http://www.physicsbook.gatech.edu/api.php?action=feedcontributions&feedformat=atom&user=Opool3Physics Book - User contributions [en]2026-05-05T20:41:03ZUser contributionsMediaWiki 1.42.7http://www.physicsbook.gatech.edu/index.php?title=Lise_Meitner&diff=10118Lise Meitner2015-12-03T15:22:07Z<p>Opool3: </p>
<hr />
<div>Created by Olivia Pool, PHYS 2211, Section N06<br />
<br />
[[File:LMpic.jpg|300px|thumb|Lise Meitner in her later years.]]<br />
Lise Meitner (1878-1968) was an Austrian physicist known for her work in radioactivity and nuclear fission. <br />
<br />
==Personal Life==<br />
===Early Life===<br />
Lise Meitner was born in Vienna, Austria, on November 7, 1878, as the third of eight children. After showing early excellence in mathematics, she received private tutoring, and her passion for learning continued to grow. Her father was a lawyer from Moravia and strongly supported equal education for his sons and daughters. Her mother's family had emigrated from Russia to Slovakia. Although they were Jews, the Meitners did not practice their religion, and most of the Meitner children converted to Catholicism. <br />
<br />
===Life in Academia===<br />
<br />
[[File:MeitnerHahn.jpg|300px|thumb|Meitner and Hahn hard at work.]]<br />
<br />
In 1901, Meitner entered the University of Vienna, studying physics under Ludwig Boltzmann. After becoming the second woman to receive a PhD in Physics from the University of Vienna in 1906, she moved to Berlin to study with Max Planck, a physicist. For nearly seven years, Meitner worked as Planck's unpaid Physics Department assistant and published work on radioactive properties. It was very uncommon for women to be working in the lab at this time, however Meitner's program allowed her to interact with chemists in addition to other physicists. At this time, she met Otto Hahn, a chemist she would collaborate with for over 30 years. In 1922, Meitner became a university lecturer while also continuing her research on radioactive properties.<br />
<br />
Even though she became a Protestant in 1908, Meitner was forced to leave Germany in 1938 after the rise of Adolf Hilter due to her Jewish heritage. She moved to Sweden where she worked at Manne Siegbahn's institute in Stockholm, but due to Siegbahn's prejudice again women in science, she received very little support. Hahn and Meitner were able to meet secretly in Sweden to continue their experiments. Their research was published in 1939 and provided evidence for nuclear fission, a discovery that ultimately aided the Manhattan Project and the creation of the atomic bomb. <br />
<br />
In 1944, Hahn was awarded the Nobel Peace Prize for Chemistry because of the research, but Meitner was overlooked. Meitner was awarded the Enrico Fermi Award along with Hahn in 1966. However, the Nobel mistake was never acknowledged. <br />
<br />
In 1960, Meitner retired to Cambridge, England, before passing away on October 27, 1968. <br />
<br />
[[File:MeitnerGrave.jpg|300px|thumb|Lise Meitner's grave in Bramley,England.]]<br />
<br />
==Scientific Contributions==<br />
===Nuclear Fission===<br />
Meitner's experiments with Hahn provided evidence for nuclear fission and led to the creation of the atomic bomb.<br />
<br />
[[File:NuclearFission.jpg|300px|thumb|left|A representation of nuclear fission]]<br />
<br />
In 1934, a scientist by the name of Enrico Fermi discovered that he could produce radioactive isotopes by neutron bombardment. This inspired Meitner and Hahn to complete experiments with uranium alongside their assistant, Fritz Strassman. After bombarding uranium with neutrons, they expected to find radium, but discovered that their product was actually barium.<br />
<br />
Confused by the results, Meitner and Strassman took a walk in the woods to clear their minds, and soon discovered that the nucleus of the uranium atom was splitting. With the help of her nephew, Otto Frisch, Meitner used Bohr's "liquid drop" model of the nucleus as a basis for her calculations to confirm the splitting of the uranium nucleus. Meitner and Hahn named the process "nuclear fission." <br />
<br />
Nuclear fission is a process in which a nucleus splits into several smaller fragments that are equal to approximately half of the original mass. Two to three neutrons are also emitted in the process, and about 0.1 percent of the original mass is converted into energy. Fission can happen spontaneously or by bombarding a nucleus with neutrons. Atomic weapons are created by harnessing the sudden release of energy produced by splitting the nuclei of an atom, usually either uranium-235 or plutonium-239.<br />
<br />
By the end of 1939, Meitner and Hahn's research had spread across America. In 1944, Albert Einstein used Meitner and Hahn's research to write a letter to President Franklin D. Roosevelt about the danger of atomic weapons and the possibility of other nations creating devices using this research. Meitner and Hahn's research was extremely important for the Manhattan project, in which the United States created an atomic bomb to drop on Japan and end World War II. Meitner became known as the "mother of the atomic bomb."<br />
<br />
Realizing the power of her work, Meitner soon began to oppose the use of nuclear fission in the creation of weapons. Although she understood the importance of her discovery, she did not support the amount of destruction that could be caused by an atomic weapon. She became an activist against nuclear weapons in the later years of her life, and her gravestone reads "Lise Meitner: a physicist who never lost her humanity."<br />
<br />
==Other Information==<br />
===Fun Facts===<br />
<br />
<ul type="square"><br />
<li>Three of Meitner's sisters went on to earn PhD degrees, most likely due to their father's strong support of equal education for men and women.</li><br />
<li>In her first year of working with Otto Hahn, the pair had to work in a remodeled carpenter's shop because women were not officially allowed in the lab at the University of Berlin. At many labs they worked in, Meitner had to be registered as a guest under Hahn, even though everyone knew they were considered equal in the lab. </li><br />
<li>In 1918, Meitner discovered the element protactinium with Otto Hahn.</li><br />
<li>In 1992, element 109 was named Meitnerium in Meitner's honor.</li><br />
</ul><br />
<br />
==Connectedness==<br />
<br />
Lise Meitner inspires me because of her determination. Even when she faced adversity because of her gender, she found ways to continue her research and make important discoveries. Although it was unfortunate that she was not awarded the Nobel Prize, she did not let that stop her from following her passions. She realized the importance of her work but also did not want it to be used for evil. Currently, I am a chemical engineering major, which combines chemistry and physics among other things. I have a true passion for chemistry, but since taking Physics 2211 as well as hearing about scientists such as Meitner, I have taken a greater interest in physics. The topic of nuclear fission and radioactivity is especially interesting to me. Although this topic is more complicated than what we have learned in Physics 2211, an interesting problem could be created related to the collision of neutrons and the nucleus of the uranium atom. To solve this problem, we could use our knowledge of how collisions affect momentum and internal energy. <br />
<br />
Lise Meitner was an incredible scientist who didn't let societal norms prevent her from following her dreams. I hope that as I continue at Georgia Tech, I will have the same amount of enthusiasm about my work as Lise Meitner. <br />
<br />
===Further Resources===<br />
<br />
<ul type="square"><br />
<li>[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Ezbyg2iNdQs&feature=iv&src_vid=kHXMiYsFSrU&annotation_id=annotation_696116 A Video Explaining Nuclear Fission]</li><br />
<li>[http://www.ushistory.org/us/51f.asp More on the Manhattan Project]</li><br />
</ul><br />
<br />
==References==<br />
<br />
<ul type="square"><br />
<li>[http://www.atomicarchive.com/Bios/Meitner.shtml Atomic Archive/Lise Meitner]</li><br />
<li>[http://www.atomicheritage.org/history/science-behind-atom-bomb Atomic Heritage Foundation/Science Behind the Atom Bomb]</li><br />
<li>[http://www.chemheritage.org/discover/online-resources/chemistry-in-history/themes/atomic-and-nuclear-structure/hahn-meitner-strassman.aspx Chem Heritage/Otto Hahn, Lise Meitner, and Fritz Strassmann]</li><br />
<li>[http://jwa.org/encyclopedia/article/meitner-lise Jewish Women Association/Lise Meitner]</li><br />
<li>[http://www.planet-science.com/categories/over-11s/science-celebrities/2010/09/lise-meitner-(1878-1968)-.aspx Planet Science/Lise Meitner]</li><br />
<li>[https://www.sdsc.edu/ScienceWomen/meitner.html San Diego Supercomputer Center/Women in Science-Lise Meitner]</li><br />
<br />
</ul><br />
<br />
[[Category:Notable Scientists]]</div>Opool3http://www.physicsbook.gatech.edu/index.php?title=Lise_Meitner&diff=10117Lise Meitner2015-12-03T15:05:38Z<p>Opool3: </p>
<hr />
<div>Created by Olivia Pool, PHYS 2211, Section N06<br />
<br />
[[File:LMpic.jpg|300px|thumb|Lise Meitner in her later years.]]<br />
Lise Meitner (1878-1968) was an Austrian physicist known for her work in radioactivity and nuclear fission. <br />
<br />
==Personal Life==<br />
===Early Life===<br />
Lise Meitner was born in Vienna, Austria, on November 7, 1878, as the third of eight children. After showing early excellence in mathematics, she received private tutoring, and her passion for learning continued to grow. Her father was a lawyer from Moravia and strongly supported equal education for his sons and daughters. Her mother's family had emigrated from Russia to Slovakia. Although they were Jews, the Meitners did not practice their religion, and most of the Meitner children converted to Catholicism. <br />
<br />
===Life in Academia===<br />
<br />
[[File:MeitnerHahn.jpg|300px|thumb|Meitner and Hahn hard at work.]]<br />
<br />
In 1901, Meitner entered the University of Vienna, studying physics under Ludwig Boltzmann. After becoming the second woman to receive a PhD in Physics from the University of Vienna in 1906, she moved to Berlin to study with Max Planck, a physicist. For nearly seven years, Meitner worked as Planck's unpaid Physics Department assistant and published work on radioactive properties. It was very uncommon for women to be working in the lab at this time, however Meitner's program allowed her to interact with chemists in addition to other physicists. At this time, she met Otto Hahn, a chemist she would collaborate with for over 30 years. In 1922, Meitner became a university lecturer while also continuing her research on radioactive properties.<br />
<br />
Even though she became a Protestant in 1908, Meitner was forced to leave Germany in 1938 after the rise of Adolf Hilter due to her Jewish heritage. She moved to Sweden where she worked at Manne Siegbahn's institute in Stockholm, but due to Siegbahn's prejudice again women in science, she received very little support. Hahn and Meitner were able to meet secretly in Sweden to continue their experiments. Their research was published in 1939 and provided evidence for nuclear fission, a discovery that ultimately aided the Manhattan Project and the creation of the atomic bomb. <br />
<br />
In 1944, Hahn was awarded the Nobel Peace Prize for Chemistry because of the research, but Meitner was overlooked. Meitner was awarded the Enrico Fermi Award along with Hahn in 1966. However, the Nobel mistake was never acknowledged. <br />
<br />
In 1960, Meitner retired to Cambridge, England, before passing away on October 27, 1968. <br />
<br />
[[File:MeitnerGrave.jpg|300px|thumb|Lise Meitner's grave in Bramley,England.]]<br />
<br />
==Scientific Contributions==<br />
===Nuclear Fission===<br />
Meitner's experiments with Hahn provided evidence for nuclear fission and led to the creation of the atomic bomb.<br />
<br />
[[File:NuclearFission.jpg|300px|thumb|left|A representation of nuclear fission]]<br />
<br />
In 1934, a scientist by the name of Enrico Fermi discovered that he could produce radioactive isotopes by neutron bombardment. This inspired Meitner and Hahn to complete experiments with uranium alongside their assistant, Fritz Strassman. After bombarding uranium with neutrons, they expected to find radium, but discovered that their product was actually barium.<br />
<br />
Confused by the results, Meitner and Strassman took a walk in the woods to clear their minds, and soon discovered that the nucleus of the uranium atom was splitting. With the help of her nephew, Otto Frisch, Meitner used Bohr's "liquid drop" model of the nucleus as a basis for her calculations to confirm the splitting of the uranium nucleus. Meitner and Hahn named the process "nuclear fission." <br />
<br />
Nuclear fission is a process in which a nucleus splits into several smaller fragments that are equal to approximately half of the original mass. Two to three neutrons are also emitted in the process, and about 0.1 percent of the original mass is converted into energy. Fission can happen spontaneously or by bombarding a nucleus with neutrons. Atomic weapons are created by harnessing the sudden release of energy produced by splitting the nuclei of an atom, usually either uranium-235 or plutonium-239.<br />
<br />
By the end of 1939, Meitner and Hahn's research had spread across America. In 1944, Albert Einstein used Meitner and Hahn's research to write a letter to President Franklin D. Roosevelt about the danger of atomic weapons and the possibility of other nations creating devices using this research. Meitner and Hahn's research was extremely important for the Manhattan project, in which the United States created an atomic bomb to drop on Japan and end World War II. Meitner became known as the "mother of the atomic bomb."<br />
<br />
Realizing the power of her work, Meitner soon began to oppose the use of nuclear fission in the creation of weapons. Although she understood the importance of her work, she did not support the amount of destruction that could be caused by an atomic weapon. She became an activist against nuclear weapons in the later years of her life, and her gravestone reads "Lise Meitner: a physicist who never lost her humanity."<br />
<br />
==Other Information==<br />
===Fun Facts===<br />
<br />
<ul type="square"><br />
<li>Three of Meitner's sisters went on to earn PhD degrees, most likely due to their father's strong support of equal education for men and women.</li><br />
<li>In her first year of working with Otto Hahn, the pair had to work in a remodeled carpenter's shop because women were not officially allowed in the lab at the University of Berlin. At many labs they worked in, Meitner had to be registered as a guest under Hahn, even though everyone knew they were considered equal in the lab. </li><br />
<li>In 1918, Meitner discovered the element protactinium with Otto Hahn.</li><br />
<li>In 1992, element 109 was named Meitnerium in Meitner's honor.</li><br />
</ul><br />
<br />
==Connectedness==<br />
<br />
Lise Meitner inspires me because of her determination. Even when she faced adversity because of her gender, she found ways to continue her research and make important discoveries. Although it was unfortunate that she was not awarded the Nobel Prize, she did not let that stop her from following her passions. She realized the importance of her work but also did not want it to be used for evil. Currently, I am a chemical engineering major, which combines chemistry and physics among other things. I have a true passion for chemistry, but since taking Physics 2211 as well as hearing about scientists such as Meitner, I have taken a greater interest in physics. The topic of nuclear fission and radioactivity is especially interesting to me. Although this topic is more complicated than what we have learned in Physics 2211, an interesting problem could be created related to the collision of neutrons and the nucleus of the uranium atom. To solve this problem, we could use our knowledge of how collisions affect momentum and internal energy. <br />
<br />
Lise Meitner was an incredible scientist who didn't let societal norms prevent her from following her dreams. I hope that as I continue at Georgia Tech, I will have the same amount of enthusiasm about my work as Lise Meitner. <br />
<br />
===Further Resources===<br />
<br />
<ul type="square"><br />
<li>[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Ezbyg2iNdQs&feature=iv&src_vid=kHXMiYsFSrU&annotation_id=annotation_696116 A Video Explaining Nuclear Fission]</li><br />
<li>[http://www.ushistory.org/us/51f.asp More on the Manhattan Project]</li><br />
</ul><br />
<br />
==References==<br />
<br />
<ul type="square"><br />
<li>[http://www.atomicarchive.com/Bios/Meitner.shtml Atomic Archive/Lise Meitner]</li><br />
<li>[http://www.atomicheritage.org/history/science-behind-atom-bomb Atomic Heritage Foundation/Science Behind the Atom Bomb]</li><br />
<li>[http://www.chemheritage.org/discover/online-resources/chemistry-in-history/themes/atomic-and-nuclear-structure/hahn-meitner-strassman.aspx Chem Heritage/Otto Hahn, Lise Meitner, and Fritz Strassmann]</li><br />
<li>[http://jwa.org/encyclopedia/article/meitner-lise Jewish Women Association/Lise Meitner]</li><br />
<li>[http://www.planet-science.com/categories/over-11s/science-celebrities/2010/09/lise-meitner-(1878-1968)-.aspx Planet Science/Lise Meitner]</li><br />
<li>[https://www.sdsc.edu/ScienceWomen/meitner.html San Diego Supercomputer Center/Women in Science-Lise Meitner]</li><br />
<br />
</ul><br />
<br />
[[Category:Notable Scientists]]</div>Opool3http://www.physicsbook.gatech.edu/index.php?title=Lise_Meitner&diff=10115Lise Meitner2015-12-03T15:03:26Z<p>Opool3: </p>
<hr />
<div>Created by Olivia Pool, PHYS 2211, Section N06<br />
<br />
[[File:LMpic.jpg|300px|thumb|Lise Meitner in her later years.]]<br />
Lise Meitner (1878-1968) was an Austrian physicist known for her work in radioactivity and nuclear fission. <br />
<br />
==Personal Life==<br />
===Early Life===<br />
Lise Meitner was born in Vienna, Austria, on November 7, 1878, as the third of eight children. After showing early excellence in mathematics, she received private tutoring, and her passion for learning continued to grow. Her father was a lawyer from Moravia and strongly supported equal education for his sons and daughters. Her mother's family had emigrated from Russia to Slovakia. Although they were Jews, the Meitners did not practice their religion, and most of the Meitner children converted to Catholicism. <br />
<br />
===Life in Academia===<br />
<br />
[[File:MeitnerHahn.jpg|300px|thumb|Meitner and Hahn hard at work.]]<br />
<br />
In 1901, Meitner entered the University of Vienna, studying physics under Ludwig Boltzmann. After becoming the second woman to receive a PhD in Physics from the University of Vienna in 1906, she moved to Berlin to study with Max Planck, a physicist. For nearly seven years, Meitner worked as Planck's unpaid Physics Department assistant and published work on radioactive properties. It was very uncommon for women to be working in the lab at this time, however Meitner's program allowed her to interact with chemists in addition to other physicists. At this time, she met Otto Hahn, a chemist she would collaborate with for over 30 years. In 1922, Meitner became a university lecturer while also continuing her research on radioactive properties.<br />
<br />
Even though she became a Protestant in 1908, Meitner was forced to leave Germany in 1938 after the rise of Adolf Hilter due to her Jewish heritage. She moved to Sweden where she worked at Manne Siegbahn's institute in Stockholm, but due to Siegbahn's prejudice again women in science, she received very little support. Hahn and Meitner were able to meet secretly in Sweden to continue their experiments. Their research was published in 1939 and provided evidence for nuclear fission, a discovery that ultimately aided the Manhattan Project and the creation of the atomic bomb. <br />
<br />
In 1944, Hahn was awarded the Nobel Peace Prize for Chemistry because of the research, but Meitner was overlooked. Meitner was awarded the Enrico Fermi Award along with Hahn in 1966. However, the Nobel mistake was never acknowledged. <br />
<br />
In 1960, Meitner retired to Cambridge, England, before passing away on October 27, 1968. <br />
<br />
[[File:MeitnerGrave.jpg|300px|thumb|Lise Meitner's grave in Bramley,England.]]<br />
<br />
==Scientific Contributions==<br />
===Nuclear Fission===<br />
Meitner's experiments with Hahn provided evidence for nuclear fission and led to the creation of the atomic bomb.<br />
<br />
[[File:NuclearFission.jpg|300px|thumb|left|A representation of nuclear fission]]<br />
<br />
In 1934, a scientist by the name of Enrico Fermi discovered that he could produce radioactive isotopes by neutron bombardment. This inspired Meitner and Hahn to complete experiments with uranium alongside their assistant, Fritz Strassman. After bombarding uranium with neutrons, they expected to find radium, but discovered that their product was actually barium.<br />
<br />
Confused by the results, Meitner and Strassman took a walk in the woods to clear their minds, and soon discovered that the nucleus of the uranium atom was splitting. With the help of her nephew, Otto Frisch, Meitner used Bohr's "liquid drop" model of the nucleus as a basis for her calculations to confirm the splitting of the uranium nucleus. Meitner and Hahn named the process "nuclear fission." <br />
<br />
Nuclear fission is a process in which a nucleus splits into several smaller fragments that are equal to approximately half of the original mass. Two to three neutrons are also emitted in the process, and about 0.1 percent of the original mass is converted into energy. Fission can happen spontaneously or by bombarding a nucleus with neutrons. Atomic weapons are created by harnessing the sudden release of energy produced by splitting the nuclei of an atom, usually either uranium-235 or plutonium-239.<br />
<br />
By the end of 1939, Meitner and Hahn's research had spread across America. In 1944, Albert Einstein used Meitner and Hahn's research to write a letter to President Franklin D. Roosevelt about the danger of atomic weapons and the possibility of other nations creating devices using this research. Meitner and Hahn's research was extremely important for the Manhattan project, in which the United States created an atomic bomb to drop on Japan and end World War II. Meitner became known as the "mother of the atomic bomb."<br />
<br />
Realizing the power of her work, Meitner soon began to oppose the use of nuclear fission in the creation of weapons. Although she understood the importance of her work, she did not support the amount of destruction atomic weapons cause. She became an activist against nuclear weapons in the later years of her life, and her gravestone reads "Lise Meitner: a physicist who never lost her humanity."<br />
