-moving-bar01.gif|center|alt=Diagram for middle example]]
''Taken from the ''Matter & Interactions ''textbook, variation of P63.''

A neutral metal rod of length '''0.21 m''' slides horizontally at a constant speed of '''7 m/s''' on frictionless insulating rails through a region of uniform magnetic field of magnitude '''0.18 tesla''', directed '''out of the page''' as shown in the diagram. '''(a)''' Is the top of the moving rod positive or negative? '''(b)''' After the initial transient, what is the magnitude of the net force on a mobile electron inside the rod? '''(c)''' What is the magnitude of the electric force on a mobile electron inside the rod? '''(d)''' What is the magnitude of the magnetic force on a mobile electron inside the rod? '''(e)''' What is the magnitude of the potential difference across the rod? '''(f)''' In what direction must you exert a force to keep the rod moving at constant speed?
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'''(a)''' The top of the moving rod is ''negative''. Use the right-hand rule.
<br />
'''(b)''' <math>\left | \overrightarrow{F}_{net} \right |=0 \: N</math> because after the initial transient the system is in steady state and the electric force balances out the magnetic force.
<br />
'''(c)''' First we recognize that the system is in steady state, so <math>E=vB=7 \times 0.18=1.26</math>. Then <math>\left | \overrightarrow{F}_{E} \right |=\left | qE \right |=\left | -1.6 \times 10^{-19}(1.26) \right |=2.016 \times 10^{-19} \: N</math>.
<br />
'''(d)''' In steady state, <math>\left | \overrightarrow{F}_{E} \right |=\left | \overrightarrow{F}_{B} \right |</math>. So, <math>\left | \overrightarrow{F}_{B} \right |=2.016 \times 10^{-19} \: N</math>.
<br />
'''(e)''' <math>\Delta V=EL=v_{bar}BL=7 \times 0.18 \times 0.21=0.2646 \: V</math>.
<br />
'''(f)''' ''No force is needed''. The system is in steady state, so no additional force needs to be applied to keep the rod at constant speed.
<br />

===Difficult===
[[File:Middlemotionalemf.png|center|alt=Picture for difficult example]]

''Taken from the'' Matter & Interactions ''textbook, P64''.
<br />

A metal bar of mass ''M'' and length ''L'' slides with negligible friction but with good electrical contact down between two vertical metal posts, as shown above. The bar falls at a constant speed ''v''. The falling bar and the vertical metal posts have negligible electrical resistance, but the bottom rod is a resistor with resistance ''R''. Throughout the entire region there is a uniform magnetic field of magnitude ''B'' coming straight out of the page. '''(a)''' Calculate the amount of current ''I'' running through the resistor. '''(b)''' What is the direction of the conventional current ''I''? '''(c)''' Calculate the constant speed ''v'' of the falling bar. '''(d)''' What is the direction of the electric force acting on a positive mobile charge? '''(e)''' What is the direction of the magnetic force acting on the bar?
<br />
<br />
'''(a)''' The bar is already falling at a constant velocity, so <math>\left | \overrightarrow {F}_{net} \right |=0</math> and <math>E=vB</math>. We know that <math>I={emf}/R</math> and <math>{emf}=EL=vBL</math> so it follows that <math>I={vBL}/R</math>.
<br />
'''(b)''' The magnetic force <math>qvB</math> causes positive charges to move left and negative charges to move right. Conventional current flows from the positively charged end of the bar to the negative end, so it runs ''counterclockwise''.
<br />
'''(c)''' The conventional current ''I'' running through the bar causes a magnetic force upwards of magnitude <math>ILB\sin 90^{\circ}=({vBL}/R)LB={vL^{2}B^{2}}/R</math>. This magnitude must balance out the gravitational force <math>Mg</math> because the magnetic and gravitational forces must cancel for <math>\left | \overrightarrow {F}_{net} \right |=0</math> and the bar to have a constant velocity ''v''. So, setting the forces equal to each other, <math>v={MgR}/{L^{2}B^{2}}</math>.
<br />
<br />
Note: We can also find the speed of the falling bar with <math>\left | emf \right |=\left | \frac{\mathrm{d} \Phi_ {mag}}{\mathrm{d} t} \right |</math>. Using the loop rule, <math>0=IR - {emf}</math>. So <math>\left | \frac{\mathrm{d} \Phi_ {mag}}{\mathrm{d} t} \right |=IR</math>. We can transform that to <math>IR=\frac{\mathrm{d} (BA)}{\mathrm{d} t}</math>. Since B is constant, <math>IR=B(\frac{\mathrm{d} (A)}{\mathrm{d} t})</math>. We can transform that to <math>IR=B(\frac{\mathrm{d} (Lh)}{\mathrm{d} t})</math>, where h is the distance of the bar above the bottom rod. Since L is constant, <math>IR=BL(\frac{\mathrm{d} (h)}{\mathrm{d} t})</math>. <math>\frac{\mathrm{d} (h)}{\mathrm{d} t})</math> is the velocity of the bar, so <math>IR=BLv</math>. Solving for v, <math>v={MgR}/{L^{2}B^{2}}</math>.
<br />
'''(d)''' The electric force acting on a positive mobile charge points towards the ''right'' in the bar. Using the right hand rule, with B pointing out of the page, v pointing downwards, we know that the magnetic force points to the right. This means that the bar is polarized with positive charges on the left side of the bar and negative charges on the right side. The electric force points from positive charges to negative charges, so the electric force points towards the right.
<br />
'''(e)''' The magnetic force acting on the bar points ''upwards''. We know that current flows from left to right in the bar because positive charges are polarized on the left side of the bar and negative charges are on the right side of the bar. Using the right hand rule, with B pointing out of the page and current pointing to the right, we find that the magnetic force points upwards.

https://drive.google.com/file/d/15HiDCO1dNy676X7_sm1yWiYb87Dn_fY3/view?usp=drivesdk

==Connectedness==
The concept of power generated from a mechanical input is how electric generators function. The mechanical energy is commonly supplied by falling water at dams or expanding steam in turbines.
<br />
Motional emf is also applied in the DC motors of airplanes, when mechanical energy is transformed into electrical energy. Additionally, motional emf is applied in breaking systems. When an object moves through a magnetic field, it resists the change(movement) by converting the mechanical energy into electrical energy. So if an object moves with a sufficient amount of force to move, through a magnetic field, it can convert enough mechanical energy to stop a system. This concept is applied in, for example, roller coasters.

==History==
[[File:Faraday-Millikan-Gale-1913.jpg|thumb|alt=Picture of Michael Faraday|Michael Faraday]][[File:James Clerk Maxwell.png|thumb|left|James Clerk Maxwell]] The phenomenon of electromagnetic induction, the emf produced from the interactions between a magnetic field and an electric circuit, was discovered independently in 1831 by Michael Faraday and 1832 by Joseph Henry (Faraday published his results first). Many of Faraday's ideas were rejected by the scientists of the day because they had no mathematical basis, but James Clerk Maxwell used these ideas to formulate his electromagnetic theory and the Maxwell equations.
<br />
At the time, it was not well understood how Maxwell's equations related to moving charged objects. J.J. Thomson was the first to attempt to derive, from Maxwell's equations, an equation describing effects on moving charged particles, and Oliver Heaviside built upon this work and fixed errors in Thomson's derivation. In 1892, Hendrik Lorentz finally derived the correct equation called the Lorentz force. The magnetic force component of the Lorentz force describes motional emf, as the magnetic force pushing electrons in the moving charged object induces the emf.

== See also ==
*[[Motional Emf using Faraday's Law]]: An expansion of this concept
*[[Lorentz Force]]: Combining electric and magnetic forces
*[[Generator]]: Real-world application
*[[Right-Hand Rule]]: How it works and other RHRs
===Further reading===
*''Matter & Interactions, Vol 2''
*''The Feynman Lectures on Physics, Vol 2'', Ch 16

===External links===
*[http://web.mit.edu/8.02t/www/materials/StudyGuide/guide10.pdf Guide from MIT]

==References==

*''Matter & Interactions Vol 2''
*MIT OpenCourseWare
*[http://web.hep.uiuc.edu/home/serrede/P435/Lecture_Notes/A_Brief_History_of_Electromagnetism.pdf A Brief History of The Development of Classical Electrodynamics]

[[Category:Fields]]

Motional Emf

2020-11-23T02:19:39Z

Stakang3:

'''Motional emf''' is an electromagnetic field caused by current that is produced through the motion of a conductor in a magnetic field. Polarization of the bar occurs which is similar to the Hall effect except that the Hall effect involves polarization through the force of a magnetic field on charged particles that are already moving inside a motionless conductor. Motional emf is difficult to observe visually using batteries, light bulbs, and compasses because it is so small.

Note: This page does involve the use of Faraday's Law.

==The Main Idea==

Moving a metal bar (or similar conductive material) will naturally also move the mobile charges within the metal bar. if this is done in a magnetic field it will create a magnetic force, which acts on the charged particles inside the bar polarizing it (charge separation). This makes the bar similar to a battery which means that If the bar is part of a circuit, the magnetic force produced causes a current to run through it.

====Edited by Solomon A. Takang======

EMF occurs when the movement of a bar along rails connected to a resistor (effectively creating a circuit) induces an increase in magnetic flux through said circuit. In a short time (dt), the bar moves a distance of dx = v * dt, and the area surrounded by current-carrying circuit pieces increases by the quantity dA = L (length of bar) * dx = L*v*dt. Again, the result is increased magnetic flux through the circuit.

(Change in) Magnetic flux = (B-field) * (dA - change in area) = B(L*v*dt)

Dividing by dt, we get:

dIB/dt =(B*L*v*dt)/(dt) = B*L*v. This is the case assuming bar velocity is perpendicular to the magnetic field inside the circuit.

Emf is equal to the magnitude of the change in magnetic flux over time. Therefore,

emf = |dIB/dt| = rate of change of magnetic flux

With motional emf, usually several cases cases will occur: the area surrounded by the circuit changes while the magnetic field is uniform and constant, or both the area and magnetic field are changing in magnitude. If the second scenario occurs, we can use the product rule to find the value of the rate of change in magnetic flux:

dIb/dt = d/dt(B*A)
dIb/dt = (dB/dt * A) + (B * dA/dt)
dIb/dt = (dB/dt * A) + (B * L * dx/dt)

dIb/dt = (dB/dt*A) + (B*L*v)

To get a further glimpse into how the basic emf expression (BLv) is derived, we must recall the concept of potential difference:

Electrical Potential difference (dV) = E (Electric Field) * d (distance between two points)

Because we are trying to find the potential difference across a conducting bar, "d" can be replaced with "L", the length of the bar.

dV = E * L (length of bar)

The value of the electric field is derived from the Lorentz force equation, listed below:

F = q(Eperp + v × B
|Eperp| = |vbar||B|

Therefore,
dV(bar) = Eperp * L = |vbar||B||L|

Additionally, when the metal bar is polarized, because of the charge separation, an electric force is created in the bar opposite to the magnetic force on charged particles.

===Polarization and Steady State===
[[File:Polarizationmotionalemf.png|thumb|alt=Picture showing a conducting bar moving in a magnetic field being polarized as a result of magnetic force|A conducting bar moving with velocity ''v'' is polarized as a result of the upwards magnetic force; see section 1.3 for a right-hand rule applicable to the scenario]]

Polarization occurs due to the shift of the mobile electron sea in one direction caused by the magnetic force. Eventually, the shifting will stop when enough electrons will shift in a particular direction so that the electric force, in the opposite direction, balances out the magnetic force (<math>qvB=qE</math>). Consequently, in the steady state, <math>E=vB</math> and there is no net force on the bar, so the bar does not require any additional force to keep it moving at a constant velocity, assuming it moves in a frictionless environment.
<br />
<br />
In the steady state, a nonzero E-field exists inside the metal bar; however, if the bar is not connected in a circuit, there is no current. This is because the electric force is balanced with the magnetic force, resulting in zero net force on the mobile electrons. The potential difference across the metal bar is then the product of the electric field and the length of the bar.

===Driving Current===
[[File:Circuitmotionalemf.png|thumb|left|alt=Picture demonstrating a possible circuit setup involving a moving conducting bar|A circuit formed with a moving conducting bar on conducting, frictionless rails connected by a resistor]]

[[File:electromagnetforce.png|thumb|alt=sssa|The x and y components of the magnetic force on a mobile electron in the bar]]

If the metal bar is used to form a circuit, where the bar is slid along on two frictionless metal rails that are also connected, then the bar's polarization in the bar mimics a battery and can drive a current through the bar and the rails it slides on, given the bars are connected at some other point.
<br />
<br />
Once the bar, moving within the magnetic field, has a velocity, the direction of the magnetic force can be determined through the right-hand rule. There will be a magnetic force in the direction of the length of the bar on the electrons which will cause the electrons to have a small velocity through the bar. This is in addition to the velocity caused by the moving bar. In the diagram shown on the left the velocity vector of the electrons would be <math> < V_{bar}, V, 0 > </math>. Magnetic force on the electrons is <math> <-e*V*B,-e*V_{bar}*B, 0> </math>. B is the magnetic field being applied. It is clear that there is a magnetic force on the electrons that is opposite to the horizontal force of the moving bar. This means that the horizontal net force for the bar is <math> F_{net} = F_{applied} - N*V*B*e </math> with N being the number of mobile electrons. If the bar moves at higher speeds, the vertical magnetic force on the electrons becomes greater along with the vertical velocity of the electrons. This in turn, increases the magnetic force to the left of the bar. If the bar continues to accelerate, the horizontal net force will get smaller and smaller until it reaches zero at which point the bar will move at a constant velocity with one force pulling it in one direction and the magnetic force pulling it in the opposite direction. A current now runs through the bar. The mobile electrons in the bar move toward the negatively charged end, rather than the positively charged end, because the continuous depletion of charge means that the electric field is always slightly less than what is needed to balance out the opposing magnetic field. Therefore, the electrons move to the negative end to maintain charge separation and the electric field.
<br />
<br />
The potential difference across the bar is still the product of the electric field and the length of the bar. If the bar does have some resistance, then it is treated like a battery with internal resistance. In the circuit, the potential difference round-trip for the entire circuit is zero.

===Ideal Conditions===
Motional emf is difficult to observe with light bulbs and batteries because it is relatively small. In order to obtain a sizeable emf, a large magnetic field (B) needs to be applied over large regions (L) all the while the bar is moving at great velocities (V) through the region. If dealing with a wire, adding multiple turns will also help. Even then if you have a large emf, it only lasts for a little amount of time. Also detectors like lightbulbs and compasses are not very sensitive, so in order to actually detect motional emf more sensitive equipment is needed.

==A Mathematical Model==
[[File:RHRmotionalemf.JPG|thumb|alt=Picture showing a right-hand rule applicable to motional emf|A right-hand rule determining the directions of magnetic force, conventional current, and magnetic field]]

The potential difference across the metal bar is <math>\Delta V=emf=EL=v_{bar}BL</math>. If the bar has resistance, then <math>\Delta V=emf-r_{int}I</math>.
<br />
<br />
When the bar in the circuit, in steady state, moves a distance <math>\Delta x</math> over a time <math>\Delta t</math>, the work done is <math>F \Delta x</math> and the power supplied is <math>{F \Delta x}/{\Delta t}</math>, or <math>Fv_{bar}</math>. If the rails in the circuit are connected by a resistor, then the power dissipated in the resistor is <math>ILBv_{bar}=I*emf={emf/R}*emf={emf^{2}}/R=RI^{2}</math>.
<br />
<br />
Motional emf can be calculated in terms of magnetic flux: <math>\left | emf \right |=\left | \frac{\mathrm{d} \Phi_ {mag}}{\mathrm{d} t} \right |</math>.

