Physics Book - User contributions [en]

Léon Foucault

2015-12-05T22:32:17Z

PierreR:

Claimed by PierreR

==Biography==
[[File:Foucault.jpg|thumb|300px|Foucault]]
Born Jean Bernard Léon Foucault, Foucault was born on September 18, 1819 to a Parisian publisher. Due to his family's education and access to resources, Foucault was home schooled for the majority of his childhood, before leaving home to study medicine. He quickly discovered that due to his blood phobia, medicine was not the field for him. In order to continue academic pursuits Léon began studies in physics. Initially focusing on optics, Foucault worked on photographic processes, before becoming an assistant to [[Alfred Donné]], working with microscopic observation.

After finishing his term with Alfred Donné, Léon partnered with [[Hippolyte Fizeau]] in order to study properties of visible light generated by the sun. In 1850 the two would conduct experiments detecting the speed of light through different mediums, effectively disproving Newton's theory of light, as well as determining the speed of light within 1% of the modern accepted value. His work with Pendulums would earn him further renown when, in 1851, he presented the Foucault pendulum, a simple experiment proving the rotation of the earth. The experiment' success and public appeal led Foucault to design a similar experiment with a device he would name the [[gyroscope]]. His work publicizing science, coupled with his work on light and optics would earn Foucault both the [[Royal Society]]'s Copley award and a position at the Parisian Imperial Observatory in 1855.

At the Imperial Observatory Foucault would begin work studying magnets, eventually studying eddy currents, before returning to the field of optics. After designing a device to safely view the sun through a telescope, Foucault designed a method of testing the shape of mirrors in telescopes. IN his final years, Foucault returned to the Roman Catholic church, and later passed away due to multiple sclerosis on February 11, 1868.
==Notable works==

=== Foucault's Pendulum ===
[[File:pendulumfree.gif|thumb|300px|Foucault's Pendulum in action]]
Foucault's Pendulum is based on the premise that a free floating pendulum set in motion will maintain it's path in space with respect to the axis it rotates about. The design consists of a long pendulum fixed only in the z direction at the pivot, with large weight at the bottom. Once set in motion the pendulum would maintain it's plane of motion with respect to the top and bottom of the z-axis, the pivot and core of earth respectively. Tracing the path of the pendulum along the ground below it, however, will show, every except at the equator, a non linear path, indicating that the surface was rotating with respect to the plane of action of the pendulum.

=== Measurement of the speed of light ===
[[File:solfoucault.jpg|thumb|300px|The Fouault-Fizeau Experiment]]
Working with Fizeau, Foucault designed a system to accurately measure the speed of light. Using a laser as a light source, beam was fired at a continuously rotating mirror, deflected to a second stationary mirror, back to the rotating mirror, and to the location of the laser. By measuring the distance from the projected beam from the source, and taking into account the distances involved along with the rate of rotation of the mirror, Foucault was able to predict the speed of light to be 298000 km/s, only 0.6% off from the modern accepted value for the speed of light.

==Awards and Recognitions==
*Copley Medal
*Member of the Royal Society
*Member of the [[Bureau des Longitudes]]
*Name Inscribed in the Eiffel Tower
*Officer in the [[Legion of Honour]]
*Asteroid [[5668 Foucault]] named in his honor

== See also ==
*Foucault's Pendulum
**http://www.animations.physics.unsw.edu.au/jw/foucault_pendulum.html
**http://www.geophysik.uni-muenchen.de/outreach/foucault-pendulum
*Foucault-Fizeau Apparatus
**http://www.speed-light.info/measurement.htm

==References==
http://www-history.mcs.st-andrews.ac.uk/Biographies/Foucault.html

http://www.famousscientists.org/leon-foucault/

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Foucault-rotz.gif

http://www.daviddarling.info/encyclopedia/S/speedlight.html

[[Category:Notable Scientists]]

Léon Foucault

2015-12-05T22:31:52Z

PierreR:

Claimed by PierreR

==Biography==
[[File:Foucault.jpg|thumb|300px|Foucault]]
Born Jean Bernard Léon Foucault, Foucault was born on September 18, 1819 to a Parisian publisher. Due to his family's education and access to resources, Foucault was home schooled for the majority of his childhood, before leaving home to study medicine. He quickly discovered that due to his blood phobia, medicine was not the field for him. In order to continue academic pursuits Léon began studies in physics. Initially focusing on optics, Foucault worked on photographic processes, before becoming an assistant to [[Alfred Donné]], working with microscopic observation.

After finishing his term with Alfred Donné, Léon partnered with [[Hippolyte Fizeau]] in order to study properties of visible light generated by the sun. In 1850 the two would conduct experiments detecting the speed of light through different mediums, effectively disproving Newton's theory of light, as well as determining the speed of light within 1% of the modern accepted value. His work with Pendulums would earn him further renown when, in 1851, he presented the Foucault pendulum, a simple experiment proving the rotation of the earth. The experiment' success and public appeal led Foucault to design a similar experiment with a device he would name the [[gyroscope]]. His work publicizing science, coupled with his work on light and optics would earn Foucault both the [[Royal Society]]'s Copley award and a position at the Parisian Imperial Observatory in 1855.

At the Imperial Observatory Foucault would begin work studying magnets, eventually studying eddy currents, before returning to the field of optics. After designing a device to safely view the sun through a telescope, Foucault designed a method of testing the shape of mirrors in telescopes. IN his final years, Foucault returned to the Roman Catholic church, and later passed away due to multiple sclerosis on February 11, 1868.
==Notable works==

=== Foucault's Pendulum ===
[[File:pendulumfree.gif|thumb|300px|Foucault's Pendulum in action]]
Foucault's Pendulum is based on the premise that a free floating pendulum set in motion will maintain it's path in space with respect to the axis it rotates about. The design consists of a long pendulum fixed only in the z direction at the pivot, with large weight at the bottom. Once set in motion the pendulum would maintain it's plane of motion with respect to the top and bottom of the z-axis, the pivot and core of earth respectively. Tracing the path of the pendulum along the ground below it, however, will show, every except at the equator, a non linear path, indicating that the surface was rotating with respect to the plane of action of the pendulum.

=== Measurement of the speed of light ===
[[File:solfoucault.jpg|thumb|300px|The Fouault-Fizeau Experiment]]
Working with Fizeau, Foucault designed a system to accurately measure the speed of light. Using a laser as a light source, beam was fired at a continuously rotating mirror, deflected to a second stationary mirror, back to the rotating mirror, and to the location of the laser. By measuring the distance from the projected beam from the source, and taking into account the distances involved along with the rate of rotation of the mirror, Foucault was able to predict the speed of light to be 298000 km/s, only 0.6% off from the modern accepted value for the speed of light.

==Awards and Recognitions==
*Copley Medal
*Member of the Royal Society
*Member of the [[Bureau des Longitudes]]
*Name Inscribed in the Eiffel Tower
*Officer in the [[Legion of Honour]]
*Asteroid [[5668 Foucault]] named in his honor

== See also ==
*Foucault's Pendulum
**http://www.animations.physics.unsw.edu.au/jw/foucault_pendulum.html
**http://www.geophysik.uni-muenchen.de/outreach/foucault-pendulum
*Foucault-Fizeau Apparatus
**http://www.speed-light.info/measurement.htm

===External links===
http://www-rohan.sdsu.edu/~aty/explain/optics/refr.html

http://ocw.mit.edu/courses/mechanical-engineering/2-71-optics-spring-2009/video-lectures/lecture-2-reflection-and-refraction-prisms-waveguides-and-dispersion/MIT2_71S09_lec02.pdf

==References==
http://www-history.mcs.st-andrews.ac.uk/Biographies/Foucault.html

http://www.famousscientists.org/leon-foucault/

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Foucault-rotz.gif

http://www.daviddarling.info/encyclopedia/S/speedlight.html

[[Category:Notable Scientists]]

Léon Foucault

2015-12-04T20:34:00Z

PierreR:

Claimed by PierreR

==Biography==
[[File:Foucault.jpg|thumb|300px|Foucault]]
Born Jean Bernard Léon Foucault, Foucault was born on September 18, 1819 to a Parisian publisher. Due to his family's education and access to resources, Foucault was home schooled for the majority of his childhood, before leaving home to study medicine. He quickly discovered that due to his blood phobia, medicine was not the field for him. In order to continue academic pursuits Léon began studies in physics. Initially focusing on optics, Foucault worked on photographic processes, before becoming an assistant to [[Alfred Donné]], working with microscopic observation.

After finishing his term with Alfred Donné, Léon partnered with [[Hippolyte Fizeau]] in order to study properties of visible light generated by the sun. In 1850 the two would conduct experiments detecting the speed of light through different mediums, effectively disproving Newton's theory of light, as well as determining the speed of light within 1% of the modern accepted value. His work with Pendulums would earn him further renown when, in 1851, he presented the Foucault pendulum, a simple experiment proving the rotation of the earth. The experiment' success and public appeal led Foucault to design a similar experiment with a device he would name the [[gyroscope]]. His work publicizing science, coupled with his work on light and optics would earn Foucault both the [[Royal Society]]'s Copley award and a position at the Parisian Imperial Observatory in 1855.

At the Imperial Observatory Foucault would begin work studying magnets, eventually studying eddy currents, before returning to the field of optics. After designing a device to safely view the sun through a telescope, Foucault designed a method of testing the shape of mirrors in telescopes. IN his final years, Foucault returned to the Roman Catholic church, and later passed away due to multiple sclerosis on February 11, 1868.
==Notable works==

=== Foucault's Pendulum ===
[[File:pendulumfree.gif|thumb|300px|Foucault's Pendulum in action]]
Foucault's Pendulum is based on the premise that a free floating pendulum set in motion will maintain it's path in space with respect to the axis it rotates about. The design consists of a long pendulum fixed only in the z direction at the pivot, with large weight at the bottom. Once set in motion the pendulum would maintain it's plane of motion with respect to the top and bottom of the z-axis, the pivot and core of earth respectively. Tracing the path of the pendulum along the ground below it, however, will show, every except at the equator, a non linear path, indicating that the surface was rotating with respect to the plane of action of the pendulum.

=== Measurement of the speed of light ===
[[File:solfoucault.jpg|thumb|300px|The Fouault-Fizeau Experiment]]
Working with Fizeau, Foucault designed a system to accurately measure the speed of light. Using a laser as a light source, beam was fired at a continuously rotating mirror, deflected to a second stationary mirror, back to the rotating mirror, and to the location of the laser. By measuring the distance from the projected beam from the source, and taking into account the distances involved along with the rate of rotation of the mirror, Foucault was able to predict the speed of light to be 298000 km/s, only 0.6% off from the modern accepted value for the speed of light.

==Awards and Recognitions==
*Copley Medal
*Member of the Royal Society
*Member of the [[Bureau des Longitudes]]
*Name Inscribed in the Eiffel Tower
*Officer in the [[Legion of Honour]]
*Asteroid [[5668 Foucault]] named in his honor

== See also ==

*[[Color Light Wave]]
*[[Wave-Particle Duality]]

===External links===
http://www-rohan.sdsu.edu/~aty/explain/optics/refr.html

http://ocw.mit.edu/courses/mechanical-engineering/2-71-optics-spring-2009/video-lectures/lecture-2-reflection-and-refraction-prisms-waveguides-and-dispersion/MIT2_71S09_lec02.pdf

==References==
http://www-history.mcs.st-andrews.ac.uk/Biographies/Foucault.html

http://www.famousscientists.org/leon-foucault/

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Foucault-rotz.gif

http://www.daviddarling.info/encyclopedia/S/speedlight.html

[[Category:Notable Scientists]]

File:Solfoucault.jpg

2015-12-04T20:33:31Z

PierreR:

Léon Foucault

2015-12-04T20:30:49Z

PierreR:

Claimed by PierreR

==Biography==
[[File:Foucault.jpg|thumb|300px|Foucault]]
Born Jean Bernard Léon Foucault, Foucault was born on September 18, 1819 to a Parisian publisher. Due to his family's education and access to resources, Foucault was home schooled for the majority of his childhood, before leaving home to study medicine. He quickly discovered that due to his blood phobia, medicine was not the field for him. In order to continue academic pursuits Léon began studies in physics. Initially focusing on optics, Foucault worked on photographic processes, before becoming an assistant to [[Alfred Donné]], working with microscopic observation.