<br />
==Other Information==<br />
===Fun Facts===<br />
<br />
<ul type="square"><br />
<li>Three of Meitner's sisters went on to earn PhD degrees, most likely due to their father's strong support of equal education for men and women.</li><br />
<li>In her first year of working with Otto Hahn, the pair had to work in a remodeled carpenter's shop because women were not officially allowed in the lab at the University of Berlin. At many labs they worked in, Meitner had to be registered as a guest under Hahn, even though everyone knew they were considered equal in the lab. </li><br />
<li>In 1918, Meitner discovered the element protactinium with Otto Hahn.</li><br />
<li>In 1992, element 109 was named Meitnerium in Meitner's honor.</li><br />
</ul><br />
<br />
==Connectedness==<br />
<br />
Lise Meitner inspires me because of her determination. Even when she faced adversity because of her gender, she found ways to continue her research and make important discoveries. Although it was unfortunate that she was not awarded the Nobel Prize, she did not let that stop her from following her passions. She realized the importance of her work but also did not want it to be used for evil. Currently, I am a chemical engineering major, which combines chemistry and physics among other things. I have a true passion for chemistry, but since taking Physics 2211 as well as hearing about scientists such as Meitner, I have taken a greater interest in physics. The topic of nuclear fission and radioactivity is especially interesting to me. Although this topic is more complicated than what we have learned in Physics 2211, an interesting problem could be created related to the collision of neutrons and the nucleus of the uranium atom. To solve this problem, we could use our knowledge of how collisions affect momentum and internal energy. <br />
<br />
Lise Meitner was an incredible scientist who didn't let societal norms prevent her from following her dreams. I hope that as I continue at Georgia Tech, I will have the same amount of enthusiasm about my work as Lise Meitner. <br />
<br />
===Further Resources===<br />
<br />
<ul type="square"><br />
<li>[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Ezbyg2iNdQs&feature=iv&src_vid=kHXMiYsFSrU&annotation_id=annotation_696116 A Video Explaining Nuclear Fission]</li><br />
<li>[http://www.ushistory.org/us/51f.asp More on the Manhattan Project]</li><br />
</ul><br />
<br />
==References==<br />
<br />
<ul type="square"><br />
<li>[http://www.atomicarchive.com/Bios/Meitner.shtml Atomic Archive/Lise Meitner]</li><br />
<li>[http://www.atomicheritage.org/history/science-behind-atom-bomb Atomic Heritage Foundation/Science Behind the Atom Bomb]</li><br />
<li>[http://www.chemheritage.org/discover/online-resources/chemistry-in-history/themes/atomic-and-nuclear-structure/hahn-meitner-strassman.aspx Chem Heritage/Otto Hahn, Lise Meitner, and Fritz Strassmann]</li><br />
<li>[http://jwa.org/encyclopedia/article/meitner-lise Jewish Women Association/Lise Meitner]</li><br />
<li>[http://www.planet-science.com/categories/over-11s/science-celebrities/2010/09/lise-meitner-(1878-1968)-.aspx Planet Science/Lise Meitner]</li><br />
<li>[https://www.sdsc.edu/ScienceWomen/meitner.html San Diego Supercomputer Center/Women in Science-Lise Meitner]</li><br />
<br />
</ul><br />
<br />
[[Category:Notable Scientists]]</div>Opool3http://www.physicsbook.gatech.edu/index.php?title=Lise_Meitner&diff=10114Lise Meitner2015-12-03T15:01:40Z<p>Opool3: </p>
<hr />
<div>Created by Olivia Pool, PHYS 2211, Section N06<br />
<br />
[[File:LMpic.jpg|300px|thumb|Lise Meitner in her later years.]]<br />
Lise Meitner (1878-1968) was an Austrian physicist known for her work in radioactivity and nuclear fission. <br />
<br />
==Personal Life==<br />
===Early Life===<br />
Lise Meitner was born in Vienna, Austria, on November 7, 1878, as the third of eight children. After showing early excellence in mathematics, she received private tutoring, and her passion for learning continued to grow. Her father was a lawyer from Moravia and strongly supported equal education for his sons and daughters. Her mother's family had emigrated from Russia to Slovakia. Although they were Jews, the Meitners did not practice their religion, and most of the Meitner children converted to Catholicism. <br />
<br />
===Life in Academia===<br />
<br />
[[File:MeitnerHahn.jpg|300px|thumb|Meitner and Hahn hard at work.]]<br />
<br />
In 1901, Meitner entered the University of Vienna, studying physics under Ludwig Boltzmann. After becoming the second woman to receive a PhD in Physics from the University of Vienna in 1906, she moved to Berlin to study with Max Planck, a physicist. For nearly seven years, Meitner worked as Planck's unpaid Physics Department assistant and published work on radioactive properties. It was very uncommon for women to be working in the lab at this time, however Meitner's program allowed her to interact with chemists in addition to other physicists. At this time, she met Otto Hahn, a chemist she would collaborate with for over 30 years. In 1922, Meitner became a university lecturer while also continuing her research on radioactive properties.<br />
<br />
Even though she became a Protestant in 1908, Meitner was forced to leave Germany in 1938 after the rise of Adolf Hilter due to her Jewish heritage. She moved to Sweden where she worked at Manne Siegbahn's institute in Stockholm, but due to Siegbahn's prejudice again women in science, she received very little support. Hahn and Meitner were able to meet secretly in Sweden to continue their experiments. Their research was published in 1939 and provided evidence for nuclear fission, a discovery that ultimately aided the Manhattan Project and the creation of the atomic bomb. <br />
<br />
In 1944, Hahn was awarded the Nobel Peace Prize for Chemistry because of the research, but Meitner was overlooked. Meitner was awarded the Enrico Fermi Award along with Hahn in 1966. However, the Nobel mistake was never acknowledged. <br />
<br />
In 1960, Meitner retired to Cambridge, England, before passing away on October 27, 1968. <br />
<br />
[[File:MeitnerGrave.jpg|300px|thumb|Lise Meitner's grave in Bramley,England.]]<br />
<br />
==Scientific Contributions==<br />
===Nuclear Fission===<br />
Meitner's experiments with Hahn provided evidence for nuclear fission and led to the creation of the atomic bomb.<br />
<br />
[[File:NuclearFission.jpg|300px|thumb|left|A representation of nuclear fission]]<br />
<br />
In 1934, a scientist by the name of Enrico Fermi discovered that he could produce radioactive isotopes by neutron bombardment. This inspired Meitner and Hahn to complete experiments with uranium alongside their assistant, Fritz Strassman. After bombarding uranium with neutrons, they expected to find radium, but discovered that their product was actually barium.<br />
<br />
Confused by the results, Meitner and Strassman took a walk in the woods to clear their minds, and soon discovered that the nucleus of the uranium atom was splitting. With the help of her nephew, Otto Frisch, Meitner used Bohr's "liquid drop" model of the nucleus as a basis for her calculations to confirm the splitting of the uranium nucleus. Meitner and Hahn named the process "nuclear fission." <br />
<br />
Nuclear fission is a process in which a nuclear splits into several smaller fragments that are equal to approximately half of the original mass. Two to three neutrons are also emitted in the process. About 0.1 percent of the original mass is converted into energy. Fission can happen spontaneously or by bombarding a nucleus with neutrons. Atomic weapons are created by harnessing the sudden release of energy produced by splitting the nuclei of an atom, usually either uranium-235 or plutonium-239.<br />
<br />
By the end of 1939, Meitner and Hahn's research had spread across America. In 1944, Albert Einstein used Meitner and Hahn's research to write a letter to President Franklin D. Roosevelt about the danger of atomic weapons. Meitner was recognized by President Harry Truman in 1945 at a dinner for the Women's Press Club and was also congratulated by Eleanor Roosevelt for being a strong woman in science. Meitner and Hahn's research was extremely important for the Manhattan project, in which the United States created an atomic bomb to drop on Japan and end World War II. Meitner became known as the "mother of the atomic bomb."<br />
<br />
Realizing the power of her work, Meitner soon began to oppose the use of nuclear fission in the creation of weapons. Although she understood the importance of her work, she did not support the amount of destruction atomic weapons cause. She became an activist against nuclear weapons in the later years of her life, and her gravestone reads "Lise Meitner: a physicist who never lost her humanity."<br />
<br />
==Other Information==<br />
===Fun Facts===<br />
<br />
<ul type="square"><br />
<li>Three of Meitner's sisters went on to earn PhD degrees, most likely due to their father's strong support of equal education for men and women.</li><br />
<li>In her first year of working with Otto Hahn, the pair had to work in a remodeled carpenter's shop because women were not officially allowed in the lab at the University of Berlin. At many labs they worked in, Meitner had to be registered as a guest under Hahn, even though everyone knew they were considered equal in the lab. </li><br />
<li>In 1918, Meitner discovered the element protactinium with Otto Hahn.</li><br />
<li>In 1992, element 109 was named Meitnerium in Meitner's honor.</li><br />
</ul><br />
<br />
==Connectedness==<br />
<br />
Lise Meitner inspires me because of her determination. Even when she faced adversity because of her gender, she found ways to continue her research and make important discoveries. Although it was unfortunate that she was not awarded the Nobel Prize, she did not let that stop her from following her passions. She realized the importance of her work but also did not want it to be used for evil. Currently, I am a chemical engineering major, which combines chemistry and physics among other things. I have a true passion for chemistry, but since taking Physics 2211 as well as hearing about scientists such as Meitner, I have taken a greater interest in physics. The topic of nuclear fission and radioactivity is especially interesting to me. Although this topic is more complicated than what we have learned in Physics 2211, an interesting problem could be created related to the collision of neutrons and the nucleus of the uranium atom. To solve this problem, we could use our knowledge of how collisions affect momentum and internal energy. <br />
<br />
Lise Meitner was an incredible scientist who didn't let societal norms prevent her from following her dreams. I hope that as I continue at Georgia Tech, I will have the same amount of enthusiasm about my work as Lise Meitner. <br />
<br />
===Further Resources===<br />
<br />
<ul type="square"><br />
<li>[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Ezbyg2iNdQs&feature=iv&src_vid=kHXMiYsFSrU&annotation_id=annotation_696116 A Video Explaining Nuclear Fission]</li><br />
<li>[http://www.ushistory.org/us/51f.asp More on the Manhattan Project]</li><br />
</ul><br />
<br />
==References==<br />
<br />
<ul type="square"><br />
<li>[http://www.atomicarchive.com/Bios/Meitner.shtml Atomic Archive/Lise Meitner]</li><br />
<li>[http://www.atomicheritage.org/history/science-behind-atom-bomb Atomic Heritage Foundation/Science Behind the Atom Bomb]</li><br />
<li>[http://www.chemheritage.org/discover/online-resources/chemistry-in-history/themes/atomic-and-nuclear-structure/hahn-meitner-strassman.aspx Chem Heritage/Otto Hahn, Lise Meitner, and Fritz Strassmann]</li><br />
<li>[http://jwa.org/encyclopedia/article/meitner-lise Jewish Women Association/Lise Meitner]</li><br />
<li>[http://www.planet-science.com/categories/over-11s/science-celebrities/2010/09/lise-meitner-(1878-1968)-.aspx Planet Science/Lise Meitner]</li><br />
<li>[https://www.sdsc.edu/ScienceWomen/meitner.html San Diego Supercomputer Center/Women in Science-Lise Meitner]</li><br />
<br />
</ul><br />
<br />
[[Category:Notable Scientists]]</div>Opool3http://www.physicsbook.gatech.edu/index.php?title=Lise_Meitner&diff=10113Lise Meitner2015-12-03T15:00:56Z<p>Opool3: </p>
<hr />
<div>Created by Olivia Pool, PHYS 2211, Section N06<br />
<br />
[[File:LMpic.jpg|300px|thumb|Lise Meitner in her later years.]]<br />
Lise Meitner (1878-1968) was an Austrian physicist known for her work in radioactivity and nuclear fission. <br />
<br />
==Personal Life==<br />
===Early Life===<br />
Lise Meitner was born in Vienna, Austria, on November 7, 1878, as the third of eight children. After showing early excellence in mathematics, she received private tutoring, and her passion for learning continued to grow. Her father was a lawyer from Moravia and strongly supported equal education for his sons and daughters. Her mother's family had emigrated from Russia to Slovakia. Although they were Jews, the Meitners did not practice their religion, and most of the Meitner children converted to Catholicism. <br />
<br />
===Life in Academia===<br />
<br />
[[File:MeitnerHahn.jpg|300px|thumb|Meitner and Hahn hard at work.]]<br />
<br />
In 1901, Meitner entered the University of Vienna, studying physics under Ludwig Boltzmann. After becoming the second woman to receive a PhD in Physics from the University of Vienna in 1906, she moved to Berlin to study with Max Planck, a physicist. For nearly seven years, Meitner worked as Planck's unpaid Physics Department assistant and published work on radioactive properties. It was very uncommon for women to be working in the lab at this time, however Meitner's program allowed her to interact with chemists in addition to other physicists. At this time, she met Otto Hahn, a chemist she would collaborate with for over 30 years. In 1922, Meitner became a university lecturer while also continuing her research on radioactive properties.<br />
<br />
Even though she became a Protestant in 1908, Meitner was forced to leave Germany in 1938 after the rise of Adolf Hilter due to her Jewish heritage. She moved to Sweden where she worked at Manne Siegbahn's institute in Stockholm, but due to Siegbahn's prejudice again women in science, she received very little support. Hahn and Meitner were able to meet secretly in Sweden to continue their experiments. Their research was published in 1939 and provided evidence for nuclear fission, a discovery that ultimately aided the Manhattan Project and the creation of the atomic bomb. <br />
<br />
In 1944, Hahn was awarded the Nobel Peace Prize for Chemistry because of the research, but Meitner was overlooked. Meitner was awarded the Enrico Fermi Award along with Hahn in 1966. However, the Nobel mistake was never acknowledged. <br />
<br />
In 1960, Meitner retired to Cambridge, England, before passing away on October 27, 1968. <br />
<br />
[[File:MeitnerGrave.jpg|300px|thumb|Lise Meitner's grave in Bramley,England.]]<br />
<br />
==Scientific Contributions==<br />
===Nuclear Fission===<br />
Meitner's experiments with Hahn provided evidence for nuclear fission and led to the creation of the atomic bomb.<br />
<br />
[[File:NuclearFission.jpg|300px|thumb|left|A representation of nuclear fission]]<br />
<br />
In 1934, a scientist by the name of Enrico Fermi discovered that he could produce radioactive isotopes by neutron bombardment. This inspired Meitner and Hahn to complete experiments with uranium alongside their assistant, Fritz Strassman. After bombarding uranium with neutrons, they expected to create radium, but discovered that their product was actually barium.<br />
<br />
Confused by the results, Meitner and Strassman took a walk in the woods to clear their minds, and soon discovered that the nucleus of the uranium atom was splitting. With the help of her nephew, Otto Frisch, Meitner used Bohr's "liquid drop" model of the nucleus as a basis for her calculations to confirm the splitting of the uranium nucleus. Meitner and Hahn named the process "nuclear fission." <br />
<br />
Nuclear fission is a process in which a nuclear splits into several smaller fragments that are equal to approximately half of the original mass. Two to three neutrons are also emitted in the process. About 0.1 percent of the original mass is converted into energy. Fission can happen spontaneously or by bombarding a nucleus with neutrons. Atomic weapons are created by harnessing the sudden release of energy produced by splitting the nuclei of an atom, usually either uranium-235 or plutonium-239.<br />
<br />
By the end of 1939, Meitner and Hahn's research had spread across America. In 1944, Albert Einstein used Meitner and Hahn's research to write a letter to President Franklin D. Roosevelt about the danger of atomic weapons. Meitner was recognized by President Harry Truman in 1945 at a dinner for the Women's Press Club and was also congratulated by Eleanor Roosevelt for being a strong woman in science. Meitner and Hahn's research was extremely important for the Manhattan project, in which the United States created an atomic bomb to drop on Japan and end World War II. Meitner became known as the "mother of the atomic bomb."<br />
<br />
Realizing the power of her work, Meitner soon began to oppose the use of nuclear fission in the creation of weapons. Although she understood the importance of her work, she did not support the amount of destruction atomic weapons cause. She became an activist against nuclear weapons in the later years of her life, and her gravestone reads "Lise Meitner: a physicist who never lost her humanity."<br />
<br />
==Other Information==<br />
===Fun Facts===<br />
<br />
<ul type="square"><br />
<li>Three of Meitner's sisters went on to earn PhD degrees, most likely due to their father's strong support of equal education for men and women.</li><br />
<li>In her first year of working with Otto Hahn, the pair had to work in a remodeled carpenter's shop because women were not officially allowed in the lab at the University of Berlin. At many labs they worked in, Meitner had to be registered as a guest under Hahn, even though everyone knew they were considered equal in the lab. </li><br />
<li>In 1918, Meitner discovered the element protactinium with Otto Hahn.</li><br />
<li>In 1992, element 109 was named Meitnerium in Meitner's honor.</li><br />
</ul><br />
<br />
==Connectedness==<br />
<br />
Lise Meitner inspires me because of her determination. Even when she faced adversity because of her gender, she found ways to continue her research and make important discoveries. Although it was unfortunate that she was not awarded the Nobel Prize, she did not let that stop her from following her passions. She realized the importance of her work but also did not want it to be used for evil. Currently, I am a chemical engineering major, which combines chemistry and physics among other things. I have a true passion for chemistry, but since taking Physics 2211 as well as hearing about scientists such as Meitner, I have taken a greater interest in physics. The topic of nuclear fission and radioactivity is especially interesting to me. Although this topic is more complicated than what we have learned in Physics 2211, an interesting problem could be created related to the collision of neutrons and the nucleus of the uranium atom. To solve this problem, we could use our knowledge of how collisions affect momentum and internal energy. <br />
<br />
Lise Meitner was an incredible scientist who didn't let societal norms prevent her from following her dreams. I hope that as I continue at Georgia Tech, I will have the same amount of enthusiasm about my work as Lise Meitner. <br />
<br />
===Further Resources===<br />
<br />
<ul type="square"><br />
<li>[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Ezbyg2iNdQs&feature=iv&src_vid=kHXMiYsFSrU&annotation_id=annotation_696116 A Video Explaining Nuclear Fission]</li><br />
<li>[http://www.ushistory.org/us/51f.asp More on the Manhattan Project]</li><br />
</ul><br />
<br />
==References==<br />
<br />
<ul type="square"><br />
<li>[http://www.atomicarchive.com/Bios/Meitner.shtml Atomic Archive/Lise Meitner]</li><br />
<li>[http://www.atomicheritage.org/history/science-behind-atom-bomb Atomic Heritage Foundation/Science Behind the Atom Bomb]</li><br />
<li>[http://www.chemheritage.org/discover/online-resources/chemistry-in-history/themes/atomic-and-nuclear-structure/hahn-meitner-strassman.aspx Chem Heritage/Otto Hahn, Lise Meitner, and Fritz Strassmann]</li><br />
<li>[http://jwa.org/encyclopedia/article/meitner-lise Jewish Women Association/Lise Meitner]</li><br />
<li>[http://www.planet-science.com/categories/over-11s/science-celebrities/2010/09/lise-meitner-(1878-1968)-.aspx Planet Science/Lise Meitner]</li><br />
<li>[https://www.sdsc.edu/ScienceWomen/meitner.html San Diego Supercomputer Center/Women in Science-Lise Meitner]</li><br />
<br />
</ul><br />
<br />
[[Category:Notable Scientists]]</div>Opool3http://www.physicsbook.gatech.edu/index.php?title=Lise_Meitner&diff=10112Lise Meitner2015-12-03T14:59:39Z<p>Opool3: </p>
<hr />
<div>Created by Olivia Pool, PHYS 2211, Section N06<br />
<br />
[[File:LMpic.jpg|300px|thumb|Lise Meitner in her later years.]]<br />
Lise Meitner (1878-1968) was an Austrian physicist known for her work in radioactivity and nuclear fission. <br />
<br />
==Personal Life==<br />
===Early Life===<br />
Lise Meitner was born in Vienna, Austria, on November 7, 1878, as the third of eight children. After showing early excellence in mathematics, she received private tutoring, and her passion for learning continued to grow. Her father was a lawyer from Moravia and strongly supported equal education for his sons and daughters. Her mother's family had emigrated from Russia to Slovakia. Although they were Jews, the Meitners did not practice their religion, and most of the Meitner children converted to Catholicism. <br />
<br />
===Life in Academia===<br />
<br />
[[File:MeitnerHahn.jpg|300px|thumb|Meitner and Hahn hard at work.]]<br />
<br />
In 1901, Meitner entered the University of Vienna, studying physics under Ludwig Boltzmann. After becoming the second woman to receive a PhD in Physics from the University of Vienna in 1906, she moved to Berlin to study with Max Planck, a physicist. For nearly seven years, Meitner worked as Planck's unpaid Physics Department assistant and published work on radioactive properties. It was very uncommon for women to be working in the lab at this time, however Meitner's program allowed her to interact with chemists in addition to other physicists. At this time, she met Otto Hahn, a chemist she would collaborate with for over 30 years. In 1922, Meitner became a university lecturer while also continuing her research on radioactive properties.<br />