===Equations to remember===
'''1.''' <math>\left | emf \right |=\left | \frac{\mathrm{d} \Phi_ {mag}}{\mathrm{d} t} \right |</math>.
<br />
<br />
'''2.''' During steady state, the electric force balances with the magnetic force(<math>qvB=qE</math>), so <math>E=vB</math>.
<br />
<br />
'''3.'''We know <math>\Delta V=emf</math>, <br /> <math>\Delta V=EL</math>, <br /> and <math>E=vB</math>, <br /> so <math>\Delta V=v_{bar}BL</math>.
<br />
<br />
'''4.''' Power <math>P=I\Delta V</math> so <math>P=I(IR)=I^{2}R</math>.
<br />
<br />
'''5.'''<math> emf = {\frac{q(\vec{v} \times \vec{B})L}{q}} = v*B*L </math> where v is the velocity of the bar and L is the bar length

==A Computational Model==
A simulation of motional emf can be found [http://www.phy.hk/wiki/englishhtm/Induction.htm here].

==Examples==

===Simple===
[[File:Motional EMF Example.jpg]]
[[File:Motionalemfsimple.png|center|alt=Diagram for simple example]]

''Taken from the'' Matter & Interactions ''textbook, variation of P60''.

A neutral iron bar is dragged to the left at speed v through a region with a magnetic field B that points out of the page, as shown above. '''(a)''' In which direction is the magnetic force? '''(b)''' Which diagram (1–5) best shows the state of the bar?
<br />
<br />
'''(a)''' The magnetic force points ''upwards''. Use the right hand rule.
<br />
'''(b)''' ''Diagram 3'' shows the correct polarization based on the direction of the magnetic force.
<br />

===Middling===
[[File:21.X.091-moving-bar01.gif|center|alt=Diagram for middle example]]
''Taken from the ''Matter & Interactions ''textbook, variation of P63.''

A neutral metal rod of length '''0.21 m''' slides horizontally at a constant speed of '''7 m/s''' on frictionless insulating rails through a region of uniform magnetic field of magnitude '''0.18 tesla''', directed '''out of the page''' as shown in the diagram. '''(a)''' Is the top of the moving rod positive or negative? '''(b)''' After the initial transient, what is the magnitude of the net force on a mobile electron inside the rod? '''(c)''' What is the magnitude of the electric force on a mobile electron inside the rod? '''(d)''' What is the magnitude of the magnetic force on a mobile electron inside the rod? '''(e)''' What is the magnitude of the potential difference across the rod? '''(f)''' In what direction must you exert a force to keep the rod moving at constant speed?
<br />
<br />
'''(a)''' The top of the moving rod is ''negative''. Use the right-hand rule.
<br />
'''(b)''' <math>\left | \overrightarrow{F}_{net} \right |=0 \: N</math> because after the initial transient the system is in steady state and the electric force balances out the magnetic force.
<br />
'''(c)''' First we recognize that the system is in steady state, so <math>E=vB=7 \times 0.18=1.26</math>. Then <math>\left | \overrightarrow{F}_{E} \right |=\left | qE \right |=\left | -1.6 \times 10^{-19}(1.26) \right |=2.016 \times 10^{-19} \: N</math>.
<br />
'''(d)''' In steady state, <math>\left | \overrightarrow{F}_{E} \right |=\left | \overrightarrow{F}_{B} \right |</math>. So, <math>\left | \overrightarrow{F}_{B} \right |=2.016 \times 10^{-19} \: N</math>.
<br />
'''(e)''' <math>\Delta V=EL=v_{bar}BL=7 \times 0.18 \times 0.21=0.2646 \: V</math>.
<br />
'''(f)''' ''No force is needed''. The system is in steady state, so no additional force needs to be applied to keep the rod at constant speed.
<br />

===Difficult===
[[File:Middlemotionalemf.png|center|alt=Picture for difficult example]]

''Taken from the'' Matter & Interactions ''textbook, P64''.
<br />

A metal bar of mass ''M'' and length ''L'' slides with negligible friction but with good electrical contact down between two vertical metal posts, as shown above. The bar falls at a constant speed ''v''. The falling bar and the vertical metal posts have negligible electrical resistance, but the bottom rod is a resistor with resistance ''R''. Throughout the entire region there is a uniform magnetic field of magnitude ''B'' coming straight out of the page. '''(a)''' Calculate the amount of current ''I'' running through the resistor. '''(b)''' What is the direction of the conventional current ''I''? '''(c)''' Calculate the constant speed ''v'' of the falling bar. '''(d)''' What is the direction of the electric force acting on a positive mobile charge? '''(e)''' What is the direction of the magnetic force acting on the bar?
<br />
<br />
'''(a)''' The bar is already falling at a constant velocity, so <math>\left | \overrightarrow {F}_{net} \right |=0</math> and <math>E=vB</math>. We know that <math>I={emf}/R</math> and <math>{emf}=EL=vBL</math> so it follows that <math>I={vBL}/R</math>.
<br />
'''(b)''' The magnetic force <math>qvB</math> causes positive charges to move left and negative charges to move right. Conventional current flows from the positively charged end of the bar to the negative end, so it runs ''counterclockwise''.
<br />
'''(c)''' The conventional current ''I'' running through the bar causes a magnetic force upwards of magnitude <math>ILB\sin 90^{\circ}=({vBL}/R)LB={vL^{2}B^{2}}/R</math>. This magnitude must balance out the gravitational force <math>Mg</math> because the magnetic and gravitational forces must cancel for <math>\left | \overrightarrow {F}_{net} \right |=0</math> and the bar to have a constant velocity ''v''. So, setting the forces equal to each other, <math>v={MgR}/{L^{2}B^{2}}</math>.
<br />
<br />
Note: We can also find the speed of the falling bar with <math>\left | emf \right |=\left | \frac{\mathrm{d} \Phi_ {mag}}{\mathrm{d} t} \right |</math>. Using the loop rule, <math>0=IR - {emf}</math>. So <math>\left | \frac{\mathrm{d} \Phi_ {mag}}{\mathrm{d} t} \right |=IR</math>. We can transform that to <math>IR=\frac{\mathrm{d} (BA)}{\mathrm{d} t}</math>. Since B is constant, <math>IR=B(\frac{\mathrm{d} (A)}{\mathrm{d} t})</math>. We can transform that to <math>IR=B(\frac{\mathrm{d} (Lh)}{\mathrm{d} t})</math>, where h is the distance of the bar above the bottom rod. Since L is constant, <math>IR=BL(\frac{\mathrm{d} (h)}{\mathrm{d} t})</math>. <math>\frac{\mathrm{d} (h)}{\mathrm{d} t})</math> is the velocity of the bar, so <math>IR=BLv</math>. Solving for v, <math>v={MgR}/{L^{2}B^{2}}</math>.
<br />
'''(d)''' The electric force acting on a positive mobile charge points towards the ''right'' in the bar. Using the right hand rule, with B pointing out of the page, v pointing downwards, we know that the magnetic force points to the right. This means that the bar is polarized with positive charges on the left side of the bar and negative charges on the right side. The electric force points from positive charges to negative charges, so the electric force points towards the right.
<br />
'''(e)''' The magnetic force acting on the bar points ''upwards''. We know that current flows from left to right in the bar because positive charges are polarized on the left side of the bar and negative charges are on the right side of the bar. Using the right hand rule, with B pointing out of the page and current pointing to the right, we find that the magnetic force points upwards.

==Connectedness==
The concept of power generated from a mechanical input is how electric generators function. The mechanical energy is commonly supplied by falling water at dams or expanding steam in turbines.
<br />
Motional emf is also applied in the DC motors of airplanes, when mechanical energy is transformed into electrical energy. Additionally, motional emf is applied in breaking systems. When an object moves through a magnetic field, it resists the change(movement) by converting the mechanical energy into electrical energy. So if an object moves with a sufficient amount of force to move, through a magnetic field, it can convert enough mechanical energy to stop a system. This concept is applied in, for example, roller coasters.

==History==
[[File:Faraday-Millikan-Gale-1913.jpg|thumb|alt=Picture of Michael Faraday|Michael Faraday]][[File:James Clerk Maxwell.png|thumb|left|James Clerk Maxwell]] The phenomenon of electromagnetic induction, the emf produced from the interactions between a magnetic field and an electric circuit, was discovered independently in 1831 by Michael Faraday and 1832 by Joseph Henry (Faraday published his results first). Many of Faraday's ideas were rejected by the scientists of the day because they had no mathematical basis, but James Clerk Maxwell used these ideas to formulate his electromagnetic theory and the Maxwell equations.
<br />
At the time, it was not well understood how Maxwell's equations related to moving charged objects. J.J. Thomson was the first to attempt to derive, from Maxwell's equations, an equation describing effects on moving charged particles, and Oliver Heaviside built upon this work and fixed errors in Thomson's derivation. In 1892, Hendrik Lorentz finally derived the correct equation called the Lorentz force. The magnetic force component of the Lorentz force describes motional emf, as the magnetic force pushing electrons in the moving charged object induces the emf.

== See also ==
*[[Motional Emf using Faraday's Law]]: An expansion of this concept
*[[Lorentz Force]]: Combining electric and magnetic forces
*[[Generator]]: Real-world application
*[[Right-Hand Rule]]: How it works and other RHRs
===Further reading===
*''Matter & Interactions, Vol 2''
*''The Feynman Lectures on Physics, Vol 2'', Ch 16

===External links===
*[http://web.mit.edu/8.02t/www/materials/StudyGuide/guide10.pdf Guide from MIT]

==References==

*''Matter & Interactions Vol 2''
*MIT OpenCourseWare
*[http://web.hep.uiuc.edu/home/serrede/P435/Lecture_Notes/A_Brief_History_of_Electromagnetism.pdf A Brief History of The Development of Classical Electrodynamics]

[[Category:Fields]]

Main Page

2020-11-23T01:34:24Z

Stakang3: /* Motional EMF */

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*[[VPython basics]]
*[[VPython Common Errors and Troubleshooting]]
*[[VPython Functions]]
*[[VPython Lists]]
*[[VPython Loops]]
*[[VPython Multithreading]]
*[[VPython Animation]]
*[[VPython Objects]]
*[[VPython 3D Objects]]
*[[VPython Reference]]
*[[VPython MapReduceFilter]]
*[[VPython GUIs]]
</div>
</div>

<div class="toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">

====Vectors and Units====
<div class="mw-collapsible-content">
*[[Vectors]]
*[[SI Units]]
</div>
</div>

<div class="toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">

====Interactions====
<div class="mw-collapsible-content">
*[[Types of Interactions and How to Detect Them]]
</div>
</div>

<div class="toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">
====Velocity and Momentum====
<div class="mw-collapsible-content">
*[[Newton's First Law of Motion]]
*[[Mass]]
*[[Velocity]]
*[[Speed]]
*[[Speed vs Velocity]]
*[[Relative Velocity]]
*[[Derivation of Average Velocity]]
*[[2-Dimensional Motion]]
*[[3-Dimensional Position and Motion]]
</div>
</div>

===Week 2===
<div class="toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">
====Momentum and the Momentum Principle====
<div class="mw-collapsible-content">
*[[Linear Momentum]]
*[[Newton's Second Law: the Momentum Principle]]
*[[Impulse and Momentum]]
*[[Net Force]]
*[[Inertia]]
*[[Acceleration]]
*[[Relativistic Momentum]]

</div>
</div>

<div class="toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">

====Iterative Prediction with a Constant Force====
<div class="mw-collapsible-content">
*[[Iterative Prediction]]
</div>
</div>

===Week 3===
<div class="toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">

====Analytic Prediction with a Constant Force====
<div class="mw-collapsible-content">

*[[Kinematics]]
*[[Projectile Motion]]
</div>
</div>

<div class="toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">

====Iterative Prediction with a Varying Force====
<div class="mw-collapsible-content">
*[[Fundamentals of Iterative Prediction with Varying Force]]
*[[Spring_Force]]
*[[Simple Harmonic Motion]]


*[[Iterative Prediction of Spring-Mass System]]
*[[Terminal Speed]]
*[[Predicting Change in multiple dimensions]]
*[[Two Dimensional Harmonic Motion]]
*[[Determinism]]
</div>
</div>

===Week 4===
<div class="toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">
====Fundamental Interactions====
<div class="mw-collapsible-content">
*[[Gravitational Force]]
*[[Gravitational Force Near Earth]]
*[[Gravitational Force in Space and Other Applications]]
*[[3 or More Body Interactions]]

*[[Electric Force]]
*[[Introduction to Magnetic Force]]
*[[Strong and Weak Force]]
*[[Reciprocity]]
*[[Conservation of Momentum]]
</div>
</div>

===Week 5===
<div class="toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">
====Properties of Matter====
<div class="mw-collapsible-content">
*[[Kinds of Matter]]
*[[Ball and Spring Model of Matter]]
*[[Density]]
*[[Length and Stiffness of an Interatomic Bond]]
*[[Young's Modulus]]
*[[Speed of Sound in Solids]]
*[[Malleability]]
*[[Ductility]]
*[[Weight]]
*[[Hardness]]
*[[Boiling Point]]
*[[Melting Point]]
*[[Change of State]]
</div>
</div>

===Week 6===
<div class="toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">
====Identifying Forces====
<div class="mw-collapsible-content">
*[[Free Body Diagram]]
*[[Inclined Plane]]
*[[Compression or Normal Force]]
*[[Tension]]
</div>
</div>
<div class="toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">

====Curving Motion====
<div class="mw-collapsible-content">
*[[Curving Motion]]
*[[Centripetal Force and Curving Motion]]
*[[Perpetual Freefall (Orbit)]]
</div>
</div>

===Week 7===
<div class="toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">
====Energy Principle====
<div class="mw-collapsible-content">
*[[Energy of a Single Particle]]
*[[Kinetic Energy]]
*[[Work/Energy]]
*[[The Energy Principle]]
*[[Conservation of Energy]]
</div>
</div>

===Week 8===
<div class="toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">
====Work by Non-Constant Forces====
<div class="mw-collapsible-content">
*[[Work Done By A Nonconstant Force]]
</div>
</div>
<div class="toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">
====Potential Energy====
<div class="mw-collapsible-content">
*[[Potential Energy]]
*[[Potential Energy of Macroscopic Springs]]
*[[Spring Potential Energy]]
*[[Ball and Spring Model]]
*[[Gravitational Potential Energy]]
*[[Energy Graphs]]
*[[Escape Velocity]]
</div>
</div>

===Week 9===
<div class="toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">
====Multiparticle Systems====
<div class="mw-collapsible-content">
*[[Center of Mass]]
*[[Multi-particle analysis of Momentum]]
*[[Potential Energy of a Multiparticle System]]
*[[Work and Energy for an Extended System]]
*[[Internal Energy]]
**[[Potential Energy of a Pair of Neutral Atoms]]
</div>
</div>