After finishing his term with Alfred Donné, Léon partnered with [[Hippolyte Fizeau]] in order to study properties of visible light generated by the sun. In 1850 the two would conduct experiments detecting the speed of light through different mediums, effectively disproving Newton's theory of light, as well as determining the speed of light within 1% of the modern accepted value. His work with Pendulums would earn him further renown when, in 1851, he presented the Foucault pendulum, a simple experiment proving the rotation of the earth. The experiment' success and public appeal led Foucault to design a similar experiment with a device he would name the [[gyroscope]]. His work publicizing science, coupled with his work on light and optics would earn Foucault both the [[Royal Society]]'s Copley award and a position at the Parisian Imperial Observatory in 1855.

At the Imperial Observatory Foucault would begin work studying magnets, eventually studying eddy currents, before returning to the field of optics. After designing a device to safely view the sun through a telescope, Foucault designed a method of testing the shape of mirrors in telescopes. IN his final years, Foucault returned to the Roman Catholic church, and later passed away due to multiple sclerosis on February 11, 1868.
==Notable works==

=== Foucault's Pendulum ===
[[File:pendulumfree.gif|thumb|300px|Foucault's Pendulum in action]]
Foucault's Pendulum is based on the premise that a free floating pendulum set in motion will maintain it's path in space with respect to the axis it rotates about. The design consists of a long pendulum fixed only in the z direction at the pivot, with large weight at the bottom. Once set in motion the pendulum would maintain it's plane of motion with respect to the top and bottom of the z-axis, the pivot and core of earth respectively. Tracing the path of the pendulum along the ground below it, however, will show, every except at the equator, a non linear path, indicating that the surface was rotating with respect to the plane of action of the pendulum.

=== Measurement of the speed of light ===

Working with Fizeau, Foucault designed a system to accurately measure the speed of light. Using a laser as a light source, beam was fired at a continuously rotating mirror, deflected to a second stationary mirror, back to the rotating mirror, and to the location of the laser. By measuring the distance from the projected beam from the source, and taking into account the distances involved along with the rate of rotation of the mirror, Foucault was able to predict the speed of light to be 298000 km/s, only 0.6% off from the modern accepted value for the speed of light.

==Awards and Recognitions==
*Copley Medal
*Member of the Royal Society
*Member of the [[Bureau des Longitudes]]
*Name Inscribed in the Eiffel Tower
*Officer in the [[Legion of Honour]]
*Asteroid [[5668 Foucault]] named in his honor

== See also ==

*[[Color Light Wave]]
*[[Wave-Particle Duality]]

===External links===
http://www-rohan.sdsu.edu/~aty/explain/optics/refr.html

http://ocw.mit.edu/courses/mechanical-engineering/2-71-optics-spring-2009/video-lectures/lecture-2-reflection-and-refraction-prisms-waveguides-and-dispersion/MIT2_71S09_lec02.pdf

==References==
http://www-history.mcs.st-andrews.ac.uk/Biographies/Foucault.html

http://www.famousscientists.org/leon-foucault/

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Foucault-rotz.gif

[[Category:Notable Scientists]]

Léon Foucault

2015-12-04T20:19:52Z

PierreR:

Claimed by PierreR

==Biography==
[[File:Foucault.jpg|thumb|300px|Foucault]]
Born Jean Bernard Léon Foucault, Foucault was born on September 18, 1819 to a Parisian publisher. Due to his family's education and access to resources, Foucault was home schooled for the majority of his childhood, before leaving home to study medicine. He quickly discovered that due to his blood phobia, medicine was not the field for him. In order to continue academic pursuits Léon began studies in physics. Initially focusing on optics, Foucault worked on photographic processes, before becoming an assistant to [[Alfred Donné]], working with microscopic observation.

After finishing his term with Alfred Donné, Léon partnered with [[Hippolyte Fizeau]] in order to study properties of visible light generated by the sun. In 1850 the two would conduct experiments detecting the speed of light through different mediums, effectively disproving Newton's theory of light, as well as determining the speed of light within 1% of the modern accepted value. His work with Pendulums would earn him further renown when, in 1851, he presented the Foucault pendulum, a simple experiment proving the rotation of the earth. The experiment' success and public appeal led Foucault to design a similar experiment with a device he would name the [[gyroscope]]. His work publicizing science, coupled with his work on light and optics would earn Foucault both the [[Royal Society]]'s Copley award and a position at the Parisian Imperial Observatory in 1855.

At the Imperial Observatory Foucault would begin work studying magnets, eventually studying eddy currents, before returning to the field of optics. After designing a device to safely view the sun through a telescope, Foucault designed a method of testing the shape of mirrors in telescopes. IN his final years, Foucault returned to the Roman Catholic church, and later passed away due to multiple sclerosis on February 11, 1868.
==Notable works==

=== Foucault's Pendulum ===
[[File:pendulumfree.gif|thumb|300px|Foucault's Pendulum in action]]
Foucault's Pendulum is based on the premise that a free floating pendulum set in motion will maintain it's path in space with respect to the axis it rotates about. The design consists of a long pendulum fixed only in the z direction at the pivot, with large weight at the bottom. Once set in motion the pendulum would maintain it's plane of motion with respect to the top and bottom of the z-axis, the pivot and core of earth respectively. Tracing the path of the pendulum along the ground below it, however, will show, every except at the equator, a non linear path, indicating that the surface was rotating with respect to the plane of action of the pendulum.

=== Measurement of the speed of light ===

Working with Fizeau

==Awards and Recognitions==
*Copley Medal
*Member of the Royal Society
*Member of the [[Bureau des Longitudes]]
*Name Inscribed in the Eiffel Tower
*Officer in the [[Legion of Honour]]
*Asteroid [[5668 Foucault]] named in his honor

== See also ==

*[[Color Light Wave]]
*[[Wave-Particle Duality]]

===External links===
http://www-rohan.sdsu.edu/~aty/explain/optics/refr.html

http://ocw.mit.edu/courses/mechanical-engineering/2-71-optics-spring-2009/video-lectures/lecture-2-reflection-and-refraction-prisms-waveguides-and-dispersion/MIT2_71S09_lec02.pdf

==References==
http://www-history.mcs.st-andrews.ac.uk/Biographies/Foucault.html

http://www.famousscientists.org/leon-foucault/

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Foucault-rotz.gif

[[Category:Notable Scientists]]

Léon Foucault

2015-12-04T20:18:21Z

PierreR:

Claimed by PierreR

==Biography==
[[File:Foucault.jpg|thumb|300px|Foucault]]
Born Jean Bernard Léon Foucault, Foucault was born on September 18, 1819 to a Parisian publisher. Due to his family's education and access to resources, Foucault was home schooled for the majority of his childhood, before leaving home to study medicine. He quickly discovered that due to his blood phobia, medicine was not the field for him. In order to continue academic pursuits Léon began studies in physics. Initially focusing on optics, Foucault worked on photographic processes, before becoming an assistant to [[Alfred Donné]], working with microscopic observation.

After finishing his term with Alfred Donné, Léon partnered with [[Hippolyte Fizeau]] in order to study properties of visible light generated by the sun. In 1850 the two would conduct experiments detecting the speed of light through different mediums, effectively disproving Newton's theory of light, as well as determining the speed of light within 1% of the modern accepted value. His work with Pendulums would earn him further renown when, in 1851, he presented the Foucault pendulum, a simple experiment proving the rotation of the earth. The experiment' success and public appeal led Foucault to design a similar experiment with a device he would name the [[gyroscope]]. His work publicizing science, coupled with his work on light and optics would earn Foucault both the Royal Society's Copley award and a position at the Parisian Imperial Observatory in 1855.

At the Imperial Observatory Foucault would begin work studying magnets, eventually studying eddy currents, before returning to the field of optics. After designing a device to safely view the sun through a telescope, Foucault designed a method of testing the shape of mirrors in telescopes. IN his final years, Foucault returned to the Roman Catholic church, and later passed away due to multiple sclerosis on February 11, 1868.
==Notable works==

=== Foucault's Pendulum ===
[[File:pendulumfree.gif|thumb|300px|Foucault's Pendulum in action]]
Foucault's Pendulum is based on the premise that a free floating pendulum set in motion will maintain it's path in space with respect to the axis it rotates about. The design consists of a long pendulum fixed only in the z direction at the pivot, with large weight at the bottom. Once set in motion the pendulum would maintain it's plane of motion with respect to the top and bottom of the z-axis, the pivot and core of earth respectively. Tracing the path of the pendulum along the ground below it, however, will show, every except at the equator, a non linear path, indicating that the surface was rotating with respect to the plane of action of the pendulum.

=== Measurement of the speed of light ===

Working with Fizeau

==Awards and Recognitions==
*Copley Medal
*Member of the Royal Society
*Member of the Bureau des Longitudes
*Name Inscribed in the Eiffel Tower
*Officer in the Legion of Honour
*Asteroid 5668 Foucault named in his honor

== See also ==

*[[Color Light Wave]]
*[[Wave-Particle Duality]]

===External links===
http://www-rohan.sdsu.edu/~aty/explain/optics/refr.html

http://ocw.mit.edu/courses/mechanical-engineering/2-71-optics-spring-2009/video-lectures/lecture-2-reflection-and-refraction-prisms-waveguides-and-dispersion/MIT2_71S09_lec02.pdf

==References==
http://www-history.mcs.st-andrews.ac.uk/Biographies/Foucault.html

http://www.famousscientists.org/leon-foucault/

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Foucault-rotz.gif

[[Category:Notable Scientists]]

Léon Foucault

2015-12-04T20:17:38Z

PierreR:

Claimed by PierreR

==Biography==
[[File:Foucault.jpg|thumb|300px|Foucault]]
Born Jean Bernard Léon Foucault, Foucault was born on September 18, 1819 to a Parisian publisher. Due to his family's education and access to resources, Foucault was home schooled for the majority of his childhood, before leaving home to study medicine. He quickly discovered that due to his blood phobia, medicine was not the field for him. In order to continue academic pursuits Léon began studies in physics. Initially focusing on optics, Foucault worked on photographic processes, before becoming an assistant to [[Alfred Donné]], working with microscopic observation.

After finishing his term with Alfred Donné, Léon partnered with [[Hippolyte Fizeau]] in order to study properties of visible light generated by the sun. In 1850 the two would conduct experiments detecting the speed of light through different mediums, effectively disproving Newton's theory of light, as well as determining the speed of light within 1% of the modern accepted value. His work with Pendulums would earn him further renown when, in 1851, he presented the Foucault pendulum, a simple experiment proving the rotation of the earth. The experiment' success and public appeal led Foucault to design a similar experiment with a device he would name the [[gyroscope]]. His work publicizing science, coupled with his work on light and optics would earn Foucault both the Royal Society's Copley award and a position at the Parisian Imperial Observatory in 1855.