<br />
Even though she became a Protestant in 1908, Meitner was forced to leave Germany in 1938 after the rise of Adolf Hilter due to her Jewish heritage. She moved to Sweden where she worked at Manne Siegbahn's institute in Stockholm, but due to Siegbahn's prejudice again women in science, she received very little support. Hahn and Meitner were able to meet secretly in Sweden to continue their experiments. Their research was published in 1939 and provided evidence for nuclear fission, a discovery ultimately aided the Manhattan Project and the creation of the atomic bomb. <br />
<br />
In 1944, Hahn was awarded the Nobel Peace Prize for Chemistry because of the research, but Meitner was overlooked. Meitner was awarded the Enrico Fermi Award along with Hahn in 1966. However, the Nobel mistake was never acknowledged. <br />
<br />
In 1960, Meitner retired to Cambridge, England, before passing away on October 27, 1968. <br />
<br />
[[File:MeitnerGrave.jpg|300px|thumb|Lise Meitner's grave in Bramley,England.]]<br />
<br />
==Scientific Contributions==<br />
===Nuclear Fission===<br />
Meitner's experiments with Hahn provided evidence for nuclear fission and led to the creation of the atomic bomb.<br />
<br />
[[File:NuclearFission.jpg|300px|thumb|left|A representation of nuclear fission]]<br />
<br />
In 1934, a scientist by the name of Enrico Fermi discovered that he could produce radioactive isotopes by neutron bombardment. This inspired Meitner and Hahn to complete experiments with uranium alongside their assistant, Fritz Strassman. After bombarding uranium with neutrons, they expected to create radium, but discovered that their product was actually barium.<br />
<br />
Confused by the results, Meitner and Strassman took a walk in the woods to clear their minds, and soon discovered that the nucleus of the uranium atom was splitting. With the help of her nephew, Otto Frisch, Meitner used Bohr's "liquid drop" model of the nucleus as a basis for her calculations to confirm the splitting of the uranium nucleus. Meitner and Hahn named the process "nuclear fission." <br />
<br />
Nuclear fission is a process in which a nuclear splits into several smaller fragments that are equal to approximately half of the original mass. Two to three neutrons are also emitted in the process. About 0.1 percent of the original mass is converted into energy. Fission can happen spontaneously or by bombarding a nucleus with neutrons. Atomic weapons are created by harnessing the sudden release of energy produced by splitting the nuclei of an atom, usually either uranium-235 or plutonium-239.<br />
<br />
By the end of 1939, Meitner and Hahn's research had spread across America. In 1944, Albert Einstein used Meitner and Hahn's research to write a letter to President Franklin D. Roosevelt about the danger of atomic weapons. Meitner was recognized by President Harry Truman in 1945 at a dinner for the Women's Press Club and was also congratulated by Eleanor Roosevelt for being a strong woman in science. Meitner and Hahn's research was extremely important for the Manhattan project, in which the United States created an atomic bomb to drop on Japan and end World War II. Meitner became known as the "mother of the atomic bomb."<br />
<br />
Realizing the power of her work, Meitner soon began to oppose the use of nuclear fission in the creation of weapons. Although she understood the importance of her work, she did not support the amount of destruction atomic weapons cause. She became an activist against nuclear weapons in the later years of her life, and her gravestone reads "Lise Meitner: a physicist who never lost her humanity."<br />
<br />
==Other Information==<br />
===Fun Facts===<br />
<br />
<ul type="square"><br />
<li>Three of Meitner's sisters went on to earn PhD degrees, most likely due to their father's strong support of equal education for men and women.</li><br />
<li>In her first year of working with Otto Hahn, the pair had to work in a remodeled carpenter's shop because women were not officially allowed in the lab at the University of Berlin. At many labs they worked in, Meitner had to be registered as a guest under Hahn, even though everyone knew they were considered equal in the lab. </li><br />
<li>In 1918, Meitner discovered the element protactinium with Otto Hahn.</li><br />
<li>In 1992, element 109 was named Meitnerium in Meitner's honor.</li><br />
</ul><br />
<br />
==Connectedness==<br />
<br />
Lise Meitner inspires me because of her determination. Even when she faced adversity because of her gender, she found ways to continue her research and make important discoveries. Although it was unfortunate that she was not awarded the Nobel Prize, she did not let that stop her from following her passions. She realized the importance of her work but also did not want it to be used for evil. Currently, I am a chemical engineering major, which combines chemistry and physics among other things. I have a true passion for chemistry, but since taking Physics 2211 as well as hearing about scientists such as Meitner, I have taken a greater interest in physics. The topic of nuclear fission and radioactivity is especially interesting to me. Although this topic is more complicated than what we have learned in Physics 2211, an interesting problem could be created related to the collision of neutrons and the nucleus of the uranium atom. To solve this problem, we could use our knowledge of how collisions affect momentum and internal energy. <br />
<br />
Lise Meitner was an incredible scientist who didn't let societal norms prevent her from following her dreams. I hope that as I continue at Georgia Tech, I will have the same amount of enthusiasm about my work as Lise Meitner. <br />
<br />
===Further Resources===<br />
<br />
<ul type="square"><br />
<li>[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Ezbyg2iNdQs&feature=iv&src_vid=kHXMiYsFSrU&annotation_id=annotation_696116 A Video Explaining Nuclear Fission]</li><br />
<li>[http://www.ushistory.org/us/51f.asp More on the Manhattan Project]</li><br />
</ul><br />
<br />
==References==<br />
<br />
<ul type="square"><br />
<li>[http://www.atomicarchive.com/Bios/Meitner.shtml Atomic Archive/Lise Meitner]</li><br />
<li>[http://www.atomicheritage.org/history/science-behind-atom-bomb Atomic Heritage Foundation/Science Behind the Atom Bomb]</li><br />
<li>[http://www.chemheritage.org/discover/online-resources/chemistry-in-history/themes/atomic-and-nuclear-structure/hahn-meitner-strassman.aspx Chem Heritage/Otto Hahn, Lise Meitner, and Fritz Strassmann]</li><br />
<li>[http://jwa.org/encyclopedia/article/meitner-lise Jewish Women Association/Lise Meitner]</li><br />
<li>[http://www.planet-science.com/categories/over-11s/science-celebrities/2010/09/lise-meitner-(1878-1968)-.aspx Planet Science/Lise Meitner]</li><br />
<li>[https://www.sdsc.edu/ScienceWomen/meitner.html San Diego Supercomputer Center/Women in Science-Lise Meitner]</li><br />
<br />
</ul><br />
<br />
[[Category:Notable Scientists]]</div>Opool3http://www.physicsbook.gatech.edu/index.php?title=Lise_Meitner&diff=10111Lise Meitner2015-12-03T14:59:16Z<p>Opool3: </p>
<hr />
<div>Created by Olivia Pool, PHYS 2211, Section N06<br />
<br />
[[File:LMpic.jpg|300px|thumb|Lise Meitner in her later years.]]<br />
Lise Meitner (1878-1968) was an Austrian physicist known for her work in radioactivity and nuclear fission. <br />
<br />
==Personal Life==<br />
===Early Life===<br />
Lise Meitner was born in Vienna, Austria, on November 7, 1878, as the third of eight children. After showing early excellence in mathematics, she received private tutoring, and her passion for learning continued to grow. Her father was a lawyer from Moravia and strongly supported equal education for his sons and daughters. Her mother's family had emigrated from Russia to Slovakia. Although they were Jews, the Meitners did not practice their religion, and most of the Meitner children converted to Catholicism. <br />
<br />
===Life in Academia===<br />
<br />
[[File:MeitnerHahn.jpg|300px|thumb|Meitner and Hahn hard at work.]]<br />
<br />
In 1901, Meitner entered the University of Vienna, studying physics under Ludwig Boltzmann. After becoming the second woman to receive a PhD in Physics from the University of Vienna in 1906, she moved to Berlin to study with Max Planck, a physicist. For nearly seven years, Meitner worked as Planck's unpaid Physics Department assistant and published work on radioactive properties. It was very uncommon for women to be working in the lab at this time, however Meitner's program allowed her to interact with chemists in addition to other physicists. At this time, she met Otto Hahn, a chemist she would collaborate with for over 30 years. In 1922, Meitner became a university lecturer while also continuing her research on radioactive properties.<br />
<br />
Even though she became a Protestant in 1908, Meitner was forced to leave Germany in 1938 after the rise of Adolf Hilter due to her Jewish heritage. She moved to Sweden where she worked at Manne Siegbahn's institute in Stockholm, but due to Siegbahn's prejudice again women in science, she received very little support. Hahn and Meitner were able to meet secretly in Sweden to continue their experiments. Their research was published in 1939 and provided evidence for nuclear fission, a discovery ultimately aided the Manhattan Project and the creation of the atomic bomb. <br />
<br />
In 1944, Hahn was awarded the Nobel Peace Prize for Chemistry because of the research, but Meitner was overlooked. Meitner was awarded the Enrico Fermi Award along with Hahn in 1966. However, the Nobel mistake was never acknowledged. <br />
<br />
In 1960, Meitner retired to Cambridge, England, before passing away on October 27, 1968. <br />
<br />
[[File:MeitnerGrave.jpg|300px|thumb|Lise Meitner's grave in Bramley,England.]]<br />
<br />
==Scientific Contributions==<br />
===Nuclear Fission===<br />
Meitner's experiments with Hahn provided evidence for nuclear fission and led to the creation of the atomic bomb.<br />
<br />
[[File:NuclearFission.jpg|300px|thumb|left|A representation of nuclear fission]]<br />
<br />
In 1934, a scientist by the name of Enrico Fermi discovered that he could produce radioactive isotopes by neutron bombardment. This inspired Meitner and Hahn to complete experiments with uranium alongside their assistant, Fritz Strassman. After bombarding uranium with neutrons, they expected to create radium, but discovered that their product was actually barium.<br />
<br />
Confused by the results, Meitner and Strassman took a walk in the woods to clear their minds, and soon discovered that the nucleus of the uranium atom was splitting. With the help of her nephew, Otto Frisch, Meitner used Bohr's "liquid drop" model of the nucleus as a basis for her calculations to confirm the splitting of the uranium nucleus. Meitner and Hahn named the process "nuclear fission." <br />
<br />
Nuclear fission is a process in which a nuclear splits into several smaller fragments that are equal to approximately half of the original mass. Two to three neutrons are also emitted in the process. About 0.1 percent of the original mass is converted into energy. Fission can happen spontaneously or by bombarding a nucleus with neutrons. Atomic weapons are created by harnessing the sudden release of energy produced by splitting the nuclei of an atom, usually either uranium-235 or plutonium-239.<br />
<br />
By the end of 1939, Meitner and Hahn's research had spread across America. In 1944, Albert Einstein used Meitner and Hahn's research to write a letter to President Franklin D. Roosevelt about the danger of atomic weapons. Meitner was recognized by President Harry Truman in 1945 at a dinner for the Women's Press Club and was also congratulated by Eleanor Roosevelt for being a strong woman in science. Meitner and Hahn's research was extremely important for the Manhattan project, in which the United States created an atomic bomb to drop on Japan and end World War II. Meitner became known as the "mother of the atomic bomb."<br />
<br />
Realizing the power of her work, Meitner soon began to oppose the use of nuclear fission in the creation of weapons. Although she understood the importance of her work, she did not support the amount of destruction atomic weapons cause. She became an activist against nuclear weapons in the later years of her life, and her gravestone reads "Lise Meitner: a physicist who never lost her humanity."<br />
<br />
==Other Information==<br />
===Fun Facts===<br />
<br />
<ul type="square"><br />
<li>Three of Meitner's sisters went on to earn PhD degrees, most likely due to their father's strong support of equal education for men and women.</li><br />
<li>In her first year of working with Otto Hahn, the pair had to work in a remodeled carpenter's shop because women were not officially allowed in the lab at the University of Berlin. At many labs they worked in, Meitner had to be registered as a guest under Hahn, even though everyone knew they were considered equal in the lab. </li><br />
<li>In 1918, Meitner discovered the element protactinium with Otto Hahn.</li><br />
<li>In 1992, element 109 was named Meitnerium in Meitner's honor.</li><br />
</ul><br />
<br />
==Connectedness==<br />
<br />
Lise Meitner inspires me because of her determination. Even when she faced adversity because of her gender, she found ways to continue her research and make important discoveries. Although it was unfortunate that she was not awarded the Nobel Prize, she did not let that stop her from following her passions. She realized the importance of her work but also did not want it to be used for evil. Currently, I am a chemical engineering major, which combines chemistry and physics among other things. I have a true passion for chemistry, but since taking Physics 2211 as well as hearing about scientists such as Meitner, I have taken a greater interest in physics. The topic of nuclear fission and radioactivity is especially interesting to me. Although this topic is more complicated than what we have learned in Physics 2211, an interesting problem could be created related to the collision of neutrons and the nucleus of the uranium atom. To solve this problem, we could use our knowledge of how collisions affect momentum and internal energy. <br />
<br />
Lise Meitner was an incredible scientist who didn't let societal norms prevent her from following her dreams. I hope that as I continue at Georgia Tech, I will have the same amount of enthusiasm about my work as Lise Meitner. <br />
<br />
===Further Resources===<br />
<br />
<ul type="square"><br />
<li>[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Ezbyg2iNdQs&feature=iv&src_vid=kHXMiYsFSrU&annotation_id=annotation_696116 A Video Explaining Nuclear Fission]</li><br />
<li>[http://www.ushistory.org/us/51f.asp More on the Manhattan Project]</li><br />
</ul><br />
<br />
==References==<br />
<br />
<ul type="square"><br />
<li>[http://www.atomicarchive.com/Bios/Meitner.shtml Atomic Archive/Lise Meitner]</li><br />
<li>[Atomic Heritage Foundation/Science Behind the Atom Bomb]</li><br />
<li>[http://www.chemheritage.org/discover/online-resources/chemistry-in-history/themes/atomic-and-nuclear-structure/hahn-meitner-strassman.aspx Chem Heritage/Otto Hahn, Lise Meitner, and Fritz Strassmann]</li><br />
<li>[http://jwa.org/encyclopedia/article/meitner-lise Jewish Women Association/Lise Meitner]</li><br />
<li>[http://www.planet-science.com/categories/over-11s/science-celebrities/2010/09/lise-meitner-(1878-1968)-.aspx Planet Science/Lise Meitner]</li><br />
<li>[https://www.sdsc.edu/ScienceWomen/meitner.html San Diego Supercomputer Center/Women in Science-Lise Meitner]</li><br />
<br />
</ul><br />
<br />
[[Category:Notable Scientists]]</div>Opool3http://www.physicsbook.gatech.edu/index.php?title=Lise_Meitner&diff=10110Lise Meitner2015-12-03T14:58:56Z<p>Opool3: </p>
<hr />
<div>Created by Olivia Pool, PHYS 2211, Section N06<br />
<br />
[[File:LMpic.jpg|300px|thumb|Lise Meitner in her later years.]]<br />
Lise Meitner (1878-1968) was an Austrian physicist known for her work in radioactivity and nuclear fission. <br />
<br />
==Personal Life==<br />
===Early Life===<br />
Lise Meitner was born in Vienna, Austria, on November 7, 1878, as the third of eight children. After showing early excellence in mathematics, she received private tutoring, and her passion for learning continued to grow. Her father was a lawyer from Moravia and strongly supported equal education for his sons and daughters. Her mother's family had emigrated from Russia to Slovakia. Although they were Jews, the Meitners did not practice their religion, and most of the Meitner children converted to Catholicism. <br />
<br />
===Life in Academia===<br />
<br />
[[File:MeitnerHahn.jpg|300px|thumb|Meitner and Hahn hard at work.]]<br />
<br />
In 1901, Meitner entered the University of Vienna, studying physics under Ludwig Boltzmann. After becoming the second woman to receive a PhD in Physics from the University of Vienna in 1906, she moved to Berlin to study with Max Planck, a physicist. For nearly seven years, Meitner worked as Planck's unpaid Physics Department assistant and published work on radioactive properties. It was very uncommon for women to be working in the lab at this time, however Meitner's program allowed her to interact with chemists in addition to other physicists. At this time, she met Otto Hahn, a chemist she would collaborate with for over 30 years. In 1922, Meitner became a university lecturer while also continuing her research on radioactive properties.<br />
<br />
Even though she became a Protestant in 1908, Meitner was forced to leave Germany in 1938 after the rise of Adolf Hilter due to her Jewish heritage. She moved to Sweden where she worked at Manne Siegbahn's institute in Stockholm, but due to Siegbahn's prejudice again women in science, she received very little support. Hahn and Meitner were able to meet secretly in Sweden to continue their experiments. Their research was published in 1939 and provided evidence for nuclear fission, a discovery ultimately aided the Manhattan Project and the creation of the atomic bomb. <br />
<br />
In 1944, Hahn was awarded the Nobel Peace Prize for Chemistry because of the research, but Meitner was overlooked. Meitner was awarded the Enrico Fermi Award along with Hahn in 1966. However, the Nobel mistake was never acknowledged. <br />
<br />
In 1960, Meitner retired to Cambridge, England, before passing away on October 27, 1968. <br />
<br />
[[File:MeitnerGrave.jpg|300px|thumb|Lise Meitner's grave in Bramley,England.]]<br />
<br />
==Scientific Contributions==<br />
===Nuclear Fission===<br />
Meitner's experiments with Hahn provided evidence for nuclear fission and led to the creation of the atomic bomb.<br />
<br />
[[File:NuclearFission.jpg|300px|thumb|left|A representation of nuclear fission]]<br />
<br />
In 1934, a scientist by the name of Enrico Fermi discovered that he could produce radioactive isotopes by neutron bombardment. This inspired Meitner and Hahn to complete experiments with uranium alongside their assistant, Fritz Strassman. After bombarding uranium with neutrons, they expected to create radium, but discovered that their product was actually barium.<br />
<br />
Confused by the results, Meitner and Strassman took a walk in the woods to clear their minds, and soon discovered that the nucleus of the uranium atom was splitting. With the help of her nephew, Otto Frisch, Meitner used Bohr's "liquid drop" model of the nucleus as a basis for her calculations to confirm the splitting of the uranium nucleus. Meitner and Hahn named the process "nuclear fission." <br />
<br />
Nuclear fission is a process in which a nuclear splits into several smaller fragments that are equal to approximately half of the original mass. Two to three neutrons are also emitted in the process. About 0.1 percent of the original mass is converted into energy. Fission can happen spontaneously or by bombarding a nucleus with neutrons. Atomic weapons are created by harnessing the sudden release of energy produced by splitting the nuclei of an atom, usually either uranium-235 or plutonium-239.<br />
<br />
By the end of 1939, Meitner and Hahn's research had spread across America. In 1944, Albert Einstein used Meitner and Hahn's research to write a letter to President Franklin D. Roosevelt about the danger of atomic weapons. Meitner was recognized by President Harry Truman in 1945 at a dinner for the Women's Press Club and was also congratulated by Eleanor Roosevelt for being a strong woman in science. Meitner and Hahn's research was extremely important for the Manhattan project, in which the United States created an atomic bomb to drop on Japan and end World War II. Meitner became known as the "mother of the atomic bomb."<br />
<br />
Realizing the power of her work, Meitner soon began to oppose the use of nuclear fission in the creation of weapons. Although she understood the importance of her work, she did not support the amount of destruction atomic weapons cause. She became an activist against nuclear weapons in the later years of her life, and her gravestone reads "Lise Meitner: a physicist who never lost her humanity."<br />
<br />
==Other Information==<br />
===Fun Facts===<br />
<br />
<ul type="square"><br />
<li>Three of Meitner's sisters went on to earn PhD degrees, most likely due to their father's strong support of equal education for men and women.</li><br />
<li>In her first year of working with Otto Hahn, the pair had to work in a remodeled carpenter's shop because women were not officially allowed in the lab at the University of Berlin. At many labs they worked in, Meitner had to be registered as a guest under Hahn, even though everyone knew they were considered equal in the lab. </li><br />
<li>In 1918, Meitner discovered the element protactinium with Otto Hahn.</li><br />
<li>In 1992, element 109 was named Meitnerium in Meitner's honor.</li><br />
</ul><br />
<br />
==Connectedness==<br />
<br />
Lise Meitner inspires me because of her determination. Even when she faced adversity because of her gender, she found ways to continue her research and make important discoveries. Although it was unfortunate that she was not awarded the Nobel Prize, she did not let that stop her from following her passions. She realized the importance of her work but also did not want it to be used for evil. Currently, I am a chemical engineering major, which combines chemistry and physics among other things. I have a true passion for chemistry, but since taking Physics 2211 as well as hearing about scientists such as Meitner, I have taken a greater interest in physics. The topic of nuclear fission and radioactivity is especially interesting to me. Although this topic is more complicated than what we have learned in Physics 2211, an interesting problem could be created related to the collision of neutrons and the nucleus of the uranium atom. To solve this problem, we could use our knowledge of how collisions affect momentum and internal energy. <br />