===Week 10===
<div class="toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">
====Choice of System====
<div class="mw-collapsible-content">
*[[System & Surroundings]]
</div>
</div>
<div class="toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">
====Thermal Energy, Dissipation, and Transfer of Energy====
<div class="mw-collapsible-content">
*[[Thermal Energy]]
*[[Specific Heat]]
*[[Calorific Value(Heat of combustion)]]
*[[First Law of Thermodynamics]]
*[[Second Law of Thermodynamics and Entropy]]
*[[Temperature]]
*[[Transformation of Energy]]
*[[The Maxwell-Boltzmann Distribution]]
*[[Air Resistance]]
</div>
</div>
<div class="toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">

====Rotational and Vibrational Energy====
<div class="mw-collapsible-content">
*[[Translational, Rotational and Vibrational Energy]]
*[[Rolling Motion]]
</div>
</div>

===Week 11===
<div class="toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">
====Different Models of a System====
<div class="mw-collapsible-content">
*[[Point Particle Systems]]
*[[Real Systems]]
</div>
</div>
<div class="toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">
====Friction====
<div class="mw-collapsible-content">
*[[Friction]]
*[[Static Friction]]
*[[Kinetic Friction]]
</div>
</div>

===Week 12===
<div class="toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">
====Conservation of Momentum====
<div class="mw-collapsible-content">
*[[Conservation of Momentum]]
</div>
</div>
<div class="toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">
====Collisions====
<div class="mw-collapsible-content">
*[[Newton's Third Law of Motion]]
*[[Collisions]]
*[[Elastic Collisions]]
*[[Inelastic Collisions]]
*[[Maximally Inelastic Collision]]
*[[Head-on Collision of Equal Masses]]
*[[Head-on Collision of Unequal Masses]]
*[[Scattering: Collisions in 2D and 3D]]
*[[Rutherford Experiment and Atomic Collisions]]
*[[Coefficient of Restitution]]
</div>
</div>

===Week 13===
<div class="toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">
====Rotations====
<div class="mw-collapsible-content">
*[[Rotational Kinematics]]
*[[Eulerian Angles]]
</div>
</div>
<div class="toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">

====Angular Momentum====
<div class="mw-collapsible-content">
*[[Total Angular Momentum]]
*[[Translational Angular Momentum]]
*[[Rotational Angular Momentum]]
*[[The Angular Momentum Principle]]
*[[Angular Impulse]]
*[[Predicting the Position of a Rotating System]]
*[[The Moments of Inertia]]
*[[Right Hand Rule]]
</div>
</div>

===Week 14===
<div class="toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">
====Analyzing Motion with and without Torque====
<div class="mw-collapsible-content">
*[[Torque]]
*[[Torque 2]]
*[[Systems with Zero Torque]]
*[[Systems with Nonzero Torque]]
*[[Torque vs Work]]
*[[Gyroscopes]]
</div>
</div>

===Week 15===
<div class="toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">
====Introduction to Quantum Concepts====
<div class="mw-collapsible-content">
*[[Bohr Model]]
*[[Energy graphs and the Bohr model]]
*[[Quantized energy levels]]
*[[Electron transitions]]
*[[Entropy]]
</div>
</div>
</div>

<div style="float:left; width:30%; padding:1%;">

==Physics 2==
===Week 1===
<div class="toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">
====3D Vectors====

<div class="mw-collapsible-content">
*[[Vectors]]
*[[Right-Hand Rule]]
*[[Right Hand Rule]]
</div>
</div>

<div class="toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">

====Electric field====
<div class="mw-collapsible-content">
*[[Electric Field]]
*[[Electric Field and Electric Potential]]
</div>
</div>

<div class="toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">

====Electric force====
<div class="mw-collapsible-content">
*[[Electric Force]]
*[[Lorentz Force]]
</div>
</div>

<div class="toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">

====Electric field of a point particle====
<div class="mw-collapsible-content">
*[[Point Charge]]
</div>
</div>

<div class="toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">

====Superposition====
<div class="mw-collapsible-content">
*[[Superposition Principle]]
*[[Superposition principle]]
</div>
</div>

<div class="toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">
====Dipoles====
<div class="mw-collapsible-content">
*[[Electric Dipole]]
*[[Magnetic Dipole]]
</div>
</div>

===Week 2===
<div class="toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">
====Interactions of charged objects====
<div class="mw-collapsible-content">
*[[Electric Field]]
*[[Electric Potential]]
*[[Electric Force]]
*[[Lorentz Force]]
</div>
</div>

<div class="toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">
====Tape experiments====
<div class="mw-collapsible-content">
*[[Polarization]]
*[[Electric Polarization]]
</div>
</div>

<div class="toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">
====Polarization====
<div class="mw-collapsible-content">
*[[Polarization]]
*[[Electric Polarization]]
*[[Polarization of an Atom]]
</div>
</div>

===Week 3===
<div class="toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">
====Conductors and Insulators====
<div class="mw-collapsible-content">
*[[Conductivity and Resistivity]]
*[[Insulators]]
*[[Potential Difference in an Insulator]]
*[[Conductors]]
*[[Polarization of a conductor]]
</div>
</div>

<div class="toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">

====Charging and Discharging====
<div class="mw-collapsible-content">
*[[Charge Transfer]]
*[[Electrostatic Discharge]]
*[[Charged Conductor and Charged Insulator]]
</div>
</div>

===Week 4===
<div class="toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">
====Field of a charged rod====
<div class="mw-collapsible-content">
*[[Field of a Charged Rod|Charged Rod]]
</div>
</div>

<div class="toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">

====Field of a charged ring/disk/capacitor====
<div class="mw-collapsible-content">
*[[Charged Ring]]
*[[Charged Disk]]
*[[Charged Capacitor]]
</div>
</div>

<div class="toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">
====Field of a charged sphere====
<div class="mw-collapsible-content">
*[[Charged Spherical Shell]]
*[[Field of a Charged Ball]]
</div>
</div>

===Week 5===
<div class="toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">
====Potential energy====
<div class="mw-collapsible-content">
*[[Potential Energy]]
</div>
</div>

<div class="toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">

====Electric potential====
<div class="mw-collapsible-content">
*[[Electric Potential]]
*[[Path Independence of Electric Potential]]
*[[Potential Difference Path Independence, claimed by Aditya Mohile]]
*[[Potential Difference in a Uniform Field]]
*[[Potential Difference of Point Charge in a Non-Uniform Field]]
</div>
</div>
<div class="toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">
====Sign of a potential difference====
<div class="mw-collapsible-content">
*[[Sign of a Potential Difference]]
</div>
</div>
<div class="toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">
====Potential at a single location====
<div class="mw-collapsible-content">
*[[Electric Potential]]
*[[Potential Difference at One Location]]
</div>
</div>

<div class="toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">

====Path independence and round trip potential====
<div class="mw-collapsible-content">
*[[Path Independence of Electric Potential]]
*[[Potential Difference Path Independence, claimed by Aditya Mohile]]
</div>
</div>

===Week 6===
<div class="toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">
====Electric field and potential in an insulator====
<div class="mw-collapsible-content">
*[[Potential Difference in an Insulator]]
*[[Electric Field in an Insulator]]
</div>
</div>
<div class="toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">
====Moving charges in a magnetic field====
<div class="mw-collapsible-content">
*[[Magnetic Field]]
*[[Magnetic Force]]
*[[Lorentz Force]]
</div>
</div>
<div class="toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">
====Biot-Savart Law====
<div class="mw-collapsible-content">
*[[Biot-Savart Law]]
*[[Biot-Savart Law for Currents]]
</div>
</div>
<div class="toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">
====Moving charges, electron current, and conventional current====
<div class="mw-collapsible-content">
*[[Moving Point Charge]]
*[[Current]]
</div>
</div>

===Week 7===
<div class="toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">
====Magnetic field of a wire====
<div class="mw-collapsible-content">
*[[Magnetic Field of a Long Straight Wire]]
</div>
</div>

<div class="toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">

====Magnetic field of a current-carrying loop====
<div class="mw-collapsible-content">
*[[Magnetic Field of a Loop]]
</div>
</div>

<div class="toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">
====Magnetic field of a Charged Disk====
<div class="mw-collapsible-content">
*[[Magnetic Field of a Disk]]
</div>
</div>

<div class="toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">
====Magnetic dipoles====
<div class="mw-collapsible-content">
*[[Magnetic Dipole Moment]]
*[[Bar Magnet]]
</div>
</div>

<div class="toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">
====Atomic structure of magnets====
<div class="mw-collapsible-content">
*[[Atomic Structure of Magnets]]
</div>
</div>

===Week 8===
<div class="toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">
====Steady state current====
<div class="mw-collapsible-content">
*[[Steady State]]
*[[Non Steady State]]
</div>
</div>

<div class="toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">
====Kirchoff's Laws====
<div class="mw-collapsible-content">
*[[Kirchoff's Laws]]
</div>
</div>

<div class="toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">
====Electric fields and energy in circuits====
<div class="mw-collapsible-content">
*[[Electric Potential Difference]]
</div>
</div>

<div class="toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">

====Macroscopic analysis of circuits====
<div class="mw-collapsible-content">
*[[Series Circuits]]
*[[Parallel Circuits]]
*[[Parallel Circuits vs. Series Circuits*]]
*[[Loop Rule]]
*[[Node Rule]]
*[[Fundamentals of Resistance]]
*[[Problem Solving]]
</div>
</div>

===Week 9===
<div class="toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">
====Electric field and potential in circuits with capacitors====
<div class="mw-collapsible-content">
*[[Charging and Discharging a Capacitor]]
*[[RC Circuit]]
*[[R Circuit]]
*[[AC and DC]]
</div>
</div>

<div class="toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">
====Magnetic forces on charges and currents====
<div class="mw-collapsible-content">
*[[Magnetic Force]]
*[[Lorentz Force]]
*[[Motors and Generators]]
*[[Applying Magnetic Force to Currents]]
*[[Magnetic Force in a Moving Reference Frame]]
*[[Right-Hand Rule]]
*[[Analysis of Railgun vs Coil gun technologies]]
</div>
</div>

<div class="toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">

====Electric and magnetic forces====
<div class="mw-collapsible-content">
*[[Electric Force]]
*[[Magnetic Force]]
*[[Lorentz Force]]
*[[VPython Modelling of Electric and Magnetic Forces]]
</div>
</div>

<div class="toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">

====Velocity selector====
<div class="mw-collapsible-content">
*[[Lorentz Force]]
*[[Combining Electric and Magnetic Forces]]
</div>
</div>

===Week 10===
<div class="toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">

====Hall Effect====
<div class="mw-collapsible-content">
*[[Hall Effect]]
<h1><strong>Alayna Baker Spring 2020</strong></h1>
[[File:Hall Effect 1.jpg]]
[[File:Hall Effect 2.jpg]]

*[[Right-Hand Rule]]
*[[Motional Emf]]
*[[Magnetic Force]]
*[[Magnetic Torque]]
</div>
</div>

<div class="toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">

]]]====Motional EMF====

<div class="mw-collapsible-content">
*[[Motional Emf]]
<h1><strong>Adeline Boswell Fall 2019</strong></h1>
[[File:Motional EMF Example.jpg]]

*[[Motional Emf using Faraday's Law]]
</div>
</div>http://www.physicsbook.gatech.edu/Special:RecentChangesLinked/Main_Page

<div class="toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">

If you have a bar attached to two rails, and the rails are connected by a resistor, you have effectively created a circuit. As the bar moves, it creates an "electromotive force"

[[File:MotEMFCR.jpg]]

====Magnetic force====
<div class="mw-collapsible-content">
*[[Magnetic Force]]
*[[Lorentz Force]]
</div>
</div>

<div class="toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">
====Magnetic torque====
<div class="mw-collapsible-content">
*[[Magnetic Torque]]
*[[Right-Hand Rule]]
</div>
</div>

===Week 12===

<div class="toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">
====Gauss's Law====
<div class="mw-collapsible-content">
*[[Gauss's Flux Theorem]]
*[[Gauss's Law]]
*[[Magnetic Flux]]
</div>
</div>

<div class="toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">
====Ampere's Law====
<div class="mw-collapsible-content">
*[[Ampere's Law]]
*[[Ampere-Maxwell Law]]
*[[Magnetic Field of Coaxial Cable Using Ampere's Law]]
*[[Magnetic Field of a Long Thick Wire Using Ampere's Law]]
*[[Magnetic Field of a Toroid Using Ampere's Law]]
*[[Magnetic Field of a Solenoid Using Ampere's Law]]
*[[The Differential Form of Ampere's Law]]
</div>
</div>

===Week 13===
<div class="toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">
====Semiconductors====
<div class="mw-collapsible-content">
*[[Semiconductor Devices]]
</div>
</div>

<div class="toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">
====Faraday's Law====
<div class="mw-collapsible-content">
*[[Faraday's Law]]
*[[Motional Emf using Faraday's Law]]
*[[Lenz's Law]]

</div>
</div>

<div class="toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">

====Maxwell's equations====
<div class="mw-collapsible-content">
*[[Gauss's Law]]
*[[Magnetic Flux]]
*[[Ampere's Law]]
*[[Faraday's Law]]
*[[Maxwell's Electromagnetic Theory]]
</div>
</div>

===Week 14===
<div class="toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">
====Circuits revisited====
<div class="mw-collapsible-content">

</div>
</div>

<div class="toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">

====Inductors====
<div class="mw-collapsible-content">
*[[Inductors]]
*[[Current in an LC Circuit]]
*[[Current in an RL Circuit]]
</div>
</div>

===Week 15===
<div class="toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">
==== Electromagnetic Radiation ====
<div class="mw-collapsible-content">
*[[Electromagnetic Radiation]]
</div>
</div>

<div class="toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">
====Sparks in the air====
<div class="mw-collapsible-content">
*[[Sparks in Air]]
*[[Spark Plugs]]
</div>
</div>

<div class="toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">
====Superconductors====
<div class="mw-collapsible-content">
*[[Superconducters]]
*[[Superconductors]]
*[[Meissner effect]]
</div>
</div>
</div>

<div style="float:left; width:30%; padding:1%;">

==Physics 3==

===Week 1===
<div class="toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">
====Classical Physics====
<div class="mw-collapsible-content">
</div>
</div>

===Week 2===
<div class="toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">
====Special Relativity====
<div class="mw-collapsible-content">
*[[Frame of Reference]]
*[[Einstein's Theory of Special Relativity]]
*[[Time Dilation]]
*[[Einstein's Theory of General Relativity]]
*[[Albert A. Micheleson & Edward W. Morley]]
*[[Magnetic Force in a Moving Reference Frame]]
</div>
</div>

===Week 3===
<div class="toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">
====Photons====
<div class="mw-collapsible-content">
*[[Spontaneous Photon Emission]]
*[[Light Scattering: Why is the Sky Blue]]
*[[Lasers]]
*[[Electronic Energy Levels and Photons]]
*[[Quantum Properties of Light]]
</div>
</div>

===Week 4===
<div class="toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">
====Matter Waves====
<div class="mw-collapsible-content">
*[[Wave-Particle Duality]]
</div>
</div>

===Week 5===
<div class="toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">
====Wave Mechanics====
<div class="mw-collapsible-content">
*[[Standing Waves]]
*[[Wavelength]]
*[[Wavelength and Frequency]]
*[[Mechanical Waves]]
*[[Transverse and Longitudinal Waves]]
</div>
</div>

===Week 6===
<div class="toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">
====Rutherford-Bohr Model====
<div class="mw-collapsible-content">
*[[Rutherford Experiment and Atomic Collisions]]
*[[Bohr Model]]
*[[Quantized energy levels]]
*[[Energy graphs and the Bohr model]]
</div>
</div>

===Week 7===
<div class="toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">
====The Hydrogen Atom====
<div class="mw-collapsible-content">
*[[Quantum Theory]]
*[[Atomic Theory]]
</div>
</div>

===Week 8===
<div class="toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">
====Many-Electron Atoms====
<div class="mw-collapsible-content">
*[[Quantum Theory]]
*[[Atomic Theory]]
*[[Pauli exclusion principle]]
</div>
</div>

===Week 9===
<div class="toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">
====Molecules====
<div class="mw-collapsible-content">
</div>
*[[Molecules]]
</div>

===Week 10===
<div class="toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">
====Statistical Physics====
<div class="mw-collapsible-content">
</div>
</div>

===Week 11===
<div class="toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">
====Condensed Matter Physics====
<div class="mw-collapsible-content">
</div>
</div>

===Week 12===
<div class="toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">
====The Nucleus====
<div class="mw-collapsible-content">
*[[Nucleus]]
</div>
</div>

===Week 13===
<div class="toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">
====Nuclear Physics====
<div class="mw-collapsible-content">
*[[Nuclear Fission]]
*[[Nuclear Energy from Fission and Fusion]]
</div>
</div>

===Week 14===
<div class="toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">
====Particle Physics====
<div class="mw-collapsible-content">
*[[Elementary Particles and Particle Physics Theory]]
*[[String Theory]]
</div>
</div>
</div>

Main Page

2020-11-23T01:32:13Z

Stakang3: /* Motional EMF */

__NOTOC__
= '''Georgia Tech Student Wiki for Introductory Physics.''' =

This resource was created so that students can contribute and curate content to help those with limited or no access to a textbook. When reading this website, please correct any errors you may come across. If you read something that isn't clear, please consider revising it for future students!