At the Imperial Observatory Foucault would begin work studying magnets, eventually studying eddy currents, before returning to the field of optics. After designing a device to safely view the sun through a telescope, Foucault designed a method of testing the shape of mirrors in telescopes. IN his final years, Foucault returned to the Roman Catholic church, and later passed away due to multiple sclerosis on February 11, 1868.
==Notable works==

=== Foucault's Pendulum ===
[[File:pendulumfree.gif|thumb|300px|Foucault's Pendulum in action]]
Foucault's Pendulum is based on the premise that a free floating pendulum set in motion will maintain it's path in space with respect to the axis it rotates about. The design consists of a long pendulum fixed only in the z direction at the pivot, with large weight at the bottom. Once set in motion the pendulum would maintain it's plane of motion with respect to the top and bottom of the z-axis, the pivot and core of earth respectively. Tracing the path of the pendulum along the ground below it, however, will show, every except at the equator, a non linear path, indicating that the surface was rotating with respect to the plane of action of the pendulum.

=== Measurement of the speed of light ===

Working with Fizeau

==Awards and Recognitions==
*Copley Medal
*Member of the Royal Society
*Member of the Bureau des Longitudes
*Name Inscribed in the Eiffel Tower
*Officer in the Legion of Honour
*Asteroid 5668 Foucault named in his honor

== See also ==

*[[Color Light Wave]]
*[[Wave-Particle Duality]]

===External links===
http://www-rohan.sdsu.edu/~aty/explain/optics/refr.html

http://ocw.mit.edu/courses/mechanical-engineering/2-71-optics-spring-2009/video-lectures/lecture-2-reflection-and-refraction-prisms-waveguides-and-dispersion/MIT2_71S09_lec02.pdf

==References==
http://www-history.mcs.st-andrews.ac.uk/Biographies/Foucault.html

http://www.famousscientists.org/leon-foucault/

[[Category:Notable Scientists]]

File:Pendulumfree.gif

2015-12-04T20:17:08Z

PierreR:

Léon Foucault

2015-12-04T19:57:46Z

PierreR:

Claimed by PierreR

==Biography==
[[File:Foucault.jpg|thumb|300px|Foucault]]
Born Jean Bernard Léon Foucault, Foucault was born on September 18, 1819 to a Parisian publisher. Due to his family's education and access to resources, Foucault was home schooled for the majority of his childhood, before leaving home to study medicine. He quickly discovered that due to his blood phobia, medicine was not the field for him. In order to continue academic pursuits Léon began studies in physics. Initially focusing on optics, Foucault worked on photographic processes, before becoming an assistant to [[Alfred Donné]], working with microscopic observation.

After finishing his term with Alfred Donné, Léon partnered with [[Hippolyte Fizeau]] in order to study properties of visible light generated by the sun. In 1850 the two would conduct experiments detecting the speed of light through different mediums, effectively disproving Newton's theory of light, as well as determining the speed of light within 1% of the modern accepted value. His work with Pendulums would earn him further renown when, in 1851, he presented the Foucault pendulum, a simple experiment proving the rotation of the earth. The experiment' success and public appeal led Foucault to design a similar experiment with a device he would name the [[gyroscope]]. His work publicizing science, coupled with his work on light and optics would earn Foucault both the Royal Society's Copley award and a position at the Parisian Imperial Observatory in 1855.

At the Imperial Observatory Foucault would begin work studying magnets, eventually studying eddy currents, before returning to the field of optics. After designing a device to safely view the sun through a telescope, Foucault designed a method of testing the shape of mirrors in telescopes. IN his final years, Foucault returned to the Roman Catholic church, and later passed away due to multiple sclerosis on February 11, 1868.
==Notable works==

=== Foucault's Pendulum ===

=== Measurement of the speed of light ===

*The Index of Refraction: the ratio of the speed of light through a vacuum to the speed of light in the medium. Written as: <math>n=\frac{c}{v}</math>, where
**c=speed of light in a vacuum
**v=speed of light in medium
Note that the index of refraction can never be less than one, since <math>\frac{c}{c}=1</math>.
*Snell's Law: size of the angle of refraction, or how much the light bends. Written as:<math>n_1\sin\theta_1=n_2\sin\theta_2</math>, where
**<math>n_1</math>=index of refraction of medium 1
**<math>n_2</math>=index of refraction of medium 2
**<math>\theta_1</math>=angle of incidence
**<math>\theta_2</math>=angle of refraction.

==Awards and Recognitions==
*Copley Medal
*Member of the Royal Society
*Member of the Bureau des Longitudes
*Name Inscribed in the Eiffel Tower
*Officer in the Legion of Honour
* Asteroid 5668 Foucault named in his honor

== See also ==

*[[Color Light Wave]]
*[[Wave-Particle Duality]]

===External links===
http://www-rohan.sdsu.edu/~aty/explain/optics/refr.html

http://ocw.mit.edu/courses/mechanical-engineering/2-71-optics-spring-2009/video-lectures/lecture-2-reflection-and-refraction-prisms-waveguides-and-dispersion/MIT2_71S09_lec02.pdf

==References==
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Refracting_telescope

http://www-rohan.sdsu.edu/~aty/explain/optics/refr.html

[[Category:Optics]]

Léon Foucault

2015-12-04T19:55:38Z

PierreR:

Claimed by PierreR

==Biography==
[[File:Foucault.jpg|thumb|300px|Foucault]]
Born Jean Bernard Léon Foucault, Foucault was born on September 18, 1819 to a Parisian publisher. Due to his family's education and access to resources, Foucault was home schooled for the majority of his childhood, before leaving home to study medicine. He quickly discovered that due to his blood phobia, medicine was not the field for him. In order to continue academic pursuits Léon began studies in physics. Initially focusing on optics, Foucault worked on photographic processes, before becoming an assistant to [[Alfred Donné]], working with microscopic observation.

After finishing his term with Alfred Donné, Léon partnered with [[Hippolyte Fizeau]] in order to study properties of visible light generated by the sun. In 1850 the two would conduct experiments detecting the speed of light through different mediums, effectively disproving Newton's theory of light, as well as determining the speed of light within 1% of the modern accepted value. His work with Pendulums would earn him further renown when, in 1851, he presented the Foucault pendulum, a simple experiment proving the rotation of the earth. The experiment' success and public appeal led Foucault to design a similar experiment with a device he would name the [[gyroscope]]. His work publicizing science, coupled with his work on light and optics would earn Foucault both the Royal Society's Copley award and a position at the Parisian Imperial Observatory in 1855.

At the Imperial Observatory Foucault would begin work studying magnets, eventually studying eddy currents, before returning to the field of optics. After designing a device to safely view the sun through a telescope, Foucault designed a method of testing the shape of mirrors in telescopes. IN his final years, Foucault returned to the Roman Catholic church, and later passed away due to multiple sclerosis on February 11, 1868.
==Notable works==

=== Foucault's Pendulum ===

=== Measurement of the speed of light ===

*The Index of Refraction: the ratio of the speed of light through a vacuum to the speed of light in the medium. Written as: <math>n=\frac{c}{v}</math>, where
**c=speed of light in a vacuum
**v=speed of light in medium
Note that the index of refraction can never be less than one, since <math>\frac{c}{c}=1</math>.
*Snell's Law: size of the angle of refraction, or how much the light bends. Written as:<math>n_1\sin\theta_1=n_2\sin\theta_2</math>, where
**<math>n_1</math>=index of refraction of medium 1
**<math>n_2</math>=index of refraction of medium 2
**<math>\theta_1</math>=angle of incidence
**<math>\theta_2</math>=angle of refraction.

==Awards and Recognitions==

== See also ==

*[[Color Light Wave]]
*[[Wave-Particle Duality]]

===External links===
http://www-rohan.sdsu.edu/~aty/explain/optics/refr.html

http://ocw.mit.edu/courses/mechanical-engineering/2-71-optics-spring-2009/video-lectures/lecture-2-reflection-and-refraction-prisms-waveguides-and-dispersion/MIT2_71S09_lec02.pdf

==References==
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Refracting_telescope

http://www-rohan.sdsu.edu/~aty/explain/optics/refr.html

[[Category:Optics]]

Léon Foucault

2015-12-04T19:48:08Z

PierreR:

Léon Foucault

2015-12-04T19:44:00Z

PierreR:

Léon Foucault

2015-12-04T18:40:54Z

PierreR:

Léon Foucault

2015-12-04T18:40:29Z

PierreR:

Léon Foucault

2015-12-04T18:38:19Z

PierreR:

Léon Foucault

2015-12-04T17:31:37Z

PierreR:

Léon Foucault

2015-12-04T17:29:51Z

PierreR:

Claimed by PierreR

==Biography==
[[File:Foucault.jpg|thumb|300px|Foucault]]
Light passes through different materials, or mediums, at different speeds. In general, the denser the medium, the slower light passes through it. As light changes speed as it passes through a medium, it also bends at an angle. The <i>optical density</i> of a material is how well it can transmit light.

==Notable works==

*The Index of Refraction: the ratio of the speed of light through a vacuum to the speed of light in the medium. Written as: <math>n=\frac{c}{v}</math>, where
**c=speed of light in a vacuum
**v=speed of light in medium
Note that the index of refraction can never be less than one, since <math>\frac{c}{c}=1</math>.
*Snell's Law: size of the angle of refraction, or how much the light bends. Written as:<math>n_1\sin\theta_1=n_2\sin\theta_2</math>, where
**<math>n_1</math>=index of refraction of medium 1
**<math>n_2</math>=index of refraction of medium 2
**<math>\theta_1</math>=angle of incidence
**<math>\theta_2</math>=angle of refraction.

===A Visual Model===

[[File:Refraction.png]]

Here we see how the ray strikes a different medium and bends.

[[File:Light_dispersion_conceptual_waves.gif ]]

Here we see that the index of refraction is different for different wavelengths of light, so a prism will disperse white light.

==Examples==

===Simple===
Simple light from eye travels through water and bends:

[[File:Refraction_fishbowl.jpg]]

Can be solved very easily with Snell's Law.

===Middling===
Single beam refraction through a prism with a laser pointer:

[[File:Laser1.jpg]]

Calculations through a prism can be done as shown in the diagram below:

[[File:Prismcalculations.png|400px]]
===Difficult===
[[File:Rainbow.jpg]]

While pretty, it is very difficult to solve for all the angles and indices of refraction correctly!
This is how it works:

[[File:24-figure-48b.gif]]

==Connectedness==

One of the most common uses of refraction is, quite simply, glasses. The way that light bends around a curved lens and refracts magnifies the image and can give you better eyesight.

On this vein, refractor telescopes, used in astronomy are quite common as well, especially among amateur astronomers.

Fiber optics is entirely dependent upon refraction and total internal reflection. These cables can send information at speeds approaching the speed of light, since the information is carried in the light itself.

Atmospheric refraction is also the cause of green flashes.

==History==

Thomas Harriot was the first person to discover that light bends when travelling through a different medium. However, it was Willebrord Snell who rediscovered it and then have the law of refraction named after him. It was initially published by Descartes in 1637, although Harriot had discovered it at least 35 years prior to that date.

Refractive lens began to be used on telescopes by 1608 and were the first type of optical telescopes developed.

== See also ==

*[[Color Light Wave]]
*[[Wave-Particle Duality]]

===External links===
http://www-rohan.sdsu.edu/~aty/explain/optics/refr.html

http://ocw.mit.edu/courses/mechanical-engineering/2-71-optics-spring-2009/video-lectures/lecture-2-reflection-and-refraction-prisms-waveguides-and-dispersion/MIT2_71S09_lec02.pdf

==References==
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Refracting_telescope

http://www-rohan.sdsu.edu/~aty/explain/optics/refr.html

[[Category:Optics]]

Léon Foucault

2015-12-04T17:28:58Z

PierreR:

Claimed by PierreR

==Biography==
[[File:Foucault.jpg]]
Light passes through different materials, or mediums, at different speeds. In general, the denser the medium, the slower light passes through it. As light changes speed as it passes through a medium, it also bends at an angle. The <i>optical density</i> of a material is how well it can transmit light.