<br />
Lise Meitner was an incredible scientist who didn't let societal norms prevent her from following her dreams. I hope that as I continue at Georgia Tech, I will have the same amount of enthusiasm about my work as Lise Meitner. <br />
<br />
===Further Resources===<br />
<br />
<ul type="square"><br />
<li>[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Ezbyg2iNdQs&feature=iv&src_vid=kHXMiYsFSrU&annotation_id=annotation_696116 A Video Explaining Nuclear Fission]</li><br />
<li>[http://www.ushistory.org/us/51f.asp More on the Manhattan Project]</li><br />
</ul><br />
<br />
==References==<br />
<br />
<ul type="square"><br />
<li>[http://www.atomicarchive.com/Bios/Meitner.shtml Atomic Archive/Lise Meitner]</li><br />
<li> Atomic Heritage Foundation/Science Behind the Atom Bomb]</li><br />
<li>[http://www.chemheritage.org/discover/online-resources/chemistry-in-history/themes/atomic-and-nuclear-structure/hahn-meitner-strassman.aspx Chem Heritage/Otto Hahn, Lise Meitner, and Fritz Strassmann]</li><br />
<li>[http://jwa.org/encyclopedia/article/meitner-lise Jewish Women Association/Lise Meitner]</li><br />
<li>[http://www.planet-science.com/categories/over-11s/science-celebrities/2010/09/lise-meitner-(1878-1968)-.aspx Planet Science/Lise Meitner]</li><br />
<li>[https://www.sdsc.edu/ScienceWomen/meitner.html San Diego Supercomputer Center/Women in Science-Lise Meitner]</li><br />
<br />
</ul><br />
<br />
[[Category:Notable Scientists]]</div>Opool3http://www.physicsbook.gatech.edu/index.php?title=Lise_Meitner&diff=10109Lise Meitner2015-12-03T14:57:58Z<p>Opool3: </p>
<hr />
<div>Created by Olivia Pool, PHYS 2211, Section N06<br />
<br />
[[File:LMpic.jpg|300px|thumb|Lise Meitner in her later years.]]<br />
Lise Meitner (1878-1968) was an Austrian physicist known for her work in radioactivity and nuclear fission. <br />
<br />
==Personal Life==<br />
===Early Life===<br />
Lise Meitner was born in Vienna, Austria, on November 7, 1878, as the third of eight children. After showing early excellence in mathematics, she received private tutoring, and her passion for learning continued to grow. Her father was a lawyer from Moravia and strongly supported equal education for his sons and daughters. Her mother's family had emigrated from Russia to Slovakia. Although they were Jews, the Meitners did not practice their religion, and most of the Meitner children converted to Catholicism. <br />
<br />
===Life in Academia===<br />
<br />
[[File:MeitnerHahn.jpg|300px|thumb|Meitner and Hahn hard at work.]]<br />
<br />
In 1901, Meitner entered the University of Vienna, studying physics under Ludwig Boltzmann. After becoming the second woman to receive a PhD in Physics from the University of Vienna in 1906, she moved to Berlin to study with Max Planck, a physicist. For nearly seven years, Meitner worked as Planck's unpaid Physics Department assistant and published work on radioactive properties. It was very uncommon for women to be working in the lab at this time, however Meitner's program allowed her to interact with chemists in addition to other physicists. At this time, she met Otto Hahn, a chemist she would collaborate with for over 30 years. In 1922, Meitner became a university lecturer while also continuing her research on radioactive properties.<br />
<br />
Even though she became a Protestant in 1908, Meitner was forced to leave Germany in 1938 after the rise of Adolf Hilter due to her Jewish heritage. She moved to Sweden where she worked at Manne Siegbahn's institute in Stockholm, but due to Siegbahn's prejudice again women in science, she received very little support. Hahn and Meitner were able to meet secretly in Sweden to continue their experiments. Their research was published in 1939 and provided evidence for nuclear fission, a discovery ultimately aided the Manhattan Project and the creation of the atomic bomb. <br />
<br />
In 1944, Hahn was awarded the Nobel Peace Prize for Chemistry because of the research, but Meitner was overlooked. Meitner was awarded the Enrico Fermi Award along with Hahn in 1966. However, the Nobel mistake was never acknowledged. <br />
<br />
In 1960, Meitner retired to Cambridge, England, before passing away on October 27, 1968. <br />
<br />
[[File:MeitnerGrave.jpg|300px|thumb|Lise Meitner's grave in Bramley,England.]]<br />
<br />
==Scientific Contributions==<br />
===Nuclear Fission===<br />
Meitner's experiments with Hahn provided evidence for nuclear fission and led to the creation of the atomic bomb.<br />
<br />
[[File:NuclearFission.jpg|300px|thumb|left|A representation of nuclear fission]]<br />
<br />
In 1934, a scientist by the name of Enrico Fermi discovered that he could produce radioactive isotopes by neutron bombardment. This inspired Meitner and Hahn to complete experiments with uranium alongside their assistant, Fritz Strassman. After bombarding uranium with neutrons, they expected to create radium, but discovered that their product was actually barium.<br />
<br />
Confused by the results, Meitner and Strassman took a walk in the woods to clear their minds, and soon discovered that the nucleus of the uranium atom was splitting. With the help of her nephew, Otto Frisch, Meitner used Bohr's "liquid drop" model of the nucleus as a basis for her calculations to confirm the splitting of the uranium nucleus. Meitner and Hahn named the process "nuclear fission." <br />
<br />
Nuclear fission is a process in which a nuclear splits into several smaller fragments that are equal to approximately half of the original mass. Two to three neutrons are also emitted in the process. About 0.1 percent of the original mass is converted into energy. Fission can happen spontaneously or by bombarding a nucleus with neutrons. Atomic weapons are created by harnessing the sudden release of energy produced by splitting the nuclei of an atom, usually either uranium-235 or plutonium-239.<br />
<br />
By the end of 1939, Meitner and Hahn's research had spread across America. In 1944, Albert Einstein used Meitner and Hahn's research to write a letter to President Franklin D. Roosevelt about the danger of atomic weapons. Meitner was recognized by President Harry Truman in 1945 at a dinner for the Women's Press Club and was also congratulated by Eleanor Roosevelt for being a strong woman in science. Meitner and Hahn's research was extremely important for the Manhattan project, in which the United States created an atomic bomb to drop on Japan and end World War II. Meitner became known as the "mother of the atomic bomb."<br />
<br />
Realizing the power of her work, Meitner soon began to oppose the use of nuclear fission in the creation of weapons. Although she understood the importance of her work, she did not support the amount of destruction atomic weapons cause. She became an activist against nuclear weapons in the later years of her life, and her gravestone reads "Lise Meitner: a physicist who never lost her humanity."<br />
<br />
==Other Information==<br />
===Fun Facts===<br />
<br />
<ul type="square"><br />
<li>Three of Meitner's sisters went on to earn PhD degrees, most likely due to their father's strong support of equal education for men and women.</li><br />
<li>In her first year of working with Otto Hahn, the pair had to work in a remodeled carpenter's shop because women were not officially allowed in the lab at the University of Berlin. At many labs they worked in, Meitner had to be registered as a guest under Hahn, even though everyone knew they were considered equal in the lab. </li><br />
<li>In 1918, Meitner discovered the element protactinium with Otto Hahn.</li><br />
<li>In 1992, element 109 was named Meitnerium in Meitner's honor.</li><br />
</ul><br />
<br />
==Connectedness==<br />
<br />
Lise Meitner inspires me because of her determination. Even when she faced adversity because of her gender, she found ways to continue her research and make important discoveries. Although it was unfortunate that she was not awarded the Nobel Prize, she did not let that stop her from following her passions. She realized the importance of her work but also did not want it to be used for evil. Currently, I am a chemical engineering major, which combines chemistry and physics among other things. I have a true passion for chemistry, but since taking Physics 2211 as well as hearing about scientists such as Meitner, I have taken a greater interest in physics. The topic of nuclear fission and radioactivity is especially interesting to me. Although this topic is more complicated than what we have learned in Physics 2211, an interesting problem could be created related to the collision of neutrons and the nucleus of the uranium atom. To solve this problem, we could use our knowledge of how collisions affect momentum and internal energy. <br />
<br />
Lise Meitner was an incredible scientist who didn't let societal norms prevent her from following her dreams. I hope that as I continue at Georgia Tech, I will have the same amount of enthusiasm about my work as Lise Meitner. <br />
<br />
===Further Resources===<br />
<br />
<ul type="square"><br />
<li>[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Ezbyg2iNdQs&feature=iv&src_vid=kHXMiYsFSrU&annotation_id=annotation_696116 A Video Explaining Nuclear Fission]</li><br />
<li>[http://www.ushistory.org/us/51f.asp More on the Manhattan Project]</li><br />
</ul><br />
<br />
==References==<br />
<br />
<ul type="square"><br />
<li>[http://www.atomicarchive.com/Bios/Meitner.shtml Atomic Archive/Lise Meitner]</li><br />
<li>[<li>[http://www.atomicarchive.com/Bios/Meitner.shtml Atomic Archive/Lise Meitner]</li> Atomic Heritage Foundation/Science Behind the Atom Bomb]</li><br />
<li>[http://www.chemheritage.org/discover/online-resources/chemistry-in-history/themes/atomic-and-nuclear-structure/hahn-meitner-strassman.aspx Chem Heritage/Otto Hahn, Lise Meitner, and Fritz Strassmann]</li><br />
<li>[http://jwa.org/encyclopedia/article/meitner-lise Jewish Women Association/Lise Meitner]</li><br />
<li>[http://www.planet-science.com/categories/over-11s/science-celebrities/2010/09/lise-meitner-(1878-1968)-.aspx Planet Science/Lise Meitner]</li><br />
<li>[https://www.sdsc.edu/ScienceWomen/meitner.html San Diego Supercomputer Center/Women in Science-Lise Meitner]</li><br />
<br />
</ul><br />
<br />
[[Category:Notable Scientists]]</div>Opool3http://www.physicsbook.gatech.edu/index.php?title=Lise_Meitner&diff=9829Lise Meitner2015-12-03T06:21:52Z<p>Opool3: </p>
<hr />
<div>Created by Olivia Pool, PHYS 2211, Section N06<br />
<br />
[[File:LMpic.jpg|300px|thumb|Lise Meitner in her later years.]]<br />
Lise Meitner (1878-1968) was an Austrian physicist known for her work in radioactivity and nuclear fission. <br />
<br />
==Personal Life==<br />
===Early Life===<br />
Lise Meitner was born in Vienna, Austria, on November 7, 1878, as the third of eight children. After showing early excellence in mathematics, she received private tutoring, and her passion for learning continued to grow. Her father was a lawyer from Moravia and strongly supported equal education for his sons and daughters. Her mother's family had emigrated from Russia to Slovakia. Although they were Jews, the Meitners did not practice their religion, and most of the Meitner children converted to Catholicism. <br />
<br />
===Life in Academia===<br />
<br />
[[File:MeitnerHahn.jpg|300px|thumb|Meitner and Hahn hard at work.]]<br />
<br />
In 1901, Meitner entered the University of Vienna, studying physics under Ludwig Boltzmann. After becoming the second woman to receive a PhD in Physics from the University of Vienna in 1906, she moved to Berlin to study with Max Planck, a physicist. For nearly seven years, Meitner worked as Planck's unpaid Physics Department assistant and published work on radioactive properties. It was very uncommon for women to be working in the lab at this time, however Meitner's program allowed her to interact with chemists in addition to other physicists. At this time, she met Otto Hahn, a chemist she would collaborate with for over 30 years. In 1922, Meitner became a university lecturer while also continuing her research on radioactive properties.<br />
<br />
Even though she became a Protestant in 1908, Meitner was forced to leave Germany in 1938 after the rise of Adolf Hilter due to her Jewish heritage. She moved to Sweden where she worked at Manne Siegbahn's institute in Stockholm, but due to Siegbahn's prejudice again women in science, she received very little support. Hahn and Meitner were able to meet secretly in Sweden to continue their experiments. Their research was published in 1939 and provided evidence for nuclear fission, a discovery ultimately aided the Manhattan Project and the creation of the atomic bomb. <br />
<br />
In 1944, Hahn was awarded the Nobel Peace Prize for Chemistry because of the research, but Meitner was overlooked. Meitner was awarded the Enrico Fermi Award along with Hahn in 1966. However, the Nobel mistake was never acknowledged. <br />
<br />
In 1960, Meitner retired to Cambridge, England, before passing away on October 27, 1968. <br />
<br />
[[File:MeitnerGrave.jpg|300px|thumb|Lise Meitner's grave in Bramley,England.]]<br />
<br />
==Scientific Contributions==<br />
===Nuclear Fission===<br />
Meitner's experiments with Hahn provided evidence for nuclear fission and led to the creation of the atomic bomb.<br />
<br />
[[File:NuclearFission.jpg|300px|thumb|left|A representation of nuclear fission]]<br />
<br />
In 1934, a scientist by the name of Enrico Fermi discovered that he could produce radioactive isotopes by neutron bombardment. This inspired Meitner and Hahn to complete experiments with uranium alongside their assistant, Fritz Strassman. After bombarding uranium with neutrons, they expected to create radium, but discovered that their product was actually barium.<br />
<br />
Confused by the results, Meitner and Strassman took a walk in the woods to clear their minds, and soon discovered that the nucleus of the uranium atom was splitting. With the help of her nephew, Otto Frisch, Meitner used Bohr's "liquid drop" model of the nucleus as a basis for her calculations to confirm the splitting of the uranium nucleus. Meitner and Hahn named the process "nuclear fission." <br />
<br />
By the end of 1939, Meitner and Hahn's research had spread across America. In 1944, Albert Einstein used Meitner and Hahn's research to write a letter to President Franklin D. Roosevelt about the danger of atomic weapons. Meitner was recognized by President Harry Truman in 1945 at a dinner for the Women's Press Club and was also congratulated by Eleanor Roosevelt for being a strong woman in science. Meitner and Hahn's research was extremely important for the Manhattan project, in which the United States created an atomic bomb to drop on Japan and end World War II. Meitner became known as the "mother of the atomic bomb."<br />
<br />
Realizing the power of her work, Meitner soon began to oppose the use of nuclear fission in the creation of weapons. Although she understood the importance of her work, she did not support the amount of destruction atomic weapons cause. She became an activist against nuclear weapons in the later years of her life, and her gravestone reads "Lise Meitner: a physicist who never lost her humanity."<br />
<br />
==Other Information==<br />
===Fun Facts===<br />
<br />
<ul type="square"><br />
<li>Three of Meitner's sisters went on to earn PhD degrees, most likely due to their father's strong support of equal education for men and women.</li><br />
<li>In her first year of working with Otto Hahn, the pair had to work in a remodeled carpenter's shop because women were not officially allowed in the lab at the University of Berlin. At many labs they worked in, Meitner had to be registered as a guest under Hahn, even though everyone knew they were considered equal in the lab. </li><br />
<li>In 1918, Meitner discovered the element protactinium with Otto Hahn.</li><br />
<li>In 1992, element 109 was named Meitnerium in Meitner's honor.</li><br />
</ul><br />
<br />
==Connectedness==<br />
<br />
Lise Meitner inspires me because of her determination. Even when she faced adversity because of her gender, she found ways to continue her research and make important discoveries. Although it was unfortunate that she was not awarded the Nobel Prize, she did not let that stop her from following her passions. She realized the importance of her work but also did not want it to be used for evil. Currently, I am a chemical engineering major, which combines chemistry and physics among other things. I have a true passion for chemistry, but since taking Physics 2211 as well as hearing about scientists such as Meitner, I have taken a greater interest in physics. The topic of nuclear fission and radioactivity is especially interesting to me. Although this topic is more complicated than what we have learned in Physics 2211, an interesting problem could be created related to the collision of neutrons and the nucleus of the uranium atom. To solve this problem, we could use our knowledge of how collisions affect momentum and internal energy. <br />
<br />
Lise Meitner was an incredible scientist who didn't let societal norms prevent her from following her dreams. I hope that as I continue at Georgia Tech, I will have the same amount of enthusiasm about my work as Lise Meitner. <br />
<br />
===Further Resources===<br />
<br />
<ul type="square"><br />
<li>[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Ezbyg2iNdQs&feature=iv&src_vid=kHXMiYsFSrU&annotation_id=annotation_696116 A Video Explaining Nuclear Fission]</li><br />
<li>[http://www.ushistory.org/us/51f.asp More on the Manhattan Project]</li><br />
</ul><br />
<br />
==References==<br />
<br />
<ul type="square"><br />
<li>[http://www.atomicarchive.com/Bios/Meitner.shtml Atomic Archive/Lise Meitner]</li><br />
<li>[http://www.chemheritage.org/discover/online-resources/chemistry-in-history/themes/atomic-and-nuclear-structure/hahn-meitner-strassman.aspx Chem Heritage/Otto Hahn, Lise Meitner, and Fritz Strassmann]</li><br />
<li>[http://jwa.org/encyclopedia/article/meitner-lise Jewish Women Association/Lise Meitner]</li><br />
<li>[http://www.planet-science.com/categories/over-11s/science-celebrities/2010/09/lise-meitner-(1878-1968)-.aspx Planet Science/Lise Meitner]</li><br />
<li>[https://www.sdsc.edu/ScienceWomen/meitner.html San Diego Supercomputer Center/Women in Science-Lise Meitner]</li><br />
<br />
</ul><br />
<br />
[[Category:Notable Scientists]]</div>Opool3http://www.physicsbook.gatech.edu/index.php?title=Lise_Meitner&diff=9824Lise Meitner2015-12-03T06:17:00Z<p>Opool3: </p>
<hr />
<div>Created by Olivia Pool, PHYS 2211, Section N06<br />
<br />
[[File:LMpic.jpg|300px|thumb|Lise Meitner in her later years.]]<br />
Lise Meitner (1878-1968) was an Austrian physicist known for her work in radioactivity and nuclear fission. <br />
<br />
==Personal Life==<br />
===Early Life===<br />
Lise Meitner was born in Vienna, Austria, on November 7, 1878, as the third of eight children. After showing early excellence in mathematics, Lise Meitner received private tutoring, and her passion for learning continued to grow. Her father was a lawyer from Moravia and strongly supported equal education for his sons and daughters. Her mother's family had emigrated from Russia to Slovakia. Although they were Jews, the Meitners did not practice their religion, and most of the Meitner children converted to Catholicism. <br />
<br />
===Life in Academia===<br />
<br />
[[File:MeitnerHahn.jpg|300px|thumb|Meitner and Hahn hard at work.]]<br />
<br />
In 1901, Meitner entered the University of Vienna, studying physics under Ludwig Boltzmann. After becoming the second woman to receive a PhD in Physics from the University of Vienna in 1906, she moved to Berlin to study with Max Planck, a physicist. For nearly seven years, Meitner worked as Planck's unpaid Physics Department assistant and published work on radioactive properties. It was very uncommon for women to be working in the lab at this time, however Meitner's program allowed her to interact with chemists in addition to other physicists. At this time, she met Otto Hahn, a chemist she would collaborate with for over 30 years. In 1922, Meitner became a university lecturer while also continuing her research on radioactive properties.<br />
<br />
Even though she became a Protestant in 1908, Meitner was forced to leave Germany in 1938 after the rise of Adolf Hilter due to her Jewish heritage. She moved to Sweden where she worked at Manne Siegbahn's institute in Stockholm, but due to Siegbahn's prejudice again women in science, she received very little support. Hahn and Meitner were able to meet secretly in Sweden to continue their experiments. Their research was published in 1939 and provided evidence for nuclear fission, a discovery ultimately aided the Manhattan Project and the creation of the atomic bomb. <br />
<br />
In 1944, Hahn was awarded the Nobel Peace Prize for Chemistry because of the research, but Meitner was overlooked. Meitner was awarded the Enrico Fermi Award along with Hahn in 1966. However, the Nobel mistake was never acknowledged. <br />
<br />
In 1960, Meitner retired to Cambridge, England, before passing away on October 27, 1968. <br />
<br />
[[File:MeitnerGrave.jpg|300px|thumb|Lise Meitner's grave in Bramley,England.]]<br />
<br />
==Scientific Contributions==<br />
===Nuclear Fission===<br />
Meitner's experiments with Hahn provided evidence for nuclear fission and led to the creation of the atomic bomb.<br />
<br />
[[File:NuclearFission.jpg|300px|thumb|left|A representation of nuclear fission]]<br />
<br />
In 1934, a scientist by the name of Enrico Fermi discovered that he could produce radioactive isotopes by neutron bombardment. This inspired Meitner and Hahn to complete experiments with uranium alongside their assistant, Fritz Strassman. After bombarding uranium with neutrons, they expected to create radium, but discovered that their product was actually barium.<br />
<br />
Confused by the results, Meitner and Strassman took a walk in the woods to clear their minds, and soon discovered that the nucleus of the uranium atom was splitting. With the help of her nephew, Otto Frisch, Meitner used Bohr's "liquid drop" model of the nucleus as a basis for her calculations to confirm the splitting of the uranium nucleus. Meitner and Hahn named the process "nuclear fission." <br />
<br />
By the end of 1939, Meitner and Hahn's research had spread across America. In 1944, Albert Einstein used Meitner and Hahn's research to write a letter to President Franklin D. Roosevelt about the danger of atomic weapons. Meitner was recognized by President Harry Truman in 1945 at a dinner for the Women's Press Club and was also congratulated by Eleanor Roosevelt for being a strong woman in science. Meitner and Hahn's research was extremely important for the Manhattan project, in which the United States created an atomic bomb to drop on Japan and end World War II. Meitner became known as the "mother of the atomic bomb."<br />