Looking to make a contribution?
#Pick one of the topics from intro physics listed below
#Add content to that topic or improve the quality of what is already there.
#Need to make a new topic? Edit this page and add it to the list under the appropriate category. Then copy and paste the default [[Template]] into your new page and start editing.

Please remember that this is not a textbook and you are not limited to expressing your ideas with only text and equations. Whenever possible embed: pictures, videos, diagrams, simulations, computational models (e.g. Glowscript), and whatever content you think makes learning physics easier for other students.

== Source Material ==
All of the content added to this resource must be in the public domain or similar free resource. If you are unsure about a source, contact the original author for permission. That said, there is a surprisingly large amount of introductory physics content scattered across the web. Here is an incomplete list of intro physics resources (please update as needed).
* A physics resource written by experts for an expert audience [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:Physics Physics Portal]
* A wiki written for students by a physics expert [http://p3server.pa.msu.edu/coursewiki/doku.php?id=183_notes MSU Physics Wiki]
* A wiki book on modern physics [https://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Modern_Physics Modern Physics Wiki]
* The MIT open courseware for intro physics [http://ocw.mit.edu/resources/res-8-002-a-wikitextbook-for-introductory-mechanics-fall-2009/index.htm MITOCW Wiki]
* An online concept map of intro physics [http://hyperphysics.phy-astr.gsu.edu/hbase/hph.html HyperPhysics]
* Interactive physics simulations [https://phet.colorado.edu/en/simulations/category/physics PhET]
* OpenStax intro physics textbooks: [https://openstax.org/details/books/university-physics-volume-1 Vol1], [https://openstax.org/details/books/university-physics-volume-2 Vol2], [https://openstax.org/details/books/university-physics-volume-3 Vol3]
* The Open Source Physics project is a collection of online physics resources [http://www.opensourcephysics.org/ OSP]
* A resource guide compiled by the [http://www.aapt.org/ AAPT] for educators [http://www.compadre.org/ ComPADRE]
* The Feynman lectures on physics are free to read [http://www.feynmanlectures.caltech.edu/ Feynman]
* Final Study Guide for Modern Physics II created by a lab TA [https://docs.google.com/document/d/1_6GktDPq5tiNFFYs_ZjgjxBAWVQYaXp_2Imha4_nSyc/edit?usp=sharing Modern Physics II Final Study Guide]

== Resources ==
* Commonly used wiki commands [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:Cheatsheet Wiki Cheatsheet]
* A guide to representing equations in math mode [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:Displaying_a_formula Wiki Math Mode]
* A page to keep track of all the physics [[Constants]]
* A listing of [[Notable Scientist]] with links to their individual pages

<div style="float:left; width:30%; padding:1%;">

==Physics 1==
===Week 1===
<div class="toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">
====GlowScript 101====
<div class="mw-collapsible-content">
*[[Python Syntax]]
*[[GlowScript]]
</div>
</div>

<div class="toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">

====VPython====

<div class="mw-collapsible-content">
*[[VPython]]
*[[VPython basics]]
*[[VPython Common Errors and Troubleshooting]]
*[[VPython Functions]]
*[[VPython Lists]]
*[[VPython Loops]]
*[[VPython Multithreading]]
*[[VPython Animation]]
*[[VPython Objects]]
*[[VPython 3D Objects]]
*[[VPython Reference]]
*[[VPython MapReduceFilter]]
*[[VPython GUIs]]
</div>
</div>

<div class="toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">

====Vectors and Units====
<div class="mw-collapsible-content">
*[[Vectors]]
*[[SI Units]]
</div>
</div>

<div class="toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">

====Interactions====
<div class="mw-collapsible-content">
*[[Types of Interactions and How to Detect Them]]
</div>
</div>

<div class="toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">
====Velocity and Momentum====
<div class="mw-collapsible-content">
*[[Newton's First Law of Motion]]
*[[Mass]]
*[[Velocity]]
*[[Speed]]
*[[Speed vs Velocity]]
*[[Relative Velocity]]
*[[Derivation of Average Velocity]]
*[[2-Dimensional Motion]]
*[[3-Dimensional Position and Motion]]
</div>
</div>

===Week 2===
<div class="toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">
====Momentum and the Momentum Principle====
<div class="mw-collapsible-content">
*[[Linear Momentum]]
*[[Newton's Second Law: the Momentum Principle]]
*[[Impulse and Momentum]]
*[[Net Force]]
*[[Inertia]]
*[[Acceleration]]
*[[Relativistic Momentum]]

</div>
</div>

<div class="toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">

====Iterative Prediction with a Constant Force====
<div class="mw-collapsible-content">
*[[Iterative Prediction]]
</div>
</div>

===Week 3===
<div class="toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">

====Analytic Prediction with a Constant Force====
<div class="mw-collapsible-content">

*[[Kinematics]]
*[[Projectile Motion]]
</div>
</div>

<div class="toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">

====Iterative Prediction with a Varying Force====
<div class="mw-collapsible-content">
*[[Fundamentals of Iterative Prediction with Varying Force]]
*[[Spring_Force]]
*[[Simple Harmonic Motion]]


*[[Iterative Prediction of Spring-Mass System]]
*[[Terminal Speed]]
*[[Predicting Change in multiple dimensions]]
*[[Two Dimensional Harmonic Motion]]
*[[Determinism]]
</div>
</div>

===Week 4===
<div class="toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">
====Fundamental Interactions====
<div class="mw-collapsible-content">
*[[Gravitational Force]]
*[[Gravitational Force Near Earth]]
*[[Gravitational Force in Space and Other Applications]]
*[[3 or More Body Interactions]]

*[[Electric Force]]
*[[Introduction to Magnetic Force]]
*[[Strong and Weak Force]]
*[[Reciprocity]]
*[[Conservation of Momentum]]
</div>
</div>

===Week 5===
<div class="toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">
====Properties of Matter====
<div class="mw-collapsible-content">
*[[Kinds of Matter]]
*[[Ball and Spring Model of Matter]]
*[[Density]]
*[[Length and Stiffness of an Interatomic Bond]]
*[[Young's Modulus]]
*[[Speed of Sound in Solids]]
*[[Malleability]]
*[[Ductility]]
*[[Weight]]
*[[Hardness]]
*[[Boiling Point]]
*[[Melting Point]]
*[[Change of State]]
</div>
</div>

===Week 6===
<div class="toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">
====Identifying Forces====
<div class="mw-collapsible-content">
*[[Free Body Diagram]]
*[[Inclined Plane]]
*[[Compression or Normal Force]]
*[[Tension]]
</div>
</div>
<div class="toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">

====Curving Motion====
<div class="mw-collapsible-content">
*[[Curving Motion]]
*[[Centripetal Force and Curving Motion]]
*[[Perpetual Freefall (Orbit)]]
</div>
</div>

===Week 7===
<div class="toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">
====Energy Principle====
<div class="mw-collapsible-content">
*[[Energy of a Single Particle]]
*[[Kinetic Energy]]
*[[Work/Energy]]
*[[The Energy Principle]]
*[[Conservation of Energy]]
</div>
</div>

===Week 8===
<div class="toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">
====Work by Non-Constant Forces====
<div class="mw-collapsible-content">
*[[Work Done By A Nonconstant Force]]
</div>
</div>
<div class="toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">
====Potential Energy====
<div class="mw-collapsible-content">
*[[Potential Energy]]
*[[Potential Energy of Macroscopic Springs]]
*[[Spring Potential Energy]]
*[[Ball and Spring Model]]
*[[Gravitational Potential Energy]]
*[[Energy Graphs]]
*[[Escape Velocity]]
</div>
</div>

===Week 9===
<div class="toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">
====Multiparticle Systems====
<div class="mw-collapsible-content">
*[[Center of Mass]]
*[[Multi-particle analysis of Momentum]]
*[[Potential Energy of a Multiparticle System]]
*[[Work and Energy for an Extended System]]
*[[Internal Energy]]
**[[Potential Energy of a Pair of Neutral Atoms]]
</div>
</div>

===Week 10===
<div class="toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">
====Choice of System====
<div class="mw-collapsible-content">
*[[System & Surroundings]]
</div>
</div>
<div class="toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">
====Thermal Energy, Dissipation, and Transfer of Energy====
<div class="mw-collapsible-content">
*[[Thermal Energy]]
*[[Specific Heat]]
*[[Calorific Value(Heat of combustion)]]
*[[First Law of Thermodynamics]]
*[[Second Law of Thermodynamics and Entropy]]
*[[Temperature]]
*[[Transformation of Energy]]
*[[The Maxwell-Boltzmann Distribution]]
*[[Air Resistance]]
</div>
</div>
<div class="toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">

====Rotational and Vibrational Energy====
<div class="mw-collapsible-content">
*[[Translational, Rotational and Vibrational Energy]]
*[[Rolling Motion]]
</div>
</div>

===Week 11===
<div class="toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">
====Different Models of a System====
<div class="mw-collapsible-content">
*[[Point Particle Systems]]
*[[Real Systems]]
</div>
</div>
<div class="toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">
====Friction====
<div class="mw-collapsible-content">
*[[Friction]]
*[[Static Friction]]
*[[Kinetic Friction]]
</div>
</div>

===Week 12===
<div class="toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">
====Conservation of Momentum====
<div class="mw-collapsible-content">
*[[Conservation of Momentum]]
</div>
</div>
<div class="toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">
====Collisions====
<div class="mw-collapsible-content">
*[[Newton's Third Law of Motion]]
*[[Collisions]]
*[[Elastic Collisions]]
*[[Inelastic Collisions]]
*[[Maximally Inelastic Collision]]
*[[Head-on Collision of Equal Masses]]
*[[Head-on Collision of Unequal Masses]]
*[[Scattering: Collisions in 2D and 3D]]
*[[Rutherford Experiment and Atomic Collisions]]
*[[Coefficient of Restitution]]
</div>
</div>

===Week 13===
<div class="toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">
====Rotations====
<div class="mw-collapsible-content">
*[[Rotational Kinematics]]
*[[Eulerian Angles]]
</div>
</div>
<div class="toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">

====Angular Momentum====
<div class="mw-collapsible-content">
*[[Total Angular Momentum]]
*[[Translational Angular Momentum]]
*[[Rotational Angular Momentum]]
*[[The Angular Momentum Principle]]
*[[Angular Impulse]]
*[[Predicting the Position of a Rotating System]]
*[[The Moments of Inertia]]
*[[Right Hand Rule]]
</div>
</div>

===Week 14===
<div class="toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">
====Analyzing Motion with and without Torque====
<div class="mw-collapsible-content">
*[[Torque]]
*[[Torque 2]]
*[[Systems with Zero Torque]]
*[[Systems with Nonzero Torque]]
*[[Torque vs Work]]
*[[Gyroscopes]]
</div>
</div>

===Week 15===
<div class="toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">
====Introduction to Quantum Concepts====
<div class="mw-collapsible-content">
*[[Bohr Model]]
*[[Energy graphs and the Bohr model]]
*[[Quantized energy levels]]
*[[Electron transitions]]
*[[Entropy]]
</div>
</div>
</div>

<div style="float:left; width:30%; padding:1%;">

==Physics 2==
===Week 1===
<div class="toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">
====3D Vectors====

<div class="mw-collapsible-content">
*[[Vectors]]
*[[Right-Hand Rule]]
*[[Right Hand Rule]]
</div>
</div>

<div class="toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">

====Electric field====
<div class="mw-collapsible-content">
*[[Electric Field]]
*[[Electric Field and Electric Potential]]
</div>
</div>

<div class="toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">

====Electric force====
<div class="mw-collapsible-content">
*[[Electric Force]]
*[[Lorentz Force]]
</div>
</div>

<div class="toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">

====Electric field of a point particle====
<div class="mw-collapsible-content">
*[[Point Charge]]
</div>
</div>

<div class="toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">

====Superposition====
<div class="mw-collapsible-content">
*[[Superposition Principle]]
*[[Superposition principle]]
</div>
</div>

<div class="toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">
====Dipoles====
<div class="mw-collapsible-content">
*[[Electric Dipole]]
*[[Magnetic Dipole]]
</div>
</div>

===Week 2===
<div class="toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">
====Interactions of charged objects====
<div class="mw-collapsible-content">
*[[Electric Field]]
*[[Electric Potential]]
*[[Electric Force]]
*[[Lorentz Force]]
</div>
</div>

<div class="toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">
====Tape experiments====
<div class="mw-collapsible-content">
*[[Polarization]]
*[[Electric Polarization]]
</div>
</div>

<div class="toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">
====Polarization====
<div class="mw-collapsible-content">
*[[Polarization]]
*[[Electric Polarization]]
*[[Polarization of an Atom]]
</div>
</div>

===Week 3===
<div class="toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">
====Conductors and Insulators====
<div class="mw-collapsible-content">
*[[Conductivity and Resistivity]]
*[[Insulators]]
*[[Potential Difference in an Insulator]]
*[[Conductors]]
*[[Polarization of a conductor]]
</div>
</div>

<div class="toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">

====Charging and Discharging====
<div class="mw-collapsible-content">
*[[Charge Transfer]]
*[[Electrostatic Discharge]]
*[[Charged Conductor and Charged Insulator]]
</div>
</div>

===Week 4===
<div class="toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">
====Field of a charged rod====
<div class="mw-collapsible-content">
*[[Field of a Charged Rod|Charged Rod]]
</div>
</div>

<div class="toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">

====Field of a charged ring/disk/capacitor====
<div class="mw-collapsible-content">
*[[Charged Ring]]
*[[Charged Disk]]
*[[Charged Capacitor]]
</div>
</div>

<div class="toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">
====Field of a charged sphere====
<div class="mw-collapsible-content">
*[[Charged Spherical Shell]]
*[[Field of a Charged Ball]]
</div>
</div>

