Physics Book - User contributions [en]

Electric Field in an Insulator

2016-04-12T13:57:56Z

Sburch8: Created page with "Claimed by Sarah Burch"

Claimed by Sarah Burch

Main Page

2016-04-12T13:57:44Z

Sburch8: /* Electric field and potential in an insulator */

__NOTOC__
Welcome to the Georgia Tech Wiki for Introductory Physics. This resources was created so that students can contribute and curate content to help those with limited or no access to a textbook. When reading this website, please correct any errors you may come across. If you read something that isn't clear, please consider revising it for future students!

Looking to make a contribution?
#Pick one of the topics from intro physics listed below
#Add content to that topic or improve the quality of what is already there.
#Need to make a new topic? Edit this page and add it to the list under the appropriate category. Then copy and paste the default [[Template]] into your new page and start editing.

Please remember that this is not a textbook and you are not limited to expressing your ideas with only text and equations. Whenever possible embed: pictures, videos, diagrams, simulations, computational models (e.g. Glowscript), and whatever content you think makes learning physics easier for other students.

== Source Material ==
All of the content added to this resource must be in the public domain or similar free resource. If you are unsure about a source, contact the original author for permission. That said, there is a surprisingly large amount of introductory physics content scattered across the web. Here is an incomplete list of intro physics resources (please update as needed).
* A physics resource written by experts for an expert audience [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:Physics Physics Portal]
* A wiki written for students by a physics expert [http://p3server.pa.msu.edu/coursewiki/doku.php?id=183_notes MSU Physics Wiki]
* A wiki book on modern physics [https://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Modern_Physics Modern Physics Wiki]
* The MIT open courseware for intro physics [http://ocw.mit.edu/resources/res-8-002-a-wikitextbook-for-introductory-mechanics-fall-2009/index.htm MITOCW Wiki]
* An online concept map of intro physics [http://hyperphysics.phy-astr.gsu.edu/hbase/hph.html HyperPhysics]
* Interactive physics simulations [https://phet.colorado.edu/en/simulations/category/physics PhET]
* OpenStax algebra based intro physics textbook [https://openstaxcollege.org/textbooks/college-physics College Physics]
* The Open Source Physics project is a collection of online physics resources [http://www.opensourcephysics.org/ OSP]
* A resource guide compiled by the [http://www.aapt.org/ AAPT] for educators [http://www.compadre.org/ ComPADRE]

== Organizing Categories ==
These are the broad, overarching categories, that we cover in three semester of introductory physics. You can add subcategories as needed but a single topic should direct readers to a page in one of these categories.

== Resources ==
* Commonly used wiki commands [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:Cheatsheet Wiki Cheatsheet]
* A guide to representing equations in math mode [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:Displaying_a_formula Wiki Math Mode]
* A page to keep track of all the physics [[Constants]]
* A page for review of [[Vectors]] and vector operations
* A listing of [[Notable Scientist]] with links to their individual pages

<div style="float:left; width:30%; padding:1%;">
==Physics 1==
===Week 1===

====Student Content====
<div class=“toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed”>
=====Help with VPython=====
<div class=“mw-collapsible-content”>
*[[VPython]]
*[[VPython basics]]
*[[VPython Common Errors and Troubleshooting]]
*[[VPython Functions]]
*[[VPython Lists]]
*[[VPython Loops]]
*[[VPython Multithreading]]
*[[VPython Animation]]
*[[VPython Objects]]
*[[VPython 3D Objects]]
*[[VPython Reference]]
*[[VPython MapReduceFilter]]
*[[VPython GUIs]]
</div>
</div>

<div class=“toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed”>
=====Vectors and Units=====
<div class=“mw-collapsible-content”>
*[[Vectors]]
*[[SI units]]
</div>
</div>

<div class=“toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed”>

=====Interactions=====
<div class=“mw-collapsible-content”>
</div>
</div>

<div class=“toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed”>
=====Velocity and Momentum=====
<div class=“mw-collapsible-content”>
*[[Newton’s First Law of Motion]]
*[[Velocity]]
*[[Mass]]
*[[Speed and Velocity]]
*[[Relative Velocity]]
*[[Derivation of Average Velocity]]
*[[2-Dimensional Motion]]
*[[3-Dimensional Position and Motion]]
</div>
</div>

====Expert Content====
<div class=“toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed”>

* [http://p3server.pa.msu.edu/coursewiki/doku.php?id=183_notes:vpython_resources Software for Projects]

</div>

===Week 2===
====Student Content====
<div class=“toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed”>
=====Momentum and the Momentum Principle=====
<div class=“mw-collapsible-content”>
*[[Momentum Principle]]
*[[Inertia]]
*[[Net Force]]
*[[Derivation of the Momentum Principle]]
*[[Impulse Momentum]]
*[[Acceleration]]
*[[Momentum with respect to external Forces]]
</div>
</div>

<div class=“toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed”>
=====Iterative Prediction with a Constant Force=====
<div class=“mw-collapsible-content”>
*[[Newton’s Second Law of Motion]]
*[[Iterative Prediction]]
*[[Kinematics]]
*[[Newton’s Laws and Linear Momentum]]
*[[Projectile Motion]]
</div>
</div>

====Expert Content====
<div class=“toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed”>

* [http://p3server.pa.msu.edu/coursewiki/doku.php?id=183_notes:scalars_and_vectors Scalars and Vectors]
* [http://p3server.pa.msu.edu/coursewiki/doku.php?id=183_notes:displacement_and_velocity Displacement and Velocity]
* [http://p3server.pa.msu.edu/coursewiki/doku.php?id=183_notes:modeling_with_vpython Modeling Motion with VPython]
* [http://p3server.pa.msu.edu/coursewiki/doku.php?id=183_notes:relative_motion Relative Motion]
* [http://p3server.pa.msu.edu/coursewiki/doku.php?id=183_notes:graphing_motion Graphing Motion]
* [http://p3server.pa.msu.edu/coursewiki/doku.php?id=183_notes:momentum Momentum]
* [http://p3server.pa.msu.edu/coursewiki/doku.php?id=183_notes:momentum_principle The Momentum Principle]
* [http://p3server.pa.msu.edu/coursewiki/doku.php?id=183_notes:acceleration Acceleration & The Change in Momentum]
* [http://p3server.pa.msu.edu/coursewiki/doku.php?id=183_notes:motionPredict Applying the Momentum Principle]
* [http://p3server.pa.msu.edu/coursewiki/doku.php?id=183_notes:constantF Constant Force Motion]
* [http://p3server.pa.msu.edu/coursewiki/doku.php?id=183_notes:iterativePredict Iterative Prediction of Motion]
* [http://p3server.pa.msu.edu/coursewiki/doku.php?id=183_notes:mp_multi The Momentum Principle in Multi-particle Systems]
* [http://p3server.pa.msu.edu/coursewiki/doku.php?id=183_notes:angular_motivation Why Angular Momentum?]
* [http://p3server.pa.msu.edu/coursewiki/doku.php?id=183_notes:ang_momentum Angular Momentum]
* [http://p3server.pa.msu.edu/coursewiki/doku.php?id=183_notes:L_principle Net Torque & The Angular Momentum Principle]
* [http://p3server.pa.msu.edu/coursewiki/doku.php?id=183_notes:L_conservation Angular Momentum Conservation]

</div>

===Week 3===
====Student Content====
<div class=“toccolours \
mw-collapsible mw-collapsed”>
=====Analytic Prediction with a Constant Force=====
<div \
class=“mw-collapsible-content”>
*[[Analytical Prediction]]
</div>
</div>

<div class=“toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed”>
=====Iterative Prediction with a Varying Force=====
<div \
class=“mw-collapsible-content”>
*[[Predicting Change in multiple dimensions]]
*[[Spring Force]]
*[[Hooke’s Law]]
*[[Simple Harmonic Motion]]
*[[Iterative Prediction of Spring-Mass System]]
*[[Terminal Speed]]
*[[Determinism]]
</div>
</div>

====Expert Content====
<div class=“toccolours mw-collapsible \
mw-collapsed”>

* [http://p3server.pa.msu.edu/coursewiki/doku.php?id=183_notes:drag Drag]
* [http://p3server.pa.msu.edu/coursewiki/doku.php?id=183_notes:gravitation Non-constant Force: Newtonian Gravitation]
* [http://p3server.pa.msu.edu/coursewiki/doku.php?id=183_notes:ucm Uniform Circular Motion]
* [http://p3server.pa.msu.edu/coursewiki/doku.php?id=183_notes:impulseGraphs Impulse Graphs]
* [http://p3server.pa.msu.edu/coursewiki/doku.php?id=183_notes:springMotion Non-constant Force: Springs & Spring-like Interactions]
* [http://p3server.pa.msu.edu/coursewiki/doku.php?id=183_notes:friction Contact Interactions: The Normal Force & Friction]

</div>

===Week 4===
====Student Content====
<div class=“toccolours \
mw-collapsible mw-collapsed”>
=====Fundamental Interactions=====
<div class=“mw-collapsible-content”>
*[[Gravitational Force]]
*[[Electric Force]]
*[[Reciprocity]]
</div>
</div>

====Expert Content====
<div class=“toccolours mw-collapsible \
mw-collapsed”>

* [http://p3server.pa.msu.edu/coursewiki/doku.php?id=183_notes:gravitation Non-constant Force: Newtonian Gravitation]

</div>

===Week 5===
====Student Content====
<div class=“toccolours \
mw-collapsible mw-collapsed”>
=====Conservation of Momentum=====
<div class=“mw-collapsible-content”>
*[[Conservation of Momentum]]
</div>
</div>
<div class=“toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed”>

=====Properties of Matter=====
<div class=“mw-collapsible-content”>
*[[Kinds of Matter]]
**[[Ball and Spring Model of Matter]]
*[[Density]]
*[[Length and Stiffness of an Interatomic Bond]]
*[[Young’s Modulus]]
*[[Speed of Sound in Solids]]
*[[Malleability]]
*[[Ductility]]
*[[Weight]]
*[[Hardness]]
*[[Boiling Point]]
*[[Melting Point]]
</div>
</div>

====Expert Content====
<div class=“toccolours mw-collapsible \
mw-collapsed”>

* [http://p3server.pa.msu.edu/coursewiki/doku.php?id=183_notes:model_of_a_wire Modeling a Solid Wire: springs in series and parallel]

</div>

===Week 6===
====Student Content====
<div class=“toccolours \
mw-collapsible mw-collapsed”>
=====Identifying Forces=====
<div class=“mw-collapsible-content”>
*[[Free Body Diagram]]
*[[Compression or Normal Force]]
*[[Tension]]
</div>
</div>
<div class=“toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed”>
=====Curving Motion=====
<div class=“mw-collapsible-content”>
*[[Curving Motion]]
*[[Centripetal Force and Curving Motion]]
*[[Perpetual Freefall (Orbit)]]
</div>
</div>

====Expert Content====
<div class=“toccolours mw-collapsible \
mw-collapsed”>

* [http://p3server.pa.msu.edu/coursewiki/doku.php?id=183_notes:gravitation Non-constant Force: Newtonian Gravitation]
* [http://p3server.pa.msu.edu/coursewiki/doku.php?id=183_notes:grav_accel Gravitational Acceleration]
* [http://p3server.pa.msu.edu/coursewiki/doku.php?id=183_notes:ucm Uniform Circular Motion]
* [http://p3server.pa.msu.edu/coursewiki/doku.php?id=183_notes:freebodydiagrams Free Body Diagrams]
* [http://p3server.pa.msu.edu/coursewiki/doku.php?id=183_notes:curving_motion Curved Motion]

</div>

===Week 7===
====Student Content====
<div class=“toccolours \
mw-collapsible mw-collapsed”>
=====Energy Principle=====
<div class=“mw-collapsible-content”>
*[[The Energy Principle]]
*[[Conservation of Energy]]
*[[Kinetic Energy]]
*[[Work]]
*[[Power (Mechanical)]]
</div>
</div>

====Expert Content====
<div class=“toccolours mw-collapsible \
mw-collapsed”>

* [http://p3server.pa.msu.edu/coursewiki/doku.php?id=183_notes:define_energy What is Energy?]
* [http://p3server.pa.msu.edu/coursewiki/doku.php?id=183_notes:point_particle The Simplest System: A Single Particle]
* [http://p3server.pa.msu.edu/coursewiki/doku.php?id=183_notes:work Work: Mechanical Energy Transfer]
* [http://p3server.pa.msu.edu/coursewiki/doku.php?id=183_notes:energy_cons Conservation of Energy]
* [http://p3server.pa.msu.edu/coursewiki/doku.php?id=183_notes:potential_energy Potential Energy]
* [http://p3server.pa.msu.edu/coursewiki/doku.php?id=183_notes:grav_and_spring_PE (Near Earth) Gravitational and Spring Potential Energy]
* [http://p3server.pa.msu.edu/coursewiki/doku.php?id=183_notes:force_and_PE Force and Potential Energy]
* [http://p3server.pa.msu.edu/coursewiki/doku.php?id=183_notes:newton_grav_pe Newtonian Gravitational Potential Energy]
* [http://p3server.pa.msu.edu/coursewiki/doku.php?id=183_notes:spring_PE Spring Potential Energy]

</div>

===Week 8===
====Student Content====
<div class=“toccolours \
mw-collapsible mw-collapsed”>
=====Work by Non-Constant Forces=====
<div \
class=“mw-collapsible-content”>
*[[Work Done By A Nonconstant Force]]
</div>
</div>
<div class=“toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed”>
=====Potential Energy=====
<div class=“mw-collapsible-content”>
*[[Potential Energy]]
*[[Potential Energy of Macroscopic Springs]]
*[[Spring Potential Energy]]
**[[Ball and Spring Model]]
*[[Gravitational Potential Energy]]
*[[Energy Graphs]]
*[[Escape Velocity]]
</div>
</div>

====Expert Content====
<div class=“toccolours mw-collapsible \
mw-collapsed”>

* [http://p3server.pa.msu.edu/coursewiki/doku.php?id=183_notes:work_by_nc_forces Work Done by Non-Constant Forces]
* [http://p3server.pa.msu.edu/coursewiki/doku.php?id=183_notes:potential_energy Potential Energy]
* [http://p3server.pa.msu.edu/coursewiki/doku.php?id=183_notes:grav_and_spring_PE (Near Earth) Gravitational and Spring Potential Energy]
* [http://p3server.pa.msu.edu/coursewiki/doku.php?id=183_notes:rest_mass Changes of Rest Mass Energy]
* [http://p3server.pa.msu.edu/coursewiki/doku.php?id=183_notes:force_and_PE Force and Potential Energy]
* [http://p3server.pa.msu.edu/coursewiki/doku.php?id=183_notes:newton_grav_pe Newtonian Gravitational Potential Energy]
* [http://p3server.pa.msu.edu/coursewiki/doku.php?id=183_notes:grav_pe_graphs Graphing Energy for Gravitationally Interacting Systems]
* [http://p3server.pa.msu.edu/coursewiki/doku.php?id=183_notes:spring_PE Spring Potential Energy]
* [http://p3server.pa.msu.edu/coursewiki/doku.php?id=183_notes:power Power: The Rate of Energy Change]
* [http://p3server.pa.msu.edu/coursewiki/doku.php?id=183_notes:energy_dissipation Dissipation of Energy]

</div>

===Week 9===
====Student Content====
<div class=“toccolours \
mw-collapsible mw-collapsed”>
=====Multiparticle Systems=====
<div class=“mw-collapsible-content”>
*[[Center of Mass]]
*[[Multi-particle analysis of Momentum]]
*[[Momentum with respect to external Forces]]
*[[Potential Energy of a Multiparticle System]]
*[[Work and Energy for an Extended System]]
*[[Internal Energy]]
**[[Potential Energy of a Pair of Neutral Atoms]]
</div>
</div>

====Expert Content====
<div class=“toccolours mw-collapsible \
mw-collapsed”>

* [http://p3server.pa.msu.edu/coursewiki/doku.php?id=183_notes:mp_multi The Momentum Principle in Multi-particle Systems]
* [http://p3server.pa.msu.edu/coursewiki/doku.php?id=183_notes:center_of_mass Center of Mass Motion]
* [http://p3server.pa.msu.edu/coursewiki/doku.php?id=183_notes:center_of_mass Center of Mass Motion]
* [http://p3server.pa.msu.edu/coursewiki/doku.php?id=183_notes:energy_sep Separating Energy in Multi-Particle Systems]

</div>

===Week 10===
====Student Content====
<div class=“toccolours \
mw-collapsible mw-collapsed”>
=====Choice of System=====
<div class=“mw-collapsible-content”>
*[[System & Surroundings]]
</div>
</div>
<div class=“toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed”>
=====Thermal Energy, Dissipation and Transfer of Energy=====
<div \
class=“mw-collapsible-content”>
*[[Thermal Energy]]
*[[Specific Heat]]
*[[Heat Capacity]]
*[[Specific Heat Capacity]]
*[[First Law of Thermodynamics]]
*[[Second Law of Thermodynamics and Entropy]]
*[[Temperature]]
*[[Predicting Change]]
*[[Energy Transfer due to a Temperature Difference]]
*[[Transformation of Energy]]
*[[The Maxwell-Boltzmann Distribution]]
*[[Air Resistance]]
</div>
</div>
<div class=“toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed”>
=====Rotational and Vibrational Energy=====
<div \
class=“mw-collapsible-content”>
*[[Translational, Rotational and Vibrational Energy]]
</div>
</div>

====Expert Content====
<div class=“toccolours mw-collapsible \
mw-collapsed”>

* [http://p3server.pa.msu.edu/coursewiki/doku.php?id=183_notes:grav_and_spring_PE (Near Earth) Gravitational and Spring Potential Energy]
* [http://p3server.pa.msu.edu/coursewiki/doku.php?id=183_notes:rest_mass Changes of Rest Mass Energy]
* [http://p3server.pa.msu.edu/coursewiki/doku.php?id=183_notes:newton_grav_pe Newtonian Gravitational Potential Energy]
* [http://p3server.pa.msu.edu/coursewiki/doku.php?id=183_notes:grav_pe_graphs Graphing Energy for Gravitationally Interacting Systems]
* [http://p3server.pa.msu.edu/coursewiki/doku.php?id=183_notes:escape_speed Escape Speed]
* [http://p3server.pa.msu.edu/coursewiki/doku.php?id=183_notes:spring_PE Spring Potential Energy]
* [http://p3server.pa.msu.edu/coursewiki/doku.php?id=183_notes:internal_energy Internal Energy]
* [http://p3server.pa.msu.edu/coursewiki/doku.php?id=183_notes:system_choice Choosing a System Matters]
* [http://p3server.pa.msu.edu/coursewiki/doku.php?id=183_notes:energy_dissipation Dissipation of Energy]

</div>

===Week 11===
====Student Content====
<div class=“toccolours \
mw-collapsible mw-collapsed”>
=====Different Models of a System=====
<div \
class=“mw-collapsible-content”>
*[[Real Systems]]
*[[Point Particle Systems]]
</div>
</div>
<div class=“toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed”>

=====Models of Friction=====
<div class=“mw-collapsible-content”>
*[[Friction]]
*[[Static Friction]]
</div>
</div>

====Expert Content====
<div class=“toccolours mw-collapsible \
mw-collapsed”>

* [http://p3server.pa.msu.edu/coursewiki/doku.php?id=183_notes:system_choice Choosing a System Matters]
* [http://p3server.pa.msu.edu/coursewiki/doku.php?id=183_notes:energy_dissipation Dissipation of Energy]

</div>

===Week 12===
====Student Content====
<div class=“toccolours \
mw-collapsible mw-collapsed”>
=====Collisions=====
<div class=“mw-collapsible-content”>
*[[Newton’s Third Law of Motion]]
*[[Collisions]]
*[[Collisions 2]]
*[[Elastic Collisions]]
*[[Inelastic Collisions]]
*[[Maximally Inelastic Collision]]
*[[Head-on Collision of Equal Masses]]
*[[Head-on Collision of Unequal Masses]]
*[[Scattering: Collisions in 2D and 3D]]
*[[Rutherford Experiment and Atomic Collisions]]
*[[Coefficient of Restitution]]
</div>
</div>

====Expert Content====
<div class=“toccolours mw-collapsible \
mw-collapsed”>

* [http://p3server.pa.msu.edu/coursewiki/doku.php?id=183_notes:collisions Colliding Objects]
* [http://p3server.pa.msu.edu/coursewiki/doku.php?id=183_notes:center_of_mass Center of Mass Motion]
* [http://p3server.pa.msu.edu/coursewiki/doku.php?id=183_notes:center_of_mass Center of Mass Motion]
* [http://p3server.pa.msu.edu/coursewiki/doku.php?id=183_notes:rot_KE Rotational Kinetic Energy]
* [http://p3server.pa.msu.edu/coursewiki/doku.php?id=183_notes:pp_vs_real Point Particle and Real Systems]
* [http://p3server.pa.msu.edu/coursewiki/doku.php?id=183_notes:colliding_systems Collisions]

</div>

===Week 13===
====Student Content====
<div class=“toccolours \
mw-collapsible mw-collapsed”>
=====Rotations=====
<div class=“mw-collapsible-content”>
*[[Rotation]]
*[[Angular Velocity]]
*[[Eulerian Angles]]
</div>
</div>
<div class=“toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed”>
=====Angular Momentum=====
<div class=“mw-collapsible-content”>
*[[Total Angular Momentum]]
*[[Translational Angular Momentum]]
*[[Rotational Angular Momentum]]
*[[The Angular Momentum Principle]]
*[[Angular Momentum Compared to Linear Momentum]]
*[[Angular Impulse]]
*[[Predicting the Position of a Rotating System]]
*[[Angular Momentum of Multiparticle Systems]]
*[[The Moments of Inertia]]
*[[Moment of Inertia for a cylinder]]
*[[Right Hand Rule]]
</div>
</div>

====Expert Content====
<div class=“toccolours mw-collapsible \
mw-collapsed”>

* [http://p3server.pa.msu.edu/coursewiki/doku.php?id=183_notes:rot_KE Rotational Kinetic Energy]
* [http://p3server.pa.msu.edu/coursewiki/doku.php?id=183_notes:angular_motivation Why Angular Momentum?]
* [http://p3server.pa.msu.edu/coursewiki/doku.php?id=183_notes:ang_momentum Angular Momentum]
* [http://p3server.pa.msu.edu/coursewiki/doku.php?id=183_notes:L_principle Net Torque & The Angular Momentum Principle]
* [http://p3server.pa.msu.edu/coursewiki/doku.php?id=183_notes:L_conservation Angular Momentum Conservation]

</div>
===Week 14===

====Student Content====
<div class=“toccolours mw-collapsible \
mw-collapsed”>
=====Analyzing Motion with and without Torque=====
<div \
class=“mw-collapsible-content”>
*[[Torque]]
*[[Torque 2]]
*[[Systems with Zero Torque]]
*[[Systems with Nonzero Torque]]
*[[Torque vs Work]]
*[[Gyroscopes]]
</div>
</div>

====Expert Content====
<div class=“toccolours mw-collapsible \
mw-collapsed”>

* [http://p3server.pa.msu.edu/coursewiki/doku.php?id=183_notes:discovery_of_the_nucleus Discovery of the Nucleus]
* [http://p3server.pa.msu.edu/coursewiki/doku.php?id=183_notes:torque Torques Cause Changes in Rotation]
* [http://p3server.pa.msu.edu/coursewiki/doku.php?id=183_notes:L_principle Net Torque & The Angular Momentum Principle]

</div>

===Week 15===

====Student Content====
<div class=“toccolours mw-collapsible \
mw-collapsed”>
=====Introduction to Quantum Concepts=====
<div \class=“mw-collapsible-content”>
*[[Bohr Model]]
*[[Energy graphs and the Bohr model]]
*[[Quantized energy levels]]
</div>
</div>

====Expert Content====
<div class=“toccolours mw-collapsible \
mw-collapsed”>

* [http://p3server.pa.msu.edu/coursewiki/doku.php?id=183_notes:discovery_of_the_nucleus Discovery of the Nucleus]

</div>

<div style=“float:left; width:30%; padding:1%;”>

==Physics 2==
===Week 1===
<div class="toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">
====3D Vectors====
<div class="mw-collapsible-content">
*[[Page claimed by Laura Winalski]]*
*[[Vectors]]
*[[Right-Hand Rule]]
*[[Right Hand Rule]]
</div>
</div>

<div class="toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">

====Electric field====
<div class="mw-collapsible-content">
*[[Electric Field]]
</div>
</div>

<div class="toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">
====Electric force====
<div class="mw-collapsible-content">

*[[Electric Force]] Claimed by Amarachi Eze
*[[Lorentz Force]]
</div>
</div>

<div class="toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">

====Electric field of a point particle====

<div class="mw-collapsible-content">
*[[Point Charge]]
</div>
</div>

<div class="toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">

'''Bold text'''====Superposition====
<div class="mw-collapsible-content">
*[[Superposition Principle]]
*[[Superposition principle]]
</div>
</div>

<div class="toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">

====Dipoles====
<div class="mw-collapsible-content">
Claimed by Trevor Craport
*[[Electric Dipole]]
*[[Magnetic Dipole]]
</div>
</div>

===Week 2===
<div class="toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">
====Interactions of charged objects====
<div class="mw-collapsible-content">
*[[Electric Field]]
*[[Electric Potential]]
*[[Electric Force]]
*[[Lorentz Force]]
</div>
</div>

<div class="toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">
====Tape experiments====
<div class="mw-collapsible-content">
*[[Polarization]]
*[[Electric Polarization]]
</div>
</div>

<div class="toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">
====Polarization====
<div class="mw-collapsible-content">
*[[Polarization]]
*[[Electric Polarization]]
*[[Polarization of an Atom]]
</div>
</div>

===Week 3===
<div class="toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">
====Insulators====
<div class="mw-collapsible-content">
*[[Insulators]]
*[[Potential Difference in an Insulator]]
*[[Charged Conductor and Charged Insulator]]
*[[Charged conductor and charged insulator]]
</div>
</div>

<div class="toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">
====Conductors====
<div class="mw-collapsible-content">
*[[Conductivity]]
*[[Charge Transfer]]
*[[Resistivity]]
*[[Polarization of a conductor]]
*[[Charged Conductor and Charged Insulator]]
*[[Charged conductor and charged insulator]]
</div>
</div>

<div class="toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">
====Charging and discharging====
<div class="mw-collapsible-content">
*[[Charge Transfer]]
*[[Electrostatic Discharge]]
*[[Charged Conductor and Charged Insulator]]
*[[Charged conductor and charged insulator]]
</div>
</div>

===Week 4===
<div class="toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">
====Field of a charged rod====
<div class="mw-collapsible-content">
*[[Charged Rod]]
</div>
</div>

<div class="toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">

====Field of a charged ring/disk/capacitor====
<div class="mw-collapsible-content">
*[[Charged Ring]]
*[[Charged Disk]]
*[[Charged Capacitor]]
</div>
</div>

<div class="toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">

====Field of a charged sphere====
<div class="mw-collapsible-content">
*[[Charged Spherical Shell]]
*[[Field of a Charged Ball]]
</div>
</div>

===Week 5===
<div class="toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">
====Potential energy====
<div class="mw-collapsible-content">
*[[Potential Energy]]
</div>
</div>

<div class="toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">
====Electric potential====
<div class="mw-collapsible-content">
*[[Electric Potential]]
*[[Path Independence of Electric Potential]]
*[[Potential DIfference Path Independence]]
*[[Potential Difference in a Uniform Field]]
*[[Potential Difference of Point Charge in a Non-Uniform Field]]
</div>
</div>
<div class="toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">
====Sign of a potential difference====
<div class="mw-collapsible-content">
*[[Sign of Potential Difference, claimed by Tyler Quill]]
</div>

== Claimed by Tyler Quill ==

</div>
<div class="toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">

====Potential at a single location====
<div class="mw-collapsible-content">
*[[Electric Potential]]
*[[Potential Difference at One Location]]
</div>
</div>

<div class="toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">

====Path independence and round trip potential====
<div class="mw-collapsible-content">
*[[Path Independence of Electric Potential]]
*[[Potential DIfference Path Independence]]
</div>
</div>

===Week 6===
<div class="toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">
====Electric field and potential in an insulator====
<div class="mw-collapsible-content">
*[[Potential Difference in an Insulator]]
*[[Electric Field in an Insulator]]
</div>
</div>
<div class="toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">

====Moving charges in a magnetic field====
<div class="mw-collapsible-content">
*[[Magnetic Field]]
*[[Magnetic Force]]
*[[Lorentz Force]]
</div>
</div>
<div class="toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">

====Biot-Savart Law====
<div class="mw-collapsible-content">
*[[Biot-Savart Law]]
*[[Biot-Savart Law for Currents]]
</div>
</div>
<div class="toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">

====Moving charges, electron current, and conventional current====
<div class="mw-collapsible-content">
*[[Moving Point Charge]]
*[[Current]]
*[[Conventional Current]]*
</div>
</div>

===Week 7===
<div class="toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">
====Magnetic field of a wire====
<div class="mw-collapsible-content">
*[[Magnetic Field of a Long Straight Wire]]
</div>
</div>

<div class="toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">
====Magnetic field of a current-carrying loop====
<div class="mw-collapsible-content">
*[[Magnetic Field of a Loop]]
</div>
</div>

<div class="toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">
====Magnetic dipoles====
<div class="mw-collapsible-content">
*[[Magnetic Dipole Moment]]
*[[Bar Magnet]]
</div>
</div>

<div class="toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">
====Atomic structure of magnets====
<div class="mw-collapsible-content">
*[[Atomic Structure of Magnets]]
</div>
</div>

===Week 8===
<div class="toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">
====Steady state current====
<div class="mw-collapsible-content">
*[[Steady State]]
*[[Non Steady State]]
</div>
</div>

<div class="toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">
====Node rule====
<div class="mw-collapsible-content">
*[[Node Rule]]
</div>
</div>

<div class="toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">
====Electric fields and energy in circuits====
<div class="mw-collapsible-content">
*[[Series circuit]]
*[[Node Rule]]
*[[Loop Rule]]
</div>
</div>

<div class="toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">
====Macroscopic analysis of circuits====
<div class="mw-collapsible-content">
*[[Series Circuits]]
*[[Parallel CIrcuits]]
*[[Parallel Circuits vs. Series Circuits*]]
*[[Loop Rule]]
*[[Node Rule]]
</div>
</div>

===Week 9===
<div class="toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">
====Electric field and potential in circuits with capacitors====
<div class="mw-collapsible-content">
*[[Charging and Discharging a Capacitor]]
*[[RC Circuit]]
*[[R Circuit]]
</div>
</div>

<div class="toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">
====Magnetic forces on charges and currents====
<div class="mw-collapsible-content">
*[[Magnetic Force]]
*[[Lorentz Force]]
*[[Applying Magnetic Force to Currents]]
*[[Magnetic Force in a Moving Reference Frame]]
*[[Right-Hand Rule]]
</div>
</div>

<div class="toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">
====Electric and magnetic forces====
<div class="mw-collapsible-content">
*[[Electric Force]]
*[[Magnetic Force]]
*[[Lorentz Force]]
</div>
</div>

<div class="toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">
====Velocity selector====
<div class="mw-collapsible-content">
*[[Lorentz Force]]
*[[Combining Electric and Magnetic Forces]]
</div>
</div>

===Week 10===
<div class="toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">
====The Hall effect====
<div class="mw-collapsible-content">
*[[Hall Effect]]
*[[Right-Hand Rule]]
*[[Polarization]]
</div>
</div>

<div class="toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">
====Motional EMF====
<div class="mw-collapsible-content">
*[[Motional Emf]]
*[[Motional Emf using Faraday's Law]]
</div>
</div>

<div class="toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">
====Magnetic force====
<div class="mw-collapsible-content">
*[[Magnetic Force]]
*[[Lorentz Force]]
</div>
</div>

<div class="toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">
====Magnetic torque====
<div class="mw-collapsible-content">
*[[Magnetic Torque]]
*[[Right-Hand Rule]]
</div>
</div>

===Week 12===

<div class="toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">
====Gauss's Law====
<div class="mw-collapsible-content">
*[[Gauss's Flux Theorem]]
*[[Gauss's Law]]
*[[Magnetic Flux]]
</div>
</div>

<div class="toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">

====Ampere's Law====
<div class="mw-collapsible-content">
*[[Ampere's Law]]
*[[Ampere-Maxwell Law]]
*[[Magnetic Field of Coaxial Cable Using Ampere's Law]]
*[[Magnetic Field of a Long Thick Wire Using Ampere's Law]]
*[[Magnetic Field of a Toroid Using Ampere's Law]]
*[[Magnetic Field of a Solenoid Using Ampere's Law]]
*[[The Differential Form of Ampere's Law]]
</div>
</div>

===Week 13===
<div class="toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">
====Semiconductors====
<div class="mw-collapsible-content">
*[[Semiconductor Devices]]
</div>
</div>

<div class="toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">
====Faraday's Law====
<div class="mw-collapsible-content">
*[[Faraday's Law]]
*[[Motional Emf using Faraday's Law]]
*[[Lenz's Law]]
</div>
</div>

<div class="toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">
====Maxwell's equations====
<div class="mw-collapsible-content">
*[[Gauss's Law]]
*[[Magnetic Flux]]
*[[Ampere's Law]]
*[[Faraday's Law]]
*[[Maxwell's Electromagnetic Theory]]
</div>
</div>

===Week 14===
<div class="toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">
====Circuits revisited====
<div class="mw-collapsible-content">

</div>
</div>

<div class="toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">
====Inductors====
<div class="mw-collapsible-content">
*[[Inductors]]
*[[Current in an LC Circuit]]
*[[RL Circuits]]
</div>
</div>

===Week 15===
<div class="toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">
====Sparks in the air====
<div class="mw-collapsible-content">
*[[Sparks in Air]]
*[[Spark Plugs]]
</div>
</div>

<div class="toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">
====Superconductors====
<div class="mw-collapsible-content">
*[[Superconducters]]
*[[Superconductors]]
*[[Meissner effect]]
</div>
</div>
</div>

<div style="float:left; width:30%; padding:1%;">

==Physics 3==

===Week 1===
<div class="toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">
====Classical Physics====
<div class="mw-collapsible-content">
</div>
</div>

===Week 2===
<div class="toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">
====Special Relativity====
<div class="mw-collapsible-content">
*[[Frame of Reference]]
*[[Einstein's Theory of Special Relativity]]
*[[Time Dilation]]
*[[Einstein's Theory of General Relativity]]
*[[Albert A. Micheleson & Edward W. Morley]]
*[[Magnetic Force in a Moving Reference Frame]]
</div>
</div>

===Week 3===
<div class="toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">
====Photons====
<div class="mw-collapsible-content">
*[[Spontaneous Photon Emission]]
*[[Light Scattering: Why is the Sky Blue]]
*[[Lasers]]
*[[Electronic Energy Levels and Photons]]
*[[Quantum Properties of Light]]
</div>
</div>

===Week 4===
<div class="toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">
====Matter Waves====
<div class="mw-collapsible-content">
*[[Wave-Particle Duality]]
</div>
</div>

===Week 5===
<div class="toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">
====Wave Mechanics====
<div class="mw-collapsible-content">
*[[Standing Waves]]
*[[Wavelength]]
*[[Wavelength and Frequency]]
*[[Mechanical Waves]]
*[[Transverse and Longitudinal Waves]]
</div>
</div>

===Week 6===
<div class="toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">
====Rutherford-Bohr Model====
<div class="mw-collapsible-content">
*[[Rutherford Experiment and Atomic Collisions]]
*[[Bohr Model]]
*[[Quantized energy levels]]
*[[Energy graphs and the Bohr model]]
</div>
</div>

===Week 7===
<div class="toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">
====The Hydrogen Atom====
<div class="mw-collapsible-content">
*[[Quantum Theory]]
*[[Atomic Theory]]
</div>
</div>

===Week 8===
<div class="toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">
====Many-Electron Atoms====
<div class="mw-collapsible-content">
*[[Quantum Theory]]
*[[Atomic Theory]]
*[[Pauli exclusion principle]]
</div>
</div>

===Week 9===
<div class="toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">
====Molecules====
<div class="mw-collapsible-content">
</div>
</div>

===Week 10===
<div class="toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">
====Statistical Physics====
<div class="mw-collapsible-content">
</div>
</div>

===Week 11===
<div class="toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">
====Condensed Matter Physics====
<div class="mw-collapsible-content">
</div>
</div>

===Week 12===
<div class="toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">
====The Nucleus====
<div class="mw-collapsible-content">
</div>
</div>

===Week 13===
<div class="toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">
====Nuclear Physics====
<div class="mw-collapsible-content">
*[[Nuclear Fission]]
*[[Nuclear Energy from Fission and Fusion]]
</div>
</div>

===Week 14===
<div class="toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">
====Particle Physics====
<div class="mw-collapsible-content">
*[[Elementary Particles and Particle Physics Theory]]
*[[String Theory]]
</div>
</div>

Main Page

2016-04-12T13:57:05Z

Sburch8: /* Week 6 */

__NOTOC__
Welcome to the Georgia Tech Wiki for Introductory Physics. This resources was created so that students can contribute and curate content to help those with limited or no access to a textbook. When reading this website, please correct any errors you may come across. If you read something that isn't clear, please consider revising it for future students!

Looking to make a contribution?
#Pick one of the topics from intro physics listed below
#Add content to that topic or improve the quality of what is already there.
#Need to make a new topic? Edit this page and add it to the list under the appropriate category. Then copy and paste the default [[Template]] into your new page and start editing.

Please remember that this is not a textbook and you are not limited to expressing your ideas with only text and equations. Whenever possible embed: pictures, videos, diagrams, simulations, computational models (e.g. Glowscript), and whatever content you think makes learning physics easier for other students.

== Source Material ==
All of the content added to this resource must be in the public domain or similar free resource. If you are unsure about a source, contact the original author for permission. That said, there is a surprisingly large amount of introductory physics content scattered across the web. Here is an incomplete list of intro physics resources (please update as needed).
* A physics resource written by experts for an expert audience [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:Physics Physics Portal]
* A wiki written for students by a physics expert [http://p3server.pa.msu.edu/coursewiki/doku.php?id=183_notes MSU Physics Wiki]
* A wiki book on modern physics [https://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Modern_Physics Modern Physics Wiki]
* The MIT open courseware for intro physics [http://ocw.mit.edu/resources/res-8-002-a-wikitextbook-for-introductory-mechanics-fall-2009/index.htm MITOCW Wiki]
* An online concept map of intro physics [http://hyperphysics.phy-astr.gsu.edu/hbase/hph.html HyperPhysics]
* Interactive physics simulations [https://phet.colorado.edu/en/simulations/category/physics PhET]
* OpenStax algebra based intro physics textbook [https://openstaxcollege.org/textbooks/college-physics College Physics]
* The Open Source Physics project is a collection of online physics resources [http://www.opensourcephysics.org/ OSP]
* A resource guide compiled by the [http://www.aapt.org/ AAPT] for educators [http://www.compadre.org/ ComPADRE]

== Organizing Categories ==
These are the broad, overarching categories, that we cover in three semester of introductory physics. You can add subcategories as needed but a single topic should direct readers to a page in one of these categories.

== Resources ==
* Commonly used wiki commands [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:Cheatsheet Wiki Cheatsheet]
* A guide to representing equations in math mode [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:Displaying_a_formula Wiki Math Mode]
* A page to keep track of all the physics [[Constants]]
* A page for review of [[Vectors]] and vector operations
* A listing of [[Notable Scientist]] with links to their individual pages

<div style="float:left; width:30%; padding:1%;">
==Physics 1==
===Week 1===

====Student Content====
<div class=“toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed”>
=====Help with VPython=====
<div class=“mw-collapsible-content”>
*[[VPython]]
*[[VPython basics]]
*[[VPython Common Errors and Troubleshooting]]
*[[VPython Functions]]
*[[VPython Lists]]
*[[VPython Loops]]
*[[VPython Multithreading]]
*[[VPython Animation]]
*[[VPython Objects]]
*[[VPython 3D Objects]]
*[[VPython Reference]]
*[[VPython MapReduceFilter]]
*[[VPython GUIs]]
</div>
</div>

<div class=“toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed”>
=====Vectors and Units=====
<div class=“mw-collapsible-content”>
*[[Vectors]]
*[[SI units]]
</div>
</div>

<div class=“toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed”>

=====Interactions=====
<div class=“mw-collapsible-content”>
</div>
</div>

<div class=“toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed”>
=====Velocity and Momentum=====
<div class=“mw-collapsible-content”>
*[[Newton’s First Law of Motion]]
*[[Velocity]]
*[[Mass]]
*[[Speed and Velocity]]
*[[Relative Velocity]]
*[[Derivation of Average Velocity]]
*[[2-Dimensional Motion]]
*[[3-Dimensional Position and Motion]]
</div>
</div>

====Expert Content====
<div class=“toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed”>

* [http://p3server.pa.msu.edu/coursewiki/doku.php?id=183_notes:vpython_resources Software for Projects]

</div>

===Week 2===
====Student Content====
<div class=“toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed”>
=====Momentum and the Momentum Principle=====
<div class=“mw-collapsible-content”>
*[[Momentum Principle]]
*[[Inertia]]
*[[Net Force]]
*[[Derivation of the Momentum Principle]]
*[[Impulse Momentum]]
*[[Acceleration]]
*[[Momentum with respect to external Forces]]
</div>
</div>

<div class=“toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed”>
=====Iterative Prediction with a Constant Force=====
<div class=“mw-collapsible-content”>
*[[Newton’s Second Law of Motion]]
*[[Iterative Prediction]]
*[[Kinematics]]
*[[Newton’s Laws and Linear Momentum]]
*[[Projectile Motion]]
</div>
</div>

====Expert Content====
<div class=“toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed”>

* [http://p3server.pa.msu.edu/coursewiki/doku.php?id=183_notes:scalars_and_vectors Scalars and Vectors]
* [http://p3server.pa.msu.edu/coursewiki/doku.php?id=183_notes:displacement_and_velocity Displacement and Velocity]
* [http://p3server.pa.msu.edu/coursewiki/doku.php?id=183_notes:modeling_with_vpython Modeling Motion with VPython]
* [http://p3server.pa.msu.edu/coursewiki/doku.php?id=183_notes:relative_motion Relative Motion]
* [http://p3server.pa.msu.edu/coursewiki/doku.php?id=183_notes:graphing_motion Graphing Motion]
* [http://p3server.pa.msu.edu/coursewiki/doku.php?id=183_notes:momentum Momentum]
* [http://p3server.pa.msu.edu/coursewiki/doku.php?id=183_notes:momentum_principle The Momentum Principle]
* [http://p3server.pa.msu.edu/coursewiki/doku.php?id=183_notes:acceleration Acceleration & The Change in Momentum]
* [http://p3server.pa.msu.edu/coursewiki/doku.php?id=183_notes:motionPredict Applying the Momentum Principle]
* [http://p3server.pa.msu.edu/coursewiki/doku.php?id=183_notes:constantF Constant Force Motion]
* [http://p3server.pa.msu.edu/coursewiki/doku.php?id=183_notes:iterativePredict Iterative Prediction of Motion]
* [http://p3server.pa.msu.edu/coursewiki/doku.php?id=183_notes:mp_multi The Momentum Principle in Multi-particle Systems]
* [http://p3server.pa.msu.edu/coursewiki/doku.php?id=183_notes:angular_motivation Why Angular Momentum?]
* [http://p3server.pa.msu.edu/coursewiki/doku.php?id=183_notes:ang_momentum Angular Momentum]
* [http://p3server.pa.msu.edu/coursewiki/doku.php?id=183_notes:L_principle Net Torque & The Angular Momentum Principle]
* [http://p3server.pa.msu.edu/coursewiki/doku.php?id=183_notes:L_conservation Angular Momentum Conservation]

</div>

===Week 3===
====Student Content====
<div class=“toccolours \
mw-collapsible mw-collapsed”>
=====Analytic Prediction with a Constant Force=====
<div \
class=“mw-collapsible-content”>
*[[Analytical Prediction]]
</div>
</div>

<div class=“toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed”>
=====Iterative Prediction with a Varying Force=====
<div \
class=“mw-collapsible-content”>
*[[Predicting Change in multiple dimensions]]
*[[Spring Force]]
*[[Hooke’s Law]]
*[[Simple Harmonic Motion]]
*[[Iterative Prediction of Spring-Mass System]]
*[[Terminal Speed]]
*[[Determinism]]
</div>
</div>

====Expert Content====
<div class=“toccolours mw-collapsible \
mw-collapsed”>

* [http://p3server.pa.msu.edu/coursewiki/doku.php?id=183_notes:drag Drag]
* [http://p3server.pa.msu.edu/coursewiki/doku.php?id=183_notes:gravitation Non-constant Force: Newtonian Gravitation]
* [http://p3server.pa.msu.edu/coursewiki/doku.php?id=183_notes:ucm Uniform Circular Motion]
* [http://p3server.pa.msu.edu/coursewiki/doku.php?id=183_notes:impulseGraphs Impulse Graphs]
* [http://p3server.pa.msu.edu/coursewiki/doku.php?id=183_notes:springMotion Non-constant Force: Springs & Spring-like Interactions]
* [http://p3server.pa.msu.edu/coursewiki/doku.php?id=183_notes:friction Contact Interactions: The Normal Force & Friction]

</div>

===Week 4===
====Student Content====
<div class=“toccolours \
mw-collapsible mw-collapsed”>
=====Fundamental Interactions=====
<div class=“mw-collapsible-content”>
*[[Gravitational Force]]
*[[Electric Force]]
*[[Reciprocity]]
</div>
</div>

====Expert Content====
<div class=“toccolours mw-collapsible \
mw-collapsed”>

* [http://p3server.pa.msu.edu/coursewiki/doku.php?id=183_notes:gravitation Non-constant Force: Newtonian Gravitation]

</div>

===Week 5===
====Student Content====
<div class=“toccolours \
mw-collapsible mw-collapsed”>
=====Conservation of Momentum=====
<div class=“mw-collapsible-content”>
*[[Conservation of Momentum]]
</div>
</div>
<div class=“toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed”>

=====Properties of Matter=====
<div class=“mw-collapsible-content”>
*[[Kinds of Matter]]
**[[Ball and Spring Model of Matter]]
*[[Density]]
*[[Length and Stiffness of an Interatomic Bond]]
*[[Young’s Modulus]]
*[[Speed of Sound in Solids]]
*[[Malleability]]
*[[Ductility]]
*[[Weight]]
*[[Hardness]]
*[[Boiling Point]]
*[[Melting Point]]
</div>
</div>

====Expert Content====
<div class=“toccolours mw-collapsible \
mw-collapsed”>

* [http://p3server.pa.msu.edu/coursewiki/doku.php?id=183_notes:model_of_a_wire Modeling a Solid Wire: springs in series and parallel]

</div>

===Week 6===
====Student Content====
<div class=“toccolours \
mw-collapsible mw-collapsed”>
=====Identifying Forces=====
<div class=“mw-collapsible-content”>
*[[Free Body Diagram]]
*[[Compression or Normal Force]]
*[[Tension]]
</div>
</div>
<div class=“toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed”>
=====Curving Motion=====
<div class=“mw-collapsible-content”>
*[[Curving Motion]]
*[[Centripetal Force and Curving Motion]]
*[[Perpetual Freefall (Orbit)]]
</div>
</div>

====Expert Content====
<div class=“toccolours mw-collapsible \
mw-collapsed”>

* [http://p3server.pa.msu.edu/coursewiki/doku.php?id=183_notes:gravitation Non-constant Force: Newtonian Gravitation]
* [http://p3server.pa.msu.edu/coursewiki/doku.php?id=183_notes:grav_accel Gravitational Acceleration]
* [http://p3server.pa.msu.edu/coursewiki/doku.php?id=183_notes:ucm Uniform Circular Motion]
* [http://p3server.pa.msu.edu/coursewiki/doku.php?id=183_notes:freebodydiagrams Free Body Diagrams]
* [http://p3server.pa.msu.edu/coursewiki/doku.php?id=183_notes:curving_motion Curved Motion]

</div>

===Week 7===
====Student Content====
<div class=“toccolours \
mw-collapsible mw-collapsed”>
=====Energy Principle=====
<div class=“mw-collapsible-content”>
*[[The Energy Principle]]
*[[Conservation of Energy]]
*[[Kinetic Energy]]
*[[Work]]
*[[Power (Mechanical)]]
</div>
</div>

====Expert Content====
<div class=“toccolours mw-collapsible \
mw-collapsed”>

* [http://p3server.pa.msu.edu/coursewiki/doku.php?id=183_notes:define_energy What is Energy?]
* [http://p3server.pa.msu.edu/coursewiki/doku.php?id=183_notes:point_particle The Simplest System: A Single Particle]
* [http://p3server.pa.msu.edu/coursewiki/doku.php?id=183_notes:work Work: Mechanical Energy Transfer]
* [http://p3server.pa.msu.edu/coursewiki/doku.php?id=183_notes:energy_cons Conservation of Energy]
* [http://p3server.pa.msu.edu/coursewiki/doku.php?id=183_notes:potential_energy Potential Energy]
* [http://p3server.pa.msu.edu/coursewiki/doku.php?id=183_notes:grav_and_spring_PE (Near Earth) Gravitational and Spring Potential Energy]
* [http://p3server.pa.msu.edu/coursewiki/doku.php?id=183_notes:force_and_PE Force and Potential Energy]
* [http://p3server.pa.msu.edu/coursewiki/doku.php?id=183_notes:newton_grav_pe Newtonian Gravitational Potential Energy]
* [http://p3server.pa.msu.edu/coursewiki/doku.php?id=183_notes:spring_PE Spring Potential Energy]

</div>

===Week 8===
====Student Content====
<div class=“toccolours \
mw-collapsible mw-collapsed”>
=====Work by Non-Constant Forces=====
<div \
class=“mw-collapsible-content”>
*[[Work Done By A Nonconstant Force]]
</div>
</div>
<div class=“toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed”>
=====Potential Energy=====
<div class=“mw-collapsible-content”>
*[[Potential Energy]]
*[[Potential Energy of Macroscopic Springs]]
*[[Spring Potential Energy]]
**[[Ball and Spring Model]]
*[[Gravitational Potential Energy]]
*[[Energy Graphs]]
*[[Escape Velocity]]
</div>
</div>

====Expert Content====
<div class=“toccolours mw-collapsible \
mw-collapsed”>

* [http://p3server.pa.msu.edu/coursewiki/doku.php?id=183_notes:work_by_nc_forces Work Done by Non-Constant Forces]
* [http://p3server.pa.msu.edu/coursewiki/doku.php?id=183_notes:potential_energy Potential Energy]
* [http://p3server.pa.msu.edu/coursewiki/doku.php?id=183_notes:grav_and_spring_PE (Near Earth) Gravitational and Spring Potential Energy]
* [http://p3server.pa.msu.edu/coursewiki/doku.php?id=183_notes:rest_mass Changes of Rest Mass Energy]
* [http://p3server.pa.msu.edu/coursewiki/doku.php?id=183_notes:force_and_PE Force and Potential Energy]
* [http://p3server.pa.msu.edu/coursewiki/doku.php?id=183_notes:newton_grav_pe Newtonian Gravitational Potential Energy]
* [http://p3server.pa.msu.edu/coursewiki/doku.php?id=183_notes:grav_pe_graphs Graphing Energy for Gravitationally Interacting Systems]
* [http://p3server.pa.msu.edu/coursewiki/doku.php?id=183_notes:spring_PE Spring Potential Energy]
* [http://p3server.pa.msu.edu/coursewiki/doku.php?id=183_notes:power Power: The Rate of Energy Change]
* [http://p3server.pa.msu.edu/coursewiki/doku.php?id=183_notes:energy_dissipation Dissipation of Energy]

</div>

===Week 9===
====Student Content====
<div class=“toccolours \
mw-collapsible mw-collapsed”>
=====Multiparticle Systems=====
<div class=“mw-collapsible-content”>
*[[Center of Mass]]
*[[Multi-particle analysis of Momentum]]
*[[Momentum with respect to external Forces]]
*[[Potential Energy of a Multiparticle System]]
*[[Work and Energy for an Extended System]]
*[[Internal Energy]]
**[[Potential Energy of a Pair of Neutral Atoms]]
</div>
</div>

====Expert Content====
<div class=“toccolours mw-collapsible \
mw-collapsed”>

* [http://p3server.pa.msu.edu/coursewiki/doku.php?id=183_notes:mp_multi The Momentum Principle in Multi-particle Systems]
* [http://p3server.pa.msu.edu/coursewiki/doku.php?id=183_notes:center_of_mass Center of Mass Motion]
* [http://p3server.pa.msu.edu/coursewiki/doku.php?id=183_notes:center_of_mass Center of Mass Motion]
* [http://p3server.pa.msu.edu/coursewiki/doku.php?id=183_notes:energy_sep Separating Energy in Multi-Particle Systems]

</div>

===Week 10===
====Student Content====
<div class=“toccolours \
mw-collapsible mw-collapsed”>
=====Choice of System=====
<div class=“mw-collapsible-content”>
*[[System & Surroundings]]
</div>
</div>
<div class=“toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed”>
=====Thermal Energy, Dissipation and Transfer of Energy=====
<div \
class=“mw-collapsible-content”>
*[[Thermal Energy]]
*[[Specific Heat]]
*[[Heat Capacity]]
*[[Specific Heat Capacity]]
*[[First Law of Thermodynamics]]
*[[Second Law of Thermodynamics and Entropy]]
*[[Temperature]]
*[[Predicting Change]]
*[[Energy Transfer due to a Temperature Difference]]
*[[Transformation of Energy]]
*[[The Maxwell-Boltzmann Distribution]]
*[[Air Resistance]]
</div>
</div>
<div class=“toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed”>
=====Rotational and Vibrational Energy=====
<div \
class=“mw-collapsible-content”>
*[[Translational, Rotational and Vibrational Energy]]
</div>
</div>

====Expert Content====
<div class=“toccolours mw-collapsible \
mw-collapsed”>

* [http://p3server.pa.msu.edu/coursewiki/doku.php?id=183_notes:grav_and_spring_PE (Near Earth) Gravitational and Spring Potential Energy]
* [http://p3server.pa.msu.edu/coursewiki/doku.php?id=183_notes:rest_mass Changes of Rest Mass Energy]
* [http://p3server.pa.msu.edu/coursewiki/doku.php?id=183_notes:newton_grav_pe Newtonian Gravitational Potential Energy]
* [http://p3server.pa.msu.edu/coursewiki/doku.php?id=183_notes:grav_pe_graphs Graphing Energy for Gravitationally Interacting Systems]
* [http://p3server.pa.msu.edu/coursewiki/doku.php?id=183_notes:escape_speed Escape Speed]
* [http://p3server.pa.msu.edu/coursewiki/doku.php?id=183_notes:spring_PE Spring Potential Energy]
* [http://p3server.pa.msu.edu/coursewiki/doku.php?id=183_notes:internal_energy Internal Energy]
* [http://p3server.pa.msu.edu/coursewiki/doku.php?id=183_notes:system_choice Choosing a System Matters]
* [http://p3server.pa.msu.edu/coursewiki/doku.php?id=183_notes:energy_dissipation Dissipation of Energy]

</div>

===Week 11===
====Student Content====
<div class=“toccolours \
mw-collapsible mw-collapsed”>
=====Different Models of a System=====
<div \
class=“mw-collapsible-content”>
*[[Real Systems]]
*[[Point Particle Systems]]
</div>
</div>
<div class=“toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed”>

=====Models of Friction=====
<div class=“mw-collapsible-content”>
*[[Friction]]
*[[Static Friction]]
</div>
</div>

====Expert Content====
<div class=“toccolours mw-collapsible \
mw-collapsed”>

* [http://p3server.pa.msu.edu/coursewiki/doku.php?id=183_notes:system_choice Choosing a System Matters]
* [http://p3server.pa.msu.edu/coursewiki/doku.php?id=183_notes:energy_dissipation Dissipation of Energy]

</div>

===Week 12===
====Student Content====
<div class=“toccolours \
mw-collapsible mw-collapsed”>
=====Collisions=====
<div class=“mw-collapsible-content”>
*[[Newton’s Third Law of Motion]]
*[[Collisions]]
*[[Collisions 2]]
*[[Elastic Collisions]]
*[[Inelastic Collisions]]
*[[Maximally Inelastic Collision]]
*[[Head-on Collision of Equal Masses]]
*[[Head-on Collision of Unequal Masses]]
*[[Scattering: Collisions in 2D and 3D]]
*[[Rutherford Experiment and Atomic Collisions]]
*[[Coefficient of Restitution]]
</div>
</div>

====Expert Content====
<div class=“toccolours mw-collapsible \
mw-collapsed”>

* [http://p3server.pa.msu.edu/coursewiki/doku.php?id=183_notes:collisions Colliding Objects]
* [http://p3server.pa.msu.edu/coursewiki/doku.php?id=183_notes:center_of_mass Center of Mass Motion]
* [http://p3server.pa.msu.edu/coursewiki/doku.php?id=183_notes:center_of_mass Center of Mass Motion]
* [http://p3server.pa.msu.edu/coursewiki/doku.php?id=183_notes:rot_KE Rotational Kinetic Energy]
* [http://p3server.pa.msu.edu/coursewiki/doku.php?id=183_notes:pp_vs_real Point Particle and Real Systems]
* [http://p3server.pa.msu.edu/coursewiki/doku.php?id=183_notes:colliding_systems Collisions]

</div>

===Week 13===
====Student Content====
<div class=“toccolours \
mw-collapsible mw-collapsed”>
=====Rotations=====
<div class=“mw-collapsible-content”>
*[[Rotation]]
*[[Angular Velocity]]
*[[Eulerian Angles]]
</div>
</div>
<div class=“toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed”>
=====Angular Momentum=====
<div class=“mw-collapsible-content”>
*[[Total Angular Momentum]]
*[[Translational Angular Momentum]]
*[[Rotational Angular Momentum]]
*[[The Angular Momentum Principle]]
*[[Angular Momentum Compared to Linear Momentum]]
*[[Angular Impulse]]
*[[Predicting the Position of a Rotating System]]
*[[Angular Momentum of Multiparticle Systems]]
*[[The Moments of Inertia]]
*[[Moment of Inertia for a cylinder]]
*[[Right Hand Rule]]
</div>
</div>

====Expert Content====
<div class=“toccolours mw-collapsible \
mw-collapsed”>

* [http://p3server.pa.msu.edu/coursewiki/doku.php?id=183_notes:rot_KE Rotational Kinetic Energy]
* [http://p3server.pa.msu.edu/coursewiki/doku.php?id=183_notes:angular_motivation Why Angular Momentum?]
* [http://p3server.pa.msu.edu/coursewiki/doku.php?id=183_notes:ang_momentum Angular Momentum]
* [http://p3server.pa.msu.edu/coursewiki/doku.php?id=183_notes:L_principle Net Torque & The Angular Momentum Principle]
* [http://p3server.pa.msu.edu/coursewiki/doku.php?id=183_notes:L_conservation Angular Momentum Conservation]

</div>
===Week 14===

====Student Content====
<div class=“toccolours mw-collapsible \
mw-collapsed”>
=====Analyzing Motion with and without Torque=====
<div \
class=“mw-collapsible-content”>
*[[Torque]]
*[[Torque 2]]
*[[Systems with Zero Torque]]
*[[Systems with Nonzero Torque]]
*[[Torque vs Work]]
*[[Gyroscopes]]
</div>
</div>

====Expert Content====
<div class=“toccolours mw-collapsible \
mw-collapsed”>

* [http://p3server.pa.msu.edu/coursewiki/doku.php?id=183_notes:discovery_of_the_nucleus Discovery of the Nucleus]
* [http://p3server.pa.msu.edu/coursewiki/doku.php?id=183_notes:torque Torques Cause Changes in Rotation]
* [http://p3server.pa.msu.edu/coursewiki/doku.php?id=183_notes:L_principle Net Torque & The Angular Momentum Principle]

</div>

===Week 15===

====Student Content====
<div class=“toccolours mw-collapsible \
mw-collapsed”>
=====Introduction to Quantum Concepts=====
<div \class=“mw-collapsible-content”>
*[[Bohr Model]]
*[[Energy graphs and the Bohr model]]
*[[Quantized energy levels]]
</div>
</div>

====Expert Content====
<div class=“toccolours mw-collapsible \
mw-collapsed”>

* [http://p3server.pa.msu.edu/coursewiki/doku.php?id=183_notes:discovery_of_the_nucleus Discovery of the Nucleus]

</div>

<div style=“float:left; width:30%; padding:1%;”>

==Physics 2==
===Week 1===
<div class="toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">
====3D Vectors====
<div class="mw-collapsible-content">
*[[Page claimed by Laura Winalski]]*
*[[Vectors]]
*[[Right-Hand Rule]]
*[[Right Hand Rule]]
</div>
</div>

<div class="toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">

====Electric field====
<div class="mw-collapsible-content">
*[[Electric Field]]
</div>
</div>

<div class="toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">
====Electric force====
<div class="mw-collapsible-content">

*[[Electric Force]] Claimed by Amarachi Eze
*[[Lorentz Force]]
</div>
</div>

<div class="toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">

====Electric field of a point particle====

<div class="mw-collapsible-content">
*[[Point Charge]]
</div>
</div>

<div class="toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">

'''Bold text'''====Superposition====
<div class="mw-collapsible-content">
*[[Superposition Principle]]
*[[Superposition principle]]
</div>
</div>

<div class="toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">

====Dipoles====
<div class="mw-collapsible-content">
Claimed by Trevor Craport
*[[Electric Dipole]]
*[[Magnetic Dipole]]
</div>
</div>

===Week 2===
<div class="toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">
====Interactions of charged objects====
<div class="mw-collapsible-content">
*[[Electric Field]]
*[[Electric Potential]]
*[[Electric Force]]
*[[Lorentz Force]]
</div>
</div>

<div class="toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">
====Tape experiments====
<div class="mw-collapsible-content">
*[[Polarization]]
*[[Electric Polarization]]
</div>
</div>

<div class="toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">
====Polarization====
<div class="mw-collapsible-content">
*[[Polarization]]
*[[Electric Polarization]]
*[[Polarization of an Atom]]
</div>
</div>

===Week 3===
<div class="toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">
====Insulators====
<div class="mw-collapsible-content">
*[[Insulators]]
*[[Potential Difference in an Insulator]]
*[[Charged Conductor and Charged Insulator]]
*[[Charged conductor and charged insulator]]
</div>
</div>

<div class="toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">
====Conductors====
<div class="mw-collapsible-content">
*[[Conductivity]]
*[[Charge Transfer]]
*[[Resistivity]]
*[[Polarization of a conductor]]
*[[Charged Conductor and Charged Insulator]]
*[[Charged conductor and charged insulator]]
</div>
</div>

<div class="toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">
====Charging and discharging====
<div class="mw-collapsible-content">
*[[Charge Transfer]]
*[[Electrostatic Discharge]]
*[[Charged Conductor and Charged Insulator]]
*[[Charged conductor and charged insulator]]
</div>
</div>

===Week 4===
<div class="toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">
====Field of a charged rod====
<div class="mw-collapsible-content">
*[[Charged Rod]]
</div>
</div>

<div class="toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">

====Field of a charged ring/disk/capacitor====
<div class="mw-collapsible-content">
*[[Charged Ring]]
*[[Charged Disk]]
*[[Charged Capacitor]]
</div>
</div>

<div class="toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">

====Field of a charged sphere====
<div class="mw-collapsible-content">
*[[Charged Spherical Shell]]
*[[Field of a Charged Ball]]
</div>
</div>

===Week 5===
<div class="toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">
====Potential energy====
<div class="mw-collapsible-content">
*[[Potential Energy]]
</div>
</div>

<div class="toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">
====Electric potential====
<div class="mw-collapsible-content">
*[[Electric Potential]]
*[[Path Independence of Electric Potential]]
*[[Potential DIfference Path Independence]]
*[[Potential Difference in a Uniform Field]]
*[[Potential Difference of Point Charge in a Non-Uniform Field]]
</div>
</div>
<div class="toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">
====Sign of a potential difference====
<div class="mw-collapsible-content">
*[[Sign of Potential Difference, claimed by Tyler Quill]]
</div>

== Claimed by Tyler Quill ==

</div>
<div class="toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">

====Potential at a single location====
<div class="mw-collapsible-content">
*[[Electric Potential]]
*[[Potential Difference at One Location]]
</div>
</div>

<div class="toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">

====Path independence and round trip potential====
<div class="mw-collapsible-content">
*[[Path Independence of Electric Potential]]
*[[Potential DIfference Path Independence]]
</div>
</div>

===Week 6===
<div class="toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">
====Electric field and potential in an insulator====
<div class="mw-collapsible-content">
*[[Potential Difference in an Insulator]]
*[[Electric Field in an Insulator]]
</div>
</div>
<div class="toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">
====Moving charges in a magnetic field====
<div class="mw-collapsible-content">
*[[Magnetic Field]]
*[[Magnetic Force]]
*[[Lorentz Force]]
</div>
</div>
<div class="toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">

====Biot-Savart Law====
<div class="mw-collapsible-content">
*[[Biot-Savart Law]]
*[[Biot-Savart Law for Currents]]
</div>
</div>
<div class="toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">

====Moving charges, electron current, and conventional current====
<div class="mw-collapsible-content">
*[[Moving Point Charge]]
*[[Current]]
*[[Conventional Current]]*
</div>
</div>

===Week 7===
<div class="toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">
====Magnetic field of a wire====
<div class="mw-collapsible-content">
*[[Magnetic Field of a Long Straight Wire]]
</div>
</div>

<div class="toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">
====Magnetic field of a current-carrying loop====
<div class="mw-collapsible-content">
*[[Magnetic Field of a Loop]]
</div>
</div>

<div class="toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">
====Magnetic dipoles====
<div class="mw-collapsible-content">
*[[Magnetic Dipole Moment]]
*[[Bar Magnet]]
</div>
</div>

<div class="toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">
====Atomic structure of magnets====
<div class="mw-collapsible-content">
*[[Atomic Structure of Magnets]]
</div>
</div>

===Week 8===
<div class="toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">
====Steady state current====
<div class="mw-collapsible-content">
*[[Steady State]]
*[[Non Steady State]]
</div>
</div>

<div class="toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">
====Node rule====
<div class="mw-collapsible-content">
*[[Node Rule]]
</div>
</div>

<div class="toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">
====Electric fields and energy in circuits====
<div class="mw-collapsible-content">
*[[Series circuit]]
*[[Node Rule]]
*[[Loop Rule]]
</div>
</div>

<div class="toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">
====Macroscopic analysis of circuits====
<div class="mw-collapsible-content">
*[[Series Circuits]]
*[[Parallel CIrcuits]]
*[[Parallel Circuits vs. Series Circuits*]]
*[[Loop Rule]]
*[[Node Rule]]
</div>
</div>

===Week 9===
<div class="toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">
====Electric field and potential in circuits with capacitors====
<div class="mw-collapsible-content">
*[[Charging and Discharging a Capacitor]]
*[[RC Circuit]]
*[[R Circuit]]
</div>
</div>

<div class="toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">
====Magnetic forces on charges and currents====
<div class="mw-collapsible-content">
*[[Magnetic Force]]
*[[Lorentz Force]]
*[[Applying Magnetic Force to Currents]]
*[[Magnetic Force in a Moving Reference Frame]]
*[[Right-Hand Rule]]
</div>
</div>

<div class="toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">
====Electric and magnetic forces====
<div class="mw-collapsible-content">
*[[Electric Force]]
*[[Magnetic Force]]
*[[Lorentz Force]]
</div>
</div>

<div class="toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">
====Velocity selector====
<div class="mw-collapsible-content">
*[[Lorentz Force]]
*[[Combining Electric and Magnetic Forces]]
</div>
</div>

===Week 10===
<div class="toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">
====The Hall effect====
<div class="mw-collapsible-content">
*[[Hall Effect]]
*[[Right-Hand Rule]]
*[[Polarization]]
</div>
</div>

<div class="toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">
====Motional EMF====
<div class="mw-collapsible-content">
*[[Motional Emf]]
*[[Motional Emf using Faraday's Law]]
</div>
</div>

<div class="toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">
====Magnetic force====
<div class="mw-collapsible-content">
*[[Magnetic Force]]
*[[Lorentz Force]]
</div>
</div>

<div class="toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">
====Magnetic torque====
<div class="mw-collapsible-content">
*[[Magnetic Torque]]
*[[Right-Hand Rule]]
</div>
</div>

===Week 12===

<div class="toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">
====Gauss's Law====
<div class="mw-collapsible-content">
*[[Gauss's Flux Theorem]]
*[[Gauss's Law]]
*[[Magnetic Flux]]
</div>
</div>

<div class="toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">

====Ampere's Law====
<div class="mw-collapsible-content">
*[[Ampere's Law]]
*[[Ampere-Maxwell Law]]
*[[Magnetic Field of Coaxial Cable Using Ampere's Law]]
*[[Magnetic Field of a Long Thick Wire Using Ampere's Law]]
*[[Magnetic Field of a Toroid Using Ampere's Law]]
*[[Magnetic Field of a Solenoid Using Ampere's Law]]
*[[The Differential Form of Ampere's Law]]
</div>
</div>

===Week 13===
<div class="toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">
====Semiconductors====
<div class="mw-collapsible-content">
*[[Semiconductor Devices]]
</div>
</div>

<div class="toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">
====Faraday's Law====
<div class="mw-collapsible-content">
*[[Faraday's Law]]
*[[Motional Emf using Faraday's Law]]
*[[Lenz's Law]]
</div>
</div>

<div class="toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">
====Maxwell's equations====
<div class="mw-collapsible-content">
*[[Gauss's Law]]
*[[Magnetic Flux]]
*[[Ampere's Law]]
*[[Faraday's Law]]
*[[Maxwell's Electromagnetic Theory]]
</div>
</div>

===Week 14===
<div class="toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">
====Circuits revisited====
<div class="mw-collapsible-content">

</div>
</div>

<div class="toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">
====Inductors====
<div class="mw-collapsible-content">
*[[Inductors]]
*[[Current in an LC Circuit]]
*[[RL Circuits]]
</div>
</div>

===Week 15===
<div class="toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">
====Sparks in the air====
<div class="mw-collapsible-content">
*[[Sparks in Air]]
*[[Spark Plugs]]
</div>
</div>

<div class="toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">
====Superconductors====
<div class="mw-collapsible-content">
*[[Superconducters]]
*[[Superconductors]]
*[[Meissner effect]]
</div>
</div>
</div>

<div style="float:left; width:30%; padding:1%;">

==Physics 3==

===Week 1===
<div class="toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">
====Classical Physics====
<div class="mw-collapsible-content">
</div>
</div>

===Week 2===
<div class="toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">
====Special Relativity====
<div class="mw-collapsible-content">
*[[Frame of Reference]]
*[[Einstein's Theory of Special Relativity]]
*[[Time Dilation]]
*[[Einstein's Theory of General Relativity]]
*[[Albert A. Micheleson & Edward W. Morley]]
*[[Magnetic Force in a Moving Reference Frame]]
</div>
</div>

===Week 3===
<div class="toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">
====Photons====
<div class="mw-collapsible-content">
*[[Spontaneous Photon Emission]]
*[[Light Scattering: Why is the Sky Blue]]
*[[Lasers]]
*[[Electronic Energy Levels and Photons]]
*[[Quantum Properties of Light]]
</div>
</div>

===Week 4===
<div class="toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">
====Matter Waves====
<div class="mw-collapsible-content">
*[[Wave-Particle Duality]]
</div>
</div>

===Week 5===
<div class="toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">
====Wave Mechanics====
<div class="mw-collapsible-content">
*[[Standing Waves]]
*[[Wavelength]]
*[[Wavelength and Frequency]]
*[[Mechanical Waves]]
*[[Transverse and Longitudinal Waves]]
</div>
</div>

===Week 6===
<div class="toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">
====Rutherford-Bohr Model====
<div class="mw-collapsible-content">
*[[Rutherford Experiment and Atomic Collisions]]
*[[Bohr Model]]
*[[Quantized energy levels]]
*[[Energy graphs and the Bohr model]]
</div>
</div>

===Week 7===
<div class="toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">
====The Hydrogen Atom====
<div class="mw-collapsible-content">
*[[Quantum Theory]]
*[[Atomic Theory]]
</div>
</div>

===Week 8===
<div class="toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">
====Many-Electron Atoms====
<div class="mw-collapsible-content">
*[[Quantum Theory]]
*[[Atomic Theory]]
*[[Pauli exclusion principle]]
</div>
</div>

===Week 9===
<div class="toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">
====Molecules====
<div class="mw-collapsible-content">
</div>
</div>

===Week 10===
<div class="toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">
====Statistical Physics====
<div class="mw-collapsible-content">
</div>
</div>

===Week 11===
<div class="toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">
====Condensed Matter Physics====
<div class="mw-collapsible-content">
</div>
</div>

===Week 12===
<div class="toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">
====The Nucleus====
<div class="mw-collapsible-content">
</div>
</div>

===Week 13===
<div class="toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">
====Nuclear Physics====
<div class="mw-collapsible-content">
*[[Nuclear Fission]]
*[[Nuclear Energy from Fission and Fusion]]
</div>
</div>

===Week 14===
<div class="toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">
====Particle Physics====
<div class="mw-collapsible-content">
*[[Elementary Particles and Particle Physics Theory]]
*[[String Theory]]
</div>
</div>

Main Page

2015-12-06T02:55:01Z

Sburch8: /* Real Life Applications of Electromagnetic Principles */

__NOTOC__
Welcome to the Georgia Tech Wiki for Intro Physics. This resources was created so that students can contribute and curate content to help those with limited or no access to a textbook. When reading this website, please correct any errors you may come across. If you read something that isn't clear, please consider revising it!

Looking to make a contribution?
#Pick a specific topic from intro physics
#Add that topic, as a link to a new page, under the appropriate category listed below by editing this page.
#Copy and paste the default [[Template]] into your new page and start editing.

Please remember that this is not a textbook and you are not limited to expressing your ideas with only text and equations. Whenever possible embed: pictures, videos, diagrams, simulations, computational models (e.g. Glowscript), and whatever content you think makes learning physics easier for other students.

== Source Material ==
All of the content added to this resource must be in the public domain or similar free resource. If you are unsure about a source, contact the original author for permission. That said, there is a surprisingly large amount of introductory physics content scattered across the web. Here is an incomplete list of intro physics resources (please update as needed).
* A physics resource written by experts for an expert audience [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:Physics Physics Portal]
* A wiki book on modern physics [https://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Modern_Physics Modern Physics Wiki]
* The MIT open courseware for intro physics [http://ocw.mit.edu/resources/res-8-002-a-wikitextbook-for-introductory-mechanics-fall-2009/index.htm MITOCW Wiki]
* An online concept map of intro physics [http://hyperphysics.phy-astr.gsu.edu/hbase/hph.html HyperPhysics]
* Interactive physics simulations [https://phet.colorado.edu/en/simulations/category/physics PhET]
* OpenStax algebra based intro physics textbook [https://openstaxcollege.org/textbooks/college-physics College Physics]
* The Open Source Physics project is a collection of online physics resources [http://www.opensourcephysics.org/ OSP]
* A resource guide compiled by the [http://www.aapt.org/ AAPT] for educators [http://www.compadre.org/ ComPADRE]

== Organizing Categories ==
These are the broad, overarching categories, that we cover in two semester of introductory physics. You can add subcategories or make a new category as needed. A single topic should direct readers to a page in one of these catagories.

<div class="toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">
===Interactions===
<div class="mw-collapsible-content">
*[[Kinds of Matter]]
**[[Ball and Spring Model of Matter]]
*[[Escape Velocity]]
*[[Fundamental Interactions]]
*[[Determinism]]
*[[System & Surroundings]]
*[[Free Body Diagram]]
*[[Newton's First Law of Motion]]
*[[Newton's Second Law of Motion]]
*[[Newton's Third Law of Motion]]
*[[Gravitational Force]]
*[[Electric Force]]
*[[Conservation of Energy]]
*[[Conservation of Charge]]
*[[Terminal Speed]]
*[[Simple Harmonic Motion]]
*[[Speed and Velocity]]
*[[Acceleration]]
*[[Electric Polarization]]
*[[Perpetual Freefall (Orbit)]]
*[[2-Dimensional Motion]]
*[[3-Dimensional Position and Motion]]
*[[Center of Mass]]
*[[Reaction Time]]
*[[Time Dilation]]
*[[Pauli exclusion principle]]
*[[Interactions of Momentum and Energy Principles]]
*[[Magnus Effect]]
</div>
</div>

<div class="toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">

===Modeling with VPython===
<div class="mw-collapsible-content">
*[[VPython]]
*[[VPython basics]]
*[[VPython Common Errors and Troubleshooting]]
*[[VPython Functions]]
*[[VPython Lists]]
*[[VPython Loops]]
*[[VPython Multithreading]]
*[[VPython Animation]]
*[[VPython Objects]]
*[[VPython 3D Objects]]
*[[VPython Reference]]
*[[VPython MapReduceFilter]]
</div>
</div>

<div class="toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">

===Theory===
<div class="mw-collapsible-content">
*[[Einstein's Theory of Special Relativity]]
*[[Einstein's Theory of General Relativity]]
*[[Quantum Theory]]
*[[Maxwell's Electromagnetic Theory]]
*[[Atomic Theory]]
*[[String Theory]]
*[[Elementary Particles and Particle Physics Theory]]
*[[Law of Gravitation]]
*[[Newton's Laws]]
*[[Higgs field]]
*[[Supersymmetry]]
</div>
</div>

<div class="toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">

===Notable Scientists===
<div class="mw-collapsible-content">
*[[Alexei Alexeyevich Abrikosov]]
*[[Christian Doppler]]
*[[Albert Einstein]]
*[[Ernest Rutherford]]
*[[Joseph Henry]]
*[[Michael Faraday]]
*[[J.J. Thomson]]
*[[James Maxwell]]
*[[Robert Hooke]]
*[[Carl Friedrich Gauss]]
*[[Nikola Tesla]]
*[[Andre Marie Ampere]]
*[[Sir Isaac Newton]]
*[[J. Robert Oppenheimer]]
*[[Oliver Heaviside]]
*[[Rosalind Franklin]]
*[[Enrico Fermi]]
*[[Robert J. Van de Graaff]]
*[[Charles de Coulomb]]
*[[Hans Christian Ørsted]]
*[[Philo Farnsworth]]
*[[Niels Bohr]]
*[[Georg Ohm]]
*[[Leo Szilard]]
*[[Galileo Galilei]]
*[[Gustav Kirchhoff]]
*[[Max Planck]]
*[[Heinrich Hertz]]
*[[Edwin Hall]]
*[[James Watt]]
*[[Count Alessandro Volta]]
*[[Josiah Willard Gibbs]]
*[[Richard Phillips Feynman]]
*[[Sir David Brewster]]
*[[Daniel Bernoulli]]
*[[William Thomson]]
*[[Leonhard Euler]]
*[[Robert Fox Bacher]]
*[[Stephen Hawking]]
*[[Amedeo Avogadro]]
*[[Wilhelm Conrad Roentgen]]
*[[Pierre Laplace]]
*[[Thomas Edison]]
*[[Hendrik Lorentz]]
*[[Jean-Baptiste Biot]]
*[[Lise Meitner]]
*[[Lisa Randall]]
*[[Felix Savart]]
*[[Heinrich Lenz]]
*[[Max Born]]
*[[Archimedes]]
*[[Jean Baptiste Biot]]
*[[Carl Sagan]]
*[[Eugene Wigner]]
*[[Marie Curie]]
*[[Pierre Curie]]
*[[Werner Heisenberg]]
*[[Johannes Diderik van der Waals]]
*[[Louis de Broglie]]
*[[Aristotle]]
*[[Émilie du Châtelet]]
*[[Blaise Pascal]]
*[[Siméon Denis Poisson]]
*[[Benjamin Franklin]]
*[[James Chadwick]]
*[[Henry Cavendish]]
*[[Thomas Young]]
*[[James Prescott Joule]]
*[[John Bardeen]]
*[[Leo Baekeland]]
*[[Alhazen]]
*[[Willebrord Snell]]
*[[Fritz Walther Meissner]]
*[[Johannes Kepler]]
*[[Johann Wilhelm Ritter]]
*[[Philipp Lenard]]
*[[Robert A. Millikan]]
*[[Joseph Louis Gay-Lussac]]
*[[Guglielmo Marconi]]
*[[William Lawrence Bragg]]
*[[Robert Goddard]]
*[[Léon Foucault]]
*[[Henri Poincaré]]
*[[Steven Weinberg]]
*[[Arthur Compton]]
*[[Pythagoras of Samos]]
*[[Subrahmanyan Chandrasekhar]]
*[[Wilhelm Eduard Weber]]
*[[Edmond Becquerel]]
*[[Joseph Rotblat]]
*[[Carl David Anderson]]
*[[Hermann von Helmholtz]]
*[[Nicolas Leonard Sadi Carnot]]
*[[Wallace Carothers]]
*[[David J. Wineland]]
*[[Rudolf Clausius]]
*[[Edward L. Norton]]
*[[Shuji Nakamura]]
*[[Pierre Laplace Pt. 2]]
*[[William B. Shockley]]
*[[Osborne Reynolds]]
*[[Christian Huygens]]
*[[Hans Bethe]]
*[[Erwin Schrodinger]]
*[[Wolfgang Pauli]]
*[[Paul Dirac]]
*[[Bill Nye]]
*[[Arnold Sommerfeld]]
*[[Ernest Lawrence]]
*[[James Franck]]
*[[Chen-Ning Yang]]
*[[Albert A. Micheleson & Edward W. Morley]]
</div>
</div>

<div class="toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">

===Properties of Matter===
<div class="mw-collapsible-content">
*[[Mass]]
*[[Velocity]]
*[[Relative Velocity]]
*[[Density]]
*[[Charge]]
*[[Spin]]
*[[SI Units]]
*[[Heat Capacity]]
*[[Specific Heat]]
*[[Wavelength]]
*[[Electrical Conductivity/Resistivity]]
*[[Malleability]]
*[[Ductility]]
*[[Weight]]
*[[Boiling Point]]
*[[Melting Point]]
*[[Inertia]]
*[[Non-Newtonian Fluids]]
*[[Ferrofluids]]
*[[Color]]
*[[Temperature]]
*[[Plasma]]
*[[Electron Mobility]]
</div>
</div>

<div class="toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">

===Contact Interactions===
<div class="mw-collapsible-content">
* [[Young's Modulus]]
* [[Friction]]
* [[Static Friction]]
* [[Tension]]
* [[Hooke's Law]]
*[[Centripetal Force and Curving Motion]]
*[[Compression or Normal Force]]
* [[Length and Stiffness of an Interatomic Bond]]
* [[Speed of Sound in Solids]]
* [[Iterative Prediction of Spring-Mass System]]
</div>
</div>

<div class="toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">

===Momentum===
<div class="mw-collapsible-content">
* [[Vectors]]
* [[Kinematics]]
* [[Conservation of Momentum]]
* [[Predicting Change in multiple dimensions]]
* [[Derivation of the Momentum Principle]]
* [[Momentum Principle]]
* [[Impulse Momentum]]
* [[Curving Motion]]
* [[Projectile Motion]]
* [[Multi-particle Analysis of Momentum]]
* [[Iterative Prediction]]
* [[Analytical Prediction]]
* [[Newton's Laws and Linear Momentum]]
* [[Net Force]]
* [[Center of Mass]]
* [[Momentum at High Speeds]]
* [[Momentum with respect to external Forces]]
</div>
</div>

<div class="toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">

===Angular Momentum===
<div class="mw-collapsible-content">
* [[The Moments of Inertia]]
* [[Moment of Inertia for a cylinder]]
* [[Rotation]]
* [[Torque]]
* [[Systems with Zero Torque]]
[[Systems with Zero Torque*]]
* [[Systems with Nonzero Torque]]
* [[Torque vs Work]]
* [[Angular Impulse]]
* [[Right Hand Rule]]
* [[Angular Velocity]]
* [[Predicting the Position of a Rotating System]]
* [[Translational Angular Momentum]]
* [[The Angular Momentum Principle]]
* [[Angular Momentum of Multiparticle Systems]]
* [[Rotational Angular Momentum]]
* [[Total Angular Momentum]]
* [[Gyroscopes]]
* [[Angular Momentum Compared to Linear Momentum]]
*[[Torque 2]]

</div>
</div>

<div class="toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">

===Energy===
<div class="mw-collapsible-content">
*[[The Photoelectric Effect]]
*[[Photons]]
*[[The Energy Principle]]
*[[Predicting Change]]
*[[Rest Mass Energy]]
*[[Kinetic Energy]]
*[[Potential Energy]]
**[[Potential Energy for a Magnetic Dipole]]
**[[Potential Energy of a Multiparticle System]]
**[[Graviational Potential Energy]]
*[[Work]]
**[[Work Done By A Nonconstant Force]]
*[[Work and Energy for an Extended System]]
*[[Thermal Energy]]
*[[Conservation of Energy]]
*[[Electric Potential]]
*[[Energy Transfer due to a Temperature Difference]]
*[[Gravitational Potential Energy]]
*[[Point Particle Systems]]
*[[Real Systems]]
*[[Spring Potential Energy]]
**[[Ball and Spring Model]]
*[[Internal Energy]]
**[[Potential Energy of a Pair of Neutral Atoms]]
*[[Translational, Rotational and Vibrational Energy]]
*[[Franck-Hertz Experiment]]
*[[Power (Mechanical)]]
*[[Transformation of Energy]]

*[[Energy Graphs]]
**[[Energy graphs and the Bohr model]]
*[[Air Resistance]]
*[[Electronic Energy Levels]]
*[[First Law of Thermodynamics]]
*[[Second Law of Thermodynamics and Entropy]]
*[[Specific Heat Capacity]]
*[[The Maxwell-Boltzmann Distribution]]
*[[Electronic Energy Levels and Photons]]
*[[Energy Density]]
*[[Bohr Model]]
*[[Quantized energy levels]]
**[[Spontaneous Photon Emission]]
*[[Path Independence of Electric Potential]]
*[[Energy in a Circuit]]
*[[The Photovoltaic Effect]]
</div>
</div>

<div class="toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">

===Collisions===
<div class="mw-collapsible-content">
[[File:opener.png]]

*[[Collisions]]
Collisions are events that happen very frequently in our day-to-day world. In the realm of Physics, a collision is defined as any sort of process in which before and after a short time interval there is little interaction, but during that short time interval there are large interactions. When looking at collisions, it is first important to understand two very important principles: the Momentum Principle and the Energy Principle. Both principles serve use when talking of collisions because they provide a way in which to analyze these collisions. Collisions themselves can be categorized into 3 main different types: elastic collisions, inelastic collisions, maximally inelastic collisions. All 3 collisions will get touched on in more detail further on.
[[File:pe.png]]

*[[Elastic Collisions]]
A collision is deemed "elastic" when the internal energy of the objects in the system does not change (in other words, change in internal energy equals 0). Because in an elastic collision no kinetic energy is converted over to internal energy, in any elastic collision Kfinal always equals Kinitial.
[[File:Elco.png]]

*[[Inelastic Collisions]]
A collision is said to be "inelastic" when it is not elastic; therefore, an inelastic collision is an interaction in which some change in internal energy occurs between the colliding objects (in other words, change in internal energy does not equal 0). Examples of such changes that occur between colliding objects include, but are not limited to, things like they get hot, or they vibrate/rotate, or they deform. Because some of the kinetic energy is converted to internal energy during an inelastic collision, Kfinal does not equal Kinitial.
There are a few characteristics that one can search for when identifying inelasticity. These indications include things such as:
*Objects stick together after the collision
*An object is in an excited state after the collision
*An object becomes deformed after the collision
*The objects become hotter after the collision
*There exists more vibration or rotation after the collision
[[File:inve.gif]]

*[[Maximally Inelastic Collision]]
Maximally inelastic collisions, also known as "sticking collisions", are the most extreme kinds of inelastic collisions. Just as its secondary name implies, a maximally inelastic collision is one in which the colliding objects stick together creating maximum dissipation. This does not automatically mean that the colliding objects stop dead because the law of conservation of momentum. In a maximally inelastic collision, the remaining kinetic energy is present only because total momentum can't change and must be conserved.
[[File:inel.gif]]

*[[Head-on Collision of Equal Masses]]
The easiest way to understand this phenomenon is to look at it through an example. In this case, we can analyze it through the common game of billiards. Taking the two, equally massed billiard balls as the system, we can neglect the small frictional force exerted on the balls by the billiard table. The Momentum Principle states that in this head-on collision of billiard balls the total final momentum in the x direction must equal the total initial momentum. However, this alone does not give us the knowledge to know how the momentum will be divided up between the two balls. Considering the law of conservation of energy, we can more accurately depict what will happen. This will also allow for one to identify what kind of collision occurs (elastic, inelastic, or maximally inelastic). It is important to know that head-on collisions of equal masses do not have a definite type of collision associated with it.
[[File:momentum-real-life-applications-2895.jpg]] [[File:8ball.gif]]

*[[Head-on Collision of Unequal Masses]]
Just as with head-on collisions of equal masses, it is easy to understand head-on collisions of unequal masses by viewing it through an example. Let's take for example two balls of unequal masses like a ping-pong ball and a bowling ball. For the purpose of this example (so as to allow for no friction and no other significant external forces), let's imagine these objects collide in outer space inside an orbiting spacecraft. If there were to be a collision between the two, what would one expect to happen? One could expect to see the ping-pong ball collide with the bowling ball and bounce straight back with a very small change of speed. What one might not expect as much is that the bowling ball also moves, just very slowly. Again, this can all be explained through the conservation of momentum and the conservation of energy.
[[File:mi3e.jpg]]

*[[Frame of Reference]]
In the world of Physics, a frame of reference is the perspective from which a system is observed. It can be stationary or sometimes it can even be moving at a constant velocity. In some rare cases, the frame of reference moves at an nonconstant velocity and is deemed "noninertial" meaning the basic laws of physics do not apply. Continuing with the trend of examples, pretend you are at a train station observing trains as they pass by. From your stationary frame of reference, you observe that the passenger on the train is moving at the same velocity as the train. However, from a moving frame of reference, say from the eyes of the train conductor, he would view the train passengers as "anchored" to the train.
[[File:train.png]]

*[[Scattering: Collisions in 2D and 3D]]
Experiments that involve scattering are often used to study the structure and behavior of atoms, nuclei, as well as of other small particles. In an experiment like such, a beam of particles collides with other particles. If it is an atomic or nuclear collision, we are unable to observe the curving trajectories inside the tiny region of interaction. Instead, we can only truly observe the trajectories before and after the collision. This is only possible because the particles are at a farther distance apart and have a very weak mutual interaction; this essentially means that the particles are moving almost in a straight line. A good example which demonstrates scattering is the collision between an alpha particle (the nucleus of a helium atom) and the nucleus of a gold atom. One will understand this phenomenon more in depth after first understanding the Rutherford Experiment which will get touched on later.

*[[Rutherford Experiment and Atomic Collisions]]
In England in 1911, a famous experiment was performed by a group of scientists led by Mr. Ernest Rutherford. This experiment, later known as "The Rutherford Experiment", was a tremendous breakthrough for its time because it led to the discovery of the nucleus inside the atom. Rutherford's experiment involved the scattering of a high-speed alpha particle (now known as a helium nuclei - 2 protons and 2 neutrons) as it was shot at a thin gold foil (consisting of a nuclei with 79 protons and 118 neutrons). In the experiment, Rutherford and his team discovered that the velocity of the alpha particles was not high enough to allow the particles to make actual contact with the gold nucleus. Although they never actually made contact, it is still deemed a collision because there exists a sizable force between the alpha particle and the gold nucleus over a very short period of time. In conclusion, we say the alpha particle is "scattered" by its interaction with the nucleus of a gold atom and experiments like such are called "scattering" experiments.
[[File:ruthef.jpg]]

*[[Coefficient of Restitution]]
The coefficient of restitution is a measure of the elasticity in a collision. It is the ratio of the differences in velocities before and after the collision. The coefficient is evaluated by taking the difference in the velocities of the colliding objects after the collision and dividing by the difference in the velocities of the colliding objects before the collision.

All of the following information was collected from the Matter and Interactions 4th Edition physics textbook. The book is cited as follows...

Chabay, Ruth W., and Bruce A. Sherwood. "Chapter 10: Collisions." Matter & Interactions. Fourth Edition ed. Wiley, 2015. 383-409. Print.

</div>
</div>

<div class="toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">

===Fields===
<div class="mw-collapsible-content">
* [[Electric Field]] of a
** [[Point Charge]]
** [[Electric Dipole]]
** [[Capacitor]]
** [[Charged Rod]]
** [[Charged Ring]]
** [[Charged Disk]]
** [[Charged Spherical Shell]]
** [[integrating the spherical shell]]
** [[Charged Cylinder]]
**[[A Solid Sphere Charged Throughout Its Volume]]
*[[Charge Density]]
*[[Superposition Principle]]
*[[Electric Potential]]
**[[Potential Difference Path Independence]]
**[[Potential Difference in a Uniform Field]]
**[[Potential Difference of point charge in a non-Uniform Field]]
**[[Potential Difference at One Location]]
**[[Sign of Potential Difference]]
**[[Potential Difference in an Insulator]]
**[[Energy Density and Electric Field]]
** [[Systems of Charged Objects]]
*[[Electric Force]]
*[[Polarization]]
**[[Polarization of an Atom]]
**[[Charged Conductor and Charged Insulator]]
**[[Polarization and Drift Speed]]
*[[Charge Motion in Metals]]
*[[Charge Transfer]]
**[[Electrostatic Discharge]]
*[[Magnetic Field]]
**[[Right-Hand Rule]]
**[[Direction of Magnetic Field]]
**[[Magnetic Field of a Long Straight Wire]]
**[[Magnetic Field of a Loop]]
**[[Magnetic Field of a Solenoid]]
**[[Bar Magnet]]
**[[Magnetic Dipole Moment]]
***[[Stern-Gerlach Experiment]]
**[[Magnetic Torque]]
**[[Magnetic Force]]
***[[Applying Magnetic Force to Currents]]
**[[Earth's Magnetic Field]]
**[[Atomic Structure of Magnets]]
*[[Combining Electric and Magnetic Forces]]
**[[Hall Effect]]
**[[Lorentz Force]]
**[[Biot-Savart Law]]
**[[Biot-Savart Law for Currents]]
**[[Integration Techniques for Magnetic Field]]
**[[Sparks in Air]]
**[[Motional Emf]]
**[[Detecting a Magnetic Field]]
**[[Moving Point Charge]]
**[[Non-Coulomb Electric Field]]
**[[Electric Motors]]
**[[Solenoid Applications]]
</div>
</div>

<div class="toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">

===Simple Circuits===
<div class="mw-collapsible-content">
*[[Components]]
*[[Steady State]]
*[[Non Steady State]]
*[[Charging and Discharging a Capacitor]]
*[[Work and Power In A Circuit]]
*[[Thin and Thick Wires]]
*[[Node Rule]]
*[[Loop Rule]]
*[[Resistivity]]
*[[Power in a circuit]]
*[[Ammeters,Voltmeters,Ohmmeters]]
*[[Current]]
**[[AC]]
*[[Ohm's Law]]
*[[Series Circuits]]
*[[Parallel Circuits]]
*[[RC]]
*[[Parallel Circuits vs. Series Circuits]]
*[[AC vs DC]]
**[[Rectification (Converting AC to DC)]]
*[[Charge in a RC Circuit]]
*[[Current in a RC circuit]]
*[[Circular Loop of Wire]]
*[[Current in a RL Circuit]]
*[[RL Circuit]]
*[[Feedback]]
*[[Transformers (Circuits)]]
*[[Resistors and Conductivity]]
*[[Semiconductor Devices]]
*[[Insulators]]
*[[Voltage]]
*[[Batteries]]
</div>
</div>

<div class="toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">

===Maxwell's Equations===
<div class="mw-collapsible-content">
*[[Gauss's Flux Theorem]]
**[[Electric Fields]]
***[[Examples of Flux Through Surfaces and Objects]]
**[[Magnetic Fields]]
**[[Proof of Gauss's Law]]
*[[Ampere's Law]]
**[[Magnetic Field of Coaxial Cable Using Ampere's Law]]
**[[Magnetic Field of a Long Thick Wire Using Ampere's Law]]
**[[Magnetic Field of a Toroid Using Ampere's Law]]
**[[The Differential Form of Ampere's Law]]
*[[Faraday's Law]]
**[[Curly Electric Fields]]
**[[Inductance]]
***[[Transformers (Physics)]]
***[[Energy Density]]
**[[Lenz's Law]]
***[[Lenz Effect and the Jumping Ring]]
**[[Lenz's Rule]]
**[[Motional Emf using Faraday's Law]]
*[[Ampere-Maxwell Law]]
*[[Superconductors]]
**[[Meissner effect]]
</div>
</div>

<div class="toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">

===Radiation===
<div class="mw-collapsible-content">
*[[Producing a Radiative Electric Field]]
*[[Sinusoidal Electromagnetic Radiaton]]
*[[Lenses]]
*[[Energy and Momentum Analysis in Radiation]]
**[[Poynting Vector]]
*[[Electromagnetic Propagation]]
**[[Wavelength and Frequency]]
*[[Snell's Law]]
*[[Effects of Radiation on Matter]]
*[[Light Propagation Through a Medium]]
*[[Light Scaterring: Why is the Sky Blue]]
*[[Light Refraction: Bending of light]]
*[[Cherenkov Radiation]]
*[[Rayleigh Effect]]
*[[Image Formation]]
*[[Nuclear Energy from Fission and Fusion]]
</div>
<div class="toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">

===Sound===
<div class="mw-collapsible-content">
*[[Doppler Effect]]
*[[Nature, Behavior, and Properties of Sound]]
*[[Speed of Sound]]
*[[Resonance]]
*[[Sound Barrier]]
*[[Sound Propagation in Water]]
</div>
</div>
<div class="toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">

===Waves===
<div class="mw-collapsible-content">
*[[Bragg's Law]]
*[[Standing waves]]
*[[Gravitational waves]]
*[[Plasma waves]]
*[[Wave-Particle Duality]]
*[[Electromagnetic Spectrum]]
*[[Color Light Wave]]
*[[Rayleigh Wave]]
*[[Pendulum Motion]]
*[[Transverse and Longitudinal Waves]]
*[[Planck's Relation]]
*[[interference]]
*[[Polarization of Waves]]
*[[Angular Resolution]]
</div>
</div>
<div class="toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">

===Real Life Applications of Electromagnetic Principles===
<div class="mw-collapsible-content">
*[[Scanning Electron Microscopes]]
*[[Maglev Trains]]
*[[Spark Plugs]]
*[[Metal Detectors]]
*[[Speakers]]
*[[Radios]]
*[[Ampullae of Lorenzini]]
*[[Electrocytes]]
*[[Generator]]
*[[Using Capacitors to Measure Fluid Level]]
*[[Cyclotron]]
*[[Railgun]]
*[[Magnetic Resonance Imaging]]
*[[Electric Eels]]
*[[Windshield Wipers]]
*[[Galvanic Cells]]
*[[Electrolytic Cells]]
*[[Magnetoreception]]
*[[Memory Storage Devices]]
*[[Electric Pickups]]
</div>
</div>

<div class="toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">

===Optics===
<div class="mw-collapsible-content">
*[[Mirrors]]
*[[Refraction]]
*[[Quantum Properties of Light]]
*[[Lasers]]
*[[Lenses]]
*[[Dispersion and Scattering]]
*[[Telescopes]]

</div>
</div>

== Resources ==
* Commonly used wiki commands [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:Cheatsheet Wiki Cheatsheet]
* A guide to representing equations in math mode [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:Displaying_a_formula Wiki Math Mode]
* A page to keep track of all the physics [[Constants]]
* A page for review of [[Vectors]] and vector operations

Main Page

2015-12-06T01:32:36Z

Sburch8: /* Real Life Applications of Electromagnetic Principles */

__NOTOC__
Welcome to the Georgia Tech Wiki for Intro Physics. This resources was created so that students can contribute and curate content to help those with limited or no access to a textbook. When reading this website, please correct any errors you may come across. If you read something that isn't clear, please consider revising it!

Looking to make a contribution?
#Pick a specific topic from intro physics
#Add that topic, as a link to a new page, under the appropriate category listed below by editing this page.
#Copy and paste the default [[Template]] into your new page and start editing.

Please remember that this is not a textbook and you are not limited to expressing your ideas with only text and equations. Whenever possible embed: pictures, videos, diagrams, simulations, computational models (e.g. Glowscript), and whatever content you think makes learning physics easier for other students.

== Source Material ==
All of the content added to this resource must be in the public domain or similar free resource. If you are unsure about a source, contact the original author for permission. That said, there is a surprisingly large amount of introductory physics content scattered across the web. Here is an incomplete list of intro physics resources (please update as needed).
* A physics resource written by experts for an expert audience [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:Physics Physics Portal]
* A wiki book on modern physics [https://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Modern_Physics Modern Physics Wiki]
* The MIT open courseware for intro physics [http://ocw.mit.edu/resources/res-8-002-a-wikitextbook-for-introductory-mechanics-fall-2009/index.htm MITOCW Wiki]
* An online concept map of intro physics [http://hyperphysics.phy-astr.gsu.edu/hbase/hph.html HyperPhysics]
* Interactive physics simulations [https://phet.colorado.edu/en/simulations/category/physics PhET]
* OpenStax algebra based intro physics textbook [https://openstaxcollege.org/textbooks/college-physics College Physics]
* The Open Source Physics project is a collection of online physics resources [http://www.opensourcephysics.org/ OSP]
* A resource guide compiled by the [http://www.aapt.org/ AAPT] for educators [http://www.compadre.org/ ComPADRE]

== Organizing Categories ==
These are the broad, overarching categories, that we cover in two semester of introductory physics. You can add subcategories or make a new category as needed. A single topic should direct readers to a page in one of these catagories.

<div class="toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">
===Interactions===
<div class="mw-collapsible-content">
*[[Kinds of Matter]]
**[[Ball and Spring Model of Matter]]
*[[Detecting Interactions]]
*[[Escape Velocity]]
*[[Fundamental Interactions]]
*[[Determinism]]
*[[System & Surroundings]]
*[[Free Body Diagram]]
*[[Newton's First Law of Motion]]
*[[Newton's Second Law of Motion]]
*[[Newton's Third Law of Motion]]
*[[Gravitational Force]]
*[[Electric Force]]
*[[Conservation of Energy]]
*[[Conservation of Charge]]
*[[Terminal Speed]]
*[[Simple Harmonic Motion]]
*[[Speed and Velocity]]
*[[Acceleration]]
*[[Electric Polarization]]
*[[Perpetual Freefall (Orbit)]]
*[[2-Dimensional Motion]]
*[[3-Dimensional Position and Motion]]
*[[Center of Mass]]
*[[Reaction Time]]
*[[Time Dilation]]
*[[Pauli exclusion principle]]
</div>
</div>

<div class="toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">

===Modeling with VPython===
<div class="mw-collapsible-content">
*[[VPython]]
*[[VPython basics]]
*[[VPython Common Errors and Troubleshooting]]
*[[VPython Functions]]
*[[VPython Lists]]
*[[VPython Loops]]
*[[VPython Multithreading]]
*[[VPython Animation]]
*[[VPython Objects]]
*[[VPython 3D Objects]]
*[[VPython Reference]]
</div>
</div>

<div class="toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">

===Theory===
<div class="mw-collapsible-content">
*[[Einstein's Theory of Special Relativity]]
*[[Einstein's Theory of General Relativity]]
*[[Quantum Theory]]
*[[Maxwell's Electromagnetic Theory]]
*[[Atomic Theory]]
*[[String Theory]]
*[[Elementary Particles and Particle Physics Theory]]
*[[Law of Gravitation]]
*[[Newton's Laws]]
*[[Higgs field]]
*[[Supersymmetry]]
</div>
</div>

<div class="toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">

===Notable Scientists===
<div class="mw-collapsible-content">
*[[Alexei Alexeyevich Abrikosov]]
*[[Christian Doppler]]
*[[Albert Einstein]]
*[[Ernest Rutherford]]
*[[Joseph Henry]]
*[[Michael Faraday]]
*[[J.J. Thomson]]
*[[James Maxwell]]
*[[Robert Hooke]]
*[[Carl Friedrich Gauss]]
*[[Nikola Tesla]]
*[[Andre Marie Ampere]]
*[[Sir Isaac Newton]]
*[[J. Robert Oppenheimer]]
*[[Oliver Heaviside]]
*[[Rosalind Franklin]]
*[[Enrico Fermi]]
*[[Robert J. Van de Graaff]]
*[[Charles de Coulomb]]
*[[Hans Christian Ørsted]]
*[[Philo Farnsworth]]
*[[Niels Bohr]]
*[[Georg Ohm]]

*[[Galileo Galilei]]
*[[Gustav Kirchhoff]]
*[[Max Planck]]
*[[Heinrich Hertz]]
*[[Edwin Hall]]
*[[James Watt]]
*[[Count Alessandro Volta]]
*[[Josiah Willard Gibbs]]
*[[Richard Phillips Feynman]]
*[[Sir David Brewster]]
*[[Daniel Bernoulli]]
*[[William Thomson]]
*[[Leonhard Euler]]
*[[Robert Fox Bacher]]
*[[Stephen Hawking]]
*[[Amedeo Avogadro]]
*[[Wilhelm Conrad Roentgen]]
*[[Pierre Laplace]]
*[[Thomas Edison]]
*[[Hendrik Lorentz]]
*[[Jean-Baptiste Biot]]
*[[Lise Meitner]]
*[[Lisa Randall]]
*[[Felix Savart]]
*[[Heinrich Lenz]]
*[[Max Born]]
*[[Archimedes]]
*[[Jean Baptiste Biot]]
*[[Carl Sagan]]
*[[Eugene Wigner]]
*[[Marie Curie]]
*[[Pierre Curie]]
*[[Werner Heisenberg]]
*[[Johannes Diderik van der Waals]]
*[[Louis de Broglie]]
*[[Aristotle]]
*[[Émilie du Châtelet]]
*[[Blaise Pascal]]
*[[Siméon Denis Poisson]]
*[[Benjamin Franklin]]
*[[James Chadwick]]
*[[Henry Cavendish]]
*[[Thomas Young]]
*[[James Prescott Joule]]
*[[John Bardeen]]
*[[Leo Baekeland]]
*[[Alhazen]]
*[[Willebrord Snell]]
*[[Fritz Walther Meissner]]
*[[Johannes Kepler]]
*[[Johann Wilhelm Ritter]]
*[[Philipp Lenard]]
*[[Robert A. Millikan]]
*[[Joseph Louis Gay-Lussac]]
*[[Guglielmo Marconi]]
*[[William Lawrence Bragg]]
*[[Robert Goddard]]
*[[Léon Foucault]]
*[[Henri Poincaré]]
*[[Steven Weinberg]]
*[[Arthur Compton]]
*[[Pythagoras of Samos]]
*[[Subrahmanyan Chandrasekhar]]
*[[Wilhelm Eduard Weber]]
*[[Edmond Becquerel]]
*[[Joseph Rotblat]]
*[[Carl David Anderson]]
*[[Hermann von Helmholtz]]
*[[Nicolas Leonard Sadi Carnot]]
*[[Wallace Carothers]]
*[[David J. Wineland]]
*[[Rudolf Clausius]]
*[[Edward L. Norton]]
*[[Shuji Nakamura]]
*[[Pierre Laplace Pt. 2]]
*[[William B. Shockley]]
*[[Osborne Reynolds]]
*[[Christian Huygens]]
*[[Hans Bethe]]
*[[Erwin Schrodinger]]
*[[Wolfgang Pauli]]
*[[Paul Dirac]]
*[[Bill Nye]]
*[[Arnold Sommerfeld]]

*[[James Franck]]
*[[Chen-Ning Yang]]
*[[Albert A. Micheleson & Edward W. Morley]]
</div>
</div>

<div class="toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">

===Properties of Matter===
<div class="mw-collapsible-content">
*[[Mass]]
*[[Velocity]]
*[[Relative Velocity]]
*[[Density]]
*[[Charge]]
*[[Spin]]
*[[SI Units]]
*[[Heat Capacity]]
*[[Specific Heat]]
*[[Wavelength]]
*[[Conductivity]]
*[[Malleability]]
*[[Ductility]]
*[[Weight]]
*[[Boiling Point]]
*[[Melting Point]]
*[[Inertia]]
*[[Non-Newtonian Fluids]]
*[[Ferrofluids]]
*[[Color]]
*[[Temperature]]
*[[Plasma]]
</div>
</div>

<div class="toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">

===Contact Interactions===
<div class="mw-collapsible-content">
* [[Young's Modulus]]
* [[Friction]]
* [[Static Friction]]
* [[Tension]]
* [[Hooke's Law]]
*[[Centripetal Force and Curving Motion]]
*[[Compression or Normal Force]]
* [[Length and Stiffness of an Interatomic Bond]]
* [[Speed of Sound in Solids]]
* [[Iterative Prediction of Spring-Mass System]]
</div>
</div>

<div class="toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">

===Momentum===
<div class="mw-collapsible-content">
* [[Vectors]]
* [[Kinematics]]
* [[Conservation of Momentum]]
* [[Predicting Change in multiple dimensions]]
* [[Derivation of the Momentum Principle]]
* [[Momentum Principle]]
* [[Impulse Momentum]]
* [[Curving Motion]]
* [[Projectile Motion]]
* [[Multi-particle Analysis of Momentum]]
* [[Iterative Prediction]]
* [[Analytical Prediction]]
* [[Newton's Laws and Linear Momentum]]
* [[Net Force]]
* [[Center of Mass]]
* [[Momentum at High Speeds]]
* [[Change in Momentum in Time for Curving Motion]]
* [[Momentum with respect to external Forces]]
</div>
</div>

<div class="toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">

===Angular Momentum===
<div class="mw-collapsible-content">
* [[The Moments of Inertia]]
* [[Moment of Inertia for a cylinder]]
* [[Rotation]]
* [[Torque]]
* [[Systems with Zero Torque]]
[[Systems with Zero Torque*]]
* [[Systems with Nonzero Torque]]
* [[Torque vs Work]]
* [[Angular Impulse]]
* [[Right Hand Rule]]
* [[Angular Velocity]]
* [[Predicting the Position of a Rotating System]]
* [[Translational Angular Momentum]]
* [[The Angular Momentum Principle]]
* [[Angular Momentum of Multiparticle Systems]]
* [[Rotational Angular Momentum]]
* [[Total Angular Momentum]]
* [[Gyroscopes]]
* [[Angular Momentum Compared to Linear Momentum]]
*[[Torque 2]]

</div>
</div>

<div class="toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">

===Energy===
<div class="mw-collapsible-content">
*[[The Photoelectric Effect]]
*[[Photons]]
*[[The Energy Principle]]
*[[Predicting Change]]
*[[Rest Mass Energy]]
*[[Kinetic Energy]]
*[[Potential Energy]]
**[[Potential Energy for a Magnetic Dipole]]
**[[Potential Energy of a Multiparticle System]]
**[[Graviational Potential Energy]]
*[[Work]]
**[[Work Done By A Nonconstant Force]]
*[[Work and Energy for an Extended System]]
*[[Thermal Energy]]
*[[Conservation of Energy]]
*[[Electric Potential]]
*[[Energy Transfer due to a Temperature Difference]]
*[[Gravitational Potential Energy]]
*[[Point Particle Systems]]
*[[Real Systems]]
*[[Spring Potential Energy]]
**[[Ball and Spring Model]]
*[[Internal Energy]]
**[[Potential Energy of a Pair of Neutral Atoms]]
*[[Translational, Rotational and Vibrational Energy]]
*[[Franck-Hertz Experiment]]
*[[Power (Mechanical)]]
*[[Transformation of Energy]]

*[[Energy Graphs]]
**[[Energy graphs and the Bohr model]]
*[[Air Resistance]]
*[[Electronic Energy Levels]]
*[[Second Law of Thermodynamics and Entropy]]
*[[Specific Heat Capacity]]
*[[The Maxwell-Boltzmann Distribution]]
*[[Electronic Energy Levels and Photons]]
*[[Energy Density]]
*[[Bohr Model]]
*[[Quantized energy levels]]
**[[Spontaneous Photon Emission]]
*[[Path Independence of Electric Potential]]
*[[Energy in a Circuit]]
*[[The Photovoltaic Effect]]
</div>
</div>

<div class="toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">

===Collisions===
<div class="mw-collapsible-content">
[[File:opener.png]]

*[[Collisions]]
Collisions are events that happen very frequently in our day-to-day world. In the realm of Physics, a collision is defined as any sort of process in which before and after a short time interval there is little interaction, but during that short time interval there are large interactions. When looking at collisions, it is first important to understand two very important principles: the Momentum Principle and the Energy Principle. Both principles serve use when talking of collisions because they provide a way in which to analyze these collisions. Collisions themselves can be categorized into 3 main different types: elastic collisions, inelastic collisions, maximally inelastic collisions. All 3 collisions will get touched on in more detail further on.
[[File:pe.png]]

*[[Elastic Collisions]]
A collision is deemed "elastic" when the internal energy of the objects in the system does not change (in other words, change in internal energy equals 0). Because in an elastic collision no kinetic energy is converted over to internal energy, in any elastic collision Kfinal always equals Kinitial.
[[File:Elco.png]]

*[[Inelastic Collisions]]
A collision is said to be "inelastic" when it is not elastic; therefore, an inelastic collision is an interaction in which some change in internal energy occurs between the colliding objects (in other words, change in internal energy does not equal 0). Examples of such changes that occur between colliding objects include, but are not limited to, things like they get hot, or they vibrate/rotate, or they deform. Because some of the kinetic energy is converted to internal energy during an inelastic collision, Kfinal does not equal Kinitial.
There are a few characteristics that one can search for when identifying inelasticity. These indications include things such as:
*Objects stick together after the collision
*An object is in an excited state after the collision
*An object becomes deformed after the collision
*The objects become hotter after the collision
*There exists more vibration or rotation after the collision
[[File:inve.gif]]

*[[Maximally Inelastic Collision]]
Maximally inelastic collisions, also known as "sticking collisions", are the most extreme kinds of inelastic collisions. Just as its secondary name implies, a maximally inelastic collision is one in which the colliding objects stick together creating maximum dissipation. This does not automatically mean that the colliding objects stop dead because the law of conservation of momentum. In a maximally inelastic collision, the remaining kinetic energy is present only because total momentum can't change and must be conserved.
[[File:inel.gif]]

*[[Head-on Collision of Equal Masses]]
The easiest way to understand this phenomenon is to look at it through an example. In this case, we can analyze it through the common game of billiards. Taking the two, equally massed billiard balls as the system, we can neglect the small frictional force exerted on the balls by the billiard table. The Momentum Principle states that in this head-on collision of billiard balls the total final momentum in the x direction must equal the total initial momentum. However, this alone does not give us the knowledge to know how the momentum will be divided up between the two balls. Considering the law of conservation of energy, we can more accurately depict what will happen. This will also allow for one to identify what kind of collision occurs (elastic, inelastic, or maximally inelastic). It is important to know that head-on collisions of equal masses do not have a definite type of collision associated with it.
[[File:momentum-real-life-applications-2895.jpg]] [[File:8ball.gif]]

*[[Head-on Collision of Unequal Masses]]
Just as with head-on collisions of equal masses, it is easy to understand head-on collisions of unequal masses by viewing it through an example. Let's take for example two balls of unequal masses like a ping-pong ball and a bowling ball. For the purpose of this example (so as to allow for no friction and no other significant external forces), let's imagine these objects collide in outer space inside an orbiting spacecraft. If there were to be a collision between the two, what would one expect to happen? One could expect to see the ping-pong ball collide with the bowling ball and bounce straight back with a very small change of speed. What one might not expect as much is that the bowling ball also moves, just very slowly. Again, this can all be explained through the conservation of momentum and the conservation of energy.
[[File:mi3e.jpg]]

*[[Frame of Reference]]
In the world of Physics, a frame of reference is the perspective from which a system is observed. It can be stationary or sometimes it can even be moving at a constant velocity. In some rare cases, the frame of reference moves at an nonconstant velocity and is deemed "noninertial" meaning the basic laws of physics do not apply. Continuing with the trend of examples, pretend you are at a train station observing trains as they pass by. From your stationary frame of reference, you observe that the passenger on the train is moving at the same velocity as the train. However, from a moving frame of reference, say from the eyes of the train conductor, he would view the train passengers as "anchored" to the train.
[[File:train.png]]

*[[Scattering: Collisions in 2D and 3D]]
Experiments that involve scattering are often used to study the structure and behavior of atoms, nuclei, as well as of other small particles. In an experiment like such, a beam of particles collides with other particles. If it is an atomic or nuclear collision, we are unable to observe the curving trajectories inside the tiny region of interaction. Instead, we can only truly observe the trajectories before and after the collision. This is only possible because the particles are at a farther distance apart and have a very weak mutual interaction; this essentially means that the particles are moving almost in a straight line. A good example which demonstrates scattering is the collision between an alpha particle (the nucleus of a helium atom) and the nucleus of a gold atom. One will understand this phenomenon more in depth after first understanding the Rutherford Experiment which will get touched on later.

*[[Rutherford Experiment and Atomic Collisions]]
In England in 1911, a famous experiment was performed by a group of scientists led by Mr. Ernest Rutherford. This experiment, later known as "The Rutherford Experiment", was a tremendous breakthrough for its time because it led to the discovery of the nucleus inside the atom. Rutherford's experiment involved the scattering of a high-speed alpha particle (now known as a helium nuclei - 2 protons and 2 neutrons) as it was shot at a thin gold foil (consisting of a nuclei with 79 protons and 118 neutrons). In the experiment, Rutherford and his team discovered that the velocity of the alpha particles was not high enough to allow the particles to make actual contact with the gold nucleus. Although they never actually made contact, it is still deemed a collision because there exists a sizable force between the alpha particle and the gold nucleus over a very short period of time. In conclusion, we say the alpha particle is "scattered" by its interaction with the nucleus of a gold atom and experiments like such are called "scattering" experiments.
[[File:ruthef.jpg]]

*[[Coefficient of Restitution]]
The coefficient of restitution is a measure of the elasticity in a collision. It is the ratio of the differences in velocities before and after the collision. The coefficient is evaluated by taking the difference in the velocities of the colliding objects after the collision and dividing by the difference in the velocities of the colliding objects before the collision.

All of the following information was collected from the Matter and Interactions 4th Edition physics textbook. The book is cited as follows...

Chabay, Ruth W., and Bruce A. Sherwood. "Chapter 10: Collisions." Matter & Interactions. Fourth Edition ed. Wiley, 2015. 383-409. Print.

</div>
</div>

<div class="toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">

===Fields===
<div class="mw-collapsible-content">
* [[Electric Field]] of a
** [[Point Charge]]
** [[Electric Dipole]]
** [[Capacitor]]
** [[Charged Rod]]
** [[Charged Ring]]
** [[Charged Disk]]
** [[Charged Spherical Shell]]
** [[integrating the spherical shell]]
** [[Charged Cylinder]]
**[[A Solid Sphere Charged Throughout Its Volume]]
*[[Charge Density]]
*[[Superposition Principle]]
*[[Electric Potential]]
**[[Potential Difference Path Independence]]
**[[Potential Difference in a Uniform Field]]
**[[Potential Difference of point charge in a non-Uniform Field]]
**[[Potential Difference at One Location]]
**[[Sign of Potential Difference]]
**[[Potential Difference in an Insulator]]
**[[Energy Density and Electric Field]]
** [[Systems of Charged Objects]]
*[[Electric Force]]
*[[Polarization]]
**[[Polarization of an Atom]]
**[[Charged Conductor and Charged Insulator]]
**[[Polarization and Drift Speed]]
*[[Charge Motion in Metals]]
*[[Charge Transfer]]
**[[Electrostatic Discharge]]
*[[Magnetic Field]]
**[[Right-Hand Rule]]
**[[Direction of Magnetic Field]]
**[[Magnetic Field of a Long Straight Wire]]
**[[Magnetic Field of a Loop]]
**[[Magnetic Field of a Solenoid]]
**[[Bar Magnet]]
**[[Magnetic Dipole Moment]]
***[[Stern-Gerlach Experiment]]
**[[Magnetic Torque]]
**[[Magnetic Force]]
***[[Applying Magnetic Force to Currents]]
**[[Earth's Magnetic Field]]
**[[Atomic Structure of Magnets]]
*[[Combining Electric and Magnetic Forces]]
**[[Hall Effect]]
**[[Lorentz Force]]
**[[Biot-Savart Law]]
**[[Biot-Savart Law for Currents]]
**[[Integration Techniques for Magnetic Field]]
**[[Sparks in Air]]
**[[Motional Emf]]
**[[Detecting a Magnetic Field]]
**[[Moving Point Charge]]
**[[Non-Coulomb Electric Field]]
**[[Electric Motors]]
**[[Solenoid Applications]]
</div>
</div>

<div class="toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">

===Simple Circuits===
<div class="mw-collapsible-content">
*[[Components]]
*[[Steady State]]
*[[Non Steady State]]
*[[Charging and Discharging a Capacitor]]
*[[Work and Power In A Circuit]]
*[[Thin and Thick Wires]]
*[[Node Rule]]
*[[Loop Rule]]
*[[Resistivity]]
*[[Power in a circuit]]
*[[Ammeters,Voltmeters,Ohmmeters]]
*[[Current]]
**[[AC]]
*[[Ohm's Law]]
*[[Series Circuits]]
*[[Parallel Circuits]]
*[[RC]]
*[[Parallel Circuits vs. Series Circuits]]
*[[AC vs DC]]
**[[Rectification (Converting AC to DC)]]
*[[Charge in a RC Circuit]]
*[[Current in a RC circuit]]
*[[Circular Loop of Wire]]
*[[Current in a RL Circuit]]
*[[RL Circuit]]
*[[Feedback]]
*[[Transformers (Circuits)]]
*[[Resistors and Conductivity]]
*[[Semiconductor Devices]]
*[[Insulators]]
*[[Voltage]]
*[[Batteries]]
</div>
</div>

<div class="toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">

===Maxwell's Equations===
<div class="mw-collapsible-content">
*[[Gauss's Flux Theorem]]
**[[Electric Fields]]
***[[Examples of Flux Through Surfaces and Objects]]
**[[Magnetic Fields]]
**[[Proof of Gauss's Law]]
*[[Ampere's Law]]
**[[Magnetic Field of Coaxial Cable Using Ampere's Law]]
**[[Magnetic Field of a Long Thick Wire Using Ampere's Law]]
**[[Magnetic Field of a Toroid Using Ampere's Law]]
**[[The Differential Form of Ampere's Law]]
*[[Faraday's Law]]
**[[Curly Electric Fields]]
**[[Inductance]]
***[[Transformers (Physics)]]
***[[Energy Density]]
**[[Lenz's Law]]
***[[Lenz Effect and the Jumping Ring]]
**[[Lenz's Rule]]
**[[Motional Emf using Faraday's Law]]
*[[Ampere-Maxwell Law]]
*[[Superconductors]]
**[[Meissner effect]]
</div>
</div>

<div class="toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">

===Radiation===
<div class="mw-collapsible-content">
*[[Producing a Radiative Electric Field]]
*[[Sinusoidal Electromagnetic Radiaton]]
*[[Lenses]]
*[[Energy and Momentum Analysis in Radiation]]
**[[Poynting Vector]]
*[[Electromagnetic Propagation]]
**[[Wavelength and Frequency]]
*[[Snell's Law]]
*[[Effects of Radiation on Matter]]
*[[Light Propagation Through a Medium]]
*[[Light Scaterring: Why is the Sky Blue]]
*[[Light Refraction: Bending of light]]
*[[Cherenkov Radiation]]
*[[Rayleigh Effect]]
*[[Image Formation]]
</div>
<div class="toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">

===Sound===
<div class="mw-collapsible-content">
*[[Doppler Effect]]
*[[Nature, Behavior, and Properties of Sound]]
*[[Speed of Sound]]
*[[Resonance]]
*[[Sound Barrier]]
*[[Sound Propagation in Water]]
</div>
</div>
<div class="toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">

===Waves===
<div class="mw-collapsible-content">
*[[Bragg's Law]]
*[[Standing waves]]
*[[Gravitational waves]]
*[[Plasma waves]]
*[[Wave-Particle Duality]]
*[[Electromagnetic Spectrum]]
*[[Color Light Wave]]
*[[Rayleigh Wave]]
*[[Pendulum Motion]]
*[[Transverse and Longitudinal Waves]]
*[[Planck's Relation]]
*[[interference]]
*[[Polarization of Waves]]
</div>
</div>
<div class="toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">

===Real Life Applications of Electromagnetic Principles===
<div class="mw-collapsible-content">
*[[Electromagnetic Junkyard Cranes]]
*[[Maglev Trains]]
*[[Spark Plugs]]
*[[Metal Detectors]]
*[[Speakers]]
*[[Radios]]
*[[Ampullae of Lorenzini]]
*[[Electrocytes]]
*[[Generator]]
*[[Using Capacitors to Measure Fluid Level]]
*[[Cyclotron]]
*[[Railgun]]
*[[Magnetic Resonance Imaging]]
*[[Electric Eels]]
*[[Windshield Wipers]]
*[[Galvanic Cells]]
*[[Magnetoreception]]
*[[Memory Storage Devices]]
*[[Electric Pickups]]
*[[Lightning]]

</div>
</div>

<div class="toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">

===Optics===
<div class="mw-collapsible-content">
*[[Mirrors]]
*[[Refraction]]
*[[Quantum Properties of Light]]
*[[Lasers]]
*[[Lenses]]
*[[Dispersion and Scattering]]

</div>
</div>

== Resources ==
* Commonly used wiki commands [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:Cheatsheet Wiki Cheatsheet]
* A guide to representing equations in math mode [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:Displaying_a_formula Wiki Math Mode]
* A page to keep track of all the physics [[Constants]]
* A page for review of [[Vectors]] and vector operations

Main Page

2015-12-06T00:49:39Z

Sburch8: /* Sound */

__NOTOC__
Welcome to the Georgia Tech Wiki for Intro Physics. This resources was created so that students can contribute and curate content to help those with limited or no access to a textbook. When reading this website, please correct any errors you may come across. If you read something that isn't clear, please consider revising it!

Looking to make a contribution?
#Pick a specific topic from intro physics
#Add that topic, as a link to a new page, under the appropriate category listed below by editing this page.
#Copy and paste the default [[Template]] into your new page and start editing.

Please remember that this is not a textbook and you are not limited to expressing your ideas with only text and equations. Whenever possible embed: pictures, videos, diagrams, simulations, computational models (e.g. Glowscript), and whatever content you think makes learning physics easier for other students.

== Source Material ==
All of the content added to this resource must be in the public domain or similar free resource. If you are unsure about a source, contact the original author for permission. That said, there is a surprisingly large amount of introductory physics content scattered across the web. Here is an incomplete list of intro physics resources (please update as needed).
* A physics resource written by experts for an expert audience [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:Physics Physics Portal]
* A wiki book on modern physics [https://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Modern_Physics Modern Physics Wiki]
* The MIT open courseware for intro physics [http://ocw.mit.edu/resources/res-8-002-a-wikitextbook-for-introductory-mechanics-fall-2009/index.htm MITOCW Wiki]
* An online concept map of intro physics [http://hyperphysics.phy-astr.gsu.edu/hbase/hph.html HyperPhysics]
* Interactive physics simulations [https://phet.colorado.edu/en/simulations/category/physics PhET]
* OpenStax algebra based intro physics textbook [https://openstaxcollege.org/textbooks/college-physics College Physics]
* The Open Source Physics project is a collection of online physics resources [http://www.opensourcephysics.org/ OSP]
* A resource guide compiled by the [http://www.aapt.org/ AAPT] for educators [http://www.compadre.org/ ComPADRE]

== Organizing Categories ==
These are the broad, overarching categories, that we cover in two semester of introductory physics. You can add subcategories or make a new category as needed. A single topic should direct readers to a page in one of these catagories.

<div class="toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">
===Interactions===
<div class="mw-collapsible-content">
*[[Kinds of Matter]]
**[[Ball and Spring Model of Matter]]
*[[Detecting Interactions]]
*[[Escape Velocity]]
*[[Fundamental Interactions]]
*[[Determinism]]
*[[System & Surroundings]]
*[[Free Body Diagram]]
*[[Newton's First Law of Motion]]
*[[Newton's Second Law of Motion]]
*[[Newton's Third Law of Motion]]
*[[Gravitational Force]]
*[[Electric Force]]
*[[Conservation of Energy]]
*[[Conservation of Charge]]
*[[Terminal Speed]]
*[[Simple Harmonic Motion]]
*[[Speed and Velocity]]
*[[Electric Polarization]]
*[[Perpetual Freefall (Orbit)]]
*[[2-Dimensional Motion]]
*[[3-Dimensional Position and Motion]]
*[[Center of Mass]]
*[[Reaction Time]]
*[[Time Dilation]]
*[[Pauli exclusion principle]]
</div>
</div>

<div class="toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">

===Modeling with VPython===
<div class="mw-collapsible-content">
*[[VPython]]
*[[VPython basics]]
*[[VPython Common Errors and Troubleshooting]]
*[[VPython Functions]]
*[[VPython Lists]]
*[[VPython Loops]]
*[[VPython Multithreading]]
*[[VPython Animation]]
*[[VPython Objects]]
*[[VPython 3D Objects]]
*[[VPython Reference]]
</div>
</div>

<div class="toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">

===Theory===
<div class="mw-collapsible-content">
*[[Einstein's Theory of Special Relativity]]
*[[Einstein's Theory of General Relativity]]
*[[Quantum Theory]]
*[[Maxwell's Electromagnetic Theory]]
*[[Atomic Theory]]
*[[String Theory]]
*[[Elementary Particles and Particle Physics Theory]]
*[[Law of Gravitation]]
*[[Newton's Laws]]
*[[Higgs field]]
*[[Supersymmetry]]
</div>
</div>

<div class="toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">

===Notable Scientists===
<div class="mw-collapsible-content">
*[[Alexei Alexeyevich Abrikosov]]
*[[Christian Doppler]]
*[[Albert Einstein]]
*[[Ernest Rutherford]]
*[[Joseph Henry]]
*[[Michael Faraday]]
*[[J.J. Thomson]]
*[[James Maxwell]]
*[[Robert Hooke]]
*[[Carl Friedrich Gauss]]
*[[Nikola Tesla]]
*[[Andre Marie Ampere]]
*[[Sir Isaac Newton]]
*[[J. Robert Oppenheimer]]
*[[Oliver Heaviside]]
*[[Rosalind Franklin]]
*[[Enrico Fermi]]
*[[Robert J. Van de Graaff]]
*[[Charles de Coulomb]]
*[[Hans Christian Ørsted]]
*[[Philo Farnsworth]]
*[[Niels Bohr]]
*[[Georg Ohm]]

*[[Galileo Galilei]]
*[[Gustav Kirchhoff]]
*[[Max Planck]]
*[[Heinrich Hertz]]
*[[Edwin Hall]]
*[[James Watt]]
*[[Count Alessandro Volta]]
*[[Josiah Willard Gibbs]]
*[[Richard Phillips Feynman]]
*[[Sir David Brewster]]
*[[Daniel Bernoulli]]
*[[William Thomson]]
*[[Leonhard Euler]]
*[[Robert Fox Bacher]]
*[[Stephen Hawking]]
*[[Amedeo Avogadro]]
*[[Wilhelm Conrad Roentgen]]
*[[Pierre Laplace]]
*[[Thomas Edison]]
*[[Hendrik Lorentz]]
*[[Jean-Baptiste Biot]]
*[[Lise Meitner]]
*[[Lisa Randall]]
*[[Felix Savart]]
*[[Heinrich Lenz]]
*[[Max Born]]
*[[Archimedes]]
*[[Jean Baptiste Biot]]
*[[Carl Sagan]]
*[[Eugene Wigner]]
*[[Marie Curie]]
*[[Pierre Curie]]
*[[Werner Heisenberg]]
*[[Johannes Diderik van der Waals]]
*[[Louis de Broglie]]
*[[Aristotle]]
*[[Émilie du Châtelet]]
*[[Blaise Pascal]]
*[[Siméon Denis Poisson]]
*[[Benjamin Franklin]]
*[[James Chadwick]]
*[[Henry Cavendish]]
*[[Thomas Young]]
*[[James Prescott Joule]]
*[[John Bardeen]]
*[[Leo Baekeland]]
*[[Alhazen]]
*[[Willebrord Snell]]
*[[Fritz Walther Meissner]]
*[[Johannes Kepler]]
*[[Johann Wilhelm Ritter]]
*[[Philipp Lenard]]
*[[Robert A. Millikan]]
*[[Joseph Louis Gay-Lussac]]
*[[Guglielmo Marconi]]
*[[William Lawrence Bragg]]
*[[Robert Goddard]]
*[[Léon Foucault]]
*[[Henri Poincaré]]
*[[Steven Weinberg]]
*[[Arthur Compton]]
*[[Pythagoras of Samos]]
*[[Subrahmanyan Chandrasekhar]]
*[[Wilhelm Eduard Weber]]
*[[Edmond Becquerel]]
*[[Joseph Rotblat]]
*[[Carl David Anderson]]
*[[Hermann von Helmholtz]]
*[[Nicolas Leonard Sadi Carnot]]
*[[Wallace Carothers]]
*[[David J. Wineland]]
*[[Rudolf Clausius]]
*[[Edward L. Norton]]
*[[Shuji Nakamura]]
*[[Pierre Laplace Pt. 2]]
*[[William B. Shockley]]
*[[Osborne Reynolds]]
*[[Alexander Graham Bell]]
*[[Hans Bethe]]
*[[Erwin Schrodinger]]
*[[Wolfgang Pauli]]
*[[Paul Dirac]]
*[[Bill Nye]]
*[[Arnold Sommerfeld]]

*[[James Franck]]
*[[Chen-Ning Yang]]
*[[Albert A. Micheleson & Edward W. Morley]]
</div>
</div>

<div class="toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">

===Properties of Matter===
<div class="mw-collapsible-content">
*[[Mass]]
*[[Velocity]]
*[[Relative Velocity]]
*[[Density]]
*[[Charge]]
*[[Spin]]
*[[SI Units]]
*[[Heat Capacity]]
*[[Specific Heat]]
*[[Wavelength]]
*[[Conductivity]]
*[[Malleability]]
*[[Ductility]]
*[[Weight]]
*[[Boiling Point]]
*[[Melting Point]]
*[[Inertia]]
*[[Non-Newtonian Fluids]]
*[[Ferrofluids]]
*[[Color]]
*[[Temperature]]
*[[Plasma]]
</div>
</div>

<div class="toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">

===Contact Interactions===
<div class="mw-collapsible-content">
* [[Young's Modulus]]
* [[Friction]]
* [[Static Friction]]
* [[Tension]]
* [[Hooke's Law]]
*[[Centripetal Force and Curving Motion]]
*[[Compression or Normal Force]]
* [[Length and Stiffness of an Interatomic Bond]]
* [[Speed of Sound in Solids]]
* [[Iterative Prediction of Spring-Mass System]]
</div>
</div>

<div class="toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">

===Momentum===
<div class="mw-collapsible-content">
* [[Vectors]]
* [[Kinematics]]
* [[Conservation of Momentum]]
* [[Predicting Change in multiple dimensions]]
* [[Derivation of the Momentum Principle]]
* [[Momentum Principle]]
* [[Impulse Momentum]]
* [[Curving Motion]]
* [[Projectile Motion]]
* [[Multi-particle Analysis of Momentum]]
* [[Iterative Prediction]]
* [[Analytical Prediction]]
* [[Newton's Laws and Linear Momentum]]
* [[Net Force]]
* [[Center of Mass]]
* [[Momentum at High Speeds]]
* [[Change in Momentum in Time for Curving Motion]]
* [[Momentum with respect to external Forces]]
</div>
</div>

<div class="toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">

===Angular Momentum===
<div class="mw-collapsible-content">
* [[The Moments of Inertia]]
* [[Moment of Inertia for a cylinder]]
* [[Rotation]]
* [[Torque]]
* [[Systems with Zero Torque]]
* [[Systems with Nonzero Torque]]
* [[Torque vs Work]]
* [[Angular Impulse]]
* [[Right Hand Rule]]
* [[Angular Velocity]]
* [[Predicting the Position of a Rotating System]]
* [[Translational Angular Momentum]]
* [[The Angular Momentum Principle]]
* [[Angular Momentum of Multiparticle Systems]]
* [[Rotational Angular Momentum]]
* [[Total Angular Momentum]]
* [[Gyroscopes]]
* [[Angular Momentum Compared to Linear Momentum]]
*[[Torque 2]]

</div>
</div>

<div class="toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">

===Energy===
<div class="mw-collapsible-content">
*[[The Photoelectric Effect]]
*[[Photons]]
*[[The Energy Principle]]
*[[Predicting Change]]
*[[Rest Mass Energy]]
*[[Kinetic Energy]]
*[[Potential Energy]]
**[[Potential Energy for a Magnetic Dipole]]
**[[Potential Energy of a Multiparticle System]]
**[[Graviational Potential Energy]]
*[[Work]]
**[[Work Done By A Nonconstant Force]]
*[[Work and Energy for an Extended System]]
*[[Thermal Energy]]
*[[Conservation of Energy]]
*[[Electric Potential]]
*[[Energy Transfer due to a Temperature Difference]]
*[[Gravitational Potential Energy]]
*[[Point Particle Systems]]
*[[Real Systems]]
*[[Spring Potential Energy]]
**[[Ball and Spring Model]]
*[[Internal Energy]]
**[[Potential Energy of a Pair of Neutral Atoms]]
*[[Translational, Rotational and Vibrational Energy]]
*[[Franck-Hertz Experiment]]
*[[Power (Mechanical)]]
*[[Transformation of Energy]]

*[[Energy Graphs]]
**[[Energy graphs and the Bohr model]]
*[[Air Resistance]]
*[[Electronic Energy Levels]]
*[[Second Law of Thermodynamics and Entropy]]
*[[Specific Heat Capacity]]
*[[The Maxwell-Boltzmann Distribution]]
*[[Electronic Energy Levels and Photons]]
*[[Energy Density]]
*[[Bohr Model]]
*[[Quantized energy levels]]
**[[Spontaneous Photon Emission]]
*[[Path Independence of Electric Potential]]
*[[Energy in a Circuit]]
*[[The Photovoltaic Effect]]
</div>
</div>

<div class="toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">

===Collisions===
<div class="mw-collapsible-content">
[[File:opener.png]]

*[[Collisions]]
Collisions are events that happen very frequently in our day-to-day world. In the realm of Physics, a collision is defined as any sort of process in which before and after a short time interval there is little interaction, but during that short time interval there are large interactions. When looking at collisions, it is first important to understand two very important principles: the Momentum Principle and the Energy Principle. Both principles serve use when talking of collisions because they provide a way in which to analyze these collisions. Collisions themselves can be categorized into 3 main different types: elastic collisions, inelastic collisions, maximally inelastic collisions. All 3 collisions will get touched on in more detail further on.
[[File:pe.png]]

*[[Elastic Collisions]]
A collision is deemed "elastic" when the internal energy of the objects in the system does not change (in other words, change in internal energy equals 0). Because in an elastic collision no kinetic energy is converted over to internal energy, in any elastic collision Kfinal always equals Kinitial.
[[File:Elco.png]]

*[[Inelastic Collisions]]
A collision is said to be "inelastic" when it is not elastic; therefore, an inelastic collision is an interaction in which some change in internal energy occurs between the colliding objects (in other words, change in internal energy does not equal 0). Examples of such changes that occur between colliding objects include, but are not limited to, things like they get hot, or they vibrate/rotate, or they deform. Because some of the kinetic energy is converted to internal energy during an inelastic collision, Kfinal does not equal Kinitial.
There are a few characteristics that one can search for when identifying inelasticity. These indications include things such as:
*Objects stick together after the collision
*An object is in an excited state after the collision
*An object becomes deformed after the collision
*The objects become hotter after the collision
*There exists more vibration or rotation after the collision
[[File:inve.gif]]

*[[Maximally Inelastic Collision]]
Maximally inelastic collisions, also known as "sticking collisions", are the most extreme kinds of inelastic collisions. Just as its secondary name implies, a maximally inelastic collision is one in which the colliding objects stick together creating maximum dissipation. This does not automatically mean that the colliding objects stop dead because the law of conservation of momentum. In a maximally inelastic collision, the remaining kinetic energy is present only because total momentum can't change and must be conserved.
[[File:inel.gif]]

*[[Head-on Collision of Equal Masses]]
The easiest way to understand this phenomenon is to look at it through an example. In this case, we can analyze it through the common game of billiards. Taking the two, equally massed billiard balls as the system, we can neglect the small frictional force exerted on the balls by the billiard table. The Momentum Principle states that in this head-on collision of billiard balls the total final momentum in the x direction must equal the total initial momentum. However, this alone does not give us the knowledge to know how the momentum will be divided up between the two balls. Considering the law of conservation of energy, we can more accurately depict what will happen. This will also allow for one to identify what kind of collision occurs (elastic, inelastic, or maximally inelastic). It is important to know that head-on collisions of equal masses do not have a definite type of collision associated with it.
[[File:momentum-real-life-applications-2895.jpg]] [[File:8ball.gif]]

*[[Head-on Collision of Unequal Masses]]
Just as with head-on collisions of equal masses, it is easy to understand head-on collisions of unequal masses by viewing it through an example. Let's take for example two balls of unequal masses like a ping-pong ball and a bowling ball. For the purpose of this example (so as to allow for no friction and no other significant external forces), let's imagine these objects collide in outer space inside an orbiting spacecraft. If there were to be a collision between the two, what would one expect to happen? One could expect to see the ping-pong ball collide with the bowling ball and bounce straight back with a very small change of speed. What one might not expect as much is that the bowling ball also moves, just very slowly. Again, this can all be explained through the conservation of momentum and the conservation of energy.
[[File:mi3e.jpg]]

*[[Frame of Reference]]
In the world of Physics, a frame of reference is the perspective from which a system is observed. It can be stationary or sometimes it can even be moving at a constant velocity. In some rare cases, the frame of reference moves at an nonconstant velocity and is deemed "noninertial" meaning the basic laws of physics do not apply. Continuing with the trend of examples, pretend you are at a train station observing trains as they pass by. From your stationary frame of reference, you observe that the passenger on the train is moving at the same velocity as the train. However, from a moving frame of reference, say from the eyes of the train conductor, he would view the train passengers as "anchored" to the train.
[[File:train.png]]

*[[Scattering: Collisions in 2D and 3D]]
Experiments that involve scattering are often used to study the structure and behavior of atoms, nuclei, as well as of other small particles. In an experiment like such, a beam of particles collides with other particles. If it is an atomic or nuclear collision, we are unable to observe the curving trajectories inside the tiny region of interaction. Instead, we can only truly observe the trajectories before and after the collision. This is only possible because the particles are at a farther distance apart and have a very weak mutual interaction; this essentially means that the particles are moving almost in a straight line. A good example which demonstrates scattering is the collision between an alpha particle (the nucleus of a helium atom) and the nucleus of a gold atom. One will understand this phenomenon more in depth after first understanding the Rutherford Experiment which will get touched on later.

*[[Rutherford Experiment and Atomic Collisions]]
In England in 1911, a famous experiment was performed by a group of scientists led by Mr. Ernest Rutherford. This experiment, later known as "The Rutherford Experiment", was a tremendous breakthrough for its time because it led to the discovery of the nucleus inside the atom. Rutherford's experiment involved the scattering of a high-speed alpha particle (now known as a helium nuclei - 2 protons and 2 neutrons) as it was shot at a thin gold foil (consisting of a nuclei with 79 protons and 118 neutrons). In the experiment, Rutherford and his team discovered that the velocity of the alpha particles was not high enough to allow the particles to make actual contact with the gold nucleus. Although they never actually made contact, it is still deemed a collision because there exists a sizable force between the alpha particle and the gold nucleus over a very short period of time. In conclusion, we say the alpha particle is "scattered" by its interaction with the nucleus of a gold atom and experiments like such are called "scattering" experiments.
[[File:ruthef.jpg]]

*[[Coefficient of Restitution]]
The coefficient of restitution is a measure of the elasticity in a collision. It is the ratio of the differences in velocities before and after the collision. The coefficient is evaluated by taking the difference in the velocities of the colliding objects after the collision and dividing by the difference in the velocities of the colliding objects before the collision.

All of the following information was collected from the Matter and Interactions 4th Edition physics textbook. The book is cited as follows...

Chabay, Ruth W., and Bruce A. Sherwood. "Chapter 10: Collisions." Matter & Interactions. Fourth Edition ed. Wiley, 2015. 383-409. Print.

</div>
</div>

<div class="toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">

===Fields===
<div class="mw-collapsible-content">
* [[Electric Field]] of a
** [[Point Charge]]
** [[Electric Dipole]]
** [[Capacitor]]
** [[Charged Rod]]
** [[Charged Ring]]
** [[Charged Disk]]
** [[Charged Spherical Shell]]
** [[integrating the spherical shell]]
** [[Charged Cylinder]]
**[[A Solid Sphere Charged Throughout Its Volume]]
*[[Charge Density]]
*[[Superposition Principle]]
*[[Electric Potential]]
**[[Potential Difference Path Independence]]
**[[Potential Difference in a Uniform Field]]
**[[Potential Difference of point charge in a non-Uniform Field]]
**[[Potential Difference at One Location]]
**[[Sign of Potential Difference]]
**[[Potential Difference in an Insulator]]
**[[Energy Density and Electric Field]]
** [[Systems of Charged Objects]]
*[[Electric Force]]
*[[Polarization]]
**[[Polarization of an Atom]]
**[[Charged Conductor and Charged Insulator]]
*[[Charge Motion in Metals]]
*[[Charge Transfer]]
**[[Electrostatic Discharge]]
*[[Magnetic Field]]
**[[Right-Hand Rule]]
**[[Direction of Magnetic Field]]
**[[Magnetic Field of a Long Straight Wire]]
**[[Magnetic Field of a Loop]]
**[[Magnetic Field of a Solenoid]]
**[[Bar Magnet]]
**[[Magnetic Dipole Moment]]
***[[Stern-Gerlach Experiment]]
**[[Magnetic Torque]]
**[[Magnetic Force]]
***[[Applying Magnetic Force to Currents]]
**[[Earth's Magnetic Field]]
**[[Atomic Structure of Magnets]]
*[[Combining Electric and Magnetic Forces]]
**[[Hall Effect]]
**[[Lorentz Force]]
**[[Biot-Savart Law]]
**[[Biot-Savart Law for Currents]]
**[[Integration Techniques for Magnetic Field]]
**[[Sparks in Air]]
**[[Motional Emf]]
**[[Detecting a Magnetic Field]]
**[[Moving Point Charge]]
**[[Non-Coulomb Electric Field]]
**[[Electric Motors]]
**[[Solenoid Applications]]
</div>
</div>

<div class="toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">

===Simple Circuits===
<div class="mw-collapsible-content">
*[[Components]]
*[[Steady State]]
*[[Non Steady State]]
*[[Charging and Discharging a Capacitor]]
*[[Work and Power In A Circuit]]
*[[Thin and Thick Wires]]
*[[Node Rule]]
*[[Loop Rule]]
*[[Resistivity]]
*[[Power in a circuit]]
*[[Ammeters,Voltmeters,Ohmmeters]]
*[[Current]]
**[[AC]]
*[[Ohm's Law]]
*[[Series Circuits]]
*[[Parallel Circuits]]
*[[RC]]
*[[Parallel Circuits vs. Series Circuits]]
*[[AC vs DC]]
**[[Rectification (Converting AC to DC)]]
*[[Charge in a RC Circuit]]
*[[Current in a RC circuit]]
*[[Circular Loop of Wire]]
*[[Current in a RL Circuit]]
*[[RL Circuit]]
*[[Feedback]]
*[[Transformers (Circuits)]]
*[[Resistors and Conductivity]]
*[[Semiconductor Devices]]
*[[Insulators]]
*[[Voltage]]
*[[Batteries]]
</div>
</div>

<div class="toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">

===Maxwell's Equations===
<div class="mw-collapsible-content">
*[[Gauss's Flux Theorem]]
**[[Electric Fields]]
***[[Examples of Flux Through Surfaces and Objects]]
**[[Magnetic Fields]]
**[[Proof of Gauss's Law]]
*[[Ampere's Law]]
**[[Magnetic Field of Coaxial Cable Using Ampere's Law]]
**[[Magnetic Field of a Long Thick Wire Using Ampere's Law]]
**[[Magnetic Field of a Toroid Using Ampere's Law]]
**[[The Differential Form of Ampere's Law]]
*[[Faraday's Law]]
**[[Curly Electric Fields]]
**[[Inductance]]
***[[Transformers (Physics)]]
***[[Energy Density]]
**[[Lenz's Law]]
***[[Lenz Effect and the Jumping Ring]]
**[[Lenz's Rule]]
**[[Motional Emf using Faraday's Law]]
*[[Ampere-Maxwell Law]]
*[[Superconductors]]
**[[Meissner effect]]
</div>
</div>

<div class="toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">

===Radiation===
<div class="mw-collapsible-content">
*[[Producing a Radiative Electric Field]]
*[[Sinusoidal Electromagnetic Radiaton]]
*[[Lenses]]
*[[Energy and Momentum Analysis in Radiation]]
**[[Poynting Vector]]
*[[Electromagnetic Propagation]]
**[[Wavelength and Frequency]]
*[[Snell's Law]]
*[[Effects of Radiation on Matter]]
*[[Light Propagation Through a Medium]]
*[[Light Scaterring: Why is the Sky Blue]]
*[[Light Refraction: Bending of light]]
*[[Cherenkov Radiation]]
*[[Rayleigh Effect]]
*[[Image Formation]]
</div>
<div class="toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">

===Sound===
<div class="mw-collapsible-content">
*[[Doppler Effect]]
*[[Nature, Behavior, and Properties of Sound]]
*[[Speed of Sound]]
*[[Resonance]]
*[[Sound Barrier]]
*[[Sound Propagation in Water]]
</div>
</div>
<div class="toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">

===Waves===
<div class="mw-collapsible-content">
*[[Bragg's Law]]
*[[Standing waves]]
*[[Gravitational waves]]
*[[Plasma waves]]
*[[Wave-Particle Duality]]
*[[Electromagnetic Spectrum]]
*[[Color Light Wave]]
*[[Rayleigh Wave]]
*[[Pendulum Motion]]
*[[Transverse and Longitudinal Waves]]
*[[Planck's Relation]]
*[[interference]]
*[[Polarization of Waves]]
</div>
</div>
<div class="toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">

===Real Life Applications of Electromagnetic Principles===
<div class="mw-collapsible-content">
*[[Electromagnetic Junkyard Cranes]]
*[[Maglev Trains]]
*[[Spark Plugs]]
*[[Metal Detectors]]
*[[Speakers]]
*[[Radios]]
*[[Ampullae of Lorenzini]]
*[[Electrocytes]]
*[[Generator]]
*[[Using Capacitors to Measure Fluid Level]]
*[[Cyclotron]]
*[[Railgun]]
*[[Magnetic Resonance Imaging]]
*[[Electric Eels]]
*[[Windshield Wipers]]
*[[Galvanic Cells]]
*[[Magnetoreception]]
*[[Memory Storage Devices]]
*[[Electric Pickups]]

</div>
</div>

<div class="toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">

===Optics===
<div class="mw-collapsible-content">
*[[Mirrors]]
*[[Refraction]]
*[[Quantum Properties of Light]]
*[[Lasers]]
*[[Lenses]]

</div>
</div>

== Resources ==
* Commonly used wiki commands [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:Cheatsheet Wiki Cheatsheet]
* A guide to representing equations in math mode [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:Displaying_a_formula Wiki Math Mode]
* A page to keep track of all the physics [[Constants]]
* A page for review of [[Vectors]] and vector operations

Main Page

2015-12-06T00:36:22Z

Sburch8: /* Sound */

__NOTOC__
Welcome to the Georgia Tech Wiki for Intro Physics. This resources was created so that students can contribute and curate content to help those with limited or no access to a textbook. When reading this website, please correct any errors you may come across. If you read something that isn't clear, please consider revising it!

Looking to make a contribution?
#Pick a specific topic from intro physics
#Add that topic, as a link to a new page, under the appropriate category listed below by editing this page.
#Copy and paste the default [[Template]] into your new page and start editing.

Please remember that this is not a textbook and you are not limited to expressing your ideas with only text and equations. Whenever possible embed: pictures, videos, diagrams, simulations, computational models (e.g. Glowscript), and whatever content you think makes learning physics easier for other students.

== Source Material ==
All of the content added to this resource must be in the public domain or similar free resource. If you are unsure about a source, contact the original author for permission. That said, there is a surprisingly large amount of introductory physics content scattered across the web. Here is an incomplete list of intro physics resources (please update as needed).
* A physics resource written by experts for an expert audience [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:Physics Physics Portal]
* A wiki book on modern physics [https://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Modern_Physics Modern Physics Wiki]
* The MIT open courseware for intro physics [http://ocw.mit.edu/resources/res-8-002-a-wikitextbook-for-introductory-mechanics-fall-2009/index.htm MITOCW Wiki]
* An online concept map of intro physics [http://hyperphysics.phy-astr.gsu.edu/hbase/hph.html HyperPhysics]
* Interactive physics simulations [https://phet.colorado.edu/en/simulations/category/physics PhET]
* OpenStax algebra based intro physics textbook [https://openstaxcollege.org/textbooks/college-physics College Physics]
* The Open Source Physics project is a collection of online physics resources [http://www.opensourcephysics.org/ OSP]
* A resource guide compiled by the [http://www.aapt.org/ AAPT] for educators [http://www.compadre.org/ ComPADRE]

== Organizing Categories ==
These are the broad, overarching categories, that we cover in two semester of introductory physics. You can add subcategories or make a new category as needed. A single topic should direct readers to a page in one of these catagories.

<div class="toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">
===Interactions===
<div class="mw-collapsible-content">
*[[Kinds of Matter]]
**[[Ball and Spring Model of Matter]]
*[[Detecting Interactions]]
*[[Escape Velocity]]
*[[Fundamental Interactions]]
*[[Determinism]]
*[[System & Surroundings]]
*[[Free Body Diagram]]
*[[Newton's First Law of Motion]]
*[[Newton's Second Law of Motion]]
*[[Newton's Third Law of Motion]]
*[[Gravitational Force]]
*[[Electric Force]]
*[[Conservation of Energy]]
*[[Conservation of Charge]]
*[[Terminal Speed]]
*[[Simple Harmonic Motion]]
*[[Speed and Velocity]]
*[[Electric Polarization]]
*[[Perpetual Freefall (Orbit)]]
*[[2-Dimensional Motion]]
*[[Center of Mass]]
*[[Reaction Time]]
*[[Time Dilation]]
*[[Pauli exclusion principle]]
</div>
</div>

<div class="toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">

===Modeling with VPython===
<div class="mw-collapsible-content">
*[[VPython]]
*[[VPython basics]]
*[[VPython Common Errors and Troubleshooting]]
*[[VPython Functions]]
*[[VPython Lists]]
*[[VPython Loops]]
*[[VPython Multithreading]]
*[[VPython Animation]]
*[[VPython Objects]]
*[[VPython 3D Objects]]
*[[VPython Reference]]
</div>
</div>

<div class="toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">

===Theory===
<div class="mw-collapsible-content">
*[[Einstein's Theory of Special Relativity]]
*[[Einstein's Theory of General Relativity]]
*[[Quantum Theory]]
*[[Maxwell's Electromagnetic Theory]]
*[[Atomic Theory]]
*[[String Theory]]
*[[Elementary Particles and Particle Physics Theory]]
*[[Law of Gravitation]]
*[[Newton's Laws]]
*[[Higgs field]]
*[[Supersymmetry]]
</div>
</div>

<div class="toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">

===Notable Scientists===
<div class="mw-collapsible-content">
*[[Alexei Alexeyevich Abrikosov]]
*[[Christian Doppler]]
*[[Albert Einstein]]
*[[Ernest Rutherford]]
*[[Joseph Henry]]
*[[Michael Faraday]]
*[[J.J. Thomson]]
*[[James Maxwell]]
*[[Robert Hooke]]
*[[Carl Friedrich Gauss]]
*[[Nikola Tesla]]
*[[Andre Marie Ampere]]
*[[Sir Isaac Newton]]
*[[J. Robert Oppenheimer]]
*[[Oliver Heaviside]]
*[[Rosalind Franklin]]
*[[Enrico Fermi]]
*[[Robert J. Van de Graaff]]
*[[Charles de Coulomb]]
*[[Hans Christian Ørsted]]
*[[Philo Farnsworth]]
*[[Niels Bohr]]
*[[Georg Ohm]]

*[[Galileo Galilei]]
*[[Gustav Kirchhoff]]
*[[Max Planck]]
*[[Heinrich Hertz]]
*[[Edwin Hall]]
*[[James Watt]]
*[[Count Alessandro Volta]]
*[[Josiah Willard Gibbs]]
*[[Richard Phillips Feynman]]
*[[Sir David Brewster]]
*[[Daniel Bernoulli]]
*[[William Thomson]]
*[[Leonhard Euler]]
*[[Robert Fox Bacher]]
*[[Stephen Hawking]]
*[[Amedeo Avogadro]]
*[[Wilhelm Conrad Roentgen]]
*[[Pierre Laplace]]
*[[Thomas Edison]]
*[[Hendrik Lorentz]]
*[[Jean-Baptiste Biot]]
*[[Lise Meitner]]
*[[Lisa Randall]]
*[[Felix Savart]]
*[[Heinrich Lenz]]
*[[Max Born]]
*[[Archimedes]]
*[[Jean Baptiste Biot]]
*[[Carl Sagan]]
*[[Eugene Wigner]]
*[[Marie Curie]]
*[[Pierre Curie]]
*[[Werner Heisenberg]]
*[[Johannes Diderik van der Waals]]
*[[Louis de Broglie]]
*[[Aristotle]]
*[[Émilie du Châtelet]]
*[[Blaise Pascal]]
*[[Siméon Denis Poisson]]
*[[Benjamin Franklin]]
*[[James Chadwick]]
*[[Henry Cavendish]]
*[[Thomas Young]]
*[[James Prescott Joule]]
*[[John Bardeen]]
*[[Leo Baekeland]]
*[[Alhazen]]
*[[Willebrord Snell]]
*[[Fritz Walther Meissner]]
*[[Johannes Kepler]]
*[[Johann Wilhelm Ritter]]
*[[Philipp Lenard]]
*[[Robert A. Millikan]]
*[[Joseph Louis Gay-Lussac]]
*[[Guglielmo Marconi]]
*[[William Lawrence Bragg]]
*[[Robert Goddard]]
*[[Léon Foucault]]
*[[Henri Poincaré]]
*[[Steven Weinberg]]
*[[Arthur Compton]]
*[[Pythagoras of Samos]]
*[[Subrahmanyan Chandrasekhar]]
*[[Wilhelm Eduard Weber]]
*[[Edmond Becquerel]]
*[[Joseph Rotblat]]
*[[Carl David Anderson]]
*[[Hermann von Helmholtz]]
*[[Nicolas Leonard Sadi Carnot]]
*[[Wallace Carothers]]
*[[David J. Wineland]]
*[[Rudolf Clausius]]
*[[Edward L. Norton]]
*[[Shuji Nakamura]]
*[[Pierre Laplace Pt. 2]]
*[[William B. Shockley]]
*[[Osborne Reynolds]]
*[[Alexander Graham Bell]]
*[[Hans Bethe]]
*[[Erwin Schrodinger]]
*[[Wolfgang Pauli]]
*[[Paul Dirac]]
*[[Bill Nye]]
*[[Arnold Sommerfeld]]

*[[James Franck]]
*[[Chen-Ning Yang]]
*[[Albert A. Micheleson & Edward W. Morley]]
</div>
</div>

<div class="toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">

===Properties of Matter===
<div class="mw-collapsible-content">
*[[Mass]]
*[[Velocity]]
*[[Relative Velocity]]
*[[Density]]
*[[Charge]]
*[[Spin]]
*[[SI Units]]
*[[Heat Capacity]]
*[[Specific Heat]]
*[[Wavelength]]
*[[Conductivity]]
*[[Malleability]]
*[[Ductility]]
*[[Weight]]
*[[Boiling Point]]
*[[Melting Point]]
*[[Inertia]]
*[[Non-Newtonian Fluids]]
*[[Ferrofluids]]
*[[Color]]
*[[Temperature]]
*[[Plasma]]
</div>
</div>

<div class="toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">

===Contact Interactions===
<div class="mw-collapsible-content">
* [[Young's Modulus]]
* [[Friction]]
* [[Static Friction]]
* [[Tension]]
* [[Hooke's Law]]
*[[Centripetal Force and Curving Motion]]
*[[Compression or Normal Force]]
* [[Length and Stiffness of an Interatomic Bond]]
* [[Speed of Sound in Solids]]
* [[Iterative Prediction of Spring-Mass System]]
</div>
</div>

<div class="toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">

===Momentum===
<div class="mw-collapsible-content">
* [[Vectors]]
* [[Kinematics]]
* [[Conservation of Momentum]]
* [[Predicting Change in multiple dimensions]]
* [[Derivation of the Momentum Principle]]
* [[Momentum Principle]]
* [[Impulse Momentum]]
* [[Curving Motion]]
* [[Projectile Motion]]
* [[Multi-particle Analysis of Momentum]]
* [[Iterative Prediction]]
* [[Analytical Prediction]]
* [[Newton's Laws and Linear Momentum]]
* [[Net Force]]
* [[Center of Mass]]
* [[Momentum at High Speeds]]
* [[Change in Momentum in Time for Curving Motion]]
* [[Momentum with respect to external Forces]]
</div>
</div>

<div class="toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">

===Angular Momentum===
<div class="mw-collapsible-content">
* [[The Moments of Inertia]]
* [[Moment of Inertia for a cylinder]]
* [[Rotation]]
* [[Torque]]
* [[Systems with Zero Torque]]
* [[Systems with Nonzero Torque]]
* [[Torque vs Work]]
* [[Angular Impulse]]
* [[Right Hand Rule]]
* [[Angular Velocity]]
* [[Predicting the Position of a Rotating System]]
* [[Translational Angular Momentum]]
* [[The Angular Momentum Principle]]
* [[Angular Momentum of Multiparticle Systems]]
* [[Rotational Angular Momentum]]
* [[Total Angular Momentum]]
* [[Gyroscopes]]
* [[Angular Momentum Compared to Linear Momentum]]
*[[Torque 2]]

</div>
</div>

<div class="toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">

===Energy===
<div class="mw-collapsible-content">
*[[The Photoelectric Effect]]
*[[Photons]]
*[[The Energy Principle]]
*[[Predicting Change]]
*[[Rest Mass Energy]]
*[[Kinetic Energy]]
*[[Potential Energy]]
**[[Potential Energy for a Magnetic Dipole]]
**[[Potential Energy of a Multiparticle System]]
*[[Work]]
**[[Work Done By A Nonconstant Force]]
*[[Work and Energy for an Extended System]]
*[[Thermal Energy]]
*[[Conservation of Energy]]
*[[Electric Potential]]
*[[Energy Transfer due to a Temperature Difference]]
*[[Gravitational Potential Energy]]
*[[Point Particle Systems]]
*[[Real Systems]]
*[[Spring Potential Energy]]
**[[Ball and Spring Model]]
*[[Internal Energy]]
**[[Potential Energy of a Pair of Neutral Atoms]]
*[[Translational, Rotational and Vibrational Energy]]
*[[Franck-Hertz Experiment]]
*[[Power (Mechanical)]]
*[[Transformation of Energy]]

*[[Energy Graphs]]
**[[Energy graphs and the Bohr model]]
*[[Air Resistance]]
*[[Electronic Energy Levels]]
*[[Second Law of Thermodynamics and Entropy]]
*[[Specific Heat Capacity]]
*[[The Maxwell-Boltzmann Distribution]]
*[[Electronic Energy Levels and Photons]]
*[[Energy Density]]
*[[Bohr Model]]
*[[Quantized energy levels]]
**[[Spontaneous Photon Emission]]
*[[Path Independence of Electric Potential]]
*[[Energy in a Circuit]]
*[[The Photovoltaic Effect]]
</div>
</div>

<div class="toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">

===Collisions===
<div class="mw-collapsible-content">
[[File:opener.png]]

*[[Collisions]]
Collisions are events that happen very frequently in our day-to-day world. In the realm of Physics, a collision is defined as any sort of process in which before and after a short time interval there is little interaction, but during that short time interval there are large interactions. When looking at collisions, it is first important to understand two very important principles: the Momentum Principle and the Energy Principle. Both principles serve use when talking of collisions because they provide a way in which to analyze these collisions. Collisions themselves can be categorized into 3 main different types: elastic collisions, inelastic collisions, maximally inelastic collisions. All 3 collisions will get touched on in more detail further on.
[[File:pe.png]]

*[[Elastic Collisions]]
A collision is deemed "elastic" when the internal energy of the objects in the system does not change (in other words, change in internal energy equals 0). Because in an elastic collision no kinetic energy is converted over to internal energy, in any elastic collision Kfinal always equals Kinitial.
[[File:Elco.png]]

*[[Inelastic Collisions]]
A collision is said to be "inelastic" when it is not elastic; therefore, an inelastic collision is an interaction in which some change in internal energy occurs between the colliding objects (in other words, change in internal energy does not equal 0). Examples of such changes that occur between colliding objects include, but are not limited to, things like they get hot, or they vibrate/rotate, or they deform. Because some of the kinetic energy is converted to internal energy during an inelastic collision, Kfinal does not equal Kinitial.
There are a few characteristics that one can search for when identifying inelasticity. These indications include things such as:
*Objects stick together after the collision
*An object is in an excited state after the collision
*An object becomes deformed after the collision
*The objects become hotter after the collision
*There exists more vibration or rotation after the collision
[[File:inve.gif]]

*[[Maximally Inelastic Collision]]
Maximally inelastic collisions, also known as "sticking collisions", are the most extreme kinds of inelastic collisions. Just as its secondary name implies, a maximally inelastic collision is one in which the colliding objects stick together creating maximum dissipation. This does not automatically mean that the colliding objects stop dead because the law of conservation of momentum. In a maximally inelastic collision, the remaining kinetic energy is present only because total momentum can't change and must be conserved.
[[File:inel.gif]]

*[[Head-on Collision of Equal Masses]]
The easiest way to understand this phenomenon is to look at it through an example. In this case, we can analyze it through the common game of billiards. Taking the two, equally massed billiard balls as the system, we can neglect the small frictional force exerted on the balls by the billiard table. The Momentum Principle states that in this head-on collision of billiard balls the total final momentum in the x direction must equal the total initial momentum. However, this alone does not give us the knowledge to know how the momentum will be divided up between the two balls. Considering the law of conservation of energy, we can more accurately depict what will happen. This will also allow for one to identify what kind of collision occurs (elastic, inelastic, or maximally inelastic). It is important to know that head-on collisions of equal masses do not have a definite type of collision associated with it.
[[File:momentum-real-life-applications-2895.jpg]] [[File:8ball.gif]]

*[[Head-on Collision of Unequal Masses]]
Just as with head-on collisions of equal masses, it is easy to understand head-on collisions of unequal masses by viewing it through an example. Let's take for example two balls of unequal masses like a ping-pong ball and a bowling ball. For the purpose of this example (so as to allow for no friction and no other significant external forces), let's imagine these objects collide in outer space inside an orbiting spacecraft. If there were to be a collision between the two, what would one expect to happen? One could expect to see the ping-pong ball collide with the bowling ball and bounce straight back with a very small change of speed. What one might not expect as much is that the bowling ball also moves, just very slowly. Again, this can all be explained through the conservation of momentum and the conservation of energy.
[[File:mi3e.jpg]]

*[[Frame of Reference]]
In the world of Physics, a frame of reference is the perspective from which a system is observed. It can be stationary or sometimes it can even be moving at a constant velocity. In some rare cases, the frame of reference moves at an nonconstant velocity and is deemed "noninertial" meaning the basic laws of physics do not apply. Continuing with the trend of examples, pretend you are at a train station observing trains as they pass by. From your stationary frame of reference, you observe that the passenger on the train is moving at the same velocity as the train. However, from a moving frame of reference, say from the eyes of the train conductor, he would view the train passengers as "anchored" to the train.
[[File:train.png]]

*[[Scattering: Collisions in 2D and 3D]]
Experiments that involve scattering are often used to study the structure and behavior of atoms, nuclei, as well as of other small particles. In an experiment like such, a beam of particles collides with other particles. If it is an atomic or nuclear collision, we are unable to observe the curving trajectories inside the tiny region of interaction. Instead, we can only truly observe the trajectories before and after the collision. This is only possible because the particles are at a farther distance apart and have a very weak mutual interaction; this essentially means that the particles are moving almost in a straight line. A good example which demonstrates scattering is the collision between an alpha particle (the nucleus of a helium atom) and the nucleus of a gold atom. One will understand this phenomenon more in depth after first understanding the Rutherford Experiment which will get touched on later.

*[[Rutherford Experiment and Atomic Collisions]]
In England in 1911, a famous experiment was performed by a group of scientists led by Mr. Ernest Rutherford. This experiment, later known as "The Rutherford Experiment", was a tremendous breakthrough for its time because it led to the discovery of the nucleus inside the atom. Rutherford's experiment involved the scattering of a high-speed alpha particle (now known as a helium nuclei - 2 protons and 2 neutrons) as it was shot at a thin gold foil (consisting of a nuclei with 79 protons and 118 neutrons). In the experiment, Rutherford and his team discovered that the velocity of the alpha particles was not high enough to allow the particles to make actual contact with the gold nucleus. Although they never actually made contact, it is still deemed a collision because there exists a sizable force between the alpha particle and the gold nucleus over a very short period of time. In conclusion, we say the alpha particle is "scattered" by its interaction with the nucleus of a gold atom and experiments like such are called "scattering" experiments.
[[File:ruthef.jpg]]

*[[Coefficient of Restitution]]
The coefficient of restitution is a measure of the elasticity in a collision. It is the ratio of the differences in velocities before and after the collision. The coefficient is evaluated by taking the difference in the velocities of the colliding objects after the collision and dividing by the difference in the velocities of the colliding objects before the collision.

All of the following information was collected from the Matter and Interactions 4th Edition physics textbook. The book is cited as follows...

Chabay, Ruth W., and Bruce A. Sherwood. "Chapter 10: Collisions." Matter & Interactions. Fourth Edition ed. Wiley, 2015. 383-409. Print.

</div>
</div>

<div class="toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">

===Fields===
<div class="mw-collapsible-content">
* [[Electric Field]] of a
** [[Point Charge]]
** [[Electric Dipole]]
** [[Capacitor]]
** [[Charged Rod]]
** [[Charged Ring]]
** [[Charged Disk]]
** [[Charged Spherical Shell]]
** [[integrating the spherical shell]]
** [[Charged Cylinder]]
**[[A Solid Sphere Charged Throughout Its Volume]]
*[[Charge Density]]
*[[Superposition Principle]]
*[[Electric Potential]]
**[[Potential Difference Path Independence]]
**[[Potential Difference in a Uniform Field]]
**[[Potential Difference of point charge in a non-Uniform Field]]
**[[Potential Difference at One Location]]
**[[Sign of Potential Difference]]
**[[Potential Difference in an Insulator]]
**[[Energy Density and Electric Field]]
** [[Systems of Charged Objects]]
*[[Electric Force]]
*[[Polarization]]
**[[Polarization of an Atom]]
**[[Charged Conductor and Charged Insulator]]
*[[Charge Motion in Metals]]
*[[Charge Transfer]]
**[[Electrostatic Discharge]]
*[[Magnetic Field]]
**[[Right-Hand Rule]]
**[[Direction of Magnetic Field]]
**[[Magnetic Field of a Long Straight Wire]]
**[[Magnetic Field of a Loop]]
**[[Magnetic Field of a Solenoid]]
**[[Bar Magnet]]
**[[Magnetic Dipole Moment]]
***[[Stern-Gerlach Experiment]]
**[[Magnetic Torque]]
**[[Magnetic Force]]
***[[Applying Magnetic Force to Currents]]
**[[Earth's Magnetic Field]]
**[[Atomic Structure of Magnets]]
*[[Combining Electric and Magnetic Forces]]
**[[Hall Effect]]
**[[Lorentz Force]]
**[[Biot-Savart Law]]
**[[Biot-Savart Law for Currents]]
**[[Integration Techniques for Magnetic Field]]
**[[Sparks in Air]]
**[[Motional Emf]]
**[[Detecting a Magnetic Field]]
**[[Moving Point Charge]]
**[[Non-Coulomb Electric Field]]
**[[Electric Motors]]
**[[Solenoid Applications]]
</div>
</div>

<div class="toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">

===Simple Circuits===
<div class="mw-collapsible-content">
*[[Components]]
*[[Steady State]]
*[[Non Steady State]]
*[[Charging and Discharging a Capacitor]]
*[[Work and Power In A Circuit]]
*[[Thin and Thick Wires]]
*[[Node Rule]]
*[[Loop Rule]]
*[[Resistivity]]
*[[Power in a circuit]]
*[[Ammeters,Voltmeters,Ohmmeters]]
*[[Current]]
**[[AC]]
*[[Ohm's Law]]
*[[Series Circuits]]
*[[Parallel Circuits]]
*[[RC]]
*[[Parallel Circuits vs. Series Circuits]]
*[[AC vs DC]]
**[[Rectification (Converting AC to DC)]]
*[[Charge in a RC Circuit]]
*[[Current in a RC circuit]]
*[[Circular Loop of Wire]]
*[[Current in a RL Circuit]]
*[[RL Circuit]]
*[[Feedback]]
*[[Transformers (Circuits)]]
*[[Resistors and Conductivity]]
*[[Semiconductor Devices]]
*[[Insulators]]
*[[Voltage]]
</div>
</div>

<div class="toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">

===Maxwell's Equations===
<div class="mw-collapsible-content">
*[[Gauss's Flux Theorem]]
**[[Electric Fields]]
***[[Examples of Flux Through Surfaces and Objects]]
**[[Magnetic Fields]]
**[[Proof of Gauss's Law]]
*[[Ampere's Law]]
**[[Magnetic Field of Coaxial Cable Using Ampere's Law]]
**[[Magnetic Field of a Long Thick Wire Using Ampere's Law]]
**[[Magnetic Field of a Toroid Using Ampere's Law]]
**[[The Differential Form of Ampere's Law]]
*[[Faraday's Law]]
**[[Curly Electric Fields]]
**[[Inductance]]
***[[Transformers (Physics)]]
***[[Energy Density]]
**[[Lenz's Law]]
***[[Lenz Effect and the Jumping Ring]]
**[[Lenz's Rule]]
**[[Motional Emf using Faraday's Law]]
*[[Ampere-Maxwell Law]]
*[[Superconductors]]
**[[Meissner effect]]
</div>
</div>

<div class="toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">

===Radiation===
<div class="mw-collapsible-content">
*[[Producing a Radiative Electric Field]]
*[[Sinusoidal Electromagnetic Radiaton]]
*[[Lenses]]
*[[Energy and Momentum Analysis in Radiation]]
**[[Poynting Vector]]
*[[Electromagnetic Propagation]]
**[[Wavelength and Frequency]]
*[[Snell's Law]]
*[[Effects of Radiation on Matter]]
*[[Light Propagation Through a Medium]]
*[[Light Scaterring: Why is the Sky Blue]]
*[[Light Refraction: Bending of light]]
*[[Cherenkov Radiation]]
*[[Rayleigh Effect]]
*[[Image Formation]]
</div>
<div class="toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">

===Sound===
<div class="mw-collapsible-content">
*[[Doppler Effect]]
*[[Nature, Behavior, and Properties of Sound]]
*[[Speed of Sound]]
*[[Resonance]]
*[[Sound Barrier]]
*[[Sound Rarefaction]]
*[[Sound Propagation in Water]]
</div>
</div>
<div class="toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">

===Waves===
<div class="mw-collapsible-content">
*[[Bragg's Law]]
*[[Standing waves]]
*[[Gravitational waves]]
*[[Plasma waves]]
*[[Wave-Particle Duality]]
*[[Electromagnetic Spectrum]]
*[[Color Light Wave]]
*[[The Wave Equation]]
*[[Pendulum Motion]]
*[[Transverse and Longitudinal Waves]]
*[[Planck's Relation]]
*[[interference]]
*[[Polarization of Waves]]
</div>
</div>
<div class="toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">

===Real Life Applications of Electromagnetic Principles===
<div class="mw-collapsible-content">
*[[Electromagnetic Junkyard Cranes]]
*[[Maglev Trains]]
*[[Spark Plugs]]
*[[Metal Detectors]]
*[[Speakers]]
*[[Radios]]
*[[Ampullae of Lorenzini]]
*[[Electrocytes]]
*[[Generator]]
*[[Using Capacitors to Measure Fluid Level]]
*[[Cyclotron]]
*[[Railgun]]
*[[Magnetic Resonance Imaging]]
*[[Electric Eels]]
*[[Windshield Wipers]]
*[[Galvanic Cells]]
*[[Magnetoreception]]
*[[Memory Storage Devices]]

</div>
</div>

<div class="toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">

===Optics===
<div class="mw-collapsible-content">
*[[Mirrors]]
*[[Refraction]]
*[[Quantum Properties of Light]]
*[[Lasers]]
*[[Lenses]]

</div>
</div>

== Resources ==
* Commonly used wiki commands [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:Cheatsheet Wiki Cheatsheet]
* A guide to representing equations in math mode [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:Displaying_a_formula Wiki Math Mode]
* A page to keep track of all the physics [[Constants]]
* A page for review of [[Vectors]] and vector operations

Albert Einstein

2015-12-05T22:30:49Z

Sburch8: /* References */

'''The life, and life's work of German-born scientist Albert Einstein''' ''Compiled by Mahdi Al Husseini on 11/8/2015''

==Personal Life==

Albert Einstein was born to Herman and Pauline Einstein on March 14, 1879 in Ulm, Germany. Einstein switched primary schools several times before attending Eidgenoessische Polytechnische Schule (ETH) in Zurich. In 1901, Einstein dropped his German citizenship to apply for a Swedish citizenship. Einstein took post at a patents office in 1902. This employment position allowed Einstein the opportunity to refine his theoretical physics theories. Three years later, Einstein would submit a doctoral thesis titled "A New Determination of Molecular Dimensions" which would be accepted. Over the next several years, Einstein would continue to advance professionally, into a position as head of the Kaiser-Wilhelm-Institute of Physics. Despite these successes, Einstein's personal life would suffer, with a divorce in 1919, and the death of his mother a single year later. By 1932, the situation in Germany had taken a turn for the worse with the rise of the Nazi party. Einstein made a move to the United States in 1933, cutting off all ties with German institutions. Albert Einstein would continue his work in physics, and the occasional splash into politics, until his death at the age of 76 on April 18, 1955.

==Scientific Contributions==

===Theory of Relativity===

Einstein's Theory of Relativity (sometimes known as the Theory of Special Relativity or Theory of General Relativity) determined that time and space are connected on a plane referred to as space-time. Massive objects create distortions in the space-time plane. Much as a heavy object on a piece of paper pulls the paper down, the impact of these massive objects on the space-time plane is what we feel as gravity.

For additional information, please reference [[Einstein's Theory of Relativity]]

===Worm Holes===

Wormholes (often referred to as the Einstein-Rosen Bridge) are hypothetical passages between far off points across the universe. Though the Theory of Relativity predicts the existence of wormholes, one has yet to be discovered. The wormhole concept of a shortcut across the universe has engaged prospects of teleportation, though there are a number of issue ranging from size to stability that prevent the survival of anything travelling through a wormhole.

==Other==

===Fun Facts===

Einstein was offered the position of President of Israel, but refused stating his lack of "natural aptitude and the experience to deal properly with people"

Einstein enjoyed sailing, playing violin, and smoking pipes.

"Albert Einstein is an anagram of 'Ten elite brains'"

===Myths Debunked===

Despite popular belief, Albert Einstein did not work on the Manhattan Project. The US Army refused to provide him the necessary security clearance, likely due to his liberal political ideology. Nevertheless, Einstein had written President Franklin D. Roosevelt a letter outlining the development of a fission uranium bomb, a decision he is said to have later regretted. Einstein's letter helped spur the development of nuclear weaponry.

The rumor that Einstein failed at mathematics in primary school is incorrect. By twelve, Einstein had already begun studying calculus and developing his own mathematical proofs!

== See also ==

===Further reading===

''Einstein, His Life and Universe'' by Walter Issacson, 2007

''The World as I See It'' by Albert Einstein, 1949

===External links===

http://www.nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/physics/laureates/1921/einstein-bio.html

http://www.biography.com/people/albert-einstein-9285408

http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/nova/physics/einstein-on-newton.html

==References==

http://www.worldsciencefestival.com/2014/06/10-fun-albert-einstein-facts/

http://www.todayifoundout.com/index.php/2011/12/albert-einstein-did-not-fail-at-mathematics-in-school/

http://www.space.com/20881-wormholes.html

http://www.space.com/17661-theory-general-relativity.html

http://www.einstein-website.de/z_biography/biography.html

http://physics.info/sound/

[[Category:Notable Scientists]]

Main Page

2015-12-05T20:52:20Z

Sburch8: /* Sound */

__NOTOC__
Welcome to the Georgia Tech Wiki for Intro Physics. This resources was created so that students can contribute and curate content to help those with limited or no access to a textbook. When reading this website, please correct any errors you may come across. If you read something that isn't clear, please consider revising it!

Looking to make a contribution?
#Pick a specific topic from intro physics
#Add that topic, as a link to a new page, under the appropriate category listed below by editing this page.
#Copy and paste the default [[Template]] into your new page and start editing.

Please remember that this is not a textbook and you are not limited to expressing your ideas with only text and equations. Whenever possible embed: pictures, videos, diagrams, simulations, computational models (e.g. Glowscript), and whatever content you think makes learning physics easier for other students.

== Source Material ==
All of the content added to this resource must be in the public domain or similar free resource. If you are unsure about a source, contact the original author for permission. That said, there is a surprisingly large amount of introductory physics content scattered across the web. Here is an incomplete list of intro physics resources (please update as needed).
* A physics resource written by experts for an expert audience [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:Physics Physics Portal]
* A wiki book on modern physics [https://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Modern_Physics Modern Physics Wiki]
* The MIT open courseware for intro physics [http://ocw.mit.edu/resources/res-8-002-a-wikitextbook-for-introductory-mechanics-fall-2009/index.htm MITOCW Wiki]
* An online concept map of intro physics [http://hyperphysics.phy-astr.gsu.edu/hbase/hph.html HyperPhysics]
* Interactive physics simulations [https://phet.colorado.edu/en/simulations/category/physics PhET]
* OpenStax algebra based intro physics textbook [https://openstaxcollege.org/textbooks/college-physics College Physics]
* The Open Source Physics project is a collection of online physics resources [http://www.opensourcephysics.org/ OSP]
* A resource guide compiled by the [http://www.aapt.org/ AAPT] for educators [http://www.compadre.org/ ComPADRE]

== Organizing Categories ==
These are the broad, overarching categories, that we cover in two semester of introductory physics. You can add subcategories or make a new category as needed. A single topic should direct readers to a page in one of these catagories.

<div class="toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">
===Interactions===
<div class="mw-collapsible-content">
*[[Kinds of Matter]]
**[[Ball and Spring Model of Matter]]
*[[Detecting Interactions]]
*[[Escape Velocity]]
*[[Fundamental Interactions]]
*[[Determinism]]
*[[System & Surroundings]]
*[[Free Body Diagram]]
*[[Newton's First Law of Motion]]
*[[Newton's Second Law of Motion]]
*[[Newton's Third Law of Motion]]
*[[Gravitational Force]]
*[[Electric Force]]
*[[Conservation of Energy]]
*[[Conservation of Charge]]
*[[Terminal Speed]]
*[[Simple Harmonic Motion]]
*[[Speed and Velocity]]
*[[Electric Polarization]]
*[[Perpetual Freefall (Orbit)]]
*[[2-Dimensional Motion]]
*[[Center of Mass]]
*[[Reaction Time]]
*[[Time Dilation]]
</div>
</div>

<div class="toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">

===Modeling with VPython===
<div class="mw-collapsible-content">
*[[VPython]]
*[[VPython basics]]
*[[VPython Common Errors and Troubleshooting]]
*[[VPython Functions]]
*[[VPython Lists]]
*[[VPython Multithreading]]
*[[VPython Animation]]
</div>
</div>

<div class="toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">

===Theory===
<div class="mw-collapsible-content">
*[[Einstein's Theory of Special Relativity]]
*[[Einstein's Theory of General Relativity]]
*[[Quantum Theory]]
*[[Maxwell's Electromagnetic Theory]]
*[[Atomic Theory]]
*[[String Theory]]
*[[Elementary Particles and Particle Physics Theory]]
*[[Law of Gravitation]]
*[[Newton's Laws]]
</div>
</div>

<div class="toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">

===Notable Scientists===
<div class="mw-collapsible-content">
*[[Alexei Alexeyevich Abrikosov]]
*[[Christian Doppler]]
*[[Albert Einstein]]
*[[Ernest Rutherford]]
*[[Joseph Henry]]
*[[Michael Faraday]]
*[[J.J. Thomson]]
*[[James Maxwell]]
*[[Robert Hooke]]
*[[Carl Friedrich Gauss]]
*[[Nikola Tesla]]
*[[Andre Marie Ampere]]
*[[Sir Isaac Newton]]
*[[J. Robert Oppenheimer]]
*[[Oliver Heaviside]]
*[[Rosalind Franklin]]
*[[Enrico Fermi]]
*[[Robert J. Van de Graaff]]
*[[Charles de Coulomb]]
*[[Hans Christian Ørsted]]
*[[Philo Farnsworth]]
*[[Niels Bohr]]
*[[Georg Ohm]]
*[[Galileo Galilei]]
*[[Gustav Kirchhoff]]
*[[Max Planck]]
*[[Heinrich Hertz]]
*[[Edwin Hall]]
*[[James Watt]]
*[[Count Alessandro Volta]]
*[[Josiah Willard Gibbs]]
*[[Richard Phillips Feynman]]
*[[Sir David Brewster]]
*[[Daniel Bernoulli]]
*[[William Thomson]]
*[[Leonhard Euler]]
*[[Robert Fox Bacher]]
*[[Stephen Hawking]]
*[[Amedeo Avogadro]]
*[[Wilhelm Conrad Roentgen]]
*[[Pierre Laplace]]
*[[Thomas Edison]]
*[[Hendrik Lorentz]]
*[[Jean-Baptiste Biot]]
*[[Lise Meitner]]
*[[Lisa Randall]]
*[[Felix Savart]]
*[[Heinrich Lenz]]
*[[Max Born]]
*[[Archimedes]]
*[[Jean Baptiste Biot]]
*[[Carl Sagan]]
*[[Eugene Wigner]]
*[[Marie Curie]]
*[[Pierre Curie]]
*[[Werner Heisenberg]]
*[[Johannes Diderik van der Waals]]
*[[Louis de Broglie]]
*[[Aristotle]]
*[[Émilie du Châtelet]]
*[[Blaise Pascal]]
*[[Siméon Denis Poisson]]
*[[Benjamin Franklin]]
*[[James Chadwick]]
*[[Henry Cavendish]]
*[[Thomas Young]]
*[[James Prescott Joule]]
*[[John Bardeen]]
*[[Leo Baekeland]]
*[[Alhazen]]
*[[Willebrord Snell]]
*[[Fritz Walther Meissner]]
*[[Johannes Kepler]]
*[[Johann Wilhelm Ritter]]
*[[Philipp Lenard]]
*[[Robert A. Millikan]]
*[[Joseph Louis Gay-Lussac]]
*[[Guglielmo Marconi]]
*[[William Lawrence Bragg]]
*[[Robert Goddard]]
*[[Léon Foucault]]
*[[Henri Poincaré]]
*[[Steven Weinberg]]
*[[Arthur Compton]]
*[[Pythagoras of Samos]]
*[[Subrahmanyan Chandrasekhar]]
*[[Wilhelm Eduard Weber]]
*[[Edmond Becquerel]]
*[[Joseph Rotblat]]
*[[Carl David Anderson]]
*[[Hermann von Helmholtz]]
*[[Nicolas Leonard Sadi Carnot]]
*[[Wallace Carothers]]
*[[David J. Wineland]]
*[[Rudolf Clausius]]
*[[Edward L. Norton]]
*[[Shuji Nakamura]]
*[[Pierre Laplace Pt. 2]]
*[[William B. Shockley]]
*[[Osborne Reynolds]]
*[[Alexander Graham Bell]]
*[[Hans Bethe]]
*[[Erwin Schrodinger]]

</div>
</div>

<div class="toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">

===Properties of Matter===
<div class="mw-collapsible-content">
*[[Mass]]
*[[Velocity]]
*[[Relative Velocity]]
*[[Density]]
*[[Charge]]
*[[Spin]]
*[[SI Units]]
*[[Heat Capacity]]
*[[Specific Heat]]
*[[Wavelength]]
*[[Conductivity]]
*[[Malleability]]
*[[Weight]]
*[[Boiling Point]]
*[[Melting Point]]
*[[Inertia]]
*[[Non-Newtonian Fluids]]
*[[Ferrofluids]]
*[[Color]]
*[[Temperature]]
</div>
</div>

<div class="toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">

===Contact Interactions===
<div class="mw-collapsible-content">
* [[Young's Modulus]]
* [[Friction]]
* [[Tension]]
* [[Hooke's Law]]
*[[Centripetal Force and Curving Motion]]
*[[Compression or Normal Force]]
* [[Length and Stiffness of an Interatomic Bond]]
* [[Speed of Sound in Solids]]
* [[Iterative Prediction of Spring-Mass System]]
</div>
</div>

<div class="toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">

===Momentum===
<div class="mw-collapsible-content">
* [[Vectors]]
* [[Kinematics]]
* [[Conservation of Momentum]]
* [[Predicting Change in multiple dimensions]]
* [[Derivation of the Momentum Principle]]
* [[Momentum Principle]]
* [[Impulse Momentum]]
* [[Curving Motion]]
* [[Projectile Motion]]
* [[Multi-particle Analysis of Momentum]]
* [[Iterative Prediction]]
* [[Analytical Prediction]]
* [[Newton's Laws and Linear Momentum]]
* [[Net Force]]
* [[Center of Mass]]
* [[Momentum at High Speeds]]
* [[Change in Momentum in Time for Curving Motion]]
* [[Momentum with respect to external Forces]]
</div>
</div>

<div class="toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">

===Angular Momentum===
<div class="mw-collapsible-content">
* [[The Moments of Inertia]]
* [[Moment of Inertia for a cylinder]]
* [[Rotation]]
* [[Torque]]
* [[Systems with Zero Torque]]
* [[Systems with Nonzero Torque]]
* [[Torque vs Work]]
* [[Angular Impulse]]
* [[Right Hand Rule]]
* [[Angular Velocity]]
* [[Predicting the Position of a Rotating System]]
* [[Translational Angular Momentum]]
* [[The Angular Momentum Principle]]
* [[Angular Momentum of Multiparticle Systems]]
* [[Rotational Angular Momentum]]
* [[Total Angular Momentum]]
* [[Gyroscopes]]
* [[Angular Momentum Compared to Linear Momentum]]

</div>
</div>

<div class="toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">

===Energy===
<div class="mw-collapsible-content">
*[[The Photoelectric Effect]]
*[[Photons]]
*[[The Energy Principle]]
*[[Predicting Change]]
*[[Rest Mass Energy]]
*[[Kinetic Energy]]
*[[Potential Energy]]
**[[Potential Energy for a Magnetic Dipole]]
**[[Potential Energy of a Multiparticle System]]
*[[Work]]
**[[Work Done By A Nonconstant Force]]
*[[Work and Energy for an Extended System]]
*[[Thermal Energy]]
*[[Conservation of Energy]]
*[[Electric Potential]]
*[[Energy Transfer due to a Temperature Difference]]
*[[Gravitational Potential Energy]]
*[[Point Particle Systems]]
*[[Real Systems]]
*[[Spring Potential Energy]]
**[[Ball and Spring Model]]
*[[Internal Energy]]
**[[Potential Energy of a Pair of Neutral Atoms]]
*[[Translational, Rotational and Vibrational Energy]]
*[[Franck-Hertz Experiment]]
*[[Power (Mechanical)]]
*[[Transformation of Energy]]

*[[Energy Graphs]]
**[[Energy graphs and the Bohr model]]
*[[Air Resistance]]
*[[Electronic Energy Levels]]
*[[Second Law of Thermodynamics and Entropy]]
*[[Specific Heat Capacity]]
*[[The Maxwell-Boltzmann Distribution]]
*[[Electronic Energy Levels and Photons]]
*[[Energy Density]]
*[[Bohr Model]]
*[[Quantized energy levels]]
**[[Spontaneous Photon Emission]]
*[[Path Independence of Electric Potential]]
*[[Energy in a Circuit]]
</div>
</div>

<div class="toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">

===Collisions===
<div class="mw-collapsible-content">

*[[Collisions]]
Collisions are events that happen very frequently in our day-to-day world. In the realm of Physics, a collision is defined as any sort of process in which before and after a short time interval there is little interaction, but during that short time interval there are large interactions. When looking at collisions, it is first important to understand two very important principles: the Momentum Principle and the Energy Principle. Both principles serve use when talking of collisions because they provide a way in which to analyze these collisions. Collisions themselves can be categorized into 3 main different types: elastic collisions, inelastic collisions, maximally inelastic collisions. All 3 collisions will get touched on in more detail further on.

*[[Elastic Collisions]]
A collision is deemed "elastic" when the internal energy of the objects in the system does not change (in other words, change in internal energy equals 0). Because in an elastic collision no kinetic energy is converted over to internal energy, in any elastic collision Kfinal always equals Kinitial.

*[[Inelastic Collisions]]
A collision is said to be "inelastic" when it is not elastic; therefore, an inelastic collision is an interaction in which some change in internal energy occurs between the colliding objects (in other words, change in internal energy does not equal 0). Examples of such changes that occur between colliding objects include, but are not limited to, things like they get hot, or they vibrate/rotate, or they deform. Because some of the kinetic energy is converted to internal energy during an inelastic collision, Kfinal does not equal Kinitial.
There are a few characteristics that one can search for when identifying inelasticity. These indications include things such as:
*Objects stick together after the collision
*An object is in an excited state after the collision
*An object becomes deformed after the collision
*The objects become hotter after the collision
*There exists more vibration or rotation after the collision

*[[Maximally Inelastic Collision]]
Maximally inelastic collisions, also known as "sticking collisions", are the most extreme kinds of inelastic collisions. Just as its secondary name implies, a maximally inelastic collision is one in which the colliding objects stick together creating maximum dissipation. This does not automatically mean that the colliding objects stop dead because the law of conservation of momentum. In a maximally inelastic collision, the remaining kinetic energy is present only because total momentum can't change and must be conserved.

*[[Head-on Collision of Equal Masses]]
The easiest way to understand this phenomenon is to look at it through an example. In this case, we can analyze it through the common game of billiards. Taking the two, equally massed billiard balls as the system, we can neglect the small frictional force exerted on the balls by the billiard table. The Momentum Principle states that in this head-on collision of billiard balls the total final momentum in the x direction must equal the total initial momentum. However, this alone does not give us the knowledge to know how the momentum will be divided up between the two balls. Considering the law of conservation of energy, we can more accurately depict what will happen. This will also allow for one to identify what kind of collision occurs (elastic, inelastic, or maximally inelastic). It is important to know that head-on collisions of equal masses do not have a definite type of collision associated with it.

*[[Head-on Collision of Unequal Masses]]
Just as with head-on collisions of equal masses, it is easy to understand head-on collisions of unequal masses by viewing it through an example. Let's take for example two balls of unequal masses like a ping-pong ball and a bowling ball. For the purpose of this example (so as to allow for no friction and no other significant external forces), let's imagine these objects collide in outer space inside an orbiting spacecraft. If there were to be a collision between the two, what would one expect to happen? One could expect to see the ping-pong ball collide with the bowling ball and bounce straight back with a very small change of speed. What one might not expect as much is that the bowling ball also moves, just very slowly. Again, this can all be explained through the conservation of momentum and the conservation of energy.

*[[Frame of Reference]]
In the world of Physics, a frame of reference is the perspective from which a system is observed. It can be stationary or sometimes it can even be moving at a constant velocity. In some rare cases, the frame of reference moves at an nonconstant velocity and is deemed "noninertial" meaning the basic laws of physics do not apply. Continuing with the trend of examples, pretend you are at a train station observing trains as they pass by. From your stationary frame of reference, you observe that the passenger on the train is moving at the same velocity as the train. However, from a moving frame of reference, say from the eyes of the train conductor, he would view the train passengers as "anchored" to the train.

*[[Scattering: Collisions in 2D and 3D]]

*[[Rutherford Experiment and Atomic Collisions]]

*[[Coefficient of Restitution]]

*[[testing123]]

</div>
</div>

<div class="toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">

===Fields===
<div class="mw-collapsible-content">
* [[Electric Field]] of a
** [[Point Charge]]
** [[Electric Dipole]]
** [[Capacitor]]
** [[Charged Rod]]
** [[Charged Ring]]
** [[Charged Disk]]
** [[Charged Spherical Shell]]
** [[Charged Cylinder]]
**[[A Solid Sphere Charged Throughout Its Volume]]
*[[Charge Density]]
*[[Superposition Principle]]
*[[Electric Potential]]
**[[Potential Difference Path Independence]]
**[[Potential Difference in a Uniform Field]]
**[[Potential Difference of point charge in a non-Uniform Field]]
**[[Potential Difference at One Location]]
**[[Sign of Potential Difference]]
**[[Potential Difference in an Insulator]]
**[[Energy Density and Electric Field]]
** [[Systems of Charged Objects]]
*[[Electric Force]]
*[[Polarization]]
**[[Polarization of an Atom]]
*[[Charge Motion in Metals]]
*[[Charge Transfer]]
*[[Magnetic Field]]
**[[Right-Hand Rule]]
**[[Direction of Magnetic Field]]
**[[Magnetic Field of a Long Straight Wire]]
**[[Magnetic Field of a Loop]]
**[[Magnetic Field of a Solenoid]]
**[[Bar Magnet]]
**[[Magnetic Dipole Moment]]
***[[Stern-Gerlach Experiment]]
**[[Magnetic Torque]]
**[[Magnetic Force]]
**[[Earth's Magnetic Field]]
**[[Atomic Structure of Magnets]]
*[[Combining Electric and Magnetic Forces]]
**[[Hall Effect]]
**[[Lorentz Force]]
**[[Biot-Savart Law]]
**[[Biot-Savart Law for Currents]]
**[[Integration Techniques for Magnetic Field]]
**[[Sparks in Air]]
**[[Motional Emf]]
**[[Detecting a Magnetic Field]]
**[[Moving Point Charge]]
**[[Non-Coulomb Electric Field]]
**[[Motors and Generators]]
**[[Solenoid Applications]]
</div>
</div>

<div class="toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">

===Simple Circuits===
<div class="mw-collapsible-content">
*[[Components]]
*[[Steady State]]
*[[Non Steady State]]
*[[Charging and Discharging a Capacitor]]
*[[Work and Power In A Circuit]]
*[[Thin and Thick Wires]]
*[[Node Rule]]
*[[Loop Rule]]
*[[Resistivity]]
*[[Power in a circuit]]
*[[Ammeters,Voltmeters,Ohmmeters]]
*[[Current]]
**[[AC]]
*[[Ohm's Law]]
*[[Series Circuits]]
*[[Parallel Circuits]]
*[[RC]]
*[[AC vs DC]]
*[[Charge in a RC Circuit]]
*[[Current in a RC circuit]]
*[[Circular Loop of Wire]]
*[[Current in a RL Circuit]]
*[[RL Circuit]]
*[[Feedback]]
*[[Transformers (Circuits)]]
*[[Resistors and Conductivity]]
*[[Semiconductor Devices]]
*[[Insulators]]
*[[Voltage]]
</div>
</div>

<div class="toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">

===Maxwell's Equations===
<div class="mw-collapsible-content">
*[[Gauss's Flux Theorem]]
**[[Electric Fields]]
***[[Examples of Flux Through Surfaces and Objects]]
**[[Magnetic Fields]]
**[[Proof of Gauss's Law]]
*[[Ampere's Law]]
**[[Magnetic Field of Coaxial Cable Using Ampere's Law]]
**[[Magnetic Field of a Long Thick Wire Using Ampere's Law]]
**[[Magnetic Field of a Toroid Using Ampere's Law]]
*[[Faraday's Law]]
**[[Curly Electric Fields]]
**[[Inductance]]
***[[Transformers (Physics)]]
***[[Energy Density]]
**[[Lenz's Law]]
***[[Lenz Effect and the Jumping Ring]]
**[[Lenz's Rule]]
**[[Motional Emf using Faraday's Law]]
*[[Ampere-Maxwell Law]]
*[[Superconductors]]
**[[Meissner effect]]
</div>
</div>

<div class="toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">

===Radiation===
<div class="mw-collapsible-content">
*[[Producing a Radiative Electric Field]]
*[[Sinusoidal Electromagnetic Radiaton]]
*[[Lenses]]
*[[Energy and Momentum Analysis in Radiation]]
**[[Poynting Vector]]
*[[Electromagnetic Propagation]]
**[[Wavelength and Frequency]]
*[[Snell's Law]]
*[[Effects of Radiation on Matter]]
*[[Light Propagation Through a Medium]]
*[[Light Scaterring: Why is the Sky Blue]]
*[[Light Refraction: Bending of light]]
*[[Cherenkov Radiation]]
*[[Rayleigh Effect]]
</div>
</div>
<div class="toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">

===Sound===
<div class="mw-collapsible-content">
*[[Doppler Effect]]
*[[Nature, Behavior, and Properties of Sound]]
*[[Speed of Sound]]
*[[Resonance]]
*[[Sound Barrier]]
*[[Sound Rarefaction]]
</div>
</div>
<div class="toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">

===Waves===
<div class="mw-collapsible-content">
*[[Bragg's Law]]
*[[Multisource Interference: Diffraction]]
*[[Standing waves]]
*[[Gravitational waves]]
*[[Plasma waves]]
*[[Wave-Particle Duality]]
*[[Electromagnetic Spectrum]]
*[[Color Light Wave]]
*[[The Wave Equation]]
*[[Pendulum Motion]]
*[[Transverse and Longitudinal Waves]]
*[[Planck's Relation]]
*[[interference]]
*[[Polarization of Waves]]
</div>
</div>
<div class="toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">

===Real Life Applications of Electromagnetic Principles===
<div class="mw-collapsible-content">
*[[Electromagnetic Junkyard Cranes]]
*[[Maglev Trains]]
*[[Spark Plugs]]
*[[Metal Detectors]]
*[[Speakers]]
*[[Radios]]
*[[Ampullae of Lorenzini]]
*[[Electrocytes]]
*[[Generator]]
*[[Measuring Water Level]]
*[[Cyclotron]]
*[[Railgun]]
*[[Magnetic Resonance Imaging]]
*[[Electric Eels]]

</div>
</div>

<div class="toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">

===Optics===
<div class="mw-collapsible-content">
*[[Mirrors]]
*[[Refraction]]
*[[Quantum Properties of Light]]
*[[Lasers]]

</div>
</div>

== Resources ==
* Commonly used wiki commands [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:Cheatsheet Wiki Cheatsheet]
* A guide to representing equations in math mode [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:Displaying_a_formula Wiki Math Mode]
* A page to keep track of all the physics [[Constants]]
* A page for review of [[Vectors]] and vector operations

Main Page

2015-12-05T20:52:04Z

Sburch8: /* Real Life Applications of Electromagnetic Principles */

__NOTOC__
Welcome to the Georgia Tech Wiki for Intro Physics. This resources was created so that students can contribute and curate content to help those with limited or no access to a textbook. When reading this website, please correct any errors you may come across. If you read something that isn't clear, please consider revising it!

Looking to make a contribution?
#Pick a specific topic from intro physics
#Add that topic, as a link to a new page, under the appropriate category listed below by editing this page.
#Copy and paste the default [[Template]] into your new page and start editing.

Please remember that this is not a textbook and you are not limited to expressing your ideas with only text and equations. Whenever possible embed: pictures, videos, diagrams, simulations, computational models (e.g. Glowscript), and whatever content you think makes learning physics easier for other students.

== Source Material ==
All of the content added to this resource must be in the public domain or similar free resource. If you are unsure about a source, contact the original author for permission. That said, there is a surprisingly large amount of introductory physics content scattered across the web. Here is an incomplete list of intro physics resources (please update as needed).
* A physics resource written by experts for an expert audience [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:Physics Physics Portal]
* A wiki book on modern physics [https://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Modern_Physics Modern Physics Wiki]
* The MIT open courseware for intro physics [http://ocw.mit.edu/resources/res-8-002-a-wikitextbook-for-introductory-mechanics-fall-2009/index.htm MITOCW Wiki]
* An online concept map of intro physics [http://hyperphysics.phy-astr.gsu.edu/hbase/hph.html HyperPhysics]
* Interactive physics simulations [https://phet.colorado.edu/en/simulations/category/physics PhET]
* OpenStax algebra based intro physics textbook [https://openstaxcollege.org/textbooks/college-physics College Physics]
* The Open Source Physics project is a collection of online physics resources [http://www.opensourcephysics.org/ OSP]
* A resource guide compiled by the [http://www.aapt.org/ AAPT] for educators [http://www.compadre.org/ ComPADRE]

== Organizing Categories ==
These are the broad, overarching categories, that we cover in two semester of introductory physics. You can add subcategories or make a new category as needed. A single topic should direct readers to a page in one of these catagories.

<div class="toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">
===Interactions===
<div class="mw-collapsible-content">
*[[Kinds of Matter]]
**[[Ball and Spring Model of Matter]]
*[[Detecting Interactions]]
*[[Escape Velocity]]
*[[Fundamental Interactions]]
*[[Determinism]]
*[[System & Surroundings]]
*[[Free Body Diagram]]
*[[Newton's First Law of Motion]]
*[[Newton's Second Law of Motion]]
*[[Newton's Third Law of Motion]]
*[[Gravitational Force]]
*[[Electric Force]]
*[[Conservation of Energy]]
*[[Conservation of Charge]]
*[[Terminal Speed]]
*[[Simple Harmonic Motion]]
*[[Speed and Velocity]]
*[[Electric Polarization]]
*[[Perpetual Freefall (Orbit)]]
*[[2-Dimensional Motion]]
*[[Center of Mass]]
*[[Reaction Time]]
*[[Time Dilation]]
</div>
</div>

<div class="toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">

===Modeling with VPython===
<div class="mw-collapsible-content">
*[[VPython]]
*[[VPython basics]]
*[[VPython Common Errors and Troubleshooting]]
*[[VPython Functions]]
*[[VPython Lists]]
*[[VPython Multithreading]]
*[[VPython Animation]]
</div>
</div>

<div class="toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">

===Theory===
<div class="mw-collapsible-content">
*[[Einstein's Theory of Special Relativity]]
*[[Einstein's Theory of General Relativity]]
*[[Quantum Theory]]
*[[Maxwell's Electromagnetic Theory]]
*[[Atomic Theory]]
*[[String Theory]]
*[[Elementary Particles and Particle Physics Theory]]
*[[Law of Gravitation]]
*[[Newton's Laws]]
</div>
</div>

<div class="toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">

===Notable Scientists===
<div class="mw-collapsible-content">
*[[Alexei Alexeyevich Abrikosov]]
*[[Christian Doppler]]
*[[Albert Einstein]]
*[[Ernest Rutherford]]
*[[Joseph Henry]]
*[[Michael Faraday]]
*[[J.J. Thomson]]
*[[James Maxwell]]
*[[Robert Hooke]]
*[[Carl Friedrich Gauss]]
*[[Nikola Tesla]]
*[[Andre Marie Ampere]]
*[[Sir Isaac Newton]]
*[[J. Robert Oppenheimer]]
*[[Oliver Heaviside]]
*[[Rosalind Franklin]]
*[[Enrico Fermi]]
*[[Robert J. Van de Graaff]]
*[[Charles de Coulomb]]
*[[Hans Christian Ørsted]]
*[[Philo Farnsworth]]
*[[Niels Bohr]]
*[[Georg Ohm]]
*[[Galileo Galilei]]
*[[Gustav Kirchhoff]]
*[[Max Planck]]
*[[Heinrich Hertz]]
*[[Edwin Hall]]
*[[James Watt]]
*[[Count Alessandro Volta]]
*[[Josiah Willard Gibbs]]
*[[Richard Phillips Feynman]]
*[[Sir David Brewster]]
*[[Daniel Bernoulli]]
*[[William Thomson]]
*[[Leonhard Euler]]
*[[Robert Fox Bacher]]
*[[Stephen Hawking]]
*[[Amedeo Avogadro]]
*[[Wilhelm Conrad Roentgen]]
*[[Pierre Laplace]]
*[[Thomas Edison]]
*[[Hendrik Lorentz]]
*[[Jean-Baptiste Biot]]
*[[Lise Meitner]]
*[[Lisa Randall]]
*[[Felix Savart]]
*[[Heinrich Lenz]]
*[[Max Born]]
*[[Archimedes]]
*[[Jean Baptiste Biot]]
*[[Carl Sagan]]
*[[Eugene Wigner]]
*[[Marie Curie]]
*[[Pierre Curie]]
*[[Werner Heisenberg]]
*[[Johannes Diderik van der Waals]]
*[[Louis de Broglie]]
*[[Aristotle]]
*[[Émilie du Châtelet]]
*[[Blaise Pascal]]
*[[Siméon Denis Poisson]]
*[[Benjamin Franklin]]
*[[James Chadwick]]
*[[Henry Cavendish]]
*[[Thomas Young]]
*[[James Prescott Joule]]
*[[John Bardeen]]
*[[Leo Baekeland]]
*[[Alhazen]]
*[[Willebrord Snell]]
*[[Fritz Walther Meissner]]
*[[Johannes Kepler]]
*[[Johann Wilhelm Ritter]]
*[[Philipp Lenard]]
*[[Robert A. Millikan]]
*[[Joseph Louis Gay-Lussac]]
*[[Guglielmo Marconi]]
*[[William Lawrence Bragg]]
*[[Robert Goddard]]
*[[Léon Foucault]]
*[[Henri Poincaré]]
*[[Steven Weinberg]]
*[[Arthur Compton]]
*[[Pythagoras of Samos]]
*[[Subrahmanyan Chandrasekhar]]
*[[Wilhelm Eduard Weber]]
*[[Edmond Becquerel]]
*[[Joseph Rotblat]]
*[[Carl David Anderson]]
*[[Hermann von Helmholtz]]
*[[Nicolas Leonard Sadi Carnot]]
*[[Wallace Carothers]]
*[[David J. Wineland]]
*[[Rudolf Clausius]]
*[[Edward L. Norton]]
*[[Shuji Nakamura]]
*[[Pierre Laplace Pt. 2]]
*[[William B. Shockley]]
*[[Osborne Reynolds]]
*[[Alexander Graham Bell]]
*[[Hans Bethe]]
*[[Erwin Schrodinger]]

</div>
</div>

<div class="toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">

===Properties of Matter===
<div class="mw-collapsible-content">
*[[Mass]]
*[[Velocity]]
*[[Relative Velocity]]
*[[Density]]
*[[Charge]]
*[[Spin]]
*[[SI Units]]
*[[Heat Capacity]]
*[[Specific Heat]]
*[[Wavelength]]
*[[Conductivity]]
*[[Malleability]]
*[[Weight]]
*[[Boiling Point]]
*[[Melting Point]]
*[[Inertia]]
*[[Non-Newtonian Fluids]]
*[[Ferrofluids]]
*[[Color]]
*[[Temperature]]
</div>
</div>

<div class="toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">

===Contact Interactions===
<div class="mw-collapsible-content">
* [[Young's Modulus]]
* [[Friction]]
* [[Tension]]
* [[Hooke's Law]]
*[[Centripetal Force and Curving Motion]]
*[[Compression or Normal Force]]
* [[Length and Stiffness of an Interatomic Bond]]
* [[Speed of Sound in Solids]]
* [[Iterative Prediction of Spring-Mass System]]
</div>
</div>

<div class="toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">

===Momentum===
<div class="mw-collapsible-content">
* [[Vectors]]
* [[Kinematics]]
* [[Conservation of Momentum]]
* [[Predicting Change in multiple dimensions]]
* [[Derivation of the Momentum Principle]]
* [[Momentum Principle]]
* [[Impulse Momentum]]
* [[Curving Motion]]
* [[Projectile Motion]]
* [[Multi-particle Analysis of Momentum]]
* [[Iterative Prediction]]
* [[Analytical Prediction]]
* [[Newton's Laws and Linear Momentum]]
* [[Net Force]]
* [[Center of Mass]]
* [[Momentum at High Speeds]]
* [[Change in Momentum in Time for Curving Motion]]
* [[Momentum with respect to external Forces]]
</div>
</div>

<div class="toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">

===Angular Momentum===
<div class="mw-collapsible-content">
* [[The Moments of Inertia]]
* [[Moment of Inertia for a cylinder]]
* [[Rotation]]
* [[Torque]]
* [[Systems with Zero Torque]]
* [[Systems with Nonzero Torque]]
* [[Torque vs Work]]
* [[Angular Impulse]]
* [[Right Hand Rule]]
* [[Angular Velocity]]
* [[Predicting the Position of a Rotating System]]
* [[Translational Angular Momentum]]
* [[The Angular Momentum Principle]]
* [[Angular Momentum of Multiparticle Systems]]
* [[Rotational Angular Momentum]]
* [[Total Angular Momentum]]
* [[Gyroscopes]]
* [[Angular Momentum Compared to Linear Momentum]]

</div>
</div>

<div class="toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">

===Energy===
<div class="mw-collapsible-content">
*[[The Photoelectric Effect]]
*[[Photons]]
*[[The Energy Principle]]
*[[Predicting Change]]
*[[Rest Mass Energy]]
*[[Kinetic Energy]]
*[[Potential Energy]]
**[[Potential Energy for a Magnetic Dipole]]
**[[Potential Energy of a Multiparticle System]]
*[[Work]]
**[[Work Done By A Nonconstant Force]]
*[[Work and Energy for an Extended System]]
*[[Thermal Energy]]
*[[Conservation of Energy]]
*[[Electric Potential]]
*[[Energy Transfer due to a Temperature Difference]]
*[[Gravitational Potential Energy]]
*[[Point Particle Systems]]
*[[Real Systems]]
*[[Spring Potential Energy]]
**[[Ball and Spring Model]]
*[[Internal Energy]]
**[[Potential Energy of a Pair of Neutral Atoms]]
*[[Translational, Rotational and Vibrational Energy]]
*[[Franck-Hertz Experiment]]
*[[Power (Mechanical)]]
*[[Transformation of Energy]]

*[[Energy Graphs]]
**[[Energy graphs and the Bohr model]]
*[[Air Resistance]]
*[[Electronic Energy Levels]]
*[[Second Law of Thermodynamics and Entropy]]
*[[Specific Heat Capacity]]
*[[The Maxwell-Boltzmann Distribution]]
*[[Electronic Energy Levels and Photons]]
*[[Energy Density]]
*[[Bohr Model]]
*[[Quantized energy levels]]
**[[Spontaneous Photon Emission]]
*[[Path Independence of Electric Potential]]
*[[Energy in a Circuit]]
</div>
</div>

<div class="toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">

===Collisions===
<div class="mw-collapsible-content">

*[[Collisions]]
Collisions are events that happen very frequently in our day-to-day world. In the realm of Physics, a collision is defined as any sort of process in which before and after a short time interval there is little interaction, but during that short time interval there are large interactions. When looking at collisions, it is first important to understand two very important principles: the Momentum Principle and the Energy Principle. Both principles serve use when talking of collisions because they provide a way in which to analyze these collisions. Collisions themselves can be categorized into 3 main different types: elastic collisions, inelastic collisions, maximally inelastic collisions. All 3 collisions will get touched on in more detail further on.

*[[Elastic Collisions]]
A collision is deemed "elastic" when the internal energy of the objects in the system does not change (in other words, change in internal energy equals 0). Because in an elastic collision no kinetic energy is converted over to internal energy, in any elastic collision Kfinal always equals Kinitial.

*[[Inelastic Collisions]]
A collision is said to be "inelastic" when it is not elastic; therefore, an inelastic collision is an interaction in which some change in internal energy occurs between the colliding objects (in other words, change in internal energy does not equal 0). Examples of such changes that occur between colliding objects include, but are not limited to, things like they get hot, or they vibrate/rotate, or they deform. Because some of the kinetic energy is converted to internal energy during an inelastic collision, Kfinal does not equal Kinitial.
There are a few characteristics that one can search for when identifying inelasticity. These indications include things such as:
*Objects stick together after the collision
*An object is in an excited state after the collision
*An object becomes deformed after the collision
*The objects become hotter after the collision
*There exists more vibration or rotation after the collision

*[[Maximally Inelastic Collision]]
Maximally inelastic collisions, also known as "sticking collisions", are the most extreme kinds of inelastic collisions. Just as its secondary name implies, a maximally inelastic collision is one in which the colliding objects stick together creating maximum dissipation. This does not automatically mean that the colliding objects stop dead because the law of conservation of momentum. In a maximally inelastic collision, the remaining kinetic energy is present only because total momentum can't change and must be conserved.

*[[Head-on Collision of Equal Masses]]
The easiest way to understand this phenomenon is to look at it through an example. In this case, we can analyze it through the common game of billiards. Taking the two, equally massed billiard balls as the system, we can neglect the small frictional force exerted on the balls by the billiard table. The Momentum Principle states that in this head-on collision of billiard balls the total final momentum in the x direction must equal the total initial momentum. However, this alone does not give us the knowledge to know how the momentum will be divided up between the two balls. Considering the law of conservation of energy, we can more accurately depict what will happen. This will also allow for one to identify what kind of collision occurs (elastic, inelastic, or maximally inelastic). It is important to know that head-on collisions of equal masses do not have a definite type of collision associated with it.

*[[Head-on Collision of Unequal Masses]]
Just as with head-on collisions of equal masses, it is easy to understand head-on collisions of unequal masses by viewing it through an example. Let's take for example two balls of unequal masses like a ping-pong ball and a bowling ball. For the purpose of this example (so as to allow for no friction and no other significant external forces), let's imagine these objects collide in outer space inside an orbiting spacecraft. If there were to be a collision between the two, what would one expect to happen? One could expect to see the ping-pong ball collide with the bowling ball and bounce straight back with a very small change of speed. What one might not expect as much is that the bowling ball also moves, just very slowly. Again, this can all be explained through the conservation of momentum and the conservation of energy.

*[[Frame of Reference]]
In the world of Physics, a frame of reference is the perspective from which a system is observed. It can be stationary or sometimes it can even be moving at a constant velocity. In some rare cases, the frame of reference moves at an nonconstant velocity and is deemed "noninertial" meaning the basic laws of physics do not apply. Continuing with the trend of examples, pretend you are at a train station observing trains as they pass by. From your stationary frame of reference, you observe that the passenger on the train is moving at the same velocity as the train. However, from a moving frame of reference, say from the eyes of the train conductor, he would view the train passengers as "anchored" to the train.

*[[Scattering: Collisions in 2D and 3D]]

*[[Rutherford Experiment and Atomic Collisions]]

*[[Coefficient of Restitution]]

*[[testing123]]

</div>
</div>

<div class="toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">

===Fields===
<div class="mw-collapsible-content">
* [[Electric Field]] of a
** [[Point Charge]]
** [[Electric Dipole]]
** [[Capacitor]]
** [[Charged Rod]]
** [[Charged Ring]]
** [[Charged Disk]]
** [[Charged Spherical Shell]]
** [[Charged Cylinder]]
**[[A Solid Sphere Charged Throughout Its Volume]]
*[[Charge Density]]
*[[Superposition Principle]]
*[[Electric Potential]]
**[[Potential Difference Path Independence]]
**[[Potential Difference in a Uniform Field]]
**[[Potential Difference of point charge in a non-Uniform Field]]
**[[Potential Difference at One Location]]
**[[Sign of Potential Difference]]
**[[Potential Difference in an Insulator]]
**[[Energy Density and Electric Field]]
** [[Systems of Charged Objects]]
*[[Electric Force]]
*[[Polarization]]
**[[Polarization of an Atom]]
*[[Charge Motion in Metals]]
*[[Charge Transfer]]
*[[Magnetic Field]]
**[[Right-Hand Rule]]
**[[Direction of Magnetic Field]]
**[[Magnetic Field of a Long Straight Wire]]
**[[Magnetic Field of a Loop]]
**[[Magnetic Field of a Solenoid]]
**[[Bar Magnet]]
**[[Magnetic Dipole Moment]]
***[[Stern-Gerlach Experiment]]
**[[Magnetic Torque]]
**[[Magnetic Force]]
**[[Earth's Magnetic Field]]
**[[Atomic Structure of Magnets]]
*[[Combining Electric and Magnetic Forces]]
**[[Hall Effect]]
**[[Lorentz Force]]
**[[Biot-Savart Law]]
**[[Biot-Savart Law for Currents]]
**[[Integration Techniques for Magnetic Field]]
**[[Sparks in Air]]
**[[Motional Emf]]
**[[Detecting a Magnetic Field]]
**[[Moving Point Charge]]
**[[Non-Coulomb Electric Field]]
**[[Motors and Generators]]
**[[Solenoid Applications]]
</div>
</div>

<div class="toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">

===Simple Circuits===
<div class="mw-collapsible-content">
*[[Components]]
*[[Steady State]]
*[[Non Steady State]]
*[[Charging and Discharging a Capacitor]]
*[[Work and Power In A Circuit]]
*[[Thin and Thick Wires]]
*[[Node Rule]]
*[[Loop Rule]]
*[[Resistivity]]
*[[Power in a circuit]]
*[[Ammeters,Voltmeters,Ohmmeters]]
*[[Current]]
**[[AC]]
*[[Ohm's Law]]
*[[Series Circuits]]
*[[Parallel Circuits]]
*[[RC]]
*[[AC vs DC]]
*[[Charge in a RC Circuit]]
*[[Current in a RC circuit]]
*[[Circular Loop of Wire]]
*[[Current in a RL Circuit]]
*[[RL Circuit]]
*[[Feedback]]
*[[Transformers (Circuits)]]
*[[Resistors and Conductivity]]
*[[Semiconductor Devices]]
*[[Insulators]]
*[[Voltage]]
</div>
</div>

<div class="toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">

===Maxwell's Equations===
<div class="mw-collapsible-content">
*[[Gauss's Flux Theorem]]
**[[Electric Fields]]
***[[Examples of Flux Through Surfaces and Objects]]
**[[Magnetic Fields]]
**[[Proof of Gauss's Law]]
*[[Ampere's Law]]
**[[Magnetic Field of Coaxial Cable Using Ampere's Law]]
**[[Magnetic Field of a Long Thick Wire Using Ampere's Law]]
**[[Magnetic Field of a Toroid Using Ampere's Law]]
*[[Faraday's Law]]
**[[Curly Electric Fields]]
**[[Inductance]]
***[[Transformers (Physics)]]
***[[Energy Density]]
**[[Lenz's Law]]
***[[Lenz Effect and the Jumping Ring]]
**[[Lenz's Rule]]
**[[Motional Emf using Faraday's Law]]
*[[Ampere-Maxwell Law]]
*[[Superconductors]]
**[[Meissner effect]]
</div>
</div>

<div class="toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">

===Radiation===
<div class="mw-collapsible-content">
*[[Producing a Radiative Electric Field]]
*[[Sinusoidal Electromagnetic Radiaton]]
*[[Lenses]]
*[[Energy and Momentum Analysis in Radiation]]
**[[Poynting Vector]]
*[[Electromagnetic Propagation]]
**[[Wavelength and Frequency]]
*[[Snell's Law]]
*[[Effects of Radiation on Matter]]
*[[Light Propagation Through a Medium]]
*[[Light Scaterring: Why is the Sky Blue]]
*[[Light Refraction: Bending of light]]
*[[Cherenkov Radiation]]
*[[Rayleigh Effect]]
</div>
</div>
<div class="toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">

===Sound===
<div class="mw-collapsible-content">
*[[Doppler Effect]]
*[[Nature, Behavior, and Properties of Sound]]
*[[Speed of Sound]]
*[[Resonance]]
*[[Sound Barrier]]
*[[Sound Rarefaction]
</div>
</div>
<div class="toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">

===Waves===
<div class="mw-collapsible-content">
*[[Bragg's Law]]
*[[Multisource Interference: Diffraction]]
*[[Standing waves]]
*[[Gravitational waves]]
*[[Plasma waves]]
*[[Wave-Particle Duality]]
*[[Electromagnetic Spectrum]]
*[[Color Light Wave]]
*[[The Wave Equation]]
*[[Pendulum Motion]]
*[[Transverse and Longitudinal Waves]]
*[[Planck's Relation]]
*[[interference]]
*[[Polarization of Waves]]
</div>
</div>
<div class="toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">

===Real Life Applications of Electromagnetic Principles===
<div class="mw-collapsible-content">
*[[Electromagnetic Junkyard Cranes]]
*[[Maglev Trains]]
*[[Spark Plugs]]
*[[Metal Detectors]]
*[[Speakers]]
*[[Radios]]
*[[Ampullae of Lorenzini]]
*[[Electrocytes]]
*[[Generator]]
*[[Measuring Water Level]]
*[[Cyclotron]]
*[[Railgun]]
*[[Magnetic Resonance Imaging]]
*[[Electric Eels]]

</div>
</div>

<div class="toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">

===Optics===
<div class="mw-collapsible-content">
*[[Mirrors]]
*[[Refraction]]
*[[Quantum Properties of Light]]
*[[Lasers]]

</div>
</div>

== Resources ==
* Commonly used wiki commands [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:Cheatsheet Wiki Cheatsheet]
* A guide to representing equations in math mode [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:Displaying_a_formula Wiki Math Mode]
* A page to keep track of all the physics [[Constants]]
* A page for review of [[Vectors]] and vector operations

Main Page

2015-12-05T20:51:46Z

Sburch8: /* Sound */

__NOTOC__
Welcome to the Georgia Tech Wiki for Intro Physics. This resources was created so that students can contribute and curate content to help those with limited or no access to a textbook. When reading this website, please correct any errors you may come across. If you read something that isn't clear, please consider revising it!

Looking to make a contribution?
#Pick a specific topic from intro physics
#Add that topic, as a link to a new page, under the appropriate category listed below by editing this page.
#Copy and paste the default [[Template]] into your new page and start editing.

Please remember that this is not a textbook and you are not limited to expressing your ideas with only text and equations. Whenever possible embed: pictures, videos, diagrams, simulations, computational models (e.g. Glowscript), and whatever content you think makes learning physics easier for other students.

== Source Material ==
All of the content added to this resource must be in the public domain or similar free resource. If you are unsure about a source, contact the original author for permission. That said, there is a surprisingly large amount of introductory physics content scattered across the web. Here is an incomplete list of intro physics resources (please update as needed).
* A physics resource written by experts for an expert audience [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:Physics Physics Portal]
* A wiki book on modern physics [https://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Modern_Physics Modern Physics Wiki]
* The MIT open courseware for intro physics [http://ocw.mit.edu/resources/res-8-002-a-wikitextbook-for-introductory-mechanics-fall-2009/index.htm MITOCW Wiki]
* An online concept map of intro physics [http://hyperphysics.phy-astr.gsu.edu/hbase/hph.html HyperPhysics]
* Interactive physics simulations [https://phet.colorado.edu/en/simulations/category/physics PhET]
* OpenStax algebra based intro physics textbook [https://openstaxcollege.org/textbooks/college-physics College Physics]
* The Open Source Physics project is a collection of online physics resources [http://www.opensourcephysics.org/ OSP]
* A resource guide compiled by the [http://www.aapt.org/ AAPT] for educators [http://www.compadre.org/ ComPADRE]

== Organizing Categories ==
These are the broad, overarching categories, that we cover in two semester of introductory physics. You can add subcategories or make a new category as needed. A single topic should direct readers to a page in one of these catagories.

<div class="toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">
===Interactions===
<div class="mw-collapsible-content">
*[[Kinds of Matter]]
**[[Ball and Spring Model of Matter]]
*[[Detecting Interactions]]
*[[Escape Velocity]]
*[[Fundamental Interactions]]
*[[Determinism]]
*[[System & Surroundings]]
*[[Free Body Diagram]]
*[[Newton's First Law of Motion]]
*[[Newton's Second Law of Motion]]
*[[Newton's Third Law of Motion]]
*[[Gravitational Force]]
*[[Electric Force]]
*[[Conservation of Energy]]
*[[Conservation of Charge]]
*[[Terminal Speed]]
*[[Simple Harmonic Motion]]
*[[Speed and Velocity]]
*[[Electric Polarization]]
*[[Perpetual Freefall (Orbit)]]
*[[2-Dimensional Motion]]
*[[Center of Mass]]
*[[Reaction Time]]
*[[Time Dilation]]
</div>
</div>

<div class="toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">

===Modeling with VPython===
<div class="mw-collapsible-content">
*[[VPython]]
*[[VPython basics]]
*[[VPython Common Errors and Troubleshooting]]
*[[VPython Functions]]
*[[VPython Lists]]
*[[VPython Multithreading]]
*[[VPython Animation]]
</div>
</div>

<div class="toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">

===Theory===
<div class="mw-collapsible-content">
*[[Einstein's Theory of Special Relativity]]
*[[Einstein's Theory of General Relativity]]
*[[Quantum Theory]]
*[[Maxwell's Electromagnetic Theory]]
*[[Atomic Theory]]
*[[String Theory]]
*[[Elementary Particles and Particle Physics Theory]]
*[[Law of Gravitation]]
*[[Newton's Laws]]
</div>
</div>

<div class="toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">

===Notable Scientists===
<div class="mw-collapsible-content">
*[[Alexei Alexeyevich Abrikosov]]
*[[Christian Doppler]]
*[[Albert Einstein]]
*[[Ernest Rutherford]]
*[[Joseph Henry]]
*[[Michael Faraday]]
*[[J.J. Thomson]]
*[[James Maxwell]]
*[[Robert Hooke]]
*[[Carl Friedrich Gauss]]
*[[Nikola Tesla]]
*[[Andre Marie Ampere]]
*[[Sir Isaac Newton]]
*[[J. Robert Oppenheimer]]
*[[Oliver Heaviside]]
*[[Rosalind Franklin]]
*[[Enrico Fermi]]
*[[Robert J. Van de Graaff]]
*[[Charles de Coulomb]]
*[[Hans Christian Ørsted]]
*[[Philo Farnsworth]]
*[[Niels Bohr]]
*[[Georg Ohm]]
*[[Galileo Galilei]]
*[[Gustav Kirchhoff]]
*[[Max Planck]]
*[[Heinrich Hertz]]
*[[Edwin Hall]]
*[[James Watt]]
*[[Count Alessandro Volta]]
*[[Josiah Willard Gibbs]]
*[[Richard Phillips Feynman]]
*[[Sir David Brewster]]
*[[Daniel Bernoulli]]
*[[William Thomson]]
*[[Leonhard Euler]]
*[[Robert Fox Bacher]]
*[[Stephen Hawking]]
*[[Amedeo Avogadro]]
*[[Wilhelm Conrad Roentgen]]
*[[Pierre Laplace]]
*[[Thomas Edison]]
*[[Hendrik Lorentz]]
*[[Jean-Baptiste Biot]]
*[[Lise Meitner]]
*[[Lisa Randall]]
*[[Felix Savart]]
*[[Heinrich Lenz]]
*[[Max Born]]
*[[Archimedes]]
*[[Jean Baptiste Biot]]
*[[Carl Sagan]]
*[[Eugene Wigner]]
*[[Marie Curie]]
*[[Pierre Curie]]
*[[Werner Heisenberg]]
*[[Johannes Diderik van der Waals]]
*[[Louis de Broglie]]
*[[Aristotle]]
*[[Émilie du Châtelet]]
*[[Blaise Pascal]]
*[[Siméon Denis Poisson]]
*[[Benjamin Franklin]]
*[[James Chadwick]]
*[[Henry Cavendish]]
*[[Thomas Young]]
*[[James Prescott Joule]]
*[[John Bardeen]]
*[[Leo Baekeland]]
*[[Alhazen]]
*[[Willebrord Snell]]
*[[Fritz Walther Meissner]]
*[[Johannes Kepler]]
*[[Johann Wilhelm Ritter]]
*[[Philipp Lenard]]
*[[Robert A. Millikan]]
*[[Joseph Louis Gay-Lussac]]
*[[Guglielmo Marconi]]
*[[William Lawrence Bragg]]
*[[Robert Goddard]]
*[[Léon Foucault]]
*[[Henri Poincaré]]
*[[Steven Weinberg]]
*[[Arthur Compton]]
*[[Pythagoras of Samos]]
*[[Subrahmanyan Chandrasekhar]]
*[[Wilhelm Eduard Weber]]
*[[Edmond Becquerel]]
*[[Joseph Rotblat]]
*[[Carl David Anderson]]
*[[Hermann von Helmholtz]]
*[[Nicolas Leonard Sadi Carnot]]
*[[Wallace Carothers]]
*[[David J. Wineland]]
*[[Rudolf Clausius]]
*[[Edward L. Norton]]
*[[Shuji Nakamura]]
*[[Pierre Laplace Pt. 2]]
*[[William B. Shockley]]
*[[Osborne Reynolds]]
*[[Alexander Graham Bell]]
*[[Hans Bethe]]
*[[Erwin Schrodinger]]

</div>
</div>

<div class="toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">

===Properties of Matter===
<div class="mw-collapsible-content">
*[[Mass]]
*[[Velocity]]
*[[Relative Velocity]]
*[[Density]]
*[[Charge]]
*[[Spin]]
*[[SI Units]]
*[[Heat Capacity]]
*[[Specific Heat]]
*[[Wavelength]]
*[[Conductivity]]
*[[Malleability]]
*[[Weight]]
*[[Boiling Point]]
*[[Melting Point]]
*[[Inertia]]
*[[Non-Newtonian Fluids]]
*[[Ferrofluids]]
*[[Color]]
*[[Temperature]]
</div>
</div>

<div class="toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">

===Contact Interactions===
<div class="mw-collapsible-content">
* [[Young's Modulus]]
* [[Friction]]
* [[Tension]]
* [[Hooke's Law]]
*[[Centripetal Force and Curving Motion]]
*[[Compression or Normal Force]]
* [[Length and Stiffness of an Interatomic Bond]]
* [[Speed of Sound in Solids]]
* [[Iterative Prediction of Spring-Mass System]]
</div>
</div>

<div class="toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">

===Momentum===
<div class="mw-collapsible-content">
* [[Vectors]]
* [[Kinematics]]
* [[Conservation of Momentum]]
* [[Predicting Change in multiple dimensions]]
* [[Derivation of the Momentum Principle]]
* [[Momentum Principle]]
* [[Impulse Momentum]]
* [[Curving Motion]]
* [[Projectile Motion]]
* [[Multi-particle Analysis of Momentum]]
* [[Iterative Prediction]]
* [[Analytical Prediction]]
* [[Newton's Laws and Linear Momentum]]
* [[Net Force]]
* [[Center of Mass]]
* [[Momentum at High Speeds]]
* [[Change in Momentum in Time for Curving Motion]]
* [[Momentum with respect to external Forces]]
</div>
</div>

<div class="toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">

===Angular Momentum===
<div class="mw-collapsible-content">
* [[The Moments of Inertia]]
* [[Moment of Inertia for a cylinder]]
* [[Rotation]]
* [[Torque]]
* [[Systems with Zero Torque]]
* [[Systems with Nonzero Torque]]
* [[Torque vs Work]]
* [[Angular Impulse]]
* [[Right Hand Rule]]
* [[Angular Velocity]]
* [[Predicting the Position of a Rotating System]]
* [[Translational Angular Momentum]]
* [[The Angular Momentum Principle]]
* [[Angular Momentum of Multiparticle Systems]]
* [[Rotational Angular Momentum]]
* [[Total Angular Momentum]]
* [[Gyroscopes]]
* [[Angular Momentum Compared to Linear Momentum]]

</div>
</div>

<div class="toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">

===Energy===
<div class="mw-collapsible-content">
*[[The Photoelectric Effect]]
*[[Photons]]
*[[The Energy Principle]]
*[[Predicting Change]]
*[[Rest Mass Energy]]
*[[Kinetic Energy]]
*[[Potential Energy]]
**[[Potential Energy for a Magnetic Dipole]]
**[[Potential Energy of a Multiparticle System]]
*[[Work]]
**[[Work Done By A Nonconstant Force]]
*[[Work and Energy for an Extended System]]
*[[Thermal Energy]]
*[[Conservation of Energy]]
*[[Electric Potential]]
*[[Energy Transfer due to a Temperature Difference]]
*[[Gravitational Potential Energy]]
*[[Point Particle Systems]]
*[[Real Systems]]
*[[Spring Potential Energy]]
**[[Ball and Spring Model]]
*[[Internal Energy]]
**[[Potential Energy of a Pair of Neutral Atoms]]
*[[Translational, Rotational and Vibrational Energy]]
*[[Franck-Hertz Experiment]]
*[[Power (Mechanical)]]
*[[Transformation of Energy]]

*[[Energy Graphs]]
**[[Energy graphs and the Bohr model]]
*[[Air Resistance]]
*[[Electronic Energy Levels]]
*[[Second Law of Thermodynamics and Entropy]]
*[[Specific Heat Capacity]]
*[[The Maxwell-Boltzmann Distribution]]
*[[Electronic Energy Levels and Photons]]
*[[Energy Density]]
*[[Bohr Model]]
*[[Quantized energy levels]]
**[[Spontaneous Photon Emission]]
*[[Path Independence of Electric Potential]]
*[[Energy in a Circuit]]
</div>
</div>

<div class="toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">

===Collisions===
<div class="mw-collapsible-content">

*[[Collisions]]
Collisions are events that happen very frequently in our day-to-day world. In the realm of Physics, a collision is defined as any sort of process in which before and after a short time interval there is little interaction, but during that short time interval there are large interactions. When looking at collisions, it is first important to understand two very important principles: the Momentum Principle and the Energy Principle. Both principles serve use when talking of collisions because they provide a way in which to analyze these collisions. Collisions themselves can be categorized into 3 main different types: elastic collisions, inelastic collisions, maximally inelastic collisions. All 3 collisions will get touched on in more detail further on.

*[[Elastic Collisions]]
A collision is deemed "elastic" when the internal energy of the objects in the system does not change (in other words, change in internal energy equals 0). Because in an elastic collision no kinetic energy is converted over to internal energy, in any elastic collision Kfinal always equals Kinitial.

*[[Inelastic Collisions]]
A collision is said to be "inelastic" when it is not elastic; therefore, an inelastic collision is an interaction in which some change in internal energy occurs between the colliding objects (in other words, change in internal energy does not equal 0). Examples of such changes that occur between colliding objects include, but are not limited to, things like they get hot, or they vibrate/rotate, or they deform. Because some of the kinetic energy is converted to internal energy during an inelastic collision, Kfinal does not equal Kinitial.
There are a few characteristics that one can search for when identifying inelasticity. These indications include things such as:
*Objects stick together after the collision
*An object is in an excited state after the collision
*An object becomes deformed after the collision
*The objects become hotter after the collision
*There exists more vibration or rotation after the collision

*[[Maximally Inelastic Collision]]
Maximally inelastic collisions, also known as "sticking collisions", are the most extreme kinds of inelastic collisions. Just as its secondary name implies, a maximally inelastic collision is one in which the colliding objects stick together creating maximum dissipation. This does not automatically mean that the colliding objects stop dead because the law of conservation of momentum. In a maximally inelastic collision, the remaining kinetic energy is present only because total momentum can't change and must be conserved.

*[[Head-on Collision of Equal Masses]]
The easiest way to understand this phenomenon is to look at it through an example. In this case, we can analyze it through the common game of billiards. Taking the two, equally massed billiard balls as the system, we can neglect the small frictional force exerted on the balls by the billiard table. The Momentum Principle states that in this head-on collision of billiard balls the total final momentum in the x direction must equal the total initial momentum. However, this alone does not give us the knowledge to know how the momentum will be divided up between the two balls. Considering the law of conservation of energy, we can more accurately depict what will happen. This will also allow for one to identify what kind of collision occurs (elastic, inelastic, or maximally inelastic). It is important to know that head-on collisions of equal masses do not have a definite type of collision associated with it.

*[[Head-on Collision of Unequal Masses]]
Just as with head-on collisions of equal masses, it is easy to understand head-on collisions of unequal masses by viewing it through an example. Let's take for example two balls of unequal masses like a ping-pong ball and a bowling ball. For the purpose of this example (so as to allow for no friction and no other significant external forces), let's imagine these objects collide in outer space inside an orbiting spacecraft. If there were to be a collision between the two, what would one expect to happen? One could expect to see the ping-pong ball collide with the bowling ball and bounce straight back with a very small change of speed. What one might not expect as much is that the bowling ball also moves, just very slowly. Again, this can all be explained through the conservation of momentum and the conservation of energy.

*[[Frame of Reference]]
In the world of Physics, a frame of reference is the perspective from which a system is observed. It can be stationary or sometimes it can even be moving at a constant velocity. In some rare cases, the frame of reference moves at an nonconstant velocity and is deemed "noninertial" meaning the basic laws of physics do not apply. Continuing with the trend of examples, pretend you are at a train station observing trains as they pass by. From your stationary frame of reference, you observe that the passenger on the train is moving at the same velocity as the train. However, from a moving frame of reference, say from the eyes of the train conductor, he would view the train passengers as "anchored" to the train.

*[[Scattering: Collisions in 2D and 3D]]

*[[Rutherford Experiment and Atomic Collisions]]

*[[Coefficient of Restitution]]

*[[testing123]]

</div>
</div>

<div class="toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">

===Fields===
<div class="mw-collapsible-content">
* [[Electric Field]] of a
** [[Point Charge]]
** [[Electric Dipole]]
** [[Capacitor]]
** [[Charged Rod]]
** [[Charged Ring]]
** [[Charged Disk]]
** [[Charged Spherical Shell]]
** [[Charged Cylinder]]
**[[A Solid Sphere Charged Throughout Its Volume]]
*[[Charge Density]]
*[[Superposition Principle]]
*[[Electric Potential]]
**[[Potential Difference Path Independence]]
**[[Potential Difference in a Uniform Field]]
**[[Potential Difference of point charge in a non-Uniform Field]]
**[[Potential Difference at One Location]]
**[[Sign of Potential Difference]]
**[[Potential Difference in an Insulator]]
**[[Energy Density and Electric Field]]
** [[Systems of Charged Objects]]
*[[Electric Force]]
*[[Polarization]]
**[[Polarization of an Atom]]
*[[Charge Motion in Metals]]
*[[Charge Transfer]]
*[[Magnetic Field]]
**[[Right-Hand Rule]]
**[[Direction of Magnetic Field]]
**[[Magnetic Field of a Long Straight Wire]]
**[[Magnetic Field of a Loop]]
**[[Magnetic Field of a Solenoid]]
**[[Bar Magnet]]
**[[Magnetic Dipole Moment]]
***[[Stern-Gerlach Experiment]]
**[[Magnetic Torque]]
**[[Magnetic Force]]
**[[Earth's Magnetic Field]]
**[[Atomic Structure of Magnets]]
*[[Combining Electric and Magnetic Forces]]
**[[Hall Effect]]
**[[Lorentz Force]]
**[[Biot-Savart Law]]
**[[Biot-Savart Law for Currents]]
**[[Integration Techniques for Magnetic Field]]
**[[Sparks in Air]]
**[[Motional Emf]]
**[[Detecting a Magnetic Field]]
**[[Moving Point Charge]]
**[[Non-Coulomb Electric Field]]
**[[Motors and Generators]]
**[[Solenoid Applications]]
</div>
</div>

<div class="toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">

===Simple Circuits===
<div class="mw-collapsible-content">
*[[Components]]
*[[Steady State]]
*[[Non Steady State]]
*[[Charging and Discharging a Capacitor]]
*[[Work and Power In A Circuit]]
*[[Thin and Thick Wires]]
*[[Node Rule]]
*[[Loop Rule]]
*[[Resistivity]]
*[[Power in a circuit]]
*[[Ammeters,Voltmeters,Ohmmeters]]
*[[Current]]
**[[AC]]
*[[Ohm's Law]]
*[[Series Circuits]]
*[[Parallel Circuits]]
*[[RC]]
*[[AC vs DC]]
*[[Charge in a RC Circuit]]
*[[Current in a RC circuit]]
*[[Circular Loop of Wire]]
*[[Current in a RL Circuit]]
*[[RL Circuit]]
*[[Feedback]]
*[[Transformers (Circuits)]]
*[[Resistors and Conductivity]]
*[[Semiconductor Devices]]
*[[Insulators]]
*[[Voltage]]
</div>
</div>

<div class="toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">

===Maxwell's Equations===
<div class="mw-collapsible-content">
*[[Gauss's Flux Theorem]]
**[[Electric Fields]]
***[[Examples of Flux Through Surfaces and Objects]]
**[[Magnetic Fields]]
**[[Proof of Gauss's Law]]
*[[Ampere's Law]]
**[[Magnetic Field of Coaxial Cable Using Ampere's Law]]
**[[Magnetic Field of a Long Thick Wire Using Ampere's Law]]
**[[Magnetic Field of a Toroid Using Ampere's Law]]
*[[Faraday's Law]]
**[[Curly Electric Fields]]
**[[Inductance]]
***[[Transformers (Physics)]]
***[[Energy Density]]
**[[Lenz's Law]]
***[[Lenz Effect and the Jumping Ring]]
**[[Lenz's Rule]]
**[[Motional Emf using Faraday's Law]]
*[[Ampere-Maxwell Law]]
*[[Superconductors]]
**[[Meissner effect]]
</div>
</div>

<div class="toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">

===Radiation===
<div class="mw-collapsible-content">
*[[Producing a Radiative Electric Field]]
*[[Sinusoidal Electromagnetic Radiaton]]
*[[Lenses]]
*[[Energy and Momentum Analysis in Radiation]]
**[[Poynting Vector]]
*[[Electromagnetic Propagation]]
**[[Wavelength and Frequency]]
*[[Snell's Law]]
*[[Effects of Radiation on Matter]]
*[[Light Propagation Through a Medium]]
*[[Light Scaterring: Why is the Sky Blue]]
*[[Light Refraction: Bending of light]]
*[[Cherenkov Radiation]]
*[[Rayleigh Effect]]
</div>
</div>
<div class="toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">

===Sound===
<div class="mw-collapsible-content">
*[[Doppler Effect]]
*[[Nature, Behavior, and Properties of Sound]]
*[[Speed of Sound]]
*[[Resonance]]
*[[Sound Barrier]]
*[[Sound Rarefaction]
</div>
</div>
<div class="toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">

===Waves===
<div class="mw-collapsible-content">
*[[Bragg's Law]]
*[[Multisource Interference: Diffraction]]
*[[Standing waves]]
*[[Gravitational waves]]
*[[Plasma waves]]
*[[Wave-Particle Duality]]
*[[Electromagnetic Spectrum]]
*[[Color Light Wave]]
*[[The Wave Equation]]
*[[Pendulum Motion]]
*[[Transverse and Longitudinal Waves]]
*[[Planck's Relation]]
*[[interference]]
*[[Polarization of Waves]]
</div>
</div>
<div class="toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">

===Real Life Applications of Electromagnetic Principles===
<div class="mw-collapsible-content">
*[[Electromagnetic Junkyard Cranes]]
*[[Maglev Trains]]
*[[Spark Plugs]]
*[[Metal Detectors]]
*[[Speakers]]
*[[Radios]]
*[[Ampullae of Lorenzini]]
*[[Electrocytes]]
*[[Generator]]
*[[Measuring Water Level]]
*[[Cyclotron]]
*[[Railgun]]
*[[Magnetic Resonance Imaging]]
*[[Electric Eels]]
*[[Lightning]]

</div>
</div>

<div class="toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">

===Optics===
<div class="mw-collapsible-content">
*[[Mirrors]]
*[[Refraction]]
*[[Quantum Properties of Light]]
*[[Lasers]]

</div>
</div>

== Resources ==
* Commonly used wiki commands [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:Cheatsheet Wiki Cheatsheet]
* A guide to representing equations in math mode [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:Displaying_a_formula Wiki Math Mode]
* A page to keep track of all the physics [[Constants]]
* A page for review of [[Vectors]] and vector operations

Main Page

2015-12-05T19:54:03Z

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Main Page

2015-12-05T19:47:37Z

Sburch8: /* Real Life Applications of Electromagnetic Principles */

Main Page

2015-12-05T18:13:50Z

Sburch8: /* Sound */