<br />
Realizing the power of her work, Meitner soon began to oppose the use of nuclear fission in the creation of weapons. Although she understood the importance of her work, she did not support the amount of destruction atomic weapons cause. She became an activist against nuclear weapons in the later years of her life, and her gravestone reads "Lise Meitner: a physicist who never lost her humanity."<br />
<br />
==Other Information==<br />
===Fun Facts===<br />
<br />
<ul type="square"><br />
<li>Three of Meitner's sisters went on to earn PhD degrees, most likely due to their father's strong support of equal education for men and women.</li><br />
<li>In her first year of working with Otto Hahn, the pair had to work in a remodeled carpenter's shop because women were not officially allowed in the lab at the University of Berlin. At many labs they worked in, Meitner had to be registered as a guest under Hahn, even though everyone knew they were considered equal in the lab. </li><br />
<li>In 1918, Meitner discovered the element protactinium with Otto Hahn.</li><br />
<li>In 1992, element 109 was named Meitnerium in Meitner's honor.</li><br />
</ul><br />
<br />
==Connectedness==<br />
<br />
Lise Meitner inspires me because of her determination. Even when she faced adversity because of her gender, she found ways to continue her research and make important discoveries. Although it was unfortunate that she was not awarded the Nobel Prize, she did not let that stop her from following her passions. She realized the importance of her work but also did not want it to be used for evil. Currently, I am a chemical engineering major, which combines chemistry and physics among other things. I have a true passion for chemistry, but since taking Physics 2211 as well as hearing about scientists such as Meitner, I have taken a greater interest in physics. The topic of nuclear fission and radioactivity is especially interesting to me. Although this topic is more complicated than what we have learned in Physics 2211, an interesting problem could be created related to the collision of neutrons and the nucleus of the uranium atom. To solve this problem, we could use our knowledge of how collisions affect momentum and internal energy. <br />
<br />
Lise Meitner was an incredible scientist who didn't let societal norms prevent her from following her dreams. I hope that as I continue at Georgia Tech, I will have the same amount of enthusiasm about my work as Lise Meitner. <br />
<br />
===Further Resources===<br />
<br />
<ul type="square"><br />
<li>[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Ezbyg2iNdQs&feature=iv&src_vid=kHXMiYsFSrU&annotation_id=annotation_696116 A Video Explaining Nuclear Fission]</li><br />
<li>[http://www.ushistory.org/us/51f.asp More on the Manhattan Project]</li><br />
</ul><br />
<br />
==References==<br />
<br />
<ul type="square"><br />
<li>[http://www.atomicarchive.com/Bios/Meitner.shtml Atomic Archive/Lise Meitner]</li><br />
<li>[http://www.chemheritage.org/discover/online-resources/chemistry-in-history/themes/atomic-and-nuclear-structure/hahn-meitner-strassman.aspx Chem Heritage/Otto Hahn, Lise Meitner, and Fritz Strassmann]</li><br />
<li>[http://jwa.org/encyclopedia/article/meitner-lise Jewish Women Association/Lise Meitner]</li><br />
<li>[http://www.planet-science.com/categories/over-11s/science-celebrities/2010/09/lise-meitner-(1878-1968)-.aspx Planet Science/Lise Meitner]</li><br />
<li>[https://www.sdsc.edu/ScienceWomen/meitner.html San Diego Supercomputer Center/Women in Science-Lise Meitner]</li><br />
<br />
</ul><br />
<br />
[[Category:Notable Scientists]]</div>Opool3http://www.physicsbook.gatech.edu/index.php?title=Lise_Meitner&diff=9762Lise Meitner2015-12-03T05:59:00Z<p>Opool3: </p>
<hr />
<div>Created by Olivia Pool, PHYS 2211, Section N06<br />
<br />
[[File:LMpic.jpg|300px|thumb|Lise Meitner in her later years.]]<br />
Lise Meitner (1878-1968) was an Austrian physicist known for her work in radioactivity and nuclear fission. <br />
<br />
==Personal Life==<br />
===Early Life===<br />
Lise Meitner was born in Vienna, Austria, on November 7, 1878, as the third of eight children. Her father was a lawyer from Moravia and strongly supported equal education for his sons and his daughters. Her mother's family had emigrated from Russia to Slovakia. Although they were Jews, the Meitners did not practice their religion, and most of the Meitner children converted to Catholicism. After showing early excellence in mathematics, Lise Meitner received private tutoring, and her passion for learning continued to grow.<br />
<br />
===Life in Academia===<br />
<br />
[[File:MeitnerHahn.jpg|300px|thumb|Meitner and Hahn hard at work.]]<br />
<br />
In 1901, Meitner entered the University of Vienna, studying physics under Ludwig Boltzmann. After becoming the second woman to receive a PhD in Physics from the University of Vienna in 1906, she moved to Berlin to study with Max Planck, a physicist. For nearly seven years, Meitner worked as Planck's unpaid Physics Department assistant and published work on radioactive properties. It was very uncommon for women to be working in the lab at this time, however Meitner's program allowed her to collaborate with chemists in addition to other physicists. At this time, she met Otto Hahn, a chemist she would collaborate with for over 30 years. In 1922, Meitner became a university lecturer while also continuing her research on radioactive properties.<br />
<br />
Even though she became a Protestant in 1908, Meitner forced to leave Germany in 1938 and head to Sweden due to her Jewish heritage and the rise of Adolf Hitler. In Sweden she worked at Manne Siegbahn's institute in Stockholm, but due to Siegbahn's prejudice again women in science, she received very little support. Hahn and Meitner were able to meet secretly in Sweden to continue their experiments. Their research was published in 1939 and provided evidence for nuclear fission, a discovery ultimately led to the Manhattan Project and the creation of the atomic bomb. <br />
<br />
In 1944, Hahn was awarded the Nobel Peace Prize for Chemistry because of the research, but Meitner was overlooked. Meitner was awarded the Enrico Fermi Award along with Hahn in 1966. However, the Nobel mistake was never acknowledged. <br />
<br />
In 1960, Meitner retired to Cambridge, England, before passing away on October 27, 1968. <br />
<br />
[[File:MeitnerGrave.jpg|300px|thumb|Lise Meitner's grave in Bramley,England.]]<br />
<br />
==Scientific Contributions==<br />
===Nuclear Fission===<br />
Meitner's experiments with Hahn provided evidence for nuclear fission and led to the creation of the atomic bomb.<br />
<br />
[[File:NuclearFission.jpg|300px|thumb|left|A representation of nuclear fission]]<br />
<br />
In 1934, a scientist by the name of Enrico Fermi discovered that he could produce radioactive isotopes by neutron bombardment using uranium. This inspired Meitner and Hahn to continue experiments with uranium alongside their assistant, Fritz Strassman. After further tests on uranium, they believed they created radium as a product, but it was soon discovered to be barium.<br />
<br />
Confused by the results, Meitner and Strassman took a walk in the woods to clear their minds, and soon discovered that the nucleus of the uranium atom was splitting. With the help of her nephew, Otto Frisch, Meitner used Bohr's "liquid drop" model of the nucleus as a basis for her calculations to confirm the splitting of the uranium nucleus. Meitner and Hahn named the process "nuclear fission." <br />
<br />
By the end of 1939, Meitner and Hahn's research had spread across America. In 1944, Albert Einstein used Meitner and Hahn's research to write a letter to President Franklin D. Roosevelt about the danger of atomic weapons. Meitner was recognized by President Harry Truman in 1945 at a dinner for the Women's Press Club and was also congratulated by Eleanor Roosevelt for being a strong woman in science. Meitner and Hahn's research was extremely important for the Manhattan project, in which the United States created an atomic bomb to drop on Japan and end World War II. Meitner became known as the "mother of the atomic bomb."<br />
<br />
Realizing the power of her work, Meitner soon began to oppose the use of nuclear fission in the creation of weapons. Although she understood the importance of her work, she did not support the amount of destruction atomic weapons cause. She became an activist against nuclear weapons in the later years of her life. Her gravestone reads "Lise Meitner: a physicist who never lost her humanity."<br />
<br />
==Other Information==<br />
===Fun Facts===<br />
<br />
<ul type="square"><br />
<li>Three of Meitner's sisters went on to earn PhD degrees, most likely due to their father's strong support of equal education for men and women.</li><br />
<li>In her first year of working with Otto Hahn, the pair had to work in a remodeled carpenter's shop because women were not officially allowed in the lab at the University of Berlin. At many labs they worked in, Meitner had to be registered as a guest under Hahn, even though everyone knew they were considered equal in the lab. </li><br />
<li>In 1918, Meitner discovered the element protactinium with Otto Hahn.</li><br />
<li>In 1992, element 109 was named Meitnerium in Lise Meitner's honor.</li><br />
</ul><br />
<br />
==Connectedness==<br />
<br />
Lise Meitner inspires me because of her determination. Even when she faced adversity because of her gender, she found ways to continue her research and make important discoveries. Although it was unfortunate that she was not awarded the Nobel Prize, she did not let that stop her from following her passions. She realized the importance of her work but also did not want it to be used for evil. Currently, I am a chemical engineering major, which combines chemistry and physics among other things. I have a true passion for chemistry, but taking Physics 2211 as well as hearing about scientists such as Meitner, I have taken a greater interest in physics. I hope that as I continue at Georgia Tech, I will have the same amount of enthusiasm about my work as Lise Meitner. <br />
<br />
===Further Resources===<br />
<br />
<ul type="square"><br />
<li>[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Ezbyg2iNdQs&feature=iv&src_vid=kHXMiYsFSrU&annotation_id=annotation_696116 A Video Explaining Nuclear Fission]</li><br />
<li>[http://www.ushistory.org/us/51f.asp More on the Manhattan Project]</li><br />
</ul><br />
<br />
==References==<br />
<br />
<ul type="square"><br />
<li>[http://www.atomicarchive.com/Bios/Meitner.shtml Atomic Archive/Lise Meitner]</li><br />
<li>[http://www.chemheritage.org/discover/online-resources/chemistry-in-history/themes/atomic-and-nuclear-structure/hahn-meitner-strassman.aspx Chem Heritage/Otto Hahn, Lise Meitner, and Fritz Strassmann]</li><br />
<li>[http://jwa.org/encyclopedia/article/meitner-lise Jewish Women Association/Lise Meitner]</li><br />
<li>[http://www.planet-science.com/categories/over-11s/science-celebrities/2010/09/lise-meitner-(1878-1968)-.aspx Planet Science/Lise Meitner]</li><br />
<li>[https://www.sdsc.edu/ScienceWomen/meitner.html San Diego Supercomputer Center/Women in Science-Lise Meitner]</li><br />
<br />
</ul><br />
<br />
[[Category:Notable Scientists]]</div>Opool3http://www.physicsbook.gatech.edu/index.php?title=Lise_Meitner&diff=9734Lise Meitner2015-12-03T05:51:23Z<p>Opool3: </p>
<hr />
<div>Created and in Progress by Olivia Pool, PHYS 2211, Section N06<br />
<br />
[[File:LMpic.jpg|300px|thumb|Lise Meitner in her later years.]]<br />
Lise Meitner (1878-1968) was an Austrian physicist known for her work in radioactivity and nuclear fission. <br />
<br />
==Personal Life==<br />
===Early Life===<br />
Lise Meitner was born in Vienna, Austria, on November 7, 1878, as the third of eight children. Her father was a lawyer from Moravia and strongly supported equal education for his sons and his daughters. Her mother's family had emigrated from Russia to Slovakia. Although they were Jews, the Meitners did not practice their religion, and most of the Meitner children converted to Catholicism. After showing early excellence in mathematics, Lise Meitner received private tutoring, and her passion for learning continued to grow.<br />
<br />
===Life in Academia===<br />
<br />
[[File:MeitnerHahn.jpg|300px|thumb|Meitner and Hahn hard at work.]]<br />
<br />
In 1901, Meitner entered the University of Vienna, studying physics under Ludwig Boltzmann. After becoming the second woman to receive a PhD in Physics from the University of Vienna in 1906, she moved to Berlin to study with Max Planck, a physicist. For nearly seven years, Meitner worked as Planck's unpaid Physics Department assistant and published work on radioactive properties. It was very uncommon for women to be working in the lab at this time, however Meitner's program allowed her to collaborate with chemists in addition to other physicists. At this time, she met Otto Hahn, a chemist she would collaborate with for over 30 years. In 1922, Meitner became a university lecturer while also continuing her research on radioactive properties.<br />
<br />
Even though she became a Protestant in 1908, Meitner forced to leave Germany in 1938 and head to Sweden due to her Jewish heritage and the rise of Adolf Hitler. In Sweden she worked at Manne Siegbahn's institute in Stockholm, but due to Siegbahn's prejudice again women in science, she received very little support. Hahn and Meitner were able to meet secretly in Sweden to continue their experiments. Their research was published in 1939 and provided evidence for nuclear fission, a discovery ultimately led to the Manhattan Project and the creation of the atomic bomb. <br />
<br />
In 1944, Hahn was awarded the Nobel Peace Prize for Chemistry because of the research, but Meitner was overlooked. Meitner was awarded the Enrico Fermi Award along with Hahn in 1966. However, the Nobel mistake was never acknowledged. <br />
<br />
In 1960, Meitner retired to Cambridge, England, before passing away on October 27, 1968. <br />
<br />
[[File:MeitnerGrave.jpg|300px|thumb|Lise Meitner's grave in Bramley,England.]]<br />
<br />
==Scientific Contributions==<br />
===Nuclear Fission===<br />
Meitner's experiments with Hahn provided evidence for nuclear fission and led to the creation of the atomic bomb.<br />
<br />
[[File:NuclearFission.jpg|300px|thumb|left|A representation of nuclear fission]]<br />
<br />
In 1934, a scientist by the name of Enrico Fermi discovered that he could produce radioactive isotopes by neutron bombardment using uranium. This inspired Meitner and Hahn to continue experiments with uranium alongside their assistant, Fritz Strassman. After further tests on uranium, they believed they created radium as a product, but it was soon discovered to be barium.<br />
<br />
Confused by the results, Meitner and Strassman took a walk in the woods to clear their minds, and soon discovered that the nucleus of the uranium atom was splitting. With the help of her nephew, Otto Frisch, Meitner used Bohr's "liquid drop" model of the nucleus as a basis for her calculations to confirm the splitting of the uranium nucleus. Meitner and Hahn named the process "nuclear fission." <br />
<br />
By the end of 1939, Meitner and Hahn's research had spread across America. In 1944, Albert Einstein used Meitner and Hahn's research to write a letter to President Franklin D. Roosevelt about the danger of atomic weapons. Meitner was recognized by President Harry Truman in 1945 at a dinner for the Women's Press Club and was also congratulated by Eleanor Roosevelt for being a strong woman in science. Meitner and Hahn's research was extremely important for the Manhattan project, in which the United States created an atomic bomb to drop on Japan and end World War II. Meitner became known as the "mother of the atomic bomb."<br />
<br />
Realizing the power of her work, Meitner soon began to oppose the use of nuclear fission in the creation of weapons. Although she understood the importance of her work, she did not support the amount of destruction atomic weapons cause. Her gravestone reads "Lise Meitner: a physicist who never lost her humanity."<br />
<br />
==Other Information==<br />
===Fun Facts===<br />
<br />
<ul type="square"><br />
<li>Three of Meitner's sisters went on to earn PhD degrees, most likely due to their father's strong support of equal education for men and women.</li><br />
<li>In her first year of working with Otto Hahn, the pair had to work in a remodeled carpenter's shop because women were not officially allowed in the lab at the University of Berlin. At many labs they worked in, Meitner had to be registered as a guest under Hahn, even though everyone knew they were considered equal in the lab. </li><br />
<li>In 1918, Meitner discovered the element protactinium with Otto Hahn.</li><br />
<li>In 1992, element 109 was named Meitnerium in Lise Meitner's honor.</li><br />
</ul><br />
<br />
==Connectedness==<br />
<br />
#How is this topic connected to something that you are interested in?<br />
#How is it connected to your major?<br />
#Is there an interesting industrial application?<br />
<br />
<br />
===Further Resources===<br />
<br />
<ul type="square"><br />
<li>[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Ezbyg2iNdQs&feature=iv&src_vid=kHXMiYsFSrU&annotation_id=annotation_696116 A Video Explaining Nuclear Fission]</li><br />
<li>[http://www.ushistory.org/us/51f.asp More on the Manhattan Project]</li><br />
</ul><br />
<br />
==References==<br />
<br />
<ul type="square"><br />
<li>[http://www.atomicarchive.com/Bios/Meitner.shtml Atomic Archive/Lise Meitner]</li><br />
<li>[http://www.chemheritage.org/discover/online-resources/chemistry-in-history/themes/atomic-and-nuclear-structure/hahn-meitner-strassman.aspx Chem Heritage/Otto Hahn, Lise Meitner, and Fritz Strassmann]</li><br />
<li>[http://jwa.org/encyclopedia/article/meitner-lise Jewish Women Association/Lise Meitner]</li><br />
<li>[http://www.planet-science.com/categories/over-11s/science-celebrities/2010/09/lise-meitner-(1878-1968)-.aspx Planet Science/Lise Meitner]</li><br />
<li>[https://www.sdsc.edu/ScienceWomen/meitner.html San Diego Supercomputer Center/Women in Science-Lise Meitner]</li><br />
<br />
</ul><br />
<br />
[[Category:Notable Scientists]]</div>Opool3http://www.physicsbook.gatech.edu/index.php?title=Lise_Meitner&diff=9733Lise Meitner2015-12-03T05:50:57Z<p>Opool3: </p>
<hr />
<div>Created and in Progress by Olivia Pool, PHYS 2211, Section N06<br />
<br />
[[File:LMpic.jpg|300px|thumb|Lise Meitner in her later years.]]<br />
Lise Meitner (1878-1968) was an Austrian physicist known for her work in radioactivity and nuclear fission. <br />
<br />
==Personal Life==<br />
===Early Life===<br />
Lise Meitner was born in Vienna, Austria, on November 7, 1878, as the third of eight children. Her father was a lawyer from Moravia and strongly supported equal education for his sons and his daughters. Her mother's family had emigrated from Russia to Slovakia. Although they were Jews, the Meitners did not practice their religion, and most of the Meitner children converted to Catholicism. After showing early excellence in mathematics, Lise Meitner received private tutoring, and her passion for learning continued to grow.<br />
<br />
===Life in Academia===<br />
<br />
[[File:MeitnerHahn.jpg|300px|thumb|Meitner and Hahn hard at work.]]<br />
<br />
In 1901, Meitner entered the University of Vienna, studying physics under Ludwig Boltzmann. After becoming the second woman to receive a PhD in Physics from the University of Vienna in 1906, she moved to Berlin to study with Max Planck, a physicist. For nearly seven years, Meitner worked as Planck's unpaid Physics Department assistant and published work on radioactive properties. It was very uncommon for women to be working in the lab at this time, however Meitner's program allowed her to collaborate with chemists in addition to other physicists. At this time, she met Otto Hahn, a chemist she would collaborate with for over 30 years. In 1922, Meitner became a university lecturer while also continuing her research on radioactive properties.<br />
<br />
Even though she became a Protestant in 1908, Meitner forced to leave Germany in 1938 and head to Sweden due to her Jewish heritage and the rise of Adolf Hitler. In Sweden she worked at Manne Siegbahn's institute in Stockholm, but due to Siegbahn's prejudice again women in science, she received very little support. Hahn and Meitner were able to meet secretly in Sweden to continue their experiments. Their research was published in 1939 and provided evidence for nuclear fission, a discovery ultimately led to the Manhattan Project and the creation of the atomic bomb. <br />
<br />
In 1944, Hahn was awarded the Nobel Peace Prize for Chemistry because of the research, but Meitner was overlooked. Meitner was awarded the Enrico Fermi Award along with Hahn in 1966. However, the Nobel mistake was never acknowledged. <br />
<br />
In 1960, Meitner retired to Cambridge, England, before passing away on October 27, 1968. <br />
<br />
[[File:MeitnerGrave.jpg|300px|thumb|Lise Meitner's grave in Bramley,England.]]<br />
<br />
==Scientific Contributions==<br />
===Nuclear Fission===<br />
Meitner's experiments with Hahn provided evidence for nuclear fission and led to the creation of the atomic bomb.<br />
<br />
In 1934, a scientist by the name of Enrico Fermi discovered that he could produce radioactive isotopes by neutron bombardment using uranium. This inspired Meitner and Hahn to continue experiments with uranium alongside their assistant, Fritz Strassman. After further tests on uranium, they believed they created radium as a product, but it was soon discovered to be barium.<br />
<br />
[[File:NuclearFission.jpg|300px|thumb|left|A representation of nuclear fission]]<br />
<br />
Confused by the results, Meitner and Strassman took a walk in the woods to clear their minds, and soon discovered that the nucleus of the uranium atom was splitting. With the help of her nephew, Otto Frisch, Meitner used Bohr's "liquid drop" model of the nucleus as a basis for her calculations to confirm the splitting of the uranium nucleus. Meitner and Hahn named the process "nuclear fission." <br />
<br />
By the end of 1939, Meitner and Hahn's research had spread across America. In 1944, Albert Einstein used Meitner and Hahn's research to write a letter to President Franklin D. Roosevelt about the danger of atomic weapons. Meitner was recognized by President Harry Truman in 1945 at a dinner for the Women's Press Club and was also congratulated by Eleanor Roosevelt for being a strong woman in science. Meitner and Hahn's research was extremely important for the Manhattan project, in which the United States created an atomic bomb to drop on Japan and end World War II. Meitner became known as the "mother of the atomic bomb."<br />