===Week 5===
<div class="toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">
====Potential energy====
<div class="mw-collapsible-content">
*[[Potential Energy]]
</div>
</div>

<div class="toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">

====Electric potential====
<div class="mw-collapsible-content">
*[[Electric Potential]]
*[[Path Independence of Electric Potential]]
*[[Potential Difference Path Independence, claimed by Aditya Mohile]]
*[[Potential Difference in a Uniform Field]]
*[[Potential Difference of Point Charge in a Non-Uniform Field]]
</div>
</div>
<div class="toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">
====Sign of a potential difference====
<div class="mw-collapsible-content">
*[[Sign of a Potential Difference]]
</div>
</div>
<div class="toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">
====Potential at a single location====
<div class="mw-collapsible-content">
*[[Electric Potential]]
*[[Potential Difference at One Location]]
</div>
</div>

<div class="toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">

====Path independence and round trip potential====
<div class="mw-collapsible-content">
*[[Path Independence of Electric Potential]]
*[[Potential Difference Path Independence, claimed by Aditya Mohile]]
</div>
</div>

===Week 6===
<div class="toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">
====Electric field and potential in an insulator====
<div class="mw-collapsible-content">
*[[Potential Difference in an Insulator]]
*[[Electric Field in an Insulator]]
</div>
</div>
<div class="toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">
====Moving charges in a magnetic field====
<div class="mw-collapsible-content">
*[[Magnetic Field]]
*[[Magnetic Force]]
*[[Lorentz Force]]
</div>
</div>
<div class="toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">
====Biot-Savart Law====
<div class="mw-collapsible-content">
*[[Biot-Savart Law]]
*[[Biot-Savart Law for Currents]]
</div>
</div>
<div class="toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">
====Moving charges, electron current, and conventional current====
<div class="mw-collapsible-content">
*[[Moving Point Charge]]
*[[Current]]
</div>
</div>

===Week 7===
<div class="toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">
====Magnetic field of a wire====
<div class="mw-collapsible-content">
*[[Magnetic Field of a Long Straight Wire]]
</div>
</div>

<div class="toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">

====Magnetic field of a current-carrying loop====
<div class="mw-collapsible-content">
*[[Magnetic Field of a Loop]]
</div>
</div>

<div class="toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">
====Magnetic field of a Charged Disk====
<div class="mw-collapsible-content">
*[[Magnetic Field of a Disk]]
</div>
</div>

<div class="toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">
====Magnetic dipoles====
<div class="mw-collapsible-content">
*[[Magnetic Dipole Moment]]
*[[Bar Magnet]]
</div>
</div>

<div class="toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">
====Atomic structure of magnets====
<div class="mw-collapsible-content">
*[[Atomic Structure of Magnets]]
</div>
</div>

===Week 8===
<div class="toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">
====Steady state current====
<div class="mw-collapsible-content">
*[[Steady State]]
*[[Non Steady State]]
</div>
</div>

<div class="toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">
====Kirchoff's Laws====
<div class="mw-collapsible-content">
*[[Kirchoff's Laws]]
</div>
</div>

<div class="toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">
====Electric fields and energy in circuits====
<div class="mw-collapsible-content">
*[[Electric Potential Difference]]
</div>
</div>

<div class="toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">

====Macroscopic analysis of circuits====
<div class="mw-collapsible-content">
*[[Series Circuits]]
*[[Parallel Circuits]]
*[[Parallel Circuits vs. Series Circuits*]]
*[[Loop Rule]]
*[[Node Rule]]
*[[Fundamentals of Resistance]]
*[[Problem Solving]]
</div>
</div>

===Week 9===
<div class="toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">
====Electric field and potential in circuits with capacitors====
<div class="mw-collapsible-content">
*[[Charging and Discharging a Capacitor]]
*[[RC Circuit]]
*[[R Circuit]]
*[[AC and DC]]
</div>
</div>

<div class="toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">
====Magnetic forces on charges and currents====
<div class="mw-collapsible-content">
*[[Magnetic Force]]
*[[Lorentz Force]]
*[[Motors and Generators]]
*[[Applying Magnetic Force to Currents]]
*[[Magnetic Force in a Moving Reference Frame]]
*[[Right-Hand Rule]]
*[[Analysis of Railgun vs Coil gun technologies]]
</div>
</div>

<div class="toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">

====Electric and magnetic forces====
<div class="mw-collapsible-content">
*[[Electric Force]]
*[[Magnetic Force]]
*[[Lorentz Force]]
*[[VPython Modelling of Electric and Magnetic Forces]]
</div>
</div>

<div class="toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">

====Velocity selector====
<div class="mw-collapsible-content">
*[[Lorentz Force]]
*[[Combining Electric and Magnetic Forces]]
</div>
</div>

===Week 10===
<div class="toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">

====Hall Effect====
<div class="mw-collapsible-content">
*[[Hall Effect]]
<h1><strong>Alayna Baker Spring 2020</strong></h1>
[[File:Hall Effect 1.jpg]]
[[File:Hall Effect 2.jpg]]

*[[Right-Hand Rule]]
*[[Motional Emf]]
*[[Magnetic Force]]
*[[Magnetic Torque]]
</div>
</div>

<div class="toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">

====Motional EMF====

<div class="mw-collapsible-content">
*[[Motional Emf]]
<h1><strong>Adeline Boswell Fall 2019</strong></h1>
[[File:Motional EMF Example.jpg]]

*[[Motional Emf using Faraday's Law]]
</div>
</div>http://www.physicsbook.gatech.edu/Special:RecentChangesLinked/Main_Page

<div class="toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">

If you have a bar attached to two rails, and the rails are connected by a resistor, you have effectively created a circuit. As the bar moves, it creates an "electromotive force"

[[File:MotEMFCR.jpg]]

====Magnetic force====
<div class="mw-collapsible-content">
*[[Magnetic Force]]
*[[Lorentz Force]]
</div>
</div>

<div class="toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">
====Magnetic torque====
<div class="mw-collapsible-content">
*[[Magnetic Torque]]
*[[Right-Hand Rule]]
</div>
</div>

===Week 12===

<div class="toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">
====Gauss's Law====
<div class="mw-collapsible-content">
*[[Gauss's Flux Theorem]]
*[[Gauss's Law]]
*[[Magnetic Flux]]
</div>
</div>

<div class="toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">
====Ampere's Law====
<div class="mw-collapsible-content">
*[[Ampere's Law]]
*[[Ampere-Maxwell Law]]
*[[Magnetic Field of Coaxial Cable Using Ampere's Law]]
*[[Magnetic Field of a Long Thick Wire Using Ampere's Law]]
*[[Magnetic Field of a Toroid Using Ampere's Law]]
*[[Magnetic Field of a Solenoid Using Ampere's Law]]
*[[The Differential Form of Ampere's Law]]
</div>
</div>

===Week 13===
<div class="toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">
====Semiconductors====
<div class="mw-collapsible-content">
*[[Semiconductor Devices]]
</div>
</div>

<div class="toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">
====Faraday's Law====
<div class="mw-collapsible-content">
*[[Faraday's Law]]
*[[Motional Emf using Faraday's Law]]
*[[Lenz's Law]]

</div>
</div>

<div class="toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">

====Maxwell's equations====
<div class="mw-collapsible-content">
*[[Gauss's Law]]
*[[Magnetic Flux]]
*[[Ampere's Law]]
*[[Faraday's Law]]
*[[Maxwell's Electromagnetic Theory]]
</div>
</div>

===Week 14===
<div class="toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">
====Circuits revisited====
<div class="mw-collapsible-content">

</div>
</div>

<div class="toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">

====Inductors====
<div class="mw-collapsible-content">
*[[Inductors]]
*[[Current in an LC Circuit]]
*[[Current in an RL Circuit]]
</div>
</div>

===Week 15===
<div class="toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">
==== Electromagnetic Radiation ====
<div class="mw-collapsible-content">
*[[Electromagnetic Radiation]]
</div>
</div>

<div class="toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">
====Sparks in the air====
<div class="mw-collapsible-content">
*[[Sparks in Air]]
*[[Spark Plugs]]
</div>
</div>

<div class="toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">
====Superconductors====
<div class="mw-collapsible-content">
*[[Superconducters]]
*[[Superconductors]]
*[[Meissner effect]]
</div>
</div>
</div>

<div style="float:left; width:30%; padding:1%;">

==Physics 3==

===Week 1===
<div class="toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">
====Classical Physics====
<div class="mw-collapsible-content">
</div>
</div>

===Week 2===
<div class="toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">
====Special Relativity====
<div class="mw-collapsible-content">
*[[Frame of Reference]]
*[[Einstein's Theory of Special Relativity]]
*[[Time Dilation]]
*[[Einstein's Theory of General Relativity]]
*[[Albert A. Micheleson & Edward W. Morley]]
*[[Magnetic Force in a Moving Reference Frame]]
</div>
</div>

===Week 3===
<div class="toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">
====Photons====
<div class="mw-collapsible-content">
*[[Spontaneous Photon Emission]]
*[[Light Scattering: Why is the Sky Blue]]
*[[Lasers]]
*[[Electronic Energy Levels and Photons]]
*[[Quantum Properties of Light]]
</div>
</div>

===Week 4===
<div class="toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">
====Matter Waves====
<div class="mw-collapsible-content">
*[[Wave-Particle Duality]]
</div>
</div>

===Week 5===
<div class="toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">
====Wave Mechanics====
<div class="mw-collapsible-content">
*[[Standing Waves]]
*[[Wavelength]]
*[[Wavelength and Frequency]]
*[[Mechanical Waves]]
*[[Transverse and Longitudinal Waves]]
</div>
</div>

===Week 6===
<div class="toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">
====Rutherford-Bohr Model====
<div class="mw-collapsible-content">
*[[Rutherford Experiment and Atomic Collisions]]
*[[Bohr Model]]
*[[Quantized energy levels]]
*[[Energy graphs and the Bohr model]]
</div>
</div>

===Week 7===
<div class="toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">
====The Hydrogen Atom====
<div class="mw-collapsible-content">
*[[Quantum Theory]]
*[[Atomic Theory]]
</div>
</div>

===Week 8===
<div class="toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">
====Many-Electron Atoms====
<div class="mw-collapsible-content">
*[[Quantum Theory]]
*[[Atomic Theory]]
*[[Pauli exclusion principle]]
</div>
</div>

===Week 9===
<div class="toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">
====Molecules====
<div class="mw-collapsible-content">
</div>
*[[Molecules]]
</div>

===Week 10===
<div class="toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">
====Statistical Physics====
<div class="mw-collapsible-content">
</div>
</div>

===Week 11===
<div class="toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">
====Condensed Matter Physics====
<div class="mw-collapsible-content">
</div>
</div>

===Week 12===
<div class="toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">
====The Nucleus====
<div class="mw-collapsible-content">
*[[Nucleus]]
</div>
</div>

===Week 13===
<div class="toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">
====Nuclear Physics====
<div class="mw-collapsible-content">
*[[Nuclear Fission]]
*[[Nuclear Energy from Fission and Fusion]]
</div>
</div>

===Week 14===
<div class="toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">
====Particle Physics====
<div class="mw-collapsible-content">
*[[Elementary Particles and Particle Physics Theory]]
*[[String Theory]]
</div>
</div>
</div>

Main Page

2020-11-23T01:30:03Z

Stakang3: /* Motional EMF */

__NOTOC__
= '''Georgia Tech Student Wiki for Introductory Physics.''' =

This resource was created so that students can contribute and curate content to help those with limited or no access to a textbook. When reading this website, please correct any errors you may come across. If you read something that isn't clear, please consider revising it for future students!

Looking to make a contribution?
#Pick one of the topics from intro physics listed below
#Add content to that topic or improve the quality of what is already there.
#Need to make a new topic? Edit this page and add it to the list under the appropriate category. Then copy and paste the default [[Template]] into your new page and start editing.

Please remember that this is not a textbook and you are not limited to expressing your ideas with only text and equations. Whenever possible embed: pictures, videos, diagrams, simulations, computational models (e.g. Glowscript), and whatever content you think makes learning physics easier for other students.

== Source Material ==
All of the content added to this resource must be in the public domain or similar free resource. If you are unsure about a source, contact the original author for permission. That said, there is a surprisingly large amount of introductory physics content scattered across the web. Here is an incomplete list of intro physics resources (please update as needed).
* A physics resource written by experts for an expert audience [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:Physics Physics Portal]
* A wiki written for students by a physics expert [http://p3server.pa.msu.edu/coursewiki/doku.php?id=183_notes MSU Physics Wiki]
* A wiki book on modern physics [https://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Modern_Physics Modern Physics Wiki]
* The MIT open courseware for intro physics [http://ocw.mit.edu/resources/res-8-002-a-wikitextbook-for-introductory-mechanics-fall-2009/index.htm MITOCW Wiki]
* An online concept map of intro physics [http://hyperphysics.phy-astr.gsu.edu/hbase/hph.html HyperPhysics]
* Interactive physics simulations [https://phet.colorado.edu/en/simulations/category/physics PhET]
* OpenStax intro physics textbooks: [https://openstax.org/details/books/university-physics-volume-1 Vol1], [https://openstax.org/details/books/university-physics-volume-2 Vol2], [https://openstax.org/details/books/university-physics-volume-3 Vol3]
* The Open Source Physics project is a collection of online physics resources [http://www.opensourcephysics.org/ OSP]
* A resource guide compiled by the [http://www.aapt.org/ AAPT] for educators [http://www.compadre.org/ ComPADRE]
* The Feynman lectures on physics are free to read [http://www.feynmanlectures.caltech.edu/ Feynman]
* Final Study Guide for Modern Physics II created by a lab TA [https://docs.google.com/document/d/1_6GktDPq5tiNFFYs_ZjgjxBAWVQYaXp_2Imha4_nSyc/edit?usp=sharing Modern Physics II Final Study Guide]

== Resources ==
* Commonly used wiki commands [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:Cheatsheet Wiki Cheatsheet]
* A guide to representing equations in math mode [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:Displaying_a_formula Wiki Math Mode]
* A page to keep track of all the physics [[Constants]]
* A listing of [[Notable Scientist]] with links to their individual pages

<div style="float:left; width:30%; padding:1%;">

==Physics 1==
===Week 1===
<div class="toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">
====GlowScript 101====
<div class="mw-collapsible-content">
*[[Python Syntax]]
*[[GlowScript]]
</div>
</div>

<div class="toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">

====VPython====

<div class="mw-collapsible-content">
*[[VPython]]
*[[VPython basics]]
*[[VPython Common Errors and Troubleshooting]]
*[[VPython Functions]]
*[[VPython Lists]]
*[[VPython Loops]]
*[[VPython Multithreading]]
*[[VPython Animation]]
*[[VPython Objects]]
*[[VPython 3D Objects]]
*[[VPython Reference]]
*[[VPython MapReduceFilter]]
*[[VPython GUIs]]
</div>
</div>

<div class="toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">

====Vectors and Units====
<div class="mw-collapsible-content">
*[[Vectors]]
*[[SI Units]]
</div>
</div>

<div class="toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">

====Interactions====
<div class="mw-collapsible-content">
*[[Types of Interactions and How to Detect Them]]
</div>
</div>

<div class="toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">
====Velocity and Momentum====
<div class="mw-collapsible-content">
*[[Newton's First Law of Motion]]
*[[Mass]]
*[[Velocity]]
*[[Speed]]
*[[Speed vs Velocity]]
*[[Relative Velocity]]
*[[Derivation of Average Velocity]]
*[[2-Dimensional Motion]]
*[[3-Dimensional Position and Motion]]
</div>
</div>