==Notable works==

*The Index of Refraction: the ratio of the speed of light through a vacuum to the speed of light in the medium. Written as: <math>n=\frac{c}{v}</math>, where
**c=speed of light in a vacuum
**v=speed of light in medium
Note that the index of refraction can never be less than one, since <math>\frac{c}{c}=1</math>.
*Snell's Law: size of the angle of refraction, or how much the light bends. Written as:<math>n_1\sin\theta_1=n_2\sin\theta_2</math>, where
**<math>n_1</math>=index of refraction of medium 1
**<math>n_2</math>=index of refraction of medium 2
**<math>\theta_1</math>=angle of incidence
**<math>\theta_2</math>=angle of refraction.

===A Visual Model===

[[File:Refraction.png]]

Here we see how the ray strikes a different medium and bends.

[[File:Light_dispersion_conceptual_waves.gif ]]

Here we see that the index of refraction is different for different wavelengths of light, so a prism will disperse white light.

==Examples==

===Simple===
Simple light from eye travels through water and bends:

[[File:Refraction_fishbowl.jpg]]

Can be solved very easily with Snell's Law.

===Middling===
Single beam refraction through a prism with a laser pointer:

[[File:Laser1.jpg]]

Calculations through a prism can be done as shown in the diagram below:

[[File:Prismcalculations.png|400px]]
===Difficult===
[[File:Rainbow.jpg]]

While pretty, it is very difficult to solve for all the angles and indices of refraction correctly!
This is how it works:

[[File:24-figure-48b.gif]]

==Connectedness==

One of the most common uses of refraction is, quite simply, glasses. The way that light bends around a curved lens and refracts magnifies the image and can give you better eyesight.

On this vein, refractor telescopes, used in astronomy are quite common as well, especially among amateur astronomers.

Fiber optics is entirely dependent upon refraction and total internal reflection. These cables can send information at speeds approaching the speed of light, since the information is carried in the light itself.

Atmospheric refraction is also the cause of green flashes.

==History==

Thomas Harriot was the first person to discover that light bends when travelling through a different medium. However, it was Willebrord Snell who rediscovered it and then have the law of refraction named after him. It was initially published by Descartes in 1637, although Harriot had discovered it at least 35 years prior to that date.

Refractive lens began to be used on telescopes by 1608 and were the first type of optical telescopes developed.

== See also ==

*[[Color Light Wave]]
*[[Wave-Particle Duality]]

===External links===
http://www-rohan.sdsu.edu/~aty/explain/optics/refr.html

http://ocw.mit.edu/courses/mechanical-engineering/2-71-optics-spring-2009/video-lectures/lecture-2-reflection-and-refraction-prisms-waveguides-and-dispersion/MIT2_71S09_lec02.pdf

==References==
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Refracting_telescope

http://www-rohan.sdsu.edu/~aty/explain/optics/refr.html

[[Category:Optics]]

File:Foucault.jpg

2015-12-04T17:28:36Z

PierreR:

Léon Foucault

2015-12-04T17:12:07Z

PierreR: Created page with "Claimed by PierreR ==Biography== Light passes through different materials, or mediums, at different speeds. In general, the denser the medium, the slower light passes thro..."

Claimed by PierreR

==Biography==

Light passes through different materials, or mediums, at different speeds. In general, the denser the medium, the slower light passes through it. As light changes speed as it passes through a medium, it also bends at an angle. The <i>optical density</i> of a material is how well it can transmit light.

==Notable works==

*The Index of Refraction: the ratio of the speed of light through a vacuum to the speed of light in the medium. Written as: <math>n=\frac{c}{v}</math>, where
**c=speed of light in a vacuum
**v=speed of light in medium
Note that the index of refraction can never be less than one, since <math>\frac{c}{c}=1</math>.
*Snell's Law: size of the angle of refraction, or how much the light bends. Written as:<math>n_1\sin\theta_1=n_2\sin\theta_2</math>, where
**<math>n_1</math>=index of refraction of medium 1
**<math>n_2</math>=index of refraction of medium 2
**<math>\theta_1</math>=angle of incidence
**<math>\theta_2</math>=angle of refraction.

===A Visual Model===

[[File:Refraction.png]]

Here we see how the ray strikes a different medium and bends.

[[File:Light_dispersion_conceptual_waves.gif ]]

Here we see that the index of refraction is different for different wavelengths of light, so a prism will disperse white light.

==Examples==

===Simple===
Simple light from eye travels through water and bends:

[[File:Refraction_fishbowl.jpg]]

Can be solved very easily with Snell's Law.

===Middling===
Single beam refraction through a prism with a laser pointer:

[[File:Laser1.jpg]]

Calculations through a prism can be done as shown in the diagram below:

[[File:Prismcalculations.png|400px]]
===Difficult===
[[File:Rainbow.jpg]]

While pretty, it is very difficult to solve for all the angles and indices of refraction correctly!
This is how it works:

[[File:24-figure-48b.gif]]

==Connectedness==

One of the most common uses of refraction is, quite simply, glasses. The way that light bends around a curved lens and refracts magnifies the image and can give you better eyesight.

On this vein, refractor telescopes, used in astronomy are quite common as well, especially among amateur astronomers.

Fiber optics is entirely dependent upon refraction and total internal reflection. These cables can send information at speeds approaching the speed of light, since the information is carried in the light itself.

Atmospheric refraction is also the cause of green flashes.

==History==

Thomas Harriot was the first person to discover that light bends when travelling through a different medium. However, it was Willebrord Snell who rediscovered it and then have the law of refraction named after him. It was initially published by Descartes in 1637, although Harriot had discovered it at least 35 years prior to that date.

Refractive lens began to be used on telescopes by 1608 and were the first type of optical telescopes developed.

== See also ==

*[[Color Light Wave]]
*[[Wave-Particle Duality]]

===External links===
http://www-rohan.sdsu.edu/~aty/explain/optics/refr.html

http://ocw.mit.edu/courses/mechanical-engineering/2-71-optics-spring-2009/video-lectures/lecture-2-reflection-and-refraction-prisms-waveguides-and-dispersion/MIT2_71S09_lec02.pdf

==References==
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Refracting_telescope

http://www-rohan.sdsu.edu/~aty/explain/optics/refr.html

[[Category:Optics]]

Main Page

2015-12-04T17:11:27Z

PierreR: /* Notable Scientists */

__NOTOC__
Welcome to the Georgia Tech Wiki for Intro Physics. This resources was created so that students can contribute and curate content to help those with limited or no access to a textbook. When reading this website, please correct any errors you may come across. If you read something that isn't clear, please consider revising it!

Looking to make a contribution?
#Pick a specific topic from intro physics
#Add that topic, as a link to a new page, under the appropriate category listed below by editing this page.
#Copy and paste the default [[Template]] into your new page and start editing.

Please remember that this is not a textbook and you are not limited to expressing your ideas with only text and equations. Whenever possible embed: pictures, videos, diagrams, simulations, computational models (e.g. Glowscript), and whatever content you think makes learning physics easier for other students.

== Source Material ==
All of the content added to this resource must be in the public domain or similar free resource. If you are unsure about a source, contact the original author for permission. That said, there is a surprisingly large amount of introductory physics content scattered across the web. Here is an incomplete list of intro physics resources (please update as needed).
* A physics resource written by experts for an expert audience [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:Physics Physics Portal]
* A wiki book on modern physics [https://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Modern_Physics Modern Physics Wiki]
* The MIT open courseware for intro physics [http://ocw.mit.edu/resources/res-8-002-a-wikitextbook-for-introductory-mechanics-fall-2009/index.htm MITOCW Wiki]
* An online concept map of intro physics [http://hyperphysics.phy-astr.gsu.edu/hbase/hph.html HyperPhysics]
* Interactive physics simulations [https://phet.colorado.edu/en/simulations/category/physics PhET]
* OpenStax algebra based intro physics textbook [https://openstaxcollege.org/textbooks/college-physics College Physics]
* The Open Source Physics project is a collection of online physics resources [http://www.opensourcephysics.org/ OSP]
* A resource guide compiled by the [http://www.aapt.org/ AAPT] for educators [http://www.compadre.org/ ComPADRE]

== Organizing Categories ==
These are the broad, overarching categories, that we cover in two semester of introductory physics. You can add subcategories or make a new category as needed. A single topic should direct readers to a page in one of these catagories.

<div class="toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">
===Interactions===
<div class="mw-collapsible-content">
*[[Kinds of Matter]]
**[[Ball and Spring Model of Matter]]
*[[Detecting Interactions]]
*[[Fundamental Interactions]]
*[[Determinism]]
*[[System & Surroundings]]
*[[Newton's First Law of Motion]]
*[[Newton's Second Law of Motion]]
*[[Newton's Third Law of Motion]]
*[[Gravitational Force]]
*[[Electric Force]]
*[[Conservation of Energy]]
*[[Conservation of Charge]]
*[[Terminal Speed]]
*[[Simple Harmonic Motion]]
*[[Speed and Velocity]]
*[[Electric Polarization]]
*[[Perpetual Freefall (Orbit)]]
*[[2-Dimensional Motion]]
*[[Center of Mass]]
*[[Reaction Time]]
</div>
</div>

<div class="toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">

===Modeling with VPython===
<div class="mw-collapsible-content">
*[[VPython]]
*[[VPython basics]]
*[[VPython Common Errors and Troubleshooting]]
*[[VPython Functions]]
*[[VPython Multithreading]]
</div>
</div>

<div class="toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">

===Theory===
<div class="mw-collapsible-content">
*[[Einstein's Theory of Special Relativity]]
*[[Einstein's Theory of General Relativity]]
*[[Quantum Theory]]
*[[Maxwell's Electromagnetic Theory]]
*[[Atomic Theory]]
*[[String Theory]]
*[[Elementary Particles and Particle Physics Theory]]
*[[Law of Gravitation]]
</div>
</div>

<div class="toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">

===Notable Scientists===
<div class="mw-collapsible-content">
*[[Christian Doppler]]
*[[Albert Einstein]]
*[[Ernest Rutherford]]
*[[Joseph Henry]]
*[[Michael Faraday]]
*[[J.J. Thomson]]
*[[James Maxwell]]
*[[Robert Hooke]]
*[[Carl Friedrich Gauss]]
*[[Nikola Tesla]]
*[[Andre Marie Ampere]]
*[[Sir Isaac Newton]]
*[[J. Robert Oppenheimer]]
*[[Oliver Heaviside]]
*[[Rosalind Franklin]]
*[[Erwin Schrödinger]]
*[[Enrico Fermi]]
*[[Robert J. Van de Graaff]]
*[[Charles de Coulomb]]
*[[Hans Christian Ørsted]]
*[[Philo Farnsworth]]
*[[Niels Bohr]]
*[[Georg Ohm]]
*[[Galileo Galilei]]
*[[Gustav Kirchhoff]]
*[[Max Planck]]
*[[Heinrich Hertz]]
*[[Edwin Hall]]
*[[James Watt]]
*[[Count Alessandro Volta]]
*[[Josiah Willard Gibbs]]
*[[Richard Phillips Feynman]]
*[[Sir David Brewster]]
*[[Daniel Bernoulli]]
*[[William Thomson]]
*[[Leonhard Euler]]
*[[Robert Fox Bacher]]
*[[Stephen Hawking]]
*[[Amedeo Avogadro]]
*[[Wilhelm Conrad Roentgen]]
*[[Pierre Laplace]]
*[[Thomas Edison]]
*[[Hendrik Lorentz]]
*[[Jean-Baptiste Biot]]
*[[Lise Meitner]]
*[[Lisa Randall]]
*[[Felix Savart]]
*[[Heinrich Lenz]]
*[[Max Born]]
*[[Archimedes]]
*[[Jean Baptiste Biot]]
*[[Carl Sagan]]
*[[Eugene Wigner]]
*[[Marie Curie]]
*[[Pierre Curie]]
*[[Werner Heisenberg]]
*[[Johannes Diderik van der Waals]]
*[[Louis de Broglie]]
*[[Aristotle]]
*[[Émilie du Châtelet]]
*[[Blaise Pascal]]
*[[Benjamin Franklin]]
*[[James Chadwick]]
*[[Henry Cavendish]]
*[[Thomas Young]]
*[[James Prescott Joule]]
*[[John Bardeen]]
*[[Leo Baekeland]]
*[[Alhazen]]
*[[Willebrod Snell]]
*[[Fritz Walther Meissner]]
*[[Johannes Kepler]]
*[[Johann Wilhelm Ritter]]
*[[Philipp Lenard]]
*[[Robert A. Millikan]]
*[[Joseph Louis Gay-Lussac]]
*[[Guglielmo Marconi]]
*[[Luis Walter Alvarez]]
*[[Robert Goddard]]
*[[Léon Foucault]]