<br />
Realizing the power of her work, Meitner soon began to oppose the use of nuclear fission in the creation of weapons. Although she understood the importance of her work, she did not support the amount of destruction atomic weapons cause. Her gravestone reads "Lise Meitner: a physicist who never lost her humanity."<br />
<br />
==Other Information==<br />
===Fun Facts===<br />
<br />
<ul type="square"><br />
<li>Three of Meitner's sisters went on to earn PhD degrees, most likely due to their father's strong support of equal education for men and women.</li><br />
<li>In her first year of working with Otto Hahn, the pair had to work in a remodeled carpenter's shop because women were not officially allowed in the lab at the University of Berlin. At many labs they worked in, Meitner had to be registered as a guest under Hahn, even though everyone knew they were considered equal in the lab. </li><br />
<li>In 1918, Meitner discovered the element protactinium with Otto Hahn.</li><br />
<li>In 1992, element 109 was named Meitnerium in Lise Meitner's honor.</li><br />
</ul><br />
<br />
==Connectedness==<br />
<br />
#How is this topic connected to something that you are interested in?<br />
#How is it connected to your major?<br />
#Is there an interesting industrial application?<br />
<br />
<br />
===Further Resources===<br />
<br />
<ul type="square"><br />
<li>[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Ezbyg2iNdQs&feature=iv&src_vid=kHXMiYsFSrU&annotation_id=annotation_696116 A Video Explaining Nuclear Fission]</li><br />
<li>[http://www.ushistory.org/us/51f.asp More on the Manhattan Project]</li><br />
</ul><br />
<br />
==References==<br />
<br />
<ul type="square"><br />
<li>[http://www.atomicarchive.com/Bios/Meitner.shtml Atomic Archive/Lise Meitner]</li><br />
<li>[http://www.chemheritage.org/discover/online-resources/chemistry-in-history/themes/atomic-and-nuclear-structure/hahn-meitner-strassman.aspx Chem Heritage/Otto Hahn, Lise Meitner, and Fritz Strassmann]</li><br />
<li>[http://jwa.org/encyclopedia/article/meitner-lise Jewish Women Association/Lise Meitner]</li><br />
<li>[http://www.planet-science.com/categories/over-11s/science-celebrities/2010/09/lise-meitner-(1878-1968)-.aspx Planet Science/Lise Meitner]</li><br />
<li>[https://www.sdsc.edu/ScienceWomen/meitner.html San Diego Supercomputer Center/Women in Science-Lise Meitner]</li><br />
<br />
</ul><br />
<br />
[[Category:Notable Scientists]]</div>Opool3http://www.physicsbook.gatech.edu/index.php?title=Lise_Meitner&diff=9732Lise Meitner2015-12-03T05:50:43Z<p>Opool3: </p>
<hr />
<div>Created and in Progress by Olivia Pool, PHYS 2211, Section N06<br />
<br />
[[File:LMpic.jpg|300px|thumb|Lise Meitner in her later years.]]<br />
Lise Meitner (1878-1968) was an Austrian physicist known for her work in radioactivity and nuclear fission. <br />
<br />
==Personal Life==<br />
===Early Life===<br />
Lise Meitner was born in Vienna, Austria, on November 7, 1878, as the third of eight children. Her father was a lawyer from Moravia and strongly supported equal education for his sons and his daughters. Her mother's family had emigrated from Russia to Slovakia. Although they were Jews, the Meitners did not practice their religion, and most of the Meitner children converted to Catholicism. After showing early excellence in mathematics, Lise Meitner received private tutoring, and her passion for learning continued to grow.<br />
<br />
===Life in Academia===<br />
<br />
[[File:MeitnerHahn.jpg|300px|thumb|Meitner and Hahn hard at work.]]<br />
<br />
In 1901, Meitner entered the University of Vienna, studying physics under Ludwig Boltzmann. After becoming the second woman to receive a PhD in Physics from the University of Vienna in 1906, she moved to Berlin to study with Max Planck, a physicist. For nearly seven years, Meitner worked as Planck's unpaid Physics Department assistant and published work on radioactive properties. It was very uncommon for women to be working in the lab at this time, however Meitner's program allowed her to collaborate with chemists in addition to other physicists. At this time, she met Otto Hahn, a chemist she would collaborate with for over 30 years. In 1922, Meitner became a university lecturer while also continuing her research on radioactive properties. <br />
<br />
[[File:MeitnerHahn.jpg|300px|thumb|Meitner and Hahn hard at work.]]<br />
<br />
Even though she became a Protestant in 1908, Meitner forced to leave Germany in 1938 and head to Sweden due to her Jewish heritage and the rise of Adolf Hitler. In Sweden she worked at Manne Siegbahn's institute in Stockholm, but due to Siegbahn's prejudice again women in science, she received very little support. Hahn and Meitner were able to meet secretly in Sweden to continue their experiments. Their research was published in 1939 and provided evidence for nuclear fission, a discovery ultimately led to the Manhattan Project and the creation of the atomic bomb. <br />
<br />
In 1944, Hahn was awarded the Nobel Peace Prize for Chemistry because of the research, but Meitner was overlooked. Meitner was awarded the Enrico Fermi Award along with Hahn in 1966. However, the Nobel mistake was never acknowledged. <br />
<br />
In 1960, Meitner retired to Cambridge, England, before passing away on October 27, 1968. <br />
<br />
[[File:MeitnerGrave.jpg|300px|thumb|Lise Meitner's grave in Bramley,England.]]<br />
<br />
==Scientific Contributions==<br />
===Nuclear Fission===<br />
Meitner's experiments with Hahn provided evidence for nuclear fission and led to the creation of the atomic bomb.<br />
<br />
In 1934, a scientist by the name of Enrico Fermi discovered that he could produce radioactive isotopes by neutron bombardment using uranium. This inspired Meitner and Hahn to continue experiments with uranium alongside their assistant, Fritz Strassman. After further tests on uranium, they believed they created radium as a product, but it was soon discovered to be barium.<br />
<br />
[[File:NuclearFission.jpg|300px|thumb|left|A representation of nuclear fission]]<br />
<br />
Confused by the results, Meitner and Strassman took a walk in the woods to clear their minds, and soon discovered that the nucleus of the uranium atom was splitting. With the help of her nephew, Otto Frisch, Meitner used Bohr's "liquid drop" model of the nucleus as a basis for her calculations to confirm the splitting of the uranium nucleus. Meitner and Hahn named the process "nuclear fission." <br />
<br />
By the end of 1939, Meitner and Hahn's research had spread across America. In 1944, Albert Einstein used Meitner and Hahn's research to write a letter to President Franklin D. Roosevelt about the danger of atomic weapons. Meitner was recognized by President Harry Truman in 1945 at a dinner for the Women's Press Club and was also congratulated by Eleanor Roosevelt for being a strong woman in science. Meitner and Hahn's research was extremely important for the Manhattan project, in which the United States created an atomic bomb to drop on Japan and end World War II. Meitner became known as the "mother of the atomic bomb."<br />
<br />
Realizing the power of her work, Meitner soon began to oppose the use of nuclear fission in the creation of weapons. Although she understood the importance of her work, she did not support the amount of destruction atomic weapons cause. Her gravestone reads "Lise Meitner: a physicist who never lost her humanity."<br />
<br />
==Other Information==<br />
===Fun Facts===<br />
<br />
<ul type="square"><br />
<li>Three of Meitner's sisters went on to earn PhD degrees, most likely due to their father's strong support of equal education for men and women.</li><br />
<li>In her first year of working with Otto Hahn, the pair had to work in a remodeled carpenter's shop because women were not officially allowed in the lab at the University of Berlin. At many labs they worked in, Meitner had to be registered as a guest under Hahn, even though everyone knew they were considered equal in the lab. </li><br />
<li>In 1918, Meitner discovered the element protactinium with Otto Hahn.</li><br />
<li>In 1992, element 109 was named Meitnerium in Lise Meitner's honor.</li><br />
</ul><br />
<br />
==Connectedness==<br />
<br />
#How is this topic connected to something that you are interested in?<br />
#How is it connected to your major?<br />
#Is there an interesting industrial application?<br />
<br />
<br />
===Further Resources===<br />
<br />
<ul type="square"><br />
<li>[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Ezbyg2iNdQs&feature=iv&src_vid=kHXMiYsFSrU&annotation_id=annotation_696116 A Video Explaining Nuclear Fission]</li><br />
<li>[http://www.ushistory.org/us/51f.asp More on the Manhattan Project]</li><br />
</ul><br />
<br />
==References==<br />
<br />
<ul type="square"><br />
<li>[http://www.atomicarchive.com/Bios/Meitner.shtml Atomic Archive/Lise Meitner]</li><br />
<li>[http://www.chemheritage.org/discover/online-resources/chemistry-in-history/themes/atomic-and-nuclear-structure/hahn-meitner-strassman.aspx Chem Heritage/Otto Hahn, Lise Meitner, and Fritz Strassmann]</li><br />
<li>[http://jwa.org/encyclopedia/article/meitner-lise Jewish Women Association/Lise Meitner]</li><br />
<li>[http://www.planet-science.com/categories/over-11s/science-celebrities/2010/09/lise-meitner-(1878-1968)-.aspx Planet Science/Lise Meitner]</li><br />
<li>[https://www.sdsc.edu/ScienceWomen/meitner.html San Diego Supercomputer Center/Women in Science-Lise Meitner]</li><br />
<br />
</ul><br />
<br />
[[Category:Notable Scientists]]</div>Opool3http://www.physicsbook.gatech.edu/index.php?title=Lise_Meitner&diff=9729Lise Meitner2015-12-03T05:50:20Z<p>Opool3: </p>
<hr />
<div>Created and in Progress by Olivia Pool, PHYS 2211, Section N06<br />
<br />
[[File:LMpic.jpg|300px|thumb|Lise Meitner in her later years.]]<br />
Lise Meitner (1878-1968) was an Austrian physicist known for her work in radioactivity and nuclear fission. <br />
<br />
==Personal Life==<br />
===Early Life===<br />
Lise Meitner was born in Vienna, Austria, on November 7, 1878, as the third of eight children. Her father was a lawyer from Moravia and strongly supported equal education for his sons and his daughters. Her mother's family had emigrated from Russia to Slovakia. Although they were Jews, the Meitners did not practice their religion, and most of the Meitner children converted to Catholicism. After showing early excellence in mathematics, Lise Meitner received private tutoring, and her passion for learning continued to grow.<br />
<br />
===Life in Academia===<br />
In 1901, Meitner entered the University of Vienna, studying physics under Ludwig Boltzmann. After becoming the second woman to receive a PhD in Physics from the University of Vienna in 1906, she moved to Berlin to study with Max Planck, a physicist. For nearly seven years, Meitner worked as Planck's unpaid Physics Department assistant and published work on radioactive properties. It was very uncommon for women to be working in the lab at this time, however Meitner's program allowed her to collaborate with chemists in addition to other physicists. At this time, she met Otto Hahn, a chemist she would collaborate with for over 30 years. In 1922, Meitner became a university lecturer while also continuing her research on radioactive properties. <br />
<br />
[[File:MeitnerHahn.jpg|300px|thumb|Meitner and Hahn hard at work.]]<br />
<br />
Even though she became a Protestant in 1908, Meitner forced to leave Germany in 1938 and head to Sweden due to her Jewish heritage and the rise of Adolf Hitler. In Sweden she worked at Manne Siegbahn's institute in Stockholm, but due to Siegbahn's prejudice again women in science, she received very little support. Hahn and Meitner were able to meet secretly in Sweden to continue their experiments. Their research was published in 1939 and provided evidence for nuclear fission, a discovery ultimately led to the Manhattan Project and the creation of the atomic bomb. <br />
<br />
In 1944, Hahn was awarded the Nobel Peace Prize for Chemistry because of the research, but Meitner was overlooked. Meitner was awarded the Enrico Fermi Award along with Hahn in 1966. However, the Nobel mistake was never acknowledged. <br />
<br />
In 1960, Meitner retired to Cambridge, England, before passing away on October 27, 1968. <br />
<br />
[[File:MeitnerGrave.jpg|300px|thumb|Lise Meitner's grave in Bramley,England.]]<br />
<br />
==Scientific Contributions==<br />
===Nuclear Fission===<br />
Meitner's experiments with Hahn provided evidence for nuclear fission and led to the creation of the atomic bomb.<br />
<br />
In 1934, a scientist by the name of Enrico Fermi discovered that he could produce radioactive isotopes by neutron bombardment using uranium. This inspired Meitner and Hahn to continue experiments with uranium alongside their assistant, Fritz Strassman. After further tests on uranium, they believed they created radium as a product, but it was soon discovered to be barium.<br />
<br />
[[File:NuclearFission.jpg|300px|thumb|left|A representation of nuclear fission]]<br />
<br />
Confused by the results, Meitner and Strassman took a walk in the woods to clear their minds, and soon discovered that the nucleus of the uranium atom was splitting. With the help of her nephew, Otto Frisch, Meitner used Bohr's "liquid drop" model of the nucleus as a basis for her calculations to confirm the splitting of the uranium nucleus. Meitner and Hahn named the process "nuclear fission." <br />
<br />
By the end of 1939, Meitner and Hahn's research had spread across America. In 1944, Albert Einstein used Meitner and Hahn's research to write a letter to President Franklin D. Roosevelt about the danger of atomic weapons. Meitner was recognized by President Harry Truman in 1945 at a dinner for the Women's Press Club and was also congratulated by Eleanor Roosevelt for being a strong woman in science. Meitner and Hahn's research was extremely important for the Manhattan project, in which the United States created an atomic bomb to drop on Japan and end World War II. Meitner became known as the "mother of the atomic bomb."<br />
<br />
Realizing the power of her work, Meitner soon began to oppose the use of nuclear fission in the creation of weapons. Although she understood the importance of her work, she did not support the amount of destruction atomic weapons cause. Her gravestone reads "Lise Meitner: a physicist who never lost her humanity."<br />
<br />
==Other Information==<br />
===Fun Facts===<br />
<br />
<ul type="square"><br />
<li>Three of Meitner's sisters went on to earn PhD degrees, most likely due to their father's strong support of equal education for men and women.</li><br />
<li>In her first year of working with Otto Hahn, the pair had to work in a remodeled carpenter's shop because women were not officially allowed in the lab at the University of Berlin. At many labs they worked in, Meitner had to be registered as a guest under Hahn, even though everyone knew they were considered equal in the lab. </li><br />
<li>In 1918, Meitner discovered the element protactinium with Otto Hahn.</li><br />
<li>In 1992, element 109 was named Meitnerium in Lise Meitner's honor.</li><br />
</ul><br />
<br />
==Connectedness==<br />
<br />
#How is this topic connected to something that you are interested in?<br />
#How is it connected to your major?<br />
#Is there an interesting industrial application?<br />
<br />
<br />
===Further Resources===<br />
<br />
<ul type="square"><br />
<li>[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Ezbyg2iNdQs&feature=iv&src_vid=kHXMiYsFSrU&annotation_id=annotation_696116 A Video Explaining Nuclear Fission]</li><br />
<li>[http://www.ushistory.org/us/51f.asp More on the Manhattan Project]</li><br />
</ul><br />
<br />
==References==<br />
<br />
<ul type="square"><br />
<li>[http://www.atomicarchive.com/Bios/Meitner.shtml Atomic Archive/Lise Meitner]</li><br />
<li>[http://www.chemheritage.org/discover/online-resources/chemistry-in-history/themes/atomic-and-nuclear-structure/hahn-meitner-strassman.aspx Chem Heritage/Otto Hahn, Lise Meitner, and Fritz Strassmann]</li><br />
<li>[http://jwa.org/encyclopedia/article/meitner-lise Jewish Women Association/Lise Meitner]</li><br />
<li>[http://www.planet-science.com/categories/over-11s/science-celebrities/2010/09/lise-meitner-(1878-1968)-.aspx Planet Science/Lise Meitner]</li><br />
<li>[https://www.sdsc.edu/ScienceWomen/meitner.html San Diego Supercomputer Center/Women in Science-Lise Meitner]</li><br />
<br />
</ul><br />
<br />
[[Category:Notable Scientists]]</div>Opool3http://www.physicsbook.gatech.edu/index.php?title=Lise_Meitner&diff=9726Lise Meitner2015-12-03T05:49:58Z<p>Opool3: </p>
<hr />
<div>Created and in Progress by Olivia Pool, PHYS 2211, Section N06<br />
<br />
[[File:LMpic.jpg|300px|thumb|Lise Meitner in her later years.]]<br />
Lise Meitner (1878-1968) was an Austrian physicist known for her work in radioactivity and nuclear fission. <br />
<br />
==Personal Life==<br />
===Early Life===<br />
Lise Meitner was born in Vienna, Austria, on November 7, 1878, as the third of eight children. Her father was a lawyer from Moravia and strongly supported equal education for his sons and his daughters. Her mother's family had emigrated from Russia to Slovakia. Although they were Jews, the Meitners did not practice their religion, and most of the Meitner children converted to Catholicism. After showing early excellence in mathematics, Lise Meitner received private tutoring, and her passion for learning continued to grow.<br />
<br />
===Life in Academia===<br />
In 1901, Meitner entered the University of Vienna, studying physics under Ludwig Boltzmann. After becoming the second woman to receive a PhD in Physics from the University of Vienna in 1906, she moved to Berlin to study with Max Planck, a physicist. For nearly seven years, Meitner worked as Planck's unpaid Physics Department assistant and published work on radioactive properties. It was very uncommon for women to be working in the lab at this time, however Meitner's program allowed her to collaborate with chemists in addition to other physicists. At this time, she met Otto Hahn, a chemist she would collaborate with for over 30 years. In 1922, Meitner became a university lecturer while also continuing her research on radioactive properties. <br />
<br />
[[File:MeitnerHahn.jpg|300px|thumb|Meitner and Hahn hard at work.]]<br />
<br />
Even though she became a Protestant in 1908, Meitner forced to leave Germany in 1938 and head to Sweden due to her Jewish heritage and the rise of Adolf Hitler. In Sweden she worked at Manne Siegbahn's institute in Stockholm, but due to Siegbahn's prejudice again women in science, she received very little support. Hahn and Meitner were able to meet secretly in Sweden to continue their experiments. Their research was published in 1939 and provided evidence for nuclear fission, a discovery ultimately led to the Manhattan Project and the creation of the atomic bomb. <br />
<br />
In 1944, Hahn was awarded the Nobel Peace Prize for Chemistry because of the research, but Meitner was overlooked. Meitner was awarded the Enrico Fermi Award along with Hahn in 1966. However, the Nobel mistake was never acknowledged. <br />
<br />
In 1960, Meitner retired to Cambridge, England, before passing away on October 27, 1968. <br />
<br />
[[File:MeitnerGrave.jpg|300px|thumb|Lise Meitner's grave in Bramley,England.]]<br />
<br />
==Scientific Contributions==<br />
===Nuclear Fission===<br />
Meitner's experiments with Hahn provided evidence for nuclear fission and led to the creation of the atomic bomb.<br />
<br />
In 1934, a scientist by the name of Enrico Fermi discovered that he could produce radioactive isotopes by neutron bombardment using uranium. This inspired Meitner and Hahn to continue experiments with uranium alongside their assistant, Fritz Strassman. After further tests on uranium, they believed they created radium as a product, but it was soon discovered to be barium.<br />
<br />
Confused by the results, Meitner and Strassman took a walk in the woods to clear their minds, and soon discovered that the nucleus of the uranium atom was splitting. With the help of her nephew, Otto Frisch, Meitner used Bohr's "liquid drop" model of the nucleus as a basis for her calculations to confirm the splitting of the uranium nucleus. Meitner and Hahn named the process "nuclear fission." <br />
<br />
[[File:NuclearFission.jpg|300px|thumb|left|A representation of nuclear fission]]<br />
<br />
By the end of 1939, Meitner and Hahn's research had spread across America. In 1944, Albert Einstein used Meitner and Hahn's research to write a letter to President Franklin D. Roosevelt about the danger of atomic weapons. Meitner was recognized by President Harry Truman in 1945 at a dinner for the Women's Press Club and was also congratulated by Eleanor Roosevelt for being a strong woman in science. Meitner and Hahn's research was extremely important for the Manhattan project, in which the United States created an atomic bomb to drop on Japan and end World War II. Meitner became known as the "mother of the atomic bomb."<br />
<br />
Realizing the power of her work, Meitner soon began to oppose the use of nuclear fission in the creation of weapons. Although she understood the importance of her work, she did not support the amount of destruction atomic weapons cause. Her gravestone reads "Lise Meitner: a physicist who never lost her humanity."<br />
<br />
==Other Information==<br />
===Fun Facts===<br />
<br />
<ul type="square"><br />
<li>Three of Meitner's sisters went on to earn PhD degrees, most likely due to their father's strong support of equal education for men and women.</li><br />
<li>In her first year of working with Otto Hahn, the pair had to work in a remodeled carpenter's shop because women were not officially allowed in the lab at the University of Berlin. At many labs they worked in, Meitner had to be registered as a guest under Hahn, even though everyone knew they were considered equal in the lab. </li><br />
<li>In 1918, Meitner discovered the element protactinium with Otto Hahn.</li><br />
<li>In 1992, element 109 was named Meitnerium in Lise Meitner's honor.</li><br />
</ul><br />
<br />
==Connectedness==<br />
<br />
#How is this topic connected to something that you are interested in?<br />
#How is it connected to your major?<br />
#Is there an interesting industrial application?<br />
<br />
<br />
===Further Resources===<br />
<br />
<ul type="square"><br />