===Week 2===
<div class="toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">
====Momentum and the Momentum Principle====
<div class="mw-collapsible-content">
*[[Linear Momentum]]
*[[Newton's Second Law: the Momentum Principle]]
*[[Impulse and Momentum]]
*[[Net Force]]
*[[Inertia]]
*[[Acceleration]]
*[[Relativistic Momentum]]

</div>
</div>

<div class="toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">

====Iterative Prediction with a Constant Force====
<div class="mw-collapsible-content">
*[[Iterative Prediction]]
</div>
</div>

===Week 3===
<div class="toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">

====Analytic Prediction with a Constant Force====
<div class="mw-collapsible-content">

*[[Kinematics]]
*[[Projectile Motion]]
</div>
</div>

<div class="toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">

====Iterative Prediction with a Varying Force====
<div class="mw-collapsible-content">
*[[Fundamentals of Iterative Prediction with Varying Force]]
*[[Spring_Force]]
*[[Simple Harmonic Motion]]


*[[Iterative Prediction of Spring-Mass System]]
*[[Terminal Speed]]
*[[Predicting Change in multiple dimensions]]
*[[Two Dimensional Harmonic Motion]]
*[[Determinism]]
</div>
</div>

===Week 4===
<div class="toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">
====Fundamental Interactions====
<div class="mw-collapsible-content">
*[[Gravitational Force]]
*[[Gravitational Force Near Earth]]
*[[Gravitational Force in Space and Other Applications]]
*[[3 or More Body Interactions]]

*[[Electric Force]]
*[[Introduction to Magnetic Force]]
*[[Strong and Weak Force]]
*[[Reciprocity]]
*[[Conservation of Momentum]]
</div>
</div>

===Week 5===
<div class="toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">
====Properties of Matter====
<div class="mw-collapsible-content">
*[[Kinds of Matter]]
*[[Ball and Spring Model of Matter]]
*[[Density]]
*[[Length and Stiffness of an Interatomic Bond]]
*[[Young's Modulus]]
*[[Speed of Sound in Solids]]
*[[Malleability]]
*[[Ductility]]
*[[Weight]]
*[[Hardness]]
*[[Boiling Point]]
*[[Melting Point]]
*[[Change of State]]
</div>
</div>

===Week 6===
<div class="toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">
====Identifying Forces====
<div class="mw-collapsible-content">
*[[Free Body Diagram]]
*[[Inclined Plane]]
*[[Compression or Normal Force]]
*[[Tension]]
</div>
</div>
<div class="toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">

====Curving Motion====
<div class="mw-collapsible-content">
*[[Curving Motion]]
*[[Centripetal Force and Curving Motion]]
*[[Perpetual Freefall (Orbit)]]
</div>
</div>

===Week 7===
<div class="toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">
====Energy Principle====
<div class="mw-collapsible-content">
*[[Energy of a Single Particle]]
*[[Kinetic Energy]]
*[[Work/Energy]]
*[[The Energy Principle]]
*[[Conservation of Energy]]
</div>
</div>

===Week 8===
<div class="toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">
====Work by Non-Constant Forces====
<div class="mw-collapsible-content">
*[[Work Done By A Nonconstant Force]]
</div>
</div>
<div class="toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">
====Potential Energy====
<div class="mw-collapsible-content">
*[[Potential Energy]]
*[[Potential Energy of Macroscopic Springs]]
*[[Spring Potential Energy]]
*[[Ball and Spring Model]]
*[[Gravitational Potential Energy]]
*[[Energy Graphs]]
*[[Escape Velocity]]
</div>
</div>

===Week 9===
<div class="toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">
====Multiparticle Systems====
<div class="mw-collapsible-content">
*[[Center of Mass]]
*[[Multi-particle analysis of Momentum]]
*[[Potential Energy of a Multiparticle System]]
*[[Work and Energy for an Extended System]]
*[[Internal Energy]]
**[[Potential Energy of a Pair of Neutral Atoms]]
</div>
</div>

===Week 10===
<div class="toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">
====Choice of System====
<div class="mw-collapsible-content">
*[[System & Surroundings]]
</div>
</div>
<div class="toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">
====Thermal Energy, Dissipation, and Transfer of Energy====
<div class="mw-collapsible-content">
*[[Thermal Energy]]
*[[Specific Heat]]
*[[Calorific Value(Heat of combustion)]]
*[[First Law of Thermodynamics]]
*[[Second Law of Thermodynamics and Entropy]]
*[[Temperature]]
*[[Transformation of Energy]]
*[[The Maxwell-Boltzmann Distribution]]
*[[Air Resistance]]
</div>
</div>
<div class="toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">

====Rotational and Vibrational Energy====
<div class="mw-collapsible-content">
*[[Translational, Rotational and Vibrational Energy]]
*[[Rolling Motion]]
</div>
</div>

===Week 11===
<div class="toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">
====Different Models of a System====
<div class="mw-collapsible-content">
*[[Point Particle Systems]]
*[[Real Systems]]
</div>
</div>
<div class="toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">
====Friction====
<div class="mw-collapsible-content">
*[[Friction]]
*[[Static Friction]]
*[[Kinetic Friction]]
</div>
</div>

===Week 12===
<div class="toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">
====Conservation of Momentum====
<div class="mw-collapsible-content">
*[[Conservation of Momentum]]
</div>
</div>
<div class="toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">
====Collisions====
<div class="mw-collapsible-content">
*[[Newton's Third Law of Motion]]
*[[Collisions]]
*[[Elastic Collisions]]
*[[Inelastic Collisions]]
*[[Maximally Inelastic Collision]]
*[[Head-on Collision of Equal Masses]]
*[[Head-on Collision of Unequal Masses]]
*[[Scattering: Collisions in 2D and 3D]]
*[[Rutherford Experiment and Atomic Collisions]]
*[[Coefficient of Restitution]]
</div>
</div>

===Week 13===
<div class="toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">
====Rotations====
<div class="mw-collapsible-content">
*[[Rotational Kinematics]]
*[[Eulerian Angles]]
</div>
</div>
<div class="toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">

====Angular Momentum====
<div class="mw-collapsible-content">
*[[Total Angular Momentum]]
*[[Translational Angular Momentum]]
*[[Rotational Angular Momentum]]
*[[The Angular Momentum Principle]]
*[[Angular Impulse]]
*[[Predicting the Position of a Rotating System]]
*[[The Moments of Inertia]]
*[[Right Hand Rule]]
</div>
</div>

===Week 14===
<div class="toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">
====Analyzing Motion with and without Torque====
<div class="mw-collapsible-content">
*[[Torque]]
*[[Torque 2]]
*[[Systems with Zero Torque]]
*[[Systems with Nonzero Torque]]
*[[Torque vs Work]]
*[[Gyroscopes]]
</div>
</div>

===Week 15===
<div class="toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">
====Introduction to Quantum Concepts====
<div class="mw-collapsible-content">
*[[Bohr Model]]
*[[Energy graphs and the Bohr model]]
*[[Quantized energy levels]]
*[[Electron transitions]]
*[[Entropy]]
</div>
</div>
</div>

<div style="float:left; width:30%; padding:1%;">

==Physics 2==
===Week 1===
<div class="toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">
====3D Vectors====

<div class="mw-collapsible-content">
*[[Vectors]]
*[[Right-Hand Rule]]
*[[Right Hand Rule]]
</div>
</div>

<div class="toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">

====Electric field====
<div class="mw-collapsible-content">
*[[Electric Field]]
*[[Electric Field and Electric Potential]]
</div>
</div>

<div class="toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">

====Electric force====
<div class="mw-collapsible-content">
*[[Electric Force]]
*[[Lorentz Force]]
</div>
</div>

<div class="toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">

====Electric field of a point particle====
<div class="mw-collapsible-content">
*[[Point Charge]]
</div>
</div>

<div class="toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">

====Superposition====
<div class="mw-collapsible-content">
*[[Superposition Principle]]
*[[Superposition principle]]
</div>
</div>

<div class="toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">
====Dipoles====
<div class="mw-collapsible-content">
*[[Electric Dipole]]
*[[Magnetic Dipole]]
</div>
</div>

===Week 2===
<div class="toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">
====Interactions of charged objects====
<div class="mw-collapsible-content">
*[[Electric Field]]
*[[Electric Potential]]
*[[Electric Force]]
*[[Lorentz Force]]
</div>
</div>

<div class="toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">
====Tape experiments====
<div class="mw-collapsible-content">
*[[Polarization]]
*[[Electric Polarization]]
</div>
</div>

<div class="toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">
====Polarization====
<div class="mw-collapsible-content">
*[[Polarization]]
*[[Electric Polarization]]
*[[Polarization of an Atom]]
</div>
</div>

===Week 3===
<div class="toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">
====Conductors and Insulators====
<div class="mw-collapsible-content">
*[[Conductivity and Resistivity]]
*[[Insulators]]
*[[Potential Difference in an Insulator]]
*[[Conductors]]
*[[Polarization of a conductor]]
</div>
</div>

<div class="toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">

====Charging and Discharging====
<div class="mw-collapsible-content">
*[[Charge Transfer]]
*[[Electrostatic Discharge]]
*[[Charged Conductor and Charged Insulator]]
</div>
</div>

===Week 4===
<div class="toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">
====Field of a charged rod====
<div class="mw-collapsible-content">
*[[Field of a Charged Rod|Charged Rod]]
</div>
</div>

<div class="toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">

====Field of a charged ring/disk/capacitor====
<div class="mw-collapsible-content">
*[[Charged Ring]]
*[[Charged Disk]]
*[[Charged Capacitor]]
</div>
</div>

<div class="toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">
====Field of a charged sphere====
<div class="mw-collapsible-content">
*[[Charged Spherical Shell]]
*[[Field of a Charged Ball]]
</div>
</div>

===Week 5===
<div class="toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">
====Potential energy====
<div class="mw-collapsible-content">
*[[Potential Energy]]
</div>
</div>

<div class="toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">

====Electric potential====
<div class="mw-collapsible-content">
*[[Electric Potential]]
*[[Path Independence of Electric Potential]]
*[[Potential Difference Path Independence, claimed by Aditya Mohile]]
*[[Potential Difference in a Uniform Field]]
*[[Potential Difference of Point Charge in a Non-Uniform Field]]
</div>
</div>
<div class="toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">
====Sign of a potential difference====
<div class="mw-collapsible-content">
*[[Sign of a Potential Difference]]
</div>
</div>
<div class="toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">
====Potential at a single location====
<div class="mw-collapsible-content">
*[[Electric Potential]]
*[[Potential Difference at One Location]]
</div>
</div>

<div class="toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">

====Path independence and round trip potential====
<div class="mw-collapsible-content">
*[[Path Independence of Electric Potential]]
*[[Potential Difference Path Independence, claimed by Aditya Mohile]]
</div>
</div>

===Week 6===
<div class="toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">
====Electric field and potential in an insulator====
<div class="mw-collapsible-content">
*[[Potential Difference in an Insulator]]
*[[Electric Field in an Insulator]]
</div>
</div>
<div class="toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">
====Moving charges in a magnetic field====
<div class="mw-collapsible-content">
*[[Magnetic Field]]
*[[Magnetic Force]]
*[[Lorentz Force]]
</div>
</div>
<div class="toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">
====Biot-Savart Law====
<div class="mw-collapsible-content">
*[[Biot-Savart Law]]
*[[Biot-Savart Law for Currents]]
</div>
</div>
<div class="toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">
====Moving charges, electron current, and conventional current====
<div class="mw-collapsible-content">
*[[Moving Point Charge]]
*[[Current]]
</div>
</div>

===Week 7===
<div class="toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">
====Magnetic field of a wire====
<div class="mw-collapsible-content">
*[[Magnetic Field of a Long Straight Wire]]
</div>
</div>

<div class="toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">

====Magnetic field of a current-carrying loop====
<div class="mw-collapsible-content">
*[[Magnetic Field of a Loop]]
</div>
</div>

<div class="toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">
====Magnetic field of a Charged Disk====
<div class="mw-collapsible-content">
*[[Magnetic Field of a Disk]]
</div>
</div>

<div class="toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">
====Magnetic dipoles====
<div class="mw-collapsible-content">
*[[Magnetic Dipole Moment]]
*[[Bar Magnet]]
</div>
</div>

<div class="toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">
====Atomic structure of magnets====
<div class="mw-collapsible-content">
*[[Atomic Structure of Magnets]]
</div>
</div>

===Week 8===
<div class="toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">
====Steady state current====
<div class="mw-collapsible-content">
*[[Steady State]]
*[[Non Steady State]]
</div>
</div>

<div class="toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">
====Kirchoff's Laws====
<div class="mw-collapsible-content">
*[[Kirchoff's Laws]]
</div>
</div>

<div class="toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">
====Electric fields and energy in circuits====
<div class="mw-collapsible-content">
*[[Electric Potential Difference]]
</div>
</div>

<div class="toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">

====Macroscopic analysis of circuits====
<div class="mw-collapsible-content">
*[[Series Circuits]]
*[[Parallel Circuits]]
*[[Parallel Circuits vs. Series Circuits*]]
*[[Loop Rule]]
*[[Node Rule]]
*[[Fundamentals of Resistance]]
*[[Problem Solving]]
</div>
</div>

===Week 9===
<div class="toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">
====Electric field and potential in circuits with capacitors====
<div class="mw-collapsible-content">
*[[Charging and Discharging a Capacitor]]
*[[RC Circuit]]
*[[R Circuit]]
*[[AC and DC]]
</div>
</div>

<div class="toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">
====Magnetic forces on charges and currents====
<div class="mw-collapsible-content">
*[[Magnetic Force]]
*[[Lorentz Force]]
*[[Motors and Generators]]
*[[Applying Magnetic Force to Currents]]
*[[Magnetic Force in a Moving Reference Frame]]
*[[Right-Hand Rule]]
*[[Analysis of Railgun vs Coil gun technologies]]
</div>
</div>

<div class="toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">

====Electric and magnetic forces====
<div class="mw-collapsible-content">
*[[Electric Force]]
*[[Magnetic Force]]
*[[Lorentz Force]]
*[[VPython Modelling of Electric and Magnetic Forces]]
</div>
</div>

<div class="toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">

====Velocity selector====
<div class="mw-collapsible-content">
*[[Lorentz Force]]
*[[Combining Electric and Magnetic Forces]]
</div>
</div>

===Week 10===
<div class="toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">

====Hall Effect====
<div class="mw-collapsible-content">
*[[Hall Effect]]
<h1><strong>Alayna Baker Spring 2020</strong></h1>
[[File:Hall Effect 1.jpg]]
[[File:Hall Effect 2.jpg]]

*[[Right-Hand Rule]]
*[[Motional Emf]]
*[[Magnetic Force]]
*[[Magnetic Torque]]
</div>
</div>

<div class="toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">

====Motional EMF====

<div class="mw-collapsible-content">
*[[Motional Emf]]
<h1><strong>Adeline Boswell Fall 2019</strong></h1>
[[File:Motional EMF Example.jpg]]

*[[Motional Emf using Faraday's Law]]
</div>
</div>http://www.physicsbook.gatech.edu/Special:RecentChangesLinked/Main_Page

<div class="toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">

If you have a bar attached to two rails, and the rails are connected by a resistor, you have effectively created a circuit. As the bar moves, it creates an "electromotive force"[[File:Example.jpg]]