</div>
</div>

<div class="toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">

===Properties of Matter===
<div class="mw-collapsible-content">
*[[Mass]]
*[[Velocity]]
*[[Relative Velocity]]
*[[Density]]
*[[Charge]]
*[[Spin]]
*[[SI Units]]
*[[Heat Capacity]]
*[[Specific Heat]]
*[[Wavelength]]
*[[Conductivity]]
*[[Malleability]]
*[[Weight]]
*[[Boiling Point]]
*[[Melting Point]]
*[[Inertia]]
*[[Non-Newtonian Fluids]]
*[[Color]]
</div>
</div>

<div class="toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">

===Contact Interactions===
<div class="mw-collapsible-content">
* [[Young's Modulus]]
* [[Friction]]
* [[Tension]]
* [[Hooke's Law]]
*[[Centripetal Force and Curving Motion]]
*[[Compression or Normal Force]]
* [[Length and Stiffness of an Interatomic Bond]]
* [[Speed of Sound in a Solid]]
* [[Iterative Prediction of Spring-Mass System]]
</div>
</div>

<div class="toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">

===Momentum===
<div class="mw-collapsible-content">
* [[Vectors]]
* [[Kinematics]]
* [[Conservation of Momentum]]
* [[Predicting Change in multiple dimensions]]
* [[Derivation of the Momentum Principle]]
* [[Momentum Principle]]
* [[Impulse Momentum]]
* [[Curving Motion]]
* [[Projectile Motion]]
* [[Multi-particle Analysis of Momentum]]
* [[Iterative Prediction]]
* [[Analytical Prediction]]
* [[Newton's Laws and Linear Momentum]]
* [[Net Force]]
* [[Center of Mass]]
* [[Momentum at High Speeds]]
* [[Change in Momentum in Time for Curving Motion]]
* [[Momentum with respect to external Forces]]
</div>
</div>

<div class="toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">

===Angular Momentum===
<div class="mw-collapsible-content">
* [[The Moments of Inertia]]
* [[Moment of Inertia for a ring]]
* [[Rotation]]
* [[Torque]]
* [[Systems with Zero Torque]]
* [[Systems with Nonzero Torque]]
* [[Right Hand Rule]]
* [[Angular Velocity]]
* [[Predicting the Position of a Rotating System]]
* [[Translational Angular Momentum]]
* [[The Angular Momentum Principle]]
* [[Angular Momentum of Multiparticle Systems]]
* [[Rotational Angular Momentum]]
* [[Total Angular Momentum]]
* [[Gyroscopes]]
* [[Angular Momentum Compared to Linear Momentum]]

</div>
</div>

<div class="toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">

===Energy===
<div class="mw-collapsible-content">
*[[The Photoelectric Effect]]
*[[Photons]]
*[[The Energy Principle]]
*[[Predicting Change]]
*[[Rest Mass Energy]]
*[[Kinetic Energy]]
*[[Potential Energy]]
**[[Potential Energy for a Magnetic Dipole]]
**[[Potential Energy of a Multiparticle System]]
*[[Work]]
*[[Work and Energy for an Extended System]]
*[[Thermal Energy]]
*[[Conservation of Energy]]
*[[Electric Potential]]
*[[Energy Transfer due to a Temperature Difference]]
*[[Gravitational Potential Energy]]
*[[Point Particle Systems]]
*[[Real Systems]]
*[[Spring Potential Energy]]
**[[Ball and Spring Model]]
*[[Internal Energy]]
**[[Potential Energy of a Pair of Neutral Atoms]]
*[[Translational, Rotational and Vibrational Energy]]
*[[Franck-Hertz Experiment]]
*[[Power (Mechanical)]]
*[[Transformation of Energy]]

*[[Energy Graphs]]
**[[Energy graphs and the Bohr model]]
*[[Air Resistance]]
*[[Electronic Energy Levels]]
*[[Second Law of Thermodynamics and Entropy]]
*[[Specific Heat Capacity]]
*[[Electronic Energy Levels and Photons]]
*[[Energy Density]]
*[[Bohr Model]]
*[[Quantized energy levels]]
**[[Spontaneous Photon Emission]]
*[[Path Independence of Electric Potential]]
</div>
</div>

<div class="toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">

===Collisions===
<div class="mw-collapsible-content">
*[[Collisions]]
*[[Maximally Inelastic Collision]]
*[[Elastic Collisions]]
*[[Inelastic Collisions]]
*[[Head-on Collision of Equal Masses]]
*[[Head-on Collision of Unequal Masses]]
*[[Frame of Reference]]
*[[Rutherford Experiment and Atomic Collisions]]
*[[Coefficient of Restitution]]
</div>
</div>

<div class="toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">

===Fields===
<div class="mw-collapsible-content">
* [[Electric Field]] of a
** [[Point Charge]]
** [[Electric Dipole]]
** [[Capacitor]]
** [[Charged Rod]]
** [[Charged Ring]]
** [[Charged Disk]]
** [[Charged Spherical Shell]]
** [[Charged Cylinder]]
** [[Charge Density]]
**[[A Solid Sphere Charged Throughout Its Volume]]
*[[Electric Potential]]
**[[Potential Difference Path Independence]]
**[[Potential Difference in a Uniform Field]]
**[[Potential Difference of point charge in a non-Uniform Field]]
**[[Sign of Potential Difference]]
**[[Potential Difference in an Insulator]]
**[[Energy Density and Electric Field]]
** [[Systems of Charged Objects]]
*[[Electric Force]]
*[[Polarization]]
**[[Polarization of an Atom]]
*[[Charge Motion in Metals]]
*[[Charge Transfer]]
*[[Magnetic Field]]
**[[Right-Hand Rule]]
**[[Direction of Magnetic Field]]
**[[Magnetic Field of a Long Straight Wire]]
**[[Magnetic Field of a Loop]]
**[[Magnetic Field of a Solenoid]]
**[[Bar Magnet]]
**[[Magnetic Dipole Moment]]
***[[Stern-Gerlach Experiment]]
**[[Magnetic Force]]
**[[Earth's Magnetic Field]]
**[[Atomic Structure of Magnets]]
*[[Combining Electric and Magnetic Forces]]
**[[Magnetic Torque]]
**[[Hall Effect]]
**[[Lorentz Force]]
**[[Biot-Savart Law]]
**[[Biot-Savart Law for Currents]]
**[[Integration Techniques for Magnetic Field]]
**[[Sparks in Air]]
**[[Motional Emf]]
**[[Detecting a Magnetic Field]]
**[[Moving Point Charge]]
**[[Non-Coulomb Electric Field]]
**[[Motors and Generators]]
**[[Solenoid Applications]]
</div>
</div>

<div class="toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">

===Simple Circuits===
<div class="mw-collapsible-content">
*[[Components]]
*[[Steady State]]
*[[Non Steady State]]
*[[Charging and Discharging a Capacitor]]
*[[Thin and Thick Wires]]
*[[Node Rule]]
*[[Loop Rule]]
*[[Resistivity]]
*[[Power in a circuit]]
*[[Ammeters,Voltmeters,Ohmmeters]]
*[[Current]]
**[[AC]]
*[[Ohm's Law]]
*[[Series Circuits]]
*[[Parallel Circuits]]
*[[RC]]
*[[AC vs DC]]
*[[Charge in a RC Circuit]]
*[[Current in a RC circuit]]
*[[Circular Loop of Wire]]
*[[Current in a RL Circuit]]
*[[RL Circuit]]
*[[LC Circuit]]
*[[Surface Charge Distributions]]
*[[Feedback]]
*[[Transformers (Circuits)]]
*[[Resistors and Conductivity]]
*[[Semiconductor Devices]]
</div>
</div>

<div class="toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">

===Maxwell's Equations===
<div class="mw-collapsible-content">
*[[Gauss's Flux Theorem]]
**[[Electric Fields]]
**[[Magnetic Fields]]
*[[Ampere's Law]]
**[[Magnetic Field of Coaxial Cable Using Ampere's Law]]
**[[Magnetic Field of a Long Thick Wire Using Ampere's Law]]
**[[Magnetic Field of a Toroid Using Ampere's Law]]
*[[Faraday's Law]]
**[[Curly Electric Fields]]
**[[Inductance]]
***[[Transformers (Physics)]]
***[[Energy Density]]
**[[Lenz's Law]]
***[[Lenz Effect and the Jumping Ring]]
**[[Motional Emf using Faraday's Law]]
*[[Ampere-Maxwell Law]]
*[[Superconductors]]
**[[Meissner effect]]
</div>
</div>

<div class="toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">

===Radiation===
<div class="mw-collapsible-content">
*[[Producing a Radiative Electric Field]]
*[[Sinusoidal Electromagnetic Radiaton]]
*[[Lenses]]
*[[Energy and Momentum Analysis in Radiation]]
**[[Poynting Vector]]
*[[Electromagnetic Propagation]]
**[[Wavelength and Frequency]]
*[[Snell's Law]]
*[[Effects of Radiation on Matter]]
*[[Light Propagation Through a Medium]]
*[[Light Scaterring: Why is the Sky Blue]]
*[[Light Refraction: Bending of light]]
*[[Cherenkov Radiation]]
</div>
</div>
<div class="toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">

===Sound===
<div class="mw-collapsible-content">
*[[Doppler Effect]]
*[[Nature, Behavior, and Properties of Sound]]
*[[Resonance]]
*[[Sound Barrier]]
</div>
</div>
<div class="toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">

===Waves===
<div class="mw-collapsible-content">
*[[Multisource Interference: Diffraction]]
*[[Standing waves]]
*[[Gravitational waves]]
*[[Plasma waves]]
*[[Wave-Particle Duality]]
*[[Electromagnetic Waves]]
*[[Electromagnetic Spectrum]]
*[[Color Light Wave]]
*[[Mechanical Waves]]
*[[Pendulum Motion]]
</div>
</div>
<div class="toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">

===Real Life Applications of Electromagnetic Principles===
<div class="mw-collapsible-content">
*[[Electromagnetic Junkyard Cranes]]
*[[Maglev Trains]]
*[[Spark Plugs]]
*[[Metal Detectors]]
*[[Speakers]]
*[[Radios]]
*[[Ampullae of Lorenzini]]
*[[Generator]]
</div>
</div>

<div class="toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">

===Optics===
<div class="mw-collapsible-content">
*[[Mirrors]]
*[[Refraction]]
*[[How Images Form]]
</div>
</div>

== Resources ==
* Commonly used wiki commands [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:Cheatsheet Wiki Cheatsheet]
* A guide to representing equations in math mode [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:Displaying_a_formula Wiki Math Mode]
* A page to keep track of all the physics [[Constants]]
* A page for review of [[Vectors]] and vector operations

Main Page

2015-12-04T17:03:52Z

PierreR: /* Notable Scientists */

__NOTOC__
Welcome to the Georgia Tech Wiki for Intro Physics. This resources was created so that students can contribute and curate content to help those with limited or no access to a textbook. When reading this website, please correct any errors you may come across. If you read something that isn't clear, please consider revising it!

Looking to make a contribution?
#Pick a specific topic from intro physics
#Add that topic, as a link to a new page, under the appropriate category listed below by editing this page.
#Copy and paste the default [[Template]] into your new page and start editing.

Please remember that this is not a textbook and you are not limited to expressing your ideas with only text and equations. Whenever possible embed: pictures, videos, diagrams, simulations, computational models (e.g. Glowscript), and whatever content you think makes learning physics easier for other students.

== Source Material ==
All of the content added to this resource must be in the public domain or similar free resource. If you are unsure about a source, contact the original author for permission. That said, there is a surprisingly large amount of introductory physics content scattered across the web. Here is an incomplete list of intro physics resources (please update as needed).
* A physics resource written by experts for an expert audience [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:Physics Physics Portal]
* A wiki book on modern physics [https://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Modern_Physics Modern Physics Wiki]
* The MIT open courseware for intro physics [http://ocw.mit.edu/resources/res-8-002-a-wikitextbook-for-introductory-mechanics-fall-2009/index.htm MITOCW Wiki]
* An online concept map of intro physics [http://hyperphysics.phy-astr.gsu.edu/hbase/hph.html HyperPhysics]
* Interactive physics simulations [https://phet.colorado.edu/en/simulations/category/physics PhET]
* OpenStax algebra based intro physics textbook [https://openstaxcollege.org/textbooks/college-physics College Physics]
* The Open Source Physics project is a collection of online physics resources [http://www.opensourcephysics.org/ OSP]
* A resource guide compiled by the [http://www.aapt.org/ AAPT] for educators [http://www.compadre.org/ ComPADRE]

== Organizing Categories ==
These are the broad, overarching categories, that we cover in two semester of introductory physics. You can add subcategories or make a new category as needed. A single topic should direct readers to a page in one of these catagories.

<div class="toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">
===Interactions===
<div class="mw-collapsible-content">
*[[Kinds of Matter]]
**[[Ball and Spring Model of Matter]]
*[[Detecting Interactions]]
*[[Fundamental Interactions]]
*[[Determinism]]
*[[System & Surroundings]]
*[[Newton's First Law of Motion]]
*[[Newton's Second Law of Motion]]
*[[Newton's Third Law of Motion]]
*[[Gravitational Force]]
*[[Electric Force]]
*[[Conservation of Energy]]
*[[Conservation of Charge]]
*[[Terminal Speed]]
*[[Simple Harmonic Motion]]
*[[Speed and Velocity]]
*[[Electric Polarization]]
*[[Perpetual Freefall (Orbit)]]
*[[2-Dimensional Motion]]
*[[Center of Mass]]
*[[Reaction Time]]
</div>
</div>

<div class="toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">

===Modeling with VPython===
<div class="mw-collapsible-content">
*[[VPython]]
*[[VPython basics]]
*[[VPython Common Errors and Troubleshooting]]
*[[VPython Functions]]
*[[VPython Multithreading]]
</div>
</div>

<div class="toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">

===Theory===
<div class="mw-collapsible-content">
*[[Einstein's Theory of Special Relativity]]
*[[Einstein's Theory of General Relativity]]
*[[Quantum Theory]]
*[[Maxwell's Electromagnetic Theory]]
*[[Atomic Theory]]
*[[String Theory]]
*[[Elementary Particles and Particle Physics Theory]]
*[[Law of Gravitation]]
</div>
</div>

<div class="toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">

===Notable Scientists===
<div class="mw-collapsible-content">
*[[Christian Doppler]]
*[[Albert Einstein]]
*[[Ernest Rutherford]]
*[[Joseph Henry]]
*[[Michael Faraday]]
*[[J.J. Thomson]]
*[[James Maxwell]]
*[[Robert Hooke]]
*[[Carl Friedrich Gauss]]
*[[Nikola Tesla]]
*[[Andre Marie Ampere]]
*[[Sir Isaac Newton]]
*[[J. Robert Oppenheimer]]
*[[Oliver Heaviside]]
*[[Rosalind Franklin]]
*[[Erwin Schrödinger]]
*[[Enrico Fermi]]
*[[Robert J. Van de Graaff]]
*[[Charles de Coulomb]]
*[[Hans Christian Ørsted]]
*[[Philo Farnsworth]]
*[[Niels Bohr]]
*[[Georg Ohm]]
*[[Galileo Galilei]]
*[[Gustav Kirchhoff]]
*[[Max Planck]]
*[[Heinrich Hertz]]
*[[Edwin Hall]]
*[[James Watt]]
*[[Count Alessandro Volta]]
*[[Josiah Willard Gibbs]]
*[[Richard Phillips Feynman]]
*[[Sir David Brewster]]
*[[Daniel Bernoulli]]
*[[William Thomson]]
*[[Leonhard Euler]]
*[[Robert Fox Bacher]]
*[[Stephen Hawking]]
*[[Amedeo Avogadro]]
*[[Wilhelm Conrad Roentgen]]
*[[Pierre Laplace]]
*[[Thomas Edison]]
*[[Hendrik Lorentz]]
*[[Jean-Baptiste Biot]]
*[[Lise Meitner]]
*[[Lisa Randall]]
*[[Felix Savart]]
*[[Heinrich Lenz]]
*[[Max Born]]
*[[Archimedes]]
*[[Jean Baptiste Biot]]
*[[Carl Sagan]]
*[[Eugene Wigner]]
*[[Marie Curie]]
*[[Pierre Curie]]
*[[Werner Heisenberg]]
*[[Johannes Diderik van der Waals]]
*[[Louis de Broglie]]
*[[Aristotle]]
*[[Émilie du Châtelet]]
*[[Blaise Pascal]]
*[[Benjamin Franklin]]
*[[James Chadwick]]
*[[Henry Cavendish]]
*[[Thomas Young]]
*[[James Prescott Joule]]
*[[John Bardeen]]
*[[Leo Baekeland]]
*[[Alhazen]]
*[[Willebrod Snell]]
*[[Fritz Walther Meissner]]
*[[Johannes Kepler]]
*[[Johann Wilhelm Ritter]]
*[[Philipp Lenard]]
*[[Robert A. Millikan]]
*[[Joseph Louis Gay-Lussac]]
*[[Guglielmo Marconi]]
*[[Luis Walter Alvarez]]
*[[Robert Goddard]]
*[[Léon Foucalt]]

</div>
</div>

<div class="toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">

===Properties of Matter===
<div class="mw-collapsible-content">
*[[Mass]]
*[[Velocity]]
*[[Relative Velocity]]
*[[Density]]
*[[Charge]]
*[[Spin]]
*[[SI Units]]
*[[Heat Capacity]]
*[[Specific Heat]]
*[[Wavelength]]
*[[Conductivity]]
*[[Malleability]]
*[[Weight]]
*[[Boiling Point]]
*[[Melting Point]]
*[[Inertia]]
*[[Non-Newtonian Fluids]]
*[[Color]]
</div>
</div>

<div class="toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">

===Contact Interactions===
<div class="mw-collapsible-content">
* [[Young's Modulus]]
* [[Friction]]
* [[Tension]]
* [[Hooke's Law]]
*[[Centripetal Force and Curving Motion]]
*[[Compression or Normal Force]]
* [[Length and Stiffness of an Interatomic Bond]]
* [[Speed of Sound in a Solid]]
* [[Iterative Prediction of Spring-Mass System]]
</div>
</div>

<div class="toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">

===Momentum===
<div class="mw-collapsible-content">
* [[Vectors]]
* [[Kinematics]]
* [[Conservation of Momentum]]
* [[Predicting Change in multiple dimensions]]
* [[Derivation of the Momentum Principle]]
* [[Momentum Principle]]
* [[Impulse Momentum]]
* [[Curving Motion]]
* [[Projectile Motion]]
* [[Multi-particle Analysis of Momentum]]
* [[Iterative Prediction]]
* [[Analytical Prediction]]
* [[Newton's Laws and Linear Momentum]]
* [[Net Force]]
* [[Center of Mass]]
* [[Momentum at High Speeds]]
* [[Change in Momentum in Time for Curving Motion]]
* [[Momentum with respect to external Forces]]
</div>
</div>

<div class="toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">

===Angular Momentum===
<div class="mw-collapsible-content">
* [[The Moments of Inertia]]
* [[Moment of Inertia for a ring]]
* [[Rotation]]
* [[Torque]]
* [[Systems with Zero Torque]]
* [[Systems with Nonzero Torque]]
* [[Right Hand Rule]]
* [[Angular Velocity]]
* [[Predicting the Position of a Rotating System]]
* [[Translational Angular Momentum]]
* [[The Angular Momentum Principle]]
* [[Angular Momentum of Multiparticle Systems]]
* [[Rotational Angular Momentum]]
* [[Total Angular Momentum]]
* [[Gyroscopes]]
* [[Angular Momentum Compared to Linear Momentum]]

</div>
</div>

<div class="toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">

===Energy===
<div class="mw-collapsible-content">
*[[The Photoelectric Effect]]
*[[Photons]]
*[[The Energy Principle]]
*[[Predicting Change]]
*[[Rest Mass Energy]]
*[[Kinetic Energy]]
*[[Potential Energy]]
**[[Potential Energy for a Magnetic Dipole]]
**[[Potential Energy of a Multiparticle System]]
*[[Work]]
*[[Work and Energy for an Extended System]]
*[[Thermal Energy]]
*[[Conservation of Energy]]
*[[Electric Potential]]
*[[Energy Transfer due to a Temperature Difference]]
*[[Gravitational Potential Energy]]
*[[Point Particle Systems]]
*[[Real Systems]]
*[[Spring Potential Energy]]
**[[Ball and Spring Model]]
*[[Internal Energy]]
**[[Potential Energy of a Pair of Neutral Atoms]]
*[[Translational, Rotational and Vibrational Energy]]
*[[Franck-Hertz Experiment]]
*[[Power (Mechanical)]]
*[[Transformation of Energy]]

*[[Energy Graphs]]
**[[Energy graphs and the Bohr model]]
*[[Air Resistance]]
*[[Electronic Energy Levels]]
*[[Second Law of Thermodynamics and Entropy]]
*[[Specific Heat Capacity]]
*[[Electronic Energy Levels and Photons]]
*[[Energy Density]]
*[[Bohr Model]]
*[[Quantized energy levels]]
**[[Spontaneous Photon Emission]]
*[[Path Independence of Electric Potential]]
</div>
</div>

<div class="toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">

===Collisions===
<div class="mw-collapsible-content">
*[[Collisions]]
*[[Maximally Inelastic Collision]]
*[[Elastic Collisions]]
*[[Inelastic Collisions]]
*[[Head-on Collision of Equal Masses]]
*[[Head-on Collision of Unequal Masses]]
*[[Frame of Reference]]
*[[Rutherford Experiment and Atomic Collisions]]
*[[Coefficient of Restitution]]
</div>
</div>

<div class="toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">

===Fields===
<div class="mw-collapsible-content">
* [[Electric Field]] of a
** [[Point Charge]]
** [[Electric Dipole]]
** [[Capacitor]]
** [[Charged Rod]]
** [[Charged Ring]]
** [[Charged Disk]]
** [[Charged Spherical Shell]]
** [[Charged Cylinder]]
** [[Charge Density]]
**[[A Solid Sphere Charged Throughout Its Volume]]
*[[Electric Potential]]
**[[Potential Difference Path Independence]]
**[[Potential Difference in a Uniform Field]]
**[[Potential Difference of point charge in a non-Uniform Field]]
**[[Sign of Potential Difference]]
**[[Potential Difference in an Insulator]]
**[[Energy Density and Electric Field]]
** [[Systems of Charged Objects]]
*[[Electric Force]]
*[[Polarization]]
**[[Polarization of an Atom]]
*[[Charge Motion in Metals]]
*[[Charge Transfer]]
*[[Magnetic Field]]
**[[Right-Hand Rule]]
**[[Direction of Magnetic Field]]
**[[Magnetic Field of a Long Straight Wire]]
**[[Magnetic Field of a Loop]]
**[[Magnetic Field of a Solenoid]]
**[[Bar Magnet]]
**[[Magnetic Dipole Moment]]
***[[Stern-Gerlach Experiment]]
**[[Magnetic Force]]
**[[Earth's Magnetic Field]]
**[[Atomic Structure of Magnets]]
*[[Combining Electric and Magnetic Forces]]
**[[Magnetic Torque]]
**[[Hall Effect]]
**[[Lorentz Force]]
**[[Biot-Savart Law]]
**[[Biot-Savart Law for Currents]]
**[[Integration Techniques for Magnetic Field]]
**[[Sparks in Air]]
**[[Motional Emf]]
**[[Detecting a Magnetic Field]]
**[[Moving Point Charge]]
**[[Non-Coulomb Electric Field]]
**[[Motors and Generators]]
**[[Solenoid Applications]]
</div>
</div>

<div class="toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">

===Simple Circuits===
<div class="mw-collapsible-content">
*[[Components]]
*[[Steady State]]
*[[Non Steady State]]
*[[Charging and Discharging a Capacitor]]
*[[Thin and Thick Wires]]
*[[Node Rule]]
*[[Loop Rule]]
*[[Resistivity]]
*[[Power in a circuit]]
*[[Ammeters,Voltmeters,Ohmmeters]]
*[[Current]]
**[[AC]]
*[[Ohm's Law]]
*[[Series Circuits]]
*[[Parallel Circuits]]
*[[RC]]
*[[AC vs DC]]
*[[Charge in a RC Circuit]]
*[[Current in a RC circuit]]
*[[Circular Loop of Wire]]
*[[Current in a RL Circuit]]
*[[RL Circuit]]
*[[LC Circuit]]
*[[Surface Charge Distributions]]
*[[Feedback]]
*[[Transformers (Circuits)]]
*[[Resistors and Conductivity]]
*[[Semiconductor Devices]]
</div>
</div>

<div class="toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">

===Maxwell's Equations===
<div class="mw-collapsible-content">
*[[Gauss's Flux Theorem]]
**[[Electric Fields]]
**[[Magnetic Fields]]
*[[Ampere's Law]]
**[[Magnetic Field of Coaxial Cable Using Ampere's Law]]
**[[Magnetic Field of a Long Thick Wire Using Ampere's Law]]
**[[Magnetic Field of a Toroid Using Ampere's Law]]
*[[Faraday's Law]]
**[[Curly Electric Fields]]
**[[Inductance]]
***[[Transformers (Physics)]]
***[[Energy Density]]
**[[Lenz's Law]]
***[[Lenz Effect and the Jumping Ring]]
**[[Motional Emf using Faraday's Law]]
*[[Ampere-Maxwell Law]]
*[[Superconductors]]
**[[Meissner effect]]
</div>
</div>

<div class="toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">

===Radiation===
<div class="mw-collapsible-content">
*[[Producing a Radiative Electric Field]]
*[[Sinusoidal Electromagnetic Radiaton]]
*[[Lenses]]
*[[Energy and Momentum Analysis in Radiation]]
**[[Poynting Vector]]
*[[Electromagnetic Propagation]]
**[[Wavelength and Frequency]]
*[[Snell's Law]]
*[[Effects of Radiation on Matter]]
*[[Light Propagation Through a Medium]]
*[[Light Scaterring: Why is the Sky Blue]]
*[[Light Refraction: Bending of light]]
*[[Cherenkov Radiation]]
</div>
</div>
<div class="toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">

===Sound===
<div class="mw-collapsible-content">
*[[Doppler Effect]]
*[[Nature, Behavior, and Properties of Sound]]
*[[Resonance]]
*[[Sound Barrier]]
</div>
</div>
<div class="toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">

===Waves===
<div class="mw-collapsible-content">
*[[Multisource Interference: Diffraction]]
*[[Standing waves]]
*[[Gravitational waves]]
*[[Plasma waves]]
*[[Wave-Particle Duality]]
*[[Electromagnetic Waves]]
*[[Electromagnetic Spectrum]]
*[[Color Light Wave]]
*[[Mechanical Waves]]
*[[Pendulum Motion]]
</div>
</div>
<div class="toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">

===Real Life Applications of Electromagnetic Principles===
<div class="mw-collapsible-content">
*[[Electromagnetic Junkyard Cranes]]
*[[Maglev Trains]]
*[[Spark Plugs]]
*[[Metal Detectors]]
*[[Speakers]]
*[[Radios]]
*[[Ampullae of Lorenzini]]
*[[Generator]]
</div>
</div>

<div class="toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">

===Optics===
<div class="mw-collapsible-content">
*[[Mirrors]]
*[[Refraction]]
</div>
</div>

== Resources ==
* Commonly used wiki commands [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:Cheatsheet Wiki Cheatsheet]
* A guide to representing equations in math mode [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:Displaying_a_formula Wiki Math Mode]
* A page to keep track of all the physics [[Constants]]
* A page for review of [[Vectors]] and vector operations

Main Page

2015-12-04T16:51:53Z

PierreR: /* Notable Scientists */

__NOTOC__
Welcome to the Georgia Tech Wiki for Intro Physics. This resources was created so that students can contribute and curate content to help those with limited or no access to a textbook. When reading this website, please correct any errors you may come across. If you read something that isn't clear, please consider revising it!

Looking to make a contribution?
#Pick a specific topic from intro physics
#Add that topic, as a link to a new page, under the appropriate category listed below by editing this page.
#Copy and paste the default [[Template]] into your new page and start editing.

Please remember that this is not a textbook and you are not limited to expressing your ideas with only text and equations. Whenever possible embed: pictures, videos, diagrams, simulations, computational models (e.g. Glowscript), and whatever content you think makes learning physics easier for other students.

== Source Material ==
All of the content added to this resource must be in the public domain or similar free resource. If you are unsure about a source, contact the original author for permission. That said, there is a surprisingly large amount of introductory physics content scattered across the web. Here is an incomplete list of intro physics resources (please update as needed).
* A physics resource written by experts for an expert audience [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:Physics Physics Portal]
* A wiki book on modern physics [https://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Modern_Physics Modern Physics Wiki]
* The MIT open courseware for intro physics [http://ocw.mit.edu/resources/res-8-002-a-wikitextbook-for-introductory-mechanics-fall-2009/index.htm MITOCW Wiki]
* An online concept map of intro physics [http://hyperphysics.phy-astr.gsu.edu/hbase/hph.html HyperPhysics]
* Interactive physics simulations [https://phet.colorado.edu/en/simulations/category/physics PhET]
* OpenStax algebra based intro physics textbook [https://openstaxcollege.org/textbooks/college-physics College Physics]
* The Open Source Physics project is a collection of online physics resources [http://www.opensourcephysics.org/ OSP]
* A resource guide compiled by the [http://www.aapt.org/ AAPT] for educators [http://www.compadre.org/ ComPADRE]

== Organizing Categories ==
These are the broad, overarching categories, that we cover in two semester of introductory physics. You can add subcategories or make a new category as needed. A single topic should direct readers to a page in one of these catagories.

<div class="toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">
===Interactions===
<div class="mw-collapsible-content">
*[[Kinds of Matter]]
**[[Ball and Spring Model of Matter]]
*[[Detecting Interactions]]
*[[Fundamental Interactions]]
*[[Determinism]]
*[[System & Surroundings]]
*[[Newton's First Law of Motion]]
*[[Newton's Second Law of Motion]]
*[[Newton's Third Law of Motion]]
*[[Gravitational Force]]
*[[Electric Force]]
*[[Conservation of Energy]]
*[[Conservation of Charge]]
*[[Terminal Speed]]
*[[Simple Harmonic Motion]]
*[[Speed and Velocity]]
*[[Electric Polarization]]
*[[Perpetual Freefall (Orbit)]]
*[[2-Dimensional Motion]]
*[[Center of Mass]]
*[[Reaction Time]]
</div>
</div>

<div class="toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">

===Modeling with VPython===
<div class="mw-collapsible-content">
*[[VPython]]
*[[VPython basics]]
*[[VPython Common Errors and Troubleshooting]]
*[[VPython Functions]]
*[[VPython Multithreading]]
</div>
</div>

<div class="toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">

===Theory===
<div class="mw-collapsible-content">
*[[Einstein's Theory of Special Relativity]]
*[[Einstein's Theory of General Relativity]]
*[[Quantum Theory]]
*[[Maxwell's Electromagnetic Theory]]
*[[Atomic Theory]]
*[[String Theory]]
*[[Elementary Particles and Particle Physics Theory]]
*[[Law of Gravitation]]
</div>
</div>

<div class="toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">

===Notable Scientists===
<div class="mw-collapsible-content">
*[[Christian Doppler]]
*[[Albert Einstein]]
*[[Ernest Rutherford]]
*[[Joseph Henry]]
*[[Michael Faraday]]
*[[J.J. Thomson]]
*[[James Maxwell]]
*[[Robert Hooke]]
*[[Carl Friedrich Gauss]]
*[[Nikola Tesla]]
*[[Andre Marie Ampere]]
*[[Sir Isaac Newton]]
*[[J. Robert Oppenheimer]]
*[[Oliver Heaviside]]
*[[Rosalind Franklin]]
*[[Erwin Schrödinger]]
*[[Enrico Fermi]]
*[[Robert J. Van de Graaff]]
*[[Charles de Coulomb]]
*[[Hans Christian Ørsted]]
*[[Philo Farnsworth]]
*[[Niels Bohr]]
*[[Georg Ohm]]
*[[Galileo Galilei]]
*[[Gustav Kirchhoff]]
*[[Max Planck]]
*[[Heinrich Hertz]]
*[[Edwin Hall]]
*[[James Watt]]
*[[Count Alessandro Volta]]
*[[Josiah Willard Gibbs]]
*[[Richard Phillips Feynman]]
*[[Sir David Brewster]]
*[[Daniel Bernoulli]]
*[[William Thomson]]
*[[Leonhard Euler]]
*[[Robert Fox Bacher]]
*[[Stephen Hawking]]
*[[Amedeo Avogadro]]
*[[Wilhelm Conrad Roentgen]]
*[[Pierre Laplace]]
*[[Thomas Edison]]
*[[Hendrik Lorentz]]
*[[Jean-Baptiste Biot]]
*[[Lise Meitner]]
*[[Lisa Randall]]
*[[Felix Savart]]
*[[Heinrich Lenz]]
*[[Max Born]]
*[[Archimedes]]
*[[Jean Baptiste Biot]]
*[[Carl Sagan]]
*[[Eugene Wigner]]
*[[Marie Curie]]
*[[Pierre Curie]]
*[[Werner Heisenberg]]
*[[Johannes Diderik van der Waals]]
*[[Louis de Broglie]]
*[[Aristotle]]
*[[Émilie du Châtelet]]
*[[Blaise Pascal]]
*[[Benjamin Franklin]]
*[[James Chadwick]]
*[[Henry Cavendish]]
*[[Thomas Young]]
*[[James Prescott Joule]]
*[[John Bardeen]]
*[[Leo Baekeland]]
*[[Alhazen]]
*[[Willebrod Snell]]
*[[Fritz Walther Meissner]]
*[[Johannes Kepler]]
*[[Johann Wilhelm Ritter]]
*[[Philipp Lenard]]
*[[Robert A. Millikan]]
*[[Joseph Louis Gay-Lussac]]
*[[Guglielmo Marconi]]
*[[Luis Walter Alvarez]]
*[[Robert Goddard]]
*[[Leon Foucalt]]

</div>
</div>

<div class="toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">

===Properties of Matter===
<div class="mw-collapsible-content">
*[[Mass]]
*[[Velocity]]
*[[Relative Velocity]]
*[[Density]]
*[[Charge]]
*[[Spin]]
*[[SI Units]]
*[[Heat Capacity]]
*[[Specific Heat]]
*[[Wavelength]]
*[[Conductivity]]
*[[Malleability]]
*[[Weight]]
*[[Boiling Point]]
*[[Melting Point]]
*[[Inertia]]
*[[Non-Newtonian Fluids]]
*[[Color]]
</div>
</div>

<div class="toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">

===Contact Interactions===
<div class="mw-collapsible-content">
* [[Young's Modulus]]
* [[Friction]]
* [[Tension]]
* [[Hooke's Law]]
*[[Centripetal Force and Curving Motion]]
*[[Compression or Normal Force]]
* [[Length and Stiffness of an Interatomic Bond]]
* [[Speed of Sound in a Solid]]
* [[Iterative Prediction of Spring-Mass System]]
</div>
</div>

<div class="toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">

===Momentum===
<div class="mw-collapsible-content">
* [[Vectors]]
* [[Kinematics]]
* [[Conservation of Momentum]]
* [[Predicting Change in multiple dimensions]]
* [[Derivation of the Momentum Principle]]
* [[Momentum Principle]]
* [[Impulse Momentum]]
* [[Curving Motion]]
* [[Projectile Motion]]
* [[Multi-particle Analysis of Momentum]]
* [[Iterative Prediction]]
* [[Analytical Prediction]]
* [[Newton's Laws and Linear Momentum]]
* [[Net Force]]
* [[Center of Mass]]
* [[Momentum at High Speeds]]
* [[Change in Momentum in Time for Curving Motion]]
</div>
</div>

<div class="toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">

===Angular Momentum===
<div class="mw-collapsible-content">
* [[The Moments of Inertia]]
* [[Moment of Inertia for a ring]]
* [[Rotation]]
* [[Torque]]
* [[Systems with Zero Torque]]
* [[Systems with Nonzero Torque]]
* [[Right Hand Rule]]
* [[Angular Velocity]]
* [[Predicting the Position of a Rotating System]]
* [[Translational Angular Momentum]]
* [[The Angular Momentum Principle]]
* [[Angular Momentum of Multiparticle Systems]]
* [[Rotational Angular Momentum]]
* [[Total Angular Momentum]]
* [[Gyroscopes]]
* [[Angular Momentum Compared to Linear Momentum]]

</div>
</div>

<div class="toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">

===Energy===
<div class="mw-collapsible-content">
*[[The Photoelectric Effect]]
*[[Photons]]
*[[The Energy Principle]]
*[[Predicting Change]]
*[[Rest Mass Energy]]
*[[Kinetic Energy]]
*[[Potential Energy]]
**[[Potential Energy for a Magnetic Dipole]]
**[[Potential Energy of a Multiparticle System]]
*[[Work]]
*[[Work and Energy for an Extended System]]
*[[Thermal Energy]]
*[[Conservation of Energy]]
*[[Electric Potential]]
*[[Energy Transfer due to a Temperature Difference]]
*[[Gravitational Potential Energy]]
*[[Point Particle Systems]]
*[[Real Systems]]
*[[Spring Potential Energy]]
**[[Ball and Spring Model]]
*[[Internal Energy]]
**[[Potential Energy of a Pair of Neutral Atoms]]
*[[Translational, Rotational and Vibrational Energy]]
*[[Franck-Hertz Experiment]]
*[[Power (Mechanical)]]
*[[Transformation of Energy]]

*[[Energy Graphs]]
**[[Energy graphs and the Bohr model]]
*[[Air Resistance]]
*[[Electronic Energy Levels]]
*[[Second Law of Thermodynamics and Entropy]]
*[[Specific Heat Capacity]]
*[[Electronic Energy Levels and Photons]]
*[[Energy Density]]
*[[Bohr Model]]
*[[Quantized energy levels]]
**[[Spontaneous Photon Emission]]
*[[Path Independence of Electric Potential]]
</div>
</div>

<div class="toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">

===Collisions===
<div class="mw-collapsible-content">
*[[Collisions]]
*[[Maximally Inelastic Collision]]
*[[Elastic Collisions]]
*[[Inelastic Collisions]]
*[[Head-on Collision of Equal Masses]]
*[[Head-on Collision of Unequal Masses]]
*[[Frame of Reference]]
*[[Rutherford Experiment and Atomic Collisions]]
*[[Coefficient of Restitution]]
</div>
</div>

<div class="toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">

===Fields===
<div class="mw-collapsible-content">
* [[Electric Field]] of a
** [[Point Charge]]
** [[Electric Dipole]]
** [[Capacitor]]
** [[Charged Rod]]
** [[Charged Ring]]
** [[Charged Disk]]
** [[Charged Spherical Shell]]
** [[Charged Cylinder]]
** [[Charge Density]]
**[[A Solid Sphere Charged Throughout Its Volume]]
*[[Electric Potential]]
**[[Potential Difference Path Independence]]
**[[Potential Difference in a Uniform Field]]
**[[Potential Difference of point charge in a non-Uniform Field]]
**[[Sign of Potential Difference]]
**[[Potential Difference in an Insulator]]
**[[Energy Density and Electric Field]]
** [[Systems of Charged Objects]]
*[[Electric Force]]
*[[Polarization]]
**[[Polarization of an Atom]]
*[[Charge Motion in Metals]]
*[[Charge Transfer]]
*[[Magnetic Field]]
**[[Right-Hand Rule]]
**[[Direction of Magnetic Field]]
**[[Magnetic Field of a Long Straight Wire]]
**[[Magnetic Field of a Loop]]
**[[Magnetic Field of a Solenoid]]
**[[Bar Magnet]]
**[[Magnetic Dipole Moment]]
***[[Stern-Gerlach Experiment]]
**[[Magnetic Force]]
**[[Earth's Magnetic Field]]
**[[Atomic Structure of Magnets]]
*[[Combining Electric and Magnetic Forces]]
**[[Magnetic Torque]]
**[[Hall Effect]]
**[[Lorentz Force]]
**[[Biot-Savart Law]]
**[[Biot-Savart Law for Currents]]
**[[Integration Techniques for Magnetic Field]]
**[[Sparks in Air]]
**[[Motional Emf]]
**[[Detecting a Magnetic Field]]
**[[Moving Point Charge]]
**[[Non-Coulomb Electric Field]]
**[[Motors and Generators]]
**[[Solenoid Applications]]
</div>
</div>

<div class="toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">

===Simple Circuits===
<div class="mw-collapsible-content">
*[[Components]]
*[[Steady State]]
*[[Non Steady State]]
*[[Charging and Discharging a Capacitor]]
*[[Thin and Thick Wires]]
*[[Node Rule]]
*[[Loop Rule]]
*[[Resistivity]]
*[[Power in a circuit]]
*[[Ammeters,Voltmeters,Ohmmeters]]
*[[Current]]
**[[AC]]
*[[Ohm's Law]]
*[[Series Circuits]]
*[[Parallel Circuits]]
*[[RC]]
*[[AC vs DC]]
*[[Charge in a RC Circuit]]
*[[Current in a RC circuit]]
*[[Circular Loop of Wire]]
*[[Current in a RL Circuit]]
*[[RL Circuit]]
*[[LC Circuit]]
*[[Surface Charge Distributions]]
*[[Feedback]]
*[[Transformers (Circuits)]]
*[[Resistors and Conductivity]]
*[[Semiconductor Devices]]
</div>
</div>

<div class="toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">

===Maxwell's Equations===
<div class="mw-collapsible-content">
*[[Gauss's Flux Theorem]]
**[[Electric Fields]]
**[[Magnetic Fields]]
*[[Ampere's Law]]
**[[Magnetic Field of Coaxial Cable Using Ampere's Law]]
**[[Magnetic Field of a Long Thick Wire Using Ampere's Law]]
**[[Magnetic Field of a Toroid Using Ampere's Law]]
*[[Faraday's Law]]
**[[Curly Electric Fields]]
**[[Inductance]]
***[[Transformers (Physics)]]
***[[Energy Density]]
**[[Lenz's Law]]
***[[Lenz Effect and the Jumping Ring]]
**[[Motional Emf using Faraday's Law]]
*[[Ampere-Maxwell Law]]
*[[Superconductors]]
**[[Meissner effect]]
</div>
</div>

<div class="toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">

===Radiation===
<div class="mw-collapsible-content">
*[[Producing a Radiative Electric Field]]
*[[Sinusoidal Electromagnetic Radiaton]]
*[[Lenses]]
*[[Energy and Momentum Analysis in Radiation]]
**[[Poynting Vector]]
*[[Electromagnetic Propagation]]
**[[Wavelength and Frequency]]
*[[Snell's Law]]
*[[Effects of Radiation on Matter]]
*[[Light Propagation Through a Medium]]
*[[Light Scaterring: Why is the Sky Blue]]
*[[Light Refraction: Bending of light]]
*[[Cherenkov Radiation]]
</div>
</div>
<div class="toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">

===Sound===
<div class="mw-collapsible-content">
*[[Doppler Effect]]
*[[Nature, Behavior, and Properties of Sound]]
*[[Resonance]]
*[[Sound Barrier]]
</div>
</div>
<div class="toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">

===Waves===
<div class="mw-collapsible-content">
*[[Multisource Interference: Diffraction]]
*[[Standing waves]]
*[[Gravitational waves]]
*[[Plasma waves]]
*[[Wave-Particle Duality]]
*[[Electromagnetic Waves]]
*[[Electromagnetic Spectrum]]
*[[Color Light Wave]]
*[[Mechanical Waves]]
*[[Pendulum Motion]]
</div>
</div>
<div class="toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">

===Real Life Applications of Electromagnetic Principles===
<div class="mw-collapsible-content">
*[[Electromagnetic Junkyard Cranes]]
*[[Maglev Trains]]
*[[Spark Plugs]]
*[[Metal Detectors]]
*[[Speakers]]
*[[Radios]]
*[[Ampullae of Lorenzini]]
*[[Generator]]
</div>
</div>

<div class="toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">

===Optics===
<div class="mw-collapsible-content">
*[[Mirrors]]
*[[Refraction]]
</div>
</div>

== Resources ==
* Commonly used wiki commands [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:Cheatsheet Wiki Cheatsheet]
* A guide to representing equations in math mode [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:Displaying_a_formula Wiki Math Mode]
* A page to keep track of all the physics [[Constants]]
* A page for review of [[Vectors]] and vector operations