<li>[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Ezbyg2iNdQs&feature=iv&src_vid=kHXMiYsFSrU&annotation_id=annotation_696116 A Video Explaining Nuclear Fission]</li><br />
<li>[http://www.ushistory.org/us/51f.asp More on the Manhattan Project]</li><br />
</ul><br />
<br />
==References==<br />
<br />
<ul type="square"><br />
<li>[http://www.atomicarchive.com/Bios/Meitner.shtml Atomic Archive/Lise Meitner]</li><br />
<li>[http://www.chemheritage.org/discover/online-resources/chemistry-in-history/themes/atomic-and-nuclear-structure/hahn-meitner-strassman.aspx Chem Heritage/Otto Hahn, Lise Meitner, and Fritz Strassmann]</li><br />
<li>[http://jwa.org/encyclopedia/article/meitner-lise Jewish Women Association/Lise Meitner]</li><br />
<li>[http://www.planet-science.com/categories/over-11s/science-celebrities/2010/09/lise-meitner-(1878-1968)-.aspx Planet Science/Lise Meitner]</li><br />
<li>[https://www.sdsc.edu/ScienceWomen/meitner.html San Diego Supercomputer Center/Women in Science-Lise Meitner]</li><br />
<br />
</ul><br />
<br />
[[Category:Notable Scientists]]</div>Opool3http://www.physicsbook.gatech.edu/index.php?title=Lise_Meitner&diff=9722Lise Meitner2015-12-03T05:49:05Z<p>Opool3: </p>
<hr />
<div>Created and in Progress by Olivia Pool, PHYS 2211, Section N06<br />
<br />
[[File:LMpic.jpg|300px|thumb|Lise Meitner in her later years.]]<br />
Lise Meitner (1878-1968) was an Austrian physicist known for her work in radioactivity and nuclear fission. <br />
<br />
==Personal Life==<br />
===Early Life===<br />
Lise Meitner was born in Vienna, Austria, on November 7, 1878, as the third of eight children. Her father was a lawyer from Moravia and strongly supported equal education for his sons and his daughters. Her mother's family had emigrated from Russia to Slovakia. Although they were Jews, the Meitners did not practice their religion, and most of the Meitner children converted to Catholicism. After showing early excellence in mathematics, Lise Meitner received private tutoring, and her passion for learning continued to grow.<br />
<br />
===Life in Academia===<br />
In 1901, Meitner entered the University of Vienna, studying physics under Ludwig Boltzmann. After becoming the second woman to receive a PhD in Physics from the University of Vienna in 1906, she moved to Berlin to study with Max Planck, a physicist. For nearly seven years, Meitner worked as Planck's unpaid Physics Department assistant and published work on radioactive properties. It was very uncommon for women to be working in the lab at this time, however Meitner's program allowed her to collaborate with chemists in addition to other physicists. At this time, she met Otto Hahn, a chemist she would collaborate with for over 30 years. In 1922, Meitner became a university lecturer while also continuing her research on radioactive properties. <br />
<br />
[[File:MeitnerHahn.jpg|300px|thumb|Meitner and Hahn hard at work.]]<br />
<br />
Even though she became a Protestant in 1908, Meitner forced to leave Germany in 1938 and head to Sweden due to her Jewish heritage and the rise of Adolf Hitler. In Sweden she worked at Manne Siegbahn's institute in Stockholm, but due to Siegbahn's prejudice again women in science, she received very little support. Hahn and Meitner were able to meet secretly in Sweden to continue their experiments. Their research was published in 1939 and provided evidence for nuclear fission, a discovery ultimately led to the Manhattan Project and the creation of the atomic bomb. <br />
<br />
In 1944, Hahn was awarded the Nobel Peace Prize for Chemistry because of the research, but Meitner was overlooked. Meitner was awarded the Enrico Fermi Award along with Hahn in 1966. However, the Nobel mistake was never acknowledged. <br />
<br />
In 1960, Meitner retired to Cambridge, England, before passing away on October 27, 1968. <br />
<br />
[[File:MeitnerGrave.jpg|300px|thumb|Lise Meitner's grave in Bramley,England.]]<br />
<br />
==Scientific Contributions==<br />
===Nuclear Fission===<br />
Meitner's experiments with Hahn provided evidence for nuclear fission and led to the creation of the atomic bomb.<br />
<br />
In 1934, a scientist by the name of Enrico Fermi discovered that he could produce radioactive isotopes by neutron bombardment using uranium. This inspired Meitner and Hahn to continue experiments with uranium alongside their assistant, Fritz Strassman. After further tests on uranium, they believed they created radium as a product, but it was soon discovered to be barium.<br />
<br />
Confused by the results, Meitner and Strassman took a walk in the woods to clear their minds, and soon discovered that the nucleus of the uranium atom was splitting. With the help of her nephew, Otto Frisch, Meitner used Bohr's "liquid drop" model of the nucleus as a basis for her calculations to confirm the splitting of the uranium nucleus. Meitner and Hahn named the process "nuclear fission." <br />
<br />
[[File:NuclearFission.jpg|300px |center]]<br />
<br />
By the end of 1939, Meitner and Hahn's research had spread across America. In 1944, Albert Einstein used Meitner and Hahn's research to write a letter to President Franklin D. Roosevelt about the danger of atomic weapons. Meitner was recognized by President Harry Truman in 1945 at a dinner for the Women's Press Club and was also congratulated by Eleanor Roosevelt for being a strong woman in science. Meitner and Hahn's research was extremely important for the Manhattan project, in which the United States created an atomic bomb to drop on Japan and end World War II. Meitner became known as the "mother of the atomic bomb."<br />
<br />
Realizing the power of her work, Meitner soon began to oppose the use of nuclear fission in the creation of weapons. Although she understood the importance of her work, she did not support the amount of destruction atomic weapons cause. Her gravestone reads "Lise Meitner: a physicist who never lost her humanity."<br />
<br />
==Other Information==<br />
===Fun Facts===<br />
<br />
<ul type="square"><br />
<li>Three of Meitner's sisters went on to earn PhD degrees, most likely due to their father's strong support of equal education for men and women.</li><br />
<li>In her first year of working with Otto Hahn, the pair had to work in a remodeled carpenter's shop because women were not officially allowed in the lab at the University of Berlin. At many labs they worked in, Meitner had to be registered as a guest under Hahn, even though everyone knew they were considered equal in the lab. </li><br />
<li>In 1918, Meitner discovered the element protactinium with Otto Hahn.</li><br />
<li>In 1992, element 109 was named Meitnerium in Lise Meitner's honor.</li><br />
</ul><br />
<br />
==Connectedness==<br />
<br />
#How is this topic connected to something that you are interested in?<br />
#How is it connected to your major?<br />
#Is there an interesting industrial application?<br />
<br />
<br />
===Further Resources===<br />
<br />
<ul type="square"><br />
<li>[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Ezbyg2iNdQs&feature=iv&src_vid=kHXMiYsFSrU&annotation_id=annotation_696116 A Video Explaining Nuclear Fission]</li><br />
<li>[http://www.ushistory.org/us/51f.asp More on the Manhattan Project]</li><br />
</ul><br />
<br />
==References==<br />
<br />
<ul type="square"><br />
<li>[http://www.atomicarchive.com/Bios/Meitner.shtml Atomic Archive/Lise Meitner]</li><br />
<li>[http://www.chemheritage.org/discover/online-resources/chemistry-in-history/themes/atomic-and-nuclear-structure/hahn-meitner-strassman.aspx Chem Heritage/Otto Hahn, Lise Meitner, and Fritz Strassmann]</li><br />
<li>[http://jwa.org/encyclopedia/article/meitner-lise Jewish Women Association/Lise Meitner]</li><br />
<li>[http://www.planet-science.com/categories/over-11s/science-celebrities/2010/09/lise-meitner-(1878-1968)-.aspx Planet Science/Lise Meitner]</li><br />
<li>[https://www.sdsc.edu/ScienceWomen/meitner.html San Diego Supercomputer Center/Women in Science-Lise Meitner]</li><br />
<br />
</ul><br />
<br />
[[Category:Notable Scientists]]</div>Opool3http://www.physicsbook.gatech.edu/index.php?title=Lise_Meitner&diff=9719Lise Meitner2015-12-03T05:48:26Z<p>Opool3: </p>
<hr />
<div>Created and in Progress by Olivia Pool, PHYS 2211, Section N06<br />
<br />
[[File:LMpic.jpg|300px|thumb|Lise Meitner in her later years.]]<br />
Lise Meitner (1878-1968) was an Austrian physicist known for her work in radioactivity and nuclear fission. <br />
<br />
==Personal Life==<br />
===Early Life===<br />
Lise Meitner was born in Vienna, Austria, on November 7, 1878, as the third of eight children. Her father was a lawyer from Moravia and strongly supported equal education for his sons and his daughters. Her mother's family had emigrated from Russia to Slovakia. Although they were Jews, the Meitners did not practice their religion, and most of the Meitner children converted to Catholicism. After showing early excellence in mathematics, Lise Meitner received private tutoring, and her passion for learning continued to grow.<br />
<br />
===Life in Academia===<br />
In 1901, Meitner entered the University of Vienna, studying physics under Ludwig Boltzmann. After becoming the second woman to receive a PhD in Physics from the University of Vienna in 1906, she moved to Berlin to study with Max Planck, a physicist. For nearly seven years, Meitner worked as Planck's unpaid Physics Department assistant and published work on radioactive properties. It was very uncommon for women to be working in the lab at this time, however Meitner's program allowed her to collaborate with chemists in addition to other physicists. At this time, she met Otto Hahn, a chemist she would collaborate with for over 30 years. In 1922, Meitner became a university lecturer while also continuing her research on radioactive properties. <br />
<br />
[[File:MeitnerHahn.jpg|300px|thumb|Meitner and Hahn hard at work.]]<br />
<br />
Even though she became a Protestant in 1908, Meitner forced to leave Germany in 1938 and head to Sweden due to her Jewish heritage and the rise of Adolf Hitler. In Sweden she worked at Manne Siegbahn's institute in Stockholm, but due to Siegbahn's prejudice again women in science, she received very little support. Hahn and Meitner were able to meet secretly in Sweden to continue their experiments. Their research was published in 1939 and provided evidence for nuclear fission, a discovery ultimately led to the Manhattan Project and the creation of the atomic bomb. <br />
<br />
In 1944, Hahn was awarded the Nobel Peace Prize for Chemistry because of the research, but Meitner was overlooked. Meitner was awarded the Enrico Fermi Award along with Hahn in 1966. However, the Nobel mistake was never acknowledged. <br />
<br />
In 1960, Meitner retired to Cambridge, England, before passing away on October 27, 1968. <br />
<br />
[[File:MeitnerGrave.jpg|300px|thumb|Lise Meitner's grave in Bramley,England.]]<br />
<br />
==Scientific Contributions==<br />
===Nuclear Fission===<br />
Meitner's experiments with Hahn provided evidence for nuclear fission and led to the creation of the atomic bomb.<br />
<br />
In 1934, a scientist by the name of Enrico Fermi discovered that he could produce radioactive isotopes by neutron bombardment using uranium. This inspired Meitner and Hahn to continue experiments with uranium alongside their assistant, Fritz Strassman. After further tests on uranium, they believed they created radium as a product, but it was soon discovered to be barium.<br />
<br />
Confused by the results, Meitner and Strassman took a walk in the woods to clear their minds, and soon discovered that the nucleus of the uranium atom was splitting. With the help of her nephew, Otto Frisch, Meitner used Bohr's "liquid drop" model of the nucleus as a basis for her calculations to confirm the splitting of the uranium nucleus. Meitner and Hahn named the process "nuclear fission." <br />
<br />
[[File:NuclearFission.jpg|300px|thumb|center]]<br />
<br />
By the end of 1939, Meitner and Hahn's research had spread across America. In 1944, Albert Einstein used Meitner and Hahn's research to write a letter to President Franklin D. Roosevelt about the danger of atomic weapons. Meitner was recognized by President Harry Truman in 1945 at a dinner for the Women's Press Club and was also congratulated by Eleanor Roosevelt for being a strong woman in science. Meitner and Hahn's research was extremely important for the Manhattan project, in which the United States created an atomic bomb to drop on Japan and end World War II. Meitner became known as the "mother of the atomic bomb."<br />
<br />
Realizing the power of her work, Meitner soon began to oppose the use of nuclear fission in the creation of weapons. Although she understood the importance of her work, she did not support the amount of destruction atomic weapons cause. Her gravestone reads "Lise Meitner: a physicist who never lost her humanity."<br />
<br />
==Other Information==<br />
===Fun Facts===<br />
<br />
<ul type="square"><br />
<li>Three of Meitner's sisters went on to earn PhD degrees, most likely due to their father's strong support of equal education for men and women.</li><br />
<li>In her first year of working with Otto Hahn, the pair had to work in a remodeled carpenter's shop because women were not officially allowed in the lab at the University of Berlin. At many labs they worked in, Meitner had to be registered as a guest under Hahn, even though everyone knew they were considered equal in the lab. </li><br />
<li>In 1918, Meitner discovered the element protactinium with Otto Hahn.</li><br />
<li>In 1992, element 109 was named Meitnerium in Lise Meitner's honor.</li><br />
</ul><br />
<br />
==Connectedness==<br />
<br />
#How is this topic connected to something that you are interested in?<br />
#How is it connected to your major?<br />
#Is there an interesting industrial application?<br />
<br />
<br />
===Further Resources===<br />
<br />
<ul type="square"><br />
<li>[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Ezbyg2iNdQs&feature=iv&src_vid=kHXMiYsFSrU&annotation_id=annotation_696116 A Video Explaining Nuclear Fission]</li><br />
<li>[http://www.ushistory.org/us/51f.asp More on the Manhattan Project]</li><br />
</ul><br />
<br />
==References==<br />
<br />
<ul type="square"><br />
<li>[http://www.atomicarchive.com/Bios/Meitner.shtml Atomic Archive/Lise Meitner]</li><br />
<li>[http://www.chemheritage.org/discover/online-resources/chemistry-in-history/themes/atomic-and-nuclear-structure/hahn-meitner-strassman.aspx Chem Heritage/Otto Hahn, Lise Meitner, and Fritz Strassmann]</li><br />
<li>[http://jwa.org/encyclopedia/article/meitner-lise Jewish Women Association/Lise Meitner]</li><br />
<li>[http://www.planet-science.com/categories/over-11s/science-celebrities/2010/09/lise-meitner-(1878-1968)-.aspx Planet Science/Lise Meitner]</li><br />
<li>[https://www.sdsc.edu/ScienceWomen/meitner.html San Diego Supercomputer Center/Women in Science-Lise Meitner]</li><br />
<br />
</ul><br />
<br />
[[Category:Notable Scientists]]</div>Opool3http://www.physicsbook.gatech.edu/index.php?title=File:NuclearFission.jpg&diff=9714File:NuclearFission.jpg2015-12-03T05:47:46Z<p>Opool3: </p>
<hr />
<div></div>Opool3http://www.physicsbook.gatech.edu/index.php?title=Lise_Meitner&diff=9703Lise Meitner2015-12-03T05:45:48Z<p>Opool3: </p>
<hr />
<div>Created and in Progress by Olivia Pool, PHYS 2211, Section N06<br />
<br />
[[File:LMpic.jpg|300px|thumb|Lise Meitner in her later years.]]<br />
Lise Meitner (1878-1968) was an Austrian physicist known for her work in radioactivity and nuclear fission. <br />
<br />
==Personal Life==<br />
===Early Life===<br />
Lise Meitner was born in Vienna, Austria, on November 7, 1878, as the third of eight children. Her father was a lawyer from Moravia and strongly supported equal education for his sons and his daughters. Her mother's family had emigrated from Russia to Slovakia. Although they were Jews, the Meitners did not practice their religion, and most of the Meitner children converted to Catholicism. After showing early excellence in mathematics, Lise Meitner received private tutoring, and her passion for learning continued to grow.<br />
<br />
===Life in Academia===<br />
In 1901, Meitner entered the University of Vienna, studying physics under Ludwig Boltzmann. After becoming the second woman to receive a PhD in Physics from the University of Vienna in 1906, she moved to Berlin to study with Max Planck, a physicist. For nearly seven years, Meitner worked as Planck's unpaid Physics Department assistant and published work on radioactive properties. It was very uncommon for women to be working in the lab at this time, however Meitner's program allowed her to collaborate with chemists in addition to other physicists. At this time, she met Otto Hahn, a chemist she would collaborate with for over 30 years. In 1922, Meitner became a university lecturer while also continuing her research on radioactive properties. <br />
<br />
[[File:MeitnerHahn.jpg|300px|thumb|Meitner and Hahn hard at work.]]<br />
<br />
Even though she became a Protestant in 1908, Meitner forced to leave Germany in 1938 and head to Sweden due to her Jewish heritage and the rise of Adolf Hitler. In Sweden she worked at Manne Siegbahn's institute in Stockholm, but due to Siegbahn's prejudice again women in science, she received very little support. Hahn and Meitner were able to meet secretly in Sweden to continue their experiments. Their research was published in 1939 and provided evidence for nuclear fission, a discovery ultimately led to the Manhattan Project and the creation of the atomic bomb. <br />
<br />
In 1944, Hahn was awarded the Nobel Peace Prize for Chemistry because of the research, but Meitner was overlooked. Meitner was awarded the Enrico Fermi Award along with Hahn in 1966. However, the Nobel mistake was never acknowledged. <br />
<br />
In 1960, Meitner retired to Cambridge, England, before passing away on October 27, 1968. <br />
<br />
[[File:MeitnerGrave.jpg|300px|thumb|Lise Meitner's grave in Bramley,England.]]<br />
<br />
==Scientific Contributions==<br />
===Nuclear Fission===<br />
Meitner's experiments with Hahn provided evidence for nuclear fission and led to the creation of the atomic bomb.<br />
<br />
In 1934, a scientist by the name of Enrico Fermi discovered that he could produce radioactive isotopes by neutron bombardment using uranium. This inspired Meitner and Hahn to continue experiments with uranium alongside their assistant, Fritz Strassman. After further tests on uranium, they believed they created radium as a product, but it was soon discovered to be barium.<br />
<br />
Confused by the results, Meitner and Strassman took a walk in the woods to clear their minds, and soon discovered that the nucleus of the uranium atom was splitting. With the help of her nephew, Otto Frisch, Meitner used Bohr's "liquid drop" model of the nucleus as a basis for her calculations to confirm the splitting of the uranium nucleus. Meitner and Hahn named the process "nuclear fission." <br />
<br />
By the end of 1939, Meitner and Hahn's research had spread across America. In 1944, Albert Einstein used Meitner and Hahn's research to write a letter to President Franklin D. Roosevelt about the danger of atomic weapons. Meitner was recognized by President Harry Truman in 1945 at a dinner for the Women's Press Club and was also congratulated by Eleanor Roosevelt for being a strong woman in science. Meitner and Hahn's research was extremely important for the Manhattan project, in which the United States created an atomic bomb to drop on Japan and end World War II. Meitner became known as the "mother of the atomic bomb."<br />
<br />
Realizing the power of her work, Meitner soon began to oppose the use of nuclear fission in the creation of weapons. Although she understood the importance of her work, she did not support the amount of destruction atomic weapons cause. Her gravestone reads "Lise Meitner: a physicist who never lost her humanity."<br />
<br />
==Other Information==<br />
===Fun Facts===<br />
<br />
<ul type="square"><br />
<li>Three of Meitner's sisters went on to earn PhD degrees, most likely due to their father's strong support of equal education for men and women.</li><br />
<li>In her first year of working with Otto Hahn, the pair had to work in a remodeled carpenter's shop because women were not officially allowed in the lab at the University of Berlin. At many labs they worked in, Meitner had to be registered as a guest under Hahn, even though everyone knew they were considered equal in the lab. </li><br />
<li>In 1918, Meitner discovered the element protactinium with Otto Hahn.</li><br />
<li>In 1992, element 109 was named Meitnerium in Lise Meitner's honor.</li><br />
</ul><br />
<br />
==Connectedness==<br />
<br />
#How is this topic connected to something that you are interested in?<br />
#How is it connected to your major?<br />
#Is there an interesting industrial application?<br />
<br />
<br />
===Further Resources===<br />
<br />
<ul type="square"><br />
<li>[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Ezbyg2iNdQs&feature=iv&src_vid=kHXMiYsFSrU&annotation_id=annotation_696116 A Video Explaining Nuclear Fission]</li><br />
<li>[http://www.ushistory.org/us/51f.asp More on the Manhattan Project]</li><br />
</ul><br />
<br />
==References==<br />
<br />
<ul type="square"><br />
<li>[http://www.atomicarchive.com/Bios/Meitner.shtml Atomic Archive/Lise Meitner]</li><br />
<li>[http://www.chemheritage.org/discover/online-resources/chemistry-in-history/themes/atomic-and-nuclear-structure/hahn-meitner-strassman.aspx Chem Heritage/Otto Hahn, Lise Meitner, and Fritz Strassmann]</li><br />
<li>[http://jwa.org/encyclopedia/article/meitner-lise Jewish Women Association/Lise Meitner]</li><br />
<li>[http://www.planet-science.com/categories/over-11s/science-celebrities/2010/09/lise-meitner-(1878-1968)-.aspx Planet Science/Lise Meitner]</li><br />
<li>[https://www.sdsc.edu/ScienceWomen/meitner.html San Diego Supercomputer Center/Women in Science-Lise Meitner]</li><br />
<br />
</ul><br />
<br />
[[Category:Notable Scientists]]</div>Opool3http://www.physicsbook.gatech.edu/index.php?title=Lise_Meitner&diff=9701Lise Meitner2015-12-03T05:45:14Z<p>Opool3: </p>
<hr />
<div>Created and in Progress by Olivia Pool, PHYS 2211, Section N06<br />
<br />
[[File:LMpic.jpg|300px|thumb|Lise Meitner in her later years.]]<br />
Lise Meitner (1878-1968) was an Austrian physicist known for her work in radioactivity and nuclear fission. <br />
<br />
==Personal Life==<br />
===Early Life===<br />
Lise Meitner was born in Vienna, Austria, on November 7, 1878, as the third of eight children. Her father was a lawyer from Moravia and strongly supported equal education for his sons and his daughters. Her mother's family had emigrated from Russia to Slovakia. Although they were Jews, the Meitners did not practice their religion, and most of the Meitner children converted to Catholicism. After showing early excellence in mathematics, Lise Meitner received private tutoring, and her passion for learning continued to grow.<br />
<br />
===Life in Academia===<br />
In 1901, Meitner entered the University of Vienna, studying physics under Ludwig Boltzmann. After becoming the second woman to receive a PhD in Physics from the University of Vienna in 1906, she moved to Berlin to study with Max Planck, a physicist. For nearly seven years, Meitner worked as Planck's unpaid Physics Department assistant and published work on radioactive properties. It was very uncommon for women to be working in the lab at this time, however Meitner's program allowed her to collaborate with chemists in addition to other physicists. At this time, she met Otto Hahn, a chemist she would collaborate with for over 30 years. In 1922, Meitner became a university lecturer while also continuing her research on radioactive properties. <br />
<br />
[[File:MeitnerHahn.jpg|300px|thumb|Meitner and Hahn hard at work.]]<br />
<br />
Even though she became a Protestant in 1908, Meitner forced to leave Germany in 1938 and head to Sweden due to her Jewish heritage and the rise of Adolf Hitler. In Sweden she worked at Manne Siegbahn's institute in Stockholm, but due to Siegbahn's prejudice again women in science, she received very little support. Hahn and Meitner were able to meet secretly in Sweden to continue their experiments. Their research was published in 1939 and provided evidence for nuclear fission, a discovery ultimately led to the Manhattan Project and the creation of the atomic bomb. <br />
<br />
In 1944, Hahn was awarded the Nobel Peace Prize for Chemistry because of the research, but Meitner was overlooked. Meitner was awarded the Enrico Fermi Award along with Hahn in 1966. However, the Nobel mistake was never acknowledged. <br />
<br />
In 1960, Meitner retired to Cambridge, England, before passing away on October 27, 1968. <br />
<br />
[[File:MeitnerGrave.jpg|300px|thumb|Lise Meitner's grave in Bramley,England.]]<br />
<br />
==Scientific Contributions==<br />
===Nuclear Fission===<br />
Meitner's experiments with Hahn provided evidence for nuclear fission and led to the creation of the atomic bomb.<br />
<br />
In 1934, a scientist by the name of Enrico Fermi discovered that he could produce radioactive isotopes by neutron bombardment using uranium. This inspired Meitner and Hahn to continue experiments with uranium alongside their assistant, Fritz Strassman. After further tests on uranium, they believed they created radium as a product, but it was soon discovered to be barium.<br />
<br />
Confused by the results, Meitner and Strassman took a walk in the woods to clear their minds, and soon discovered that the nucleus of the uranium atom was splitting. With the help of her nephew, Otto Frisch, Meitner used Bohr's "liquid drop" model of the nucleus as a basis for her calculations to confirm the splitting of the uranium nucleus. Meitner and Hahn named the process "nuclear fission." <br />
<br />
By the end of 1939, Meitner and Hahn's research had spread across America. In 1944, Albert Einstein used Meitner and Hahn's research to write a letter to President Franklin D. Roosevelt about the danger of atomic weapons. Meitner was recognized by President Harry Truman in 1945 at a dinner for the Women's Press Club and was also congratulated by Eleanor Roosevelt for being a strong woman in science. Meitner and Hahn's research was extremely important for the Manhattan project, in which the United States created an atomic bomb to drop on Japan and end World War II. Meitner became known as the "mother of the atomic bomb."<br />
<br />
Realizing the power of her work, Meitner soon began to oppose the use of nuclear fission in the creation of weapons. Although she understood the importance of her work, she did not support the amount of destruction atomic weapons cause. Her gravestone reads "Lise Meitner: a physicist who never lost her humanity."<br />
<br />
==Other Information==<br />
===Fun Facts===<br />
<br />
<ul type="square"><br />
<li>Three of Meitner's sisters went on to earn PhD degrees, most likely due to their father's strong support of equal education for men and women.</li><br />
<li>In her first year of working with Otto Hahn, the pair had to work in a remodeled carpenter's shop because women were not officially allowed in the lab at the University of Berlin. At many labs they worked in, Meitner had to be registered as a guest under Hahn, even though everyone knew they were considered equal in the lab. </li><br />
<li>In 1918, Meitner discovered the element protactinium with Otto Hahn.</li><br />
<li>In 1992, element 109 was named Meitnerium in Lise Meitner's honor.</li><br />
</ul><br />
<br />
==Connectedness==<br />
<br />
#How is this topic connected to something that you are interested in?<br />
#How is it connected to your major?<br />
#Is there an interesting industrial application?<br />
<br />
<br />
===Further Resources===<br />
<br />
<ul type="square"><br />
<li>[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Ezbyg2iNdQs&feature=iv&src_vid=kHXMiYsFSrU&annotation_id=annotation_696116 A video explaining Nuclear Fission]</li><br />
<li>[http://www.ushistory.org/us/51f.asp More on the Manhattan Project]</li><br />
</ul><br />
<br />
==References==<br />
<br />
<ul type="square"><br />
<li>[http://www.atomicarchive.com/Bios/Meitner.shtml Atomic Archive/Lise Meitner]</li><br />
<li>[http://www.chemheritage.org/discover/online-resources/chemistry-in-history/themes/atomic-and-nuclear-structure/hahn-meitner-strassman.aspx Chem Heritage/Otto Hahn, Lise Meitner, and Fritz Strassmann]</li><br />
<li>[http://jwa.org/encyclopedia/article/meitner-lise Jewish Women Association/Lise Meitner]</li><br />
<li>[http://www.planet-science.com/categories/over-11s/science-celebrities/2010/09/lise-meitner-(1878-1968)-.aspx Planet Science/Lise Meitner]</li><br />
<li>[https://www.sdsc.edu/ScienceWomen/meitner.html San Diego Supercomputer Center/Women in Science-Lise Meitner]</li><br />
<br />
</ul><br />
<br />
[[Category:Notable Scientists]]</div>Opool3http://www.physicsbook.gatech.edu/index.php?title=Lise_Meitner&diff=9677Lise Meitner2015-12-03T05:37:11Z<p>Opool3: </p>
<hr />
<div>Created and in Progress by Olivia Pool, PHYS 2211, Section N06<br />
<br />
[[File:LMpic.jpg|300px|thumb|Lise Meitner in her later years.]]<br />
Lise Meitner (1878-1968) was an Austrian physicist known for her work in radioactivity and nuclear fission. <br />
<br />
==Personal Life==<br />
===Early Life===<br />
Lise Meitner was born in Vienna, Austria, on November 7, 1878, as the third of eight children. Her father was a lawyer from Moravia and strongly supported equal education for his sons and his daughters. Her mother's family had emigrated from Russia to Slovakia. Although they were Jews, the Meitners did not practice their religion, and most of the Meitner children converted to Catholicism. After showing early excellence in mathematics, Lise Meitner received private tutoring, and her passion for learning continued to grow.<br />
<br />
===Life in Academia===<br />
In 1901, Meitner entered the University of Vienna, studying physics under Ludwig Boltzmann. After becoming the second woman to receive a PhD in Physics from the University of Vienna in 1906, she moved to Berlin to study with Max Planck, a physicist. For nearly seven years, Meitner worked as Planck's unpaid Physics Department assistant and published work on radioactive properties. It was very uncommon for women to be working in the lab at this time, however Meitner's program allowed her to collaborate with chemists in addition to other physicists. At this time, she met Otto Hahn, a chemist she would collaborate with for over 30 years. In 1922, Meitner became a university lecturer while also continuing her research on radioactive properties. <br />
<br />
[[File:MeitnerHahn.jpg|300px|thumb|Meitner and Hahn hard at work.]]<br />
<br />
Even though she became a Protestant in 1908, Meitner forced to leave Germany in 1938 and head to Sweden due to her Jewish heritage and the rise of Adolf Hitler. In Sweden she worked at Manne Siegbahn's institute in Stockholm, but due to Siegbahn's prejudice again women in science, she received very little support. Hahn and Meitner were able to meet secretly in Sweden to continue their experiments. Their research was published in 1939 and provided evidence for nuclear fission, a discovery ultimately led to the Manhattan Project and the creation of the atomic bomb. <br />
<br />
In 1944, Hahn was awarded the Nobel Peace Prize for Chemistry because of the research, but Meitner was overlooked. Meitner was awarded the Enrico Fermi Award along with Hahn in 1966. However, the Nobel mistake was never acknowledged. <br />
<br />
In 1960, Meitner retired to Cambridge, England, before passing away on October 27, 1968. <br />
<br />
[[File:MeitnerGrave.jpg|300px|thumb|Lise Meitner's grave in Bramley,England.]]<br />
<br />
==Scientific Contributions==<br />
===Nuclear Fission===<br />
Meitner's experiments with Hahn provided evidence for nuclear fission and led to the creation of the atomic bomb.<br />
<br />
In 1934, a scientist by the name of Enrico Fermi discovered that he could produce radioactive isotopes by neutron bombardment using uranium. This inspired Meitner and Hahn to continue experiments with uranium alongside their assistant, Fritz Strassman. After further tests on uranium, they believed they created radium as a product, but it was soon discovered to be barium.<br />
<br />
Confused by the results, Meitner and Strassman took a walk in the woods to clear their minds, and soon discovered that the nucleus of the uranium atom was splitting. With the help of her nephew, Otto Frisch, Meitner used Bohr's "liquid drop" model of the nucleus as a basis for her calculations to confirm the splitting of the uranium nucleus. Meitner and Hahn named the process "nuclear fission." <br />
<br />
By the end of 1939, Meitner and Hahn's research had spread across America. In 1944, Albert Einstein used Meitner and Hahn's research to write a letter to President Franklin D. Roosevelt about the danger of atomic weapons. Meitner was recognized by President Harry Truman in 1945 at a dinner for the Women's Press Club and was also congratulated by Eleanor Roosevelt for being a strong woman in science. Meitner and Hahn's research was extremely important for the Manhattan project, in which the United States created an atomic bomb to drop on Japan and end World War II. Meitner became known as the "mother of the atomic bomb."<br />
<br />
Realizing the power of her work, Meitner soon began to oppose the use of nuclear fission in the creation of weapons. Although she understood the importance of her work, she did not support the amount of destruction atomic weapons cause. Her gravestone reads "Lise Meitner: a physicist who never lost her humanity."<br />
<br />
==Other Information==<br />
===Fun Facts===<br />
<br />
<ul type="square"><br />
<li>Three of Meitner's sisters went on to earn PhD degrees, most likely due to their father's strong support of equal education for men and women.</li><br />
<li>In her first year of working with Otto Hahn, the pair had to work in a remodeled carpenter's shop because women were not officially allowed in the lab at the University of Berlin. At many labs they worked in, Meitner had to be registered as a guest under Hahn, even though everyone knew they were considered equal in the lab. </li><br />
<li>In 1918, Meitner discovered the element protactinium with Otto Hahn.</li><br />
<li>In 1992, element 109 was named Meitnerium in Lise Meitner's honor.</li><br />
</ul><br />
<br />
==Connectedness==<br />
<br />
#How is this topic connected to something that you are interested in?<br />
#How is it connected to your major?<br />
#Is there an interesting industrial application?<br />
<br />
<br />
===Further Resources===<br />
<br />
<ul type="square"><br />
<li>[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Ezbyg2iNdQs&feature=iv&src_vid=kHXMiYsFSrU&annotation_id=annotation_696116 A video explaining Nuclear Fission]</li><br />
<li>[http://www.example.com More on the Manhattan Project]</li><br />
<li>[http://www.example.com link title]</li><br />
<li>[http://www.example.com link title]</li><br />
<li>[http://www.example.com link title]</li><br />
</ul><br />
<br />
==References==<br />
<br />
<ul type="square"><br />
<li>[http://www.atomicarchive.com/Bios/Meitner.shtml Atomic Archive/Lise Meitner]</li><br />
<li>[http://www.chemheritage.org/discover/online-resources/chemistry-in-history/themes/atomic-and-nuclear-structure/hahn-meitner-strassman.aspx Chem Heritage/Otto Hahn, Lise Meitner, and Fritz Strassmann]</li><br />
<li>[http://jwa.org/encyclopedia/article/meitner-lise Jewish Women Association/Lise Meitner]</li><br />
<li>[http://www.planet-science.com/categories/over-11s/science-celebrities/2010/09/lise-meitner-(1878-1968)-.aspx Planet Science/Lise Meitner]</li><br />
<li>[https://www.sdsc.edu/ScienceWomen/meitner.html San Diego Supercomputer Center/Women in Science-Lise Meitner]</li><br />
<br />
</ul><br />
<br />
[[Category:Notable Scientists]]</div>Opool3http://www.physicsbook.gatech.edu/index.php?title=Lise_Meitner&diff=9662Lise Meitner2015-12-03T05:31:27Z<p>Opool3: </p>
<hr />
<div>Created and in Progress by Olivia Pool, PHYS 2211, Section N06<br />
<br />
[[File:LMpic.jpg|300px|thumb|Lise Meitner in her later years.]]<br />
Lise Meitner (1878-1968) was an Austrian physicist known for her work in radioactivity and nuclear fission. <br />
<br />
==Personal Life==<br />
===Early Life===<br />
Lise Meitner was born in Vienna, Austria, on November 7, 1878, as the third of eight children. Her father was a lawyer from Moravia and strongly supported equal education for his sons and his daughters. Her mother's family had emigrated from Russia to Slovakia. Although they were Jews, the Meitners did not practice their religion, and most of the Meitner children converted to Catholicism. After showing early excellence in mathematics, Lise Meitner received private tutoring, and her passion for learning continued to grow.<br />
<br />
===Life in Academia===<br />
In 1901, Meitner entered the University of Vienna, studying physics under Ludwig Boltzmann. After becoming the second woman to receive a PhD in Physics from the University of Vienna in 1906, she moved to Berlin to study with Max Planck, a physicist. For nearly seven years, Meitner worked as Planck's unpaid Physics Department assistant and published work on radioactive properties. It was very uncommon for women to be working in the lab at this time, however Meitner's program allowed her to collaborate with chemists in addition to other physicists. At this time, she met Otto Hahn, a chemist she would collaborate with for over 30 years. In 1922, Meitner became a university lecturer while also continuing her research on radioactive properties. <br />
<br />
[[File:MeitnerHahn.jpg|300px|thumb|Meitner and Hahn hard at work.]]<br />
<br />
Even though she became a Protestant in 1908, Meitner forced to leave Germany in 1938 and head to Sweden due to her Jewish heritage and the rise of Adolf Hitler. In Sweden she worked at Manne Siegbahn's institute in Stockholm, but due to Siegbahn's prejudice again women in science, she received very little support. Hahn and Meitner were able to meet secretly in Sweden to continue their experiments. Their research was published in 1939 and provided evidence for nuclear fission, a discovery ultimately led to the Manhattan Project and the creation of the atomic bomb. <br />
<br />
In 1944, Hahn was awarded the Nobel Peace Prize for Chemistry because of the research, but Meitner was overlooked. Meitner was awarded the Enrico Fermi Award along with Hahn in 1966. However, the Nobel mistake was never acknowledged. <br />
<br />
In 1960, Meitner retired to Cambridge, England, before passing away on October 27, 1968. <br />
<br />
[[File:MeitnerGrave.jpg|300px|thumb|Lise Meitner's grave in Bramley,England.]]<br />
<br />
==Scientific Contributions==<br />
===Nuclear Fission===<br />
Meitner's experiments with Hahn provided evidence for nuclear fission and led to the creation of the atomic bomb.<br />
<br />
In 1934, a scientist by the name of Enrico Fermi discovered that he could produce radioactive isotopes by neutron bombardment using uranium. This inspired Meitner and Hahn to continue experiments with uranium alongside their assistant, Fritz Strassman. After further tests on uranium, they believed they created radium as a product, but it was soon discovered to be barium.<br />
<br />
Confused by the results, Meitner and Strassman took a walk in the woods to clear their minds, and soon discovered that the nucleus of the uranium atom was splitting. With the help of her nephew, Otto Frisch, Meitner used Bohr's "liquid drop" model of the nucleus as a basis for her calculations to confirm the splitting of the uranium nucleus. Meitner and Hahn named the process "nuclear fission." <br />
<br />
By the end of 1939, Meitner and Hahn's research had spread across America. In 1944, Albert Einstein used Meitner and Hahn's research to write a letter to President Franklin D. Roosevelt about the danger of atomic weapons. Meitner was recognized by President Harry Truman in 1945 at a dinner for the Women's Press Club and was also congratulated by Eleanor Roosevelt for being a strong woman in science. Meitner and Hahn's research was extremely important for the Manhattan project, in which the United States created an atomic bomb to drop on Japan and end World War II. Meitner became known as the "mother of the atomic bomb."<br />
<br />
Realizing the power of her work, Meitner soon began to oppose the use of nuclear fission in the creation of weapons. Although she understood the importance of her work, she did not support the amount of destruction atomic weapons cause. Her gravestone reads "Lise Meitner: a physicist who never lost her humanity."<br />
<br />
==Other Information==<br />
===Fun Facts===<br />
<br />
<ul type="square"><br />
<li>Three of Meitner's sisters went on to earn PhD degrees, most likely due to their father's strong support of equal education for men and women.</li><br />
<li>In her first year of working with Otto Hahn, the pair had to work in a remodeled carpenter's shop because women were not officially allowed in the lab at the University of Berlin. At many labs they worked in, Meitner had to be registered as a guest under Hahn, even though everyone knew they were considered equal in the lab. </li><br />
<li>In 1918, Meitner discovered the element protactinium with Otto Hahn.</li><br />
<li>In 1992, element 109 was named Meitnerium in Lise Meitner's honor.</li><br />
</ul><br />
<br />
==Connectedness==<br />
<br />
#How is this topic connected to something that you are interested in?<br />
#How is it connected to your major?<br />
#Is there an interesting industrial application?<br />
<br />
<br />
===Further reading===<br />
<br />
<ul type="square"><br />
<li>[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Ezbyg2iNdQs&feature=iv&src_vid=kHXMiYsFSrU&annotation_id=annotation_696116 A video explaining Nuclear Fission]</li><br />
<li>In her first year of working with Otto Hahn, the pair had to work in a remodeled carpenter's shop because women were not officially allowed in the lab at the University of Berlin. At many labs they worked in, Meitner had to be registered as a guest under Hahn, even though everyone knew they were considered equal in the lab. </li><br />
<li>In 1918, Meitner discovered the element protactinium with Otto Hahn.</li><br />
<li>In 1992, element 109 was named Meitnerium in Lise Meitner's honor.</li><br />
</ul><br />
<br />
==References==<br />
<br />
[]<br />
<br />
[[Category:Notable Scientists]]</div>Opool3http://www.physicsbook.gatech.edu/index.php?title=Lise_Meitner&diff=9653Lise Meitner2015-12-03T05:29:41Z<p>Opool3: </p>
<hr />
<div>Created and in Progress by Olivia Pool, PHYS 2211, Section N06<br />
<br />
[[File:LMpic.jpg|300px|thumb|Lise Meitner in her later years.]]<br />
Lise Meitner (1878-1968) was an Austrian physicist known for her work in radioactivity and nuclear fission. <br />
<br />
==Personal Life==<br />
===Early Life===<br />
Lise Meitner was born in Vienna, Austria, on November 7, 1878, as the third of eight children. Her father was a lawyer from Moravia and strongly supported equal education for his sons and his daughters. Her mother's family had emigrated from Russia to Slovakia. Although they were Jews, the Meitners did not practice their religion, and most of the Meitner children converted to Catholicism. After showing early excellence in mathematics, Lise Meitner received private tutoring, and her passion for learning continued to grow.<br />
<br />
===Life in Academia===<br />
In 1901, Meitner entered the University of Vienna, studying physics under Ludwig Boltzmann. After becoming the second woman to receive a PhD in Physics from the University of Vienna in 1906, she moved to Berlin to study with Max Planck, a physicist. For nearly seven years, Meitner worked as Planck's unpaid Physics Department assistant and published work on radioactive properties. It was very uncommon for women to be working in the lab at this time, however Meitner's program allowed her to collaborate with chemists in addition to other physicists. At this time, she met Otto Hahn, a chemist she would collaborate with for over 30 years. In 1922, Meitner became a university lecturer while also continuing her research on radioactive properties. <br />
<br />
[[File:MeitnerHahn.jpg|300px|thumb|Meitner and Hahn hard at work.]]<br />
<br />
Even though she became a Protestant in 1908, Meitner forced to leave Germany in 1938 and head to Sweden due to her Jewish heritage and the rise of Adolf Hitler. In Sweden she worked at Manne Siegbahn's institute in Stockholm, but due to Siegbahn's prejudice again women in science, she received very little support. Hahn and Meitner were able to meet secretly in Sweden to continue their experiments. Their research was published in 1939 and provided evidence for nuclear fission, a discovery ultimately led to the Manhattan Project and the creation of the atomic bomb. <br />
<br />
In 1944, Hahn was awarded the Nobel Peace Prize for Chemistry because of the research, but Meitner was overlooked. Meitner was awarded the Enrico Fermi Award along with Hahn in 1966. However, the Nobel mistake was never acknowledged. <br />
<br />
In 1960, Meitner retired to Cambridge, England, before passing away on October 27, 1968. <br />
<br />
[[File:MeitnerGrave.jpg|300px|thumb|Lise Meitner's grave in Bramley,England.]]<br />
<br />
==Scientific Contributions==<br />
===Nuclear Fission===<br />
Meitner's experiments with Hahn provided evidence for nuclear fission and led to the creation of the atomic bomb.<br />
<br />
In 1934, a scientist by the name of Enrico