====Magnetic force====
<div class="mw-collapsible-content">
*[[Magnetic Force]]
*[[Lorentz Force]]
</div>
</div>

<div class="toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">
====Magnetic torque====
<div class="mw-collapsible-content">
*[[Magnetic Torque]]
*[[Right-Hand Rule]]
</div>
</div>

===Week 12===

<div class="toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">
====Gauss's Law====
<div class="mw-collapsible-content">
*[[Gauss's Flux Theorem]]
*[[Gauss's Law]]
*[[Magnetic Flux]]
</div>
</div>

<div class="toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">
====Ampere's Law====
<div class="mw-collapsible-content">
*[[Ampere's Law]]
*[[Ampere-Maxwell Law]]
*[[Magnetic Field of Coaxial Cable Using Ampere's Law]]
*[[Magnetic Field of a Long Thick Wire Using Ampere's Law]]
*[[Magnetic Field of a Toroid Using Ampere's Law]]
*[[Magnetic Field of a Solenoid Using Ampere's Law]]
*[[The Differential Form of Ampere's Law]]
</div>
</div>

===Week 13===
<div class="toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">
====Semiconductors====
<div class="mw-collapsible-content">
*[[Semiconductor Devices]]
</div>
</div>

<div class="toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">
====Faraday's Law====
<div class="mw-collapsible-content">
*[[Faraday's Law]]
*[[Motional Emf using Faraday's Law]]
*[[Lenz's Law]]

</div>
</div>

<div class="toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">

====Maxwell's equations====
<div class="mw-collapsible-content">
*[[Gauss's Law]]
*[[Magnetic Flux]]
*[[Ampere's Law]]
*[[Faraday's Law]]
*[[Maxwell's Electromagnetic Theory]]
</div>
</div>

===Week 14===
<div class="toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">
====Circuits revisited====
<div class="mw-collapsible-content">

</div>
</div>

<div class="toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">

====Inductors====
<div class="mw-collapsible-content">
*[[Inductors]]
*[[Current in an LC Circuit]]
*[[Current in an RL Circuit]]
</div>
</div>

===Week 15===
<div class="toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">
==== Electromagnetic Radiation ====
<div class="mw-collapsible-content">
*[[Electromagnetic Radiation]]
</div>
</div>

<div class="toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">
====Sparks in the air====
<div class="mw-collapsible-content">
*[[Sparks in Air]]
*[[Spark Plugs]]
</div>
</div>

<div class="toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">
====Superconductors====
<div class="mw-collapsible-content">
*[[Superconducters]]
*[[Superconductors]]
*[[Meissner effect]]
</div>
</div>
</div>

<div style="float:left; width:30%; padding:1%;">

==Physics 3==

===Week 1===
<div class="toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">
====Classical Physics====
<div class="mw-collapsible-content">
</div>
</div>

===Week 2===
<div class="toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">
====Special Relativity====
<div class="mw-collapsible-content">
*[[Frame of Reference]]
*[[Einstein's Theory of Special Relativity]]
*[[Time Dilation]]
*[[Einstein's Theory of General Relativity]]
*[[Albert A. Micheleson & Edward W. Morley]]
*[[Magnetic Force in a Moving Reference Frame]]
</div>
</div>

===Week 3===
<div class="toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">
====Photons====
<div class="mw-collapsible-content">
*[[Spontaneous Photon Emission]]
*[[Light Scattering: Why is the Sky Blue]]
*[[Lasers]]
*[[Electronic Energy Levels and Photons]]
*[[Quantum Properties of Light]]
</div>
</div>

===Week 4===
<div class="toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">
====Matter Waves====
<div class="mw-collapsible-content">
*[[Wave-Particle Duality]]
</div>
</div>

===Week 5===
<div class="toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">
====Wave Mechanics====
<div class="mw-collapsible-content">
*[[Standing Waves]]
*[[Wavelength]]
*[[Wavelength and Frequency]]
*[[Mechanical Waves]]
*[[Transverse and Longitudinal Waves]]
</div>
</div>

===Week 6===
<div class="toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">
====Rutherford-Bohr Model====
<div class="mw-collapsible-content">
*[[Rutherford Experiment and Atomic Collisions]]
*[[Bohr Model]]
*[[Quantized energy levels]]
*[[Energy graphs and the Bohr model]]
</div>
</div>

===Week 7===
<div class="toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">
====The Hydrogen Atom====
<div class="mw-collapsible-content">
*[[Quantum Theory]]
*[[Atomic Theory]]
</div>
</div>

===Week 8===
<div class="toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">
====Many-Electron Atoms====
<div class="mw-collapsible-content">
*[[Quantum Theory]]
*[[Atomic Theory]]
*[[Pauli exclusion principle]]
</div>
</div>

===Week 9===
<div class="toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">
====Molecules====
<div class="mw-collapsible-content">
</div>
*[[Molecules]]
</div>

===Week 10===
<div class="toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">
====Statistical Physics====
<div class="mw-collapsible-content">
</div>
</div>

===Week 11===
<div class="toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">
====Condensed Matter Physics====
<div class="mw-collapsible-content">
</div>
</div>

===Week 12===
<div class="toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">
====The Nucleus====
<div class="mw-collapsible-content">
*[[Nucleus]]
</div>
</div>

===Week 13===
<div class="toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">
====Nuclear Physics====
<div class="mw-collapsible-content">
*[[Nuclear Fission]]
*[[Nuclear Energy from Fission and Fusion]]
</div>
</div>

===Week 14===
<div class="toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">
====Particle Physics====
<div class="mw-collapsible-content">
*[[Elementary Particles and Particle Physics Theory]]
*[[String Theory]]
</div>
</div>
</div>

Main Page

2020-11-22T20:38:42Z

Stakang3: /* Motional EMF */

__NOTOC__
= '''Georgia Tech Student Wiki for Introductory Physics.''' =

This resource was created so that students can contribute and curate content to help those with limited or no access to a textbook. When reading this website, please correct any errors you may come across. If you read something that isn't clear, please consider revising it for future students!

Looking to make a contribution?
#Pick one of the topics from intro physics listed below
#Add content to that topic or improve the quality of what is already there.
#Need to make a new topic? Edit this page and add it to the list under the appropriate category. Then copy and paste the default [[Template]] into your new page and start editing.

Please remember that this is not a textbook and you are not limited to expressing your ideas with only text and equations. Whenever possible embed: pictures, videos, diagrams, simulations, computational models (e.g. Glowscript), and whatever content you think makes learning physics easier for other students.

== Source Material ==
All of the content added to this resource must be in the public domain or similar free resource. If you are unsure about a source, contact the original author for permission. That said, there is a surprisingly large amount of introductory physics content scattered across the web. Here is an incomplete list of intro physics resources (please update as needed).
* A physics resource written by experts for an expert audience [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:Physics Physics Portal]
* A wiki written for students by a physics expert [http://p3server.pa.msu.edu/coursewiki/doku.php?id=183_notes MSU Physics Wiki]
* A wiki book on modern physics [https://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Modern_Physics Modern Physics Wiki]
* The MIT open courseware for intro physics [http://ocw.mit.edu/resources/res-8-002-a-wikitextbook-for-introductory-mechanics-fall-2009/index.htm MITOCW Wiki]
* An online concept map of intro physics [http://hyperphysics.phy-astr.gsu.edu/hbase/hph.html HyperPhysics]
* Interactive physics simulations [https://phet.colorado.edu/en/simulations/category/physics PhET]
* OpenStax intro physics textbooks: [https://openstax.org/details/books/university-physics-volume-1 Vol1], [https://openstax.org/details/books/university-physics-volume-2 Vol2], [https://openstax.org/details/books/university-physics-volume-3 Vol3]
* The Open Source Physics project is a collection of online physics resources [http://www.opensourcephysics.org/ OSP]
* A resource guide compiled by the [http://www.aapt.org/ AAPT] for educators [http://www.compadre.org/ ComPADRE]
* The Feynman lectures on physics are free to read [http://www.feynmanlectures.caltech.edu/ Feynman]
* Final Study Guide for Modern Physics II created by a lab TA [https://docs.google.com/document/d/1_6GktDPq5tiNFFYs_ZjgjxBAWVQYaXp_2Imha4_nSyc/edit?usp=sharing Modern Physics II Final Study Guide]

== Resources ==
* Commonly used wiki commands [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:Cheatsheet Wiki Cheatsheet]
* A guide to representing equations in math mode [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:Displaying_a_formula Wiki Math Mode]
* A page to keep track of all the physics [[Constants]]
* A listing of [[Notable Scientist]] with links to their individual pages

<div style="float:left; width:30%; padding:1%;">

==Physics 1==
===Week 1===
<div class="toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">
====GlowScript 101====
<div class="mw-collapsible-content">
*[[Python Syntax]]
*[[GlowScript]]
</div>
</div>

<div class="toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">

====VPython====

<div class="mw-collapsible-content">
*[[VPython]]
*[[VPython basics]]
*[[VPython Common Errors and Troubleshooting]]
*[[VPython Functions]]
*[[VPython Lists]]
*[[VPython Loops]]
*[[VPython Multithreading]]
*[[VPython Animation]]
*[[VPython Objects]]
*[[VPython 3D Objects]]
*[[VPython Reference]]
*[[VPython MapReduceFilter]]
*[[VPython GUIs]]
</div>
</div>

<div class="toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">

====Vectors and Units====
<div class="mw-collapsible-content">
*[[Vectors]]
*[[SI Units]]
</div>
</div>

<div class="toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">

====Interactions====
<div class="mw-collapsible-content">
*[[Types of Interactions and How to Detect Them]]
</div>
</div>

<div class="toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">
====Velocity and Momentum====
<div class="mw-collapsible-content">
*[[Newton's First Law of Motion]]
*[[Mass]]
*[[Velocity]]
*[[Speed]]
*[[Speed vs Velocity]]
*[[Relative Velocity]]
*[[Derivation of Average Velocity]]
*[[2-Dimensional Motion]]
*[[3-Dimensional Position and Motion]]
</div>
</div>

===Week 2===
<div class="toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">
====Momentum and the Momentum Principle====
<div class="mw-collapsible-content">
*[[Linear Momentum]]
*[[Newton's Second Law: the Momentum Principle]]
*[[Impulse and Momentum]]
*[[Net Force]]
*[[Inertia]]
*[[Acceleration]]
*[[Relativistic Momentum]]

</div>
</div>

<div class="toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">

====Iterative Prediction with a Constant Force====
<div class="mw-collapsible-content">
*[[Iterative Prediction]]
</div>
</div>

===Week 3===
<div class="toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">

====Analytic Prediction with a Constant Force====
<div class="mw-collapsible-content">

*[[Kinematics]]
*[[Projectile Motion]]
</div>
</div>

<div class="toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">

====Iterative Prediction with a Varying Force====
<div class="mw-collapsible-content">
*[[Fundamentals of Iterative Prediction with Varying Force]]
*[[Spring_Force]]
*[[Simple Harmonic Motion]]


*[[Iterative Prediction of Spring-Mass System]]
*[[Terminal Speed]]
*[[Predicting Change in multiple dimensions]]
*[[Two Dimensional Harmonic Motion]]
*[[Determinism]]
</div>
</div>

===Week 4===
<div class="toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">
====Fundamental Interactions====
<div class="mw-collapsible-content">
*[[Gravitational Force]]
*[[Gravitational Force Near Earth]]
*[[Gravitational Force in Space and Other Applications]]
*[[3 or More Body Interactions]]

*[[Electric Force]]
*[[Introduction to Magnetic Force]]
*[[Strong and Weak Force]]
*[[Reciprocity]]
*[[Conservation of Momentum]]
</div>
</div>

===Week 5===
<div class="toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">
====Properties of Matter====
<div class="mw-collapsible-content">
*[[Kinds of Matter]]
*[[Ball and Spring Model of Matter]]
*[[Density]]
*[[Length and Stiffness of an Interatomic Bond]]
*[[Young's Modulus]]
*[[Speed of Sound in Solids]]
*[[Malleability]]
*[[Ductility]]
*[[Weight]]
*[[Hardness]]
*[[Boiling Point]]
*[[Melting Point]]
*[[Change of State]]
</div>
</div>

===Week 6===
<div class="toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">
====Identifying Forces====
<div class="mw-collapsible-content">
*[[Free Body Diagram]]
*[[Inclined Plane]]
*[[Compression or Normal Force]]
*[[Tension]]
</div>
</div>
<div class="toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">

====Curving Motion====
<div class="mw-collapsible-content">
*[[Curving Motion]]
*[[Centripetal Force and Curving Motion]]
*[[Perpetual Freefall (Orbit)]]
</div>
</div>

===Week 7===
<div class="toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">
====Energy Principle====
<div class="mw-collapsible-content">
*[[Energy of a Single Particle]]
*[[Kinetic Energy]]
*[[Work/Energy]]
*[[The Energy Principle]]
*[[Conservation of Energy]]
</div>
</div>

===Week 8===
<div class="toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">
====Work by Non-Constant Forces====
<div class="mw-collapsible-content">
*[[Work Done By A Nonconstant Force]]
</div>
</div>
<div class="toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">
====Potential Energy====
<div class="mw-collapsible-content">
*[[Potential Energy]]
*[[Potential Energy of Macroscopic Springs]]
*[[Spring Potential Energy]]
*[[Ball and Spring Model]]
*[[Gravitational Potential Energy]]
*[[Energy Graphs]]
*[[Escape Velocity]]
</div>
</div>

===Week 9===
<div class="toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">
====Multiparticle Systems====
<div class="mw-collapsible-content">
*[[Center of Mass]]
*[[Multi-particle analysis of Momentum]]
*[[Potential Energy of a Multiparticle System]]
*[[Work and Energy for an Extended System]]
*[[Internal Energy]]
**[[Potential Energy of a Pair of Neutral Atoms]]
</div>
</div>

===Week 10===
<div class="toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">
====Choice of System====
<div class="mw-collapsible-content">
*[[System & Surroundings]]
</div>
</div>
<div class="toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">
====Thermal Energy, Dissipation, and Transfer of Energy====
<div class="mw-collapsible-content">
*[[Thermal Energy]]
*[[Specific Heat]]
*[[Calorific Value(Heat of combustion)]]
*[[First Law of Thermodynamics]]
*[[Second Law of Thermodynamics and Entropy]]
*[[Temperature]]
*[[Transformation of Energy]]
*[[The Maxwell-Boltzmann Distribution]]
*[[Air Resistance]]
</div>
</div>
<div class="toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">

====Rotational and Vibrational Energy====
<div class="mw-collapsible-content">
*[[Translational, Rotational and Vibrational Energy]]
*[[Rolling Motion]]
</div>
</div>

===Week 11===
<div class="toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">
====Different Models of a System====
<div class="mw-collapsible-content">
*[[Point Particle Systems]]
*[[Real Systems]]
</div>
</div>
<div class="toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">
====Friction====
<div class="mw-collapsible-content">
*[[Friction]]
*[[Static Friction]]
*[[Kinetic Friction]]
</div>
</div>

===Week 12===
<div class="toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">
====Conservation of Momentum====
<div class="mw-collapsible-content">
*[[Conservation of Momentum]]
</div>
</div>
<div class="toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">
====Collisions====
<div class="mw-collapsible-content">
*[[Newton's Third Law of Motion]]
*[[Collisions]]
*[[Elastic Collisions]]
*[[Inelastic Collisions]]
*[[Maximally Inelastic Collision]]
*[[Head-on Collision of Equal Masses]]
*[[Head-on Collision of Unequal Masses]]
*[[Scattering: Collisions in 2D and 3D]]
*[[Rutherford Experiment and Atomic Collisions]]
*[[Coefficient of Restitution]]
</div>
</div>

===Week 13===
<div class="toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">
====Rotations====
<div class="mw-collapsible-content">
*[[Rotational Kinematics]]
*[[Eulerian Angles]]
</div>
</div>
<div class="toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">

====Angular Momentum====
<div class="mw-collapsible-content">
*[[Total Angular Momentum]]
*[[Translational Angular Momentum]]
*[[Rotational Angular Momentum]]
*[[The Angular Momentum Principle]]
*[[Angular Impulse]]
*[[Predicting the Position of a Rotating System]]
*[[The Moments of Inertia]]
*[[Right Hand Rule]]
</div>
</div>

===Week 14===
<div class="toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">
====Analyzing Motion with and without Torque====
<div class="mw-collapsible-content">
*[[Torque]]
*[[Torque 2]]
*[[Systems with Zero Torque]]
*[[Systems with Nonzero Torque]]
*[[Torque vs Work]]
*[[Gyroscopes]]
</div>
</div>

===Week 15===
<div class="toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">
====Introduction to Quantum Concepts====
<div class="mw-collapsible-content">
*[[Bohr Model]]
*[[Energy graphs and the Bohr model]]
*[[Quantized energy levels]]
*[[Electron transitions]]
*[[Entropy]]
</div>
</div>
</div>

<div style="float:left; width:30%; padding:1%;">

==Physics 2==
===Week 1===
<div class="toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">
====3D Vectors====

<div class="mw-collapsible-content">
*[[Vectors]]
*[[Right-Hand Rule]]
*[[Right Hand Rule]]
</div>
</div>

<div class="toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">

====Electric field====
<div class="mw-collapsible-content">
*[[Electric Field]]
*[[Electric Field and Electric Potential]]
</div>
</div>

<div class="toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">

====Electric force====
<div class="mw-collapsible-content">
*[[Electric Force]]
*[[Lorentz Force]]
</div>
</div>

<div class="toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">

====Electric field of a point particle====
<div class="mw-collapsible-content">
*[[Point Charge]]
</div>
</div>

<div class="toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">

====Superposition====
<div class="mw-collapsible-content">
*[[Superposition Principle]]
*[[Superposition principle]]
</div>
</div>

<div class="toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">
====Dipoles====
<div class="mw-collapsible-content">
*[[Electric Dipole]]
*[[Magnetic Dipole]]
</div>
</div>

===Week 2===
<div class="toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">
====Interactions of charged objects====
<div class="mw-collapsible-content">
*[[Electric Field]]
*[[Electric Potential]]
*[[Electric Force]]
*[[Lorentz Force]]
</div>
</div>

<div class="toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">
====Tape experiments====
<div class="mw-collapsible-content">
*[[Polarization]]
*[[Electric Polarization]]
</div>
</div>

<div class="toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">
====Polarization====
<div class="mw-collapsible-content">
*[[Polarization]]
*[[Electric Polarization]]
*[[Polarization of an Atom]]
</div>
</div>

===Week 3===
<div class="toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">
====Conductors and Insulators====
<div class="mw-collapsible-content">
*[[Conductivity and Resistivity]]
*[[Insulators]]
*[[Potential Difference in an Insulator]]
*[[Conductors]]
*[[Polarization of a conductor]]
</div>
</div>

<div class="toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">

====Charging and Discharging====
<div class="mw-collapsible-content">
*[[Charge Transfer]]
*[[Electrostatic Discharge]]
*[[Charged Conductor and Charged Insulator]]
</div>
</div>

===Week 4===
<div class="toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">
====Field of a charged rod====
<div class="mw-collapsible-content">
*[[Field of a Charged Rod|Charged Rod]]
</div>
</div>

<div class="toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">

====Field of a charged ring/disk/capacitor====
<div class="mw-collapsible-content">
*[[Charged Ring]]
*[[Charged Disk]]
*[[Charged Capacitor]]
</div>
</div>

<div class="toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">
====Field of a charged sphere====
<div class="mw-collapsible-content">
*[[Charged Spherical Shell]]
*[[Field of a Charged Ball]]
</div>
</div>

===Week 5===
<div class="toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">
====Potential energy====
<div class="mw-collapsible-content">
*[[Potential Energy]]
</div>
</div>

<div class="toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">

====Electric potential====
<div class="mw-collapsible-content">
*[[Electric Potential]]
*[[Path Independence of Electric Potential]]
*[[Potential Difference Path Independence, claimed by Aditya Mohile]]
*[[Potential Difference in a Uniform Field]]
*[[Potential Difference of Point Charge in a Non-Uniform Field]]
</div>
</div>
<div class="toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">
====Sign of a potential difference====
<div class="mw-collapsible-content">
*[[Sign of a Potential Difference]]
</div>
</div>
<div class="toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">
====Potential at a single location====
<div class="mw-collapsible-content">
*[[Electric Potential]]
*[[Potential Difference at One Location]]
</div>
</div>

<div class="toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">

====Path independence and round trip potential====
<div class="mw-collapsible-content">
*[[Path Independence of Electric Potential]]
*[[Potential Difference Path Independence, claimed by Aditya Mohile]]
</div>
</div>

===Week 6===
<div class="toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">
====Electric field and potential in an insulator====
<div class="mw-collapsible-content">
*[[Potential Difference in an Insulator]]
*[[Electric Field in an Insulator]]
</div>
</div>
<div class="toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">
====Moving charges in a magnetic field====
<div class="mw-collapsible-content">
*[[Magnetic Field]]
*[[Magnetic Force]]
*[[Lorentz Force]]
</div>
</div>
<div class="toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">
====Biot-Savart Law====
<div class="mw-collapsible-content">
*[[Biot-Savart Law]]
*[[Biot-Savart Law for Currents]]
</div>
</div>
<div class="toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">
====Moving charges, electron current, and conventional current====
<div class="mw-collapsible-content">
*[[Moving Point Charge]]
*[[Current]]
</div>
</div>

===Week 7===
<div class="toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">
====Magnetic field of a wire====
<div class="mw-collapsible-content">
*[[Magnetic Field of a Long Straight Wire]]
</div>
</div>

<div class="toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">

====Magnetic field of a current-carrying loop====
<div class="mw-collapsible-content">
*[[Magnetic Field of a Loop]]
</div>
</div>

<div class="toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">
====Magnetic field of a Charged Disk====
<div class="mw-collapsible-content">
*[[Magnetic Field of a Disk]]
</div>
</div>

<div class="toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">
====Magnetic dipoles====
<div class="mw-collapsible-content">
*[[Magnetic Dipole Moment]]
*[[Bar Magnet]]
</div>
</div>

<div class="toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">
====Atomic structure of magnets====
<div class="mw-collapsible-content">
*[[Atomic Structure of Magnets]]
</div>
</div>

===Week 8===
<div class="toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">
====Steady state current====
<div class="mw-collapsible-content">
*[[Steady State]]
*[[Non Steady State]]
</div>
</div>

<div class="toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">
====Kirchoff's Laws====
<div class="mw-collapsible-content">
*[[Kirchoff's Laws]]
</div>
</div>

<div class="toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">
====Electric fields and energy in circuits====
<div class="mw-collapsible-content">
*[[Electric Potential Difference]]
</div>
</div>

<div class="toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">

====Macroscopic analysis of circuits====
<div class="mw-collapsible-content">
*[[Series Circuits]]
*[[Parallel Circuits]]
*[[Parallel Circuits vs. Series Circuits*]]
*[[Loop Rule]]
*[[Node Rule]]
*[[Fundamentals of Resistance]]
*[[Problem Solving]]
</div>
</div>

===Week 9===
<div class="toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">
====Electric field and potential in circuits with capacitors====
<div class="mw-collapsible-content">
*[[Charging and Discharging a Capacitor]]
*[[RC Circuit]]
*[[R Circuit]]
*[[AC and DC]]
</div>
</div>

<div class="toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">
====Magnetic forces on charges and currents====
<div class="mw-collapsible-content">
*[[Magnetic Force]]
*[[Lorentz Force]]
*[[Motors and Generators]]
*[[Applying Magnetic Force to Currents]]
*[[Magnetic Force in a Moving Reference Frame]]
*[[Right-Hand Rule]]
*[[Analysis of Railgun vs Coil gun technologies]]
</div>
</div>

<div class="toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">

====Electric and magnetic forces====
<div class="mw-collapsible-content">
*[[Electric Force]]
*[[Magnetic Force]]
*[[Lorentz Force]]
*[[VPython Modelling of Electric and Magnetic Forces]]
</div>
</div>

<div class="toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">

====Velocity selector====
<div class="mw-collapsible-content">
*[[Lorentz Force]]
*[[Combining Electric and Magnetic Forces]]
</div>
</div>

===Week 10===
<div class="toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">

====Hall Effect====
<div class="mw-collapsible-content">
*[[Hall Effect]]
<h1><strong>Alayna Baker Spring 2020</strong></h1>
[[File:Hall Effect 1.jpg]]
[[File:Hall Effect 2.jpg]]

*[[Right-Hand Rule]]
*[[Motional Emf]]
*[[Magnetic Force]]
*[[Magnetic Torque]]
</div>
</div>

<div class="toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">

====Motional EMF====

<div class="mw-collapsible-content">
*[[Motional Emf]]
<h1><strong>Adeline Boswell Fall 2019</strong></h1>
[[File:Motional EMF Example.jpg]]

*[[Motional Emf using Faraday's Law]]
</div>
</div>http://www.physicsbook.gatech.edu/Special:RecentChangesLinked/Main_Page

<div class="toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">

If you have a bar attached to two rails, and the rails are connected by a resistor, you have effectively created a circuit. As the bar moves, it creates an "electromotive force"

====Magnetic force====
<div class="mw-collapsible-content">
*[[Magnetic Force]]
*[[Lorentz Force]]
</div>
</div>

<div class="toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">
====Magnetic torque====
<div class="mw-collapsible-content">
*[[Magnetic Torque]]
*[[Right-Hand Rule]]
</div>
</div>

===Week 12===

<div class="toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">
====Gauss's Law====
<div class="mw-collapsible-content">
*[[Gauss's Flux Theorem]]
*[[Gauss's Law]]
*[[Magnetic Flux]]
</div>
</div>

<div class="toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">
====Ampere's Law====
<div class="mw-collapsible-content">
*[[Ampere's Law]]
*[[Ampere-Maxwell Law]]
*[[Magnetic Field of Coaxial Cable Using Ampere's Law]]
*[[Magnetic Field of a Long Thick Wire Using Ampere's Law]]
*[[Magnetic Field of a Toroid Using Ampere's Law]]
*[[Magnetic Field of a Solenoid Using Ampere's Law]]
*[[The Differential Form of Ampere's Law]]
</div>
</div>

===Week 13===
<div class="toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">
====Semiconductors====
<div class="mw-collapsible-content">
*[[Semiconductor Devices]]
</div>
</div>

<div class="toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">
====Faraday's Law====
<div class="mw-collapsible-content">
*[[Faraday's Law]]
*[[Motional Emf using Faraday's Law]]
*[[Lenz's Law]]

</div>
</div>

<div class="toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">

====Maxwell's equations====
<div class="mw-collapsible-content">
*[[Gauss's Law]]
*[[Magnetic Flux]]
*[[Ampere's Law]]
*[[Faraday's Law]]
*[[Maxwell's Electromagnetic Theory]]
</div>
</div>

===Week 14===
<div class="toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">
====Circuits revisited====
<div class="mw-collapsible-content">

</div>
</div>

<div class="toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">

====Inductors====
<div class="mw-collapsible-content">
*[[Inductors]]
*[[Current in an LC Circuit]]
*[[Current in an RL Circuit]]
</div>
</div>

===Week 15===
<div class="toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">
==== Electromagnetic Radiation ====
<div class="mw-collapsible-content">
*[[Electromagnetic Radiation]]
</div>
</div>

<div class="toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">
====Sparks in the air====
<div class="mw-collapsible-content">
*[[Sparks in Air]]
*[[Spark Plugs]]
</div>
</div>

<div class="toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">
====Superconductors====
<div class="mw-collapsible-content">
*[[Superconducters]]
*[[Superconductors]]
*[[Meissner effect]]
</div>
</div>
</div>

<div style="float:left; width:30%; padding:1%;">

==Physics 3==

===Week 1===
<div class="toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">
====Classical Physics====
<div class="mw-collapsible-content">
</div>
</div>

===Week 2===
<div class="toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">
====Special Relativity====
<div class="mw-collapsible-content">
*[[Frame of Reference]]
*[[Einstein's Theory of Special Relativity]]
*[[Time Dilation]]
*[[Einstein's Theory of General Relativity]]
*[[Albert A. Micheleson & Edward W. Morley]]
*[[Magnetic Force in a Moving Reference Frame]]
</div>
</div>

===Week 3===
<div class="toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">
====Photons====
<div class="mw-collapsible-content">
*[[Spontaneous Photon Emission]]
*[[Light Scattering: Why is the Sky Blue]]
*[[Lasers]]
*[[Electronic Energy Levels and Photons]]
*[[Quantum Properties of Light]]
</div>
</div>

===Week 4===
<div class="toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">
====Matter Waves====
<div class="mw-collapsible-content">
*[[Wave-Particle Duality]]
</div>
</div>

===Week 5===
<div class="toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">
====Wave Mechanics====
<div class="mw-collapsible-content">
*[[Standing Waves]]
*[[Wavelength]]
*[[Wavelength and Frequency]]
*[[Mechanical Waves]]
*[[Transverse and Longitudinal Waves]]
</div>
</div>

===Week 6===
<div class="toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">
====Rutherford-Bohr Model====
<div class="mw-collapsible-content">
*[[Rutherford Experiment and Atomic Collisions]]
*[[Bohr Model]]
*[[Quantized energy levels]]
*[[Energy graphs and the Bohr model]]
</div>
</div>

===Week 7===
<div class="toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">
====The Hydrogen Atom====
<div class="mw-collapsible-content">
*[[Quantum Theory]]
*[[Atomic Theory]]
</div>
</div>

===Week 8===
<div class="toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">
====Many-Electron Atoms====
<div class="mw-collapsible-content">
*[[Quantum Theory]]
*[[Atomic Theory]]
*[[Pauli exclusion principle]]
</div>
</div>

===Week 9===
<div class="toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">
====Molecules====
<div class="mw-collapsible-content">
</div>
*[[Molecules]]
</div>

===Week 10===
<div class="toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">
====Statistical Physics====
<div class="mw-collapsible-content">
</div>
</div>

===Week 11===
<div class="toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">
====Condensed Matter Physics====
<div class="mw-collapsible-content">
</div>
</div>

===Week 12===
<div class="toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">
====The Nucleus====
<div class="mw-collapsible-content">
*[[Nucleus]]
</div>
</div>

===Week 13===
<div class="toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">
====Nuclear Physics====
<div class="mw-collapsible-content">
*[[Nuclear Fission]]
*[[Nuclear Energy from Fission and Fusion]]
</div>
</div>

===Week 14===
<div class="toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">
====Particle Physics====
<div class="mw-collapsible-content">
*[[Elementary Particles and Particle Physics Theory]]
*[[String Theory]]
</div>
</div>
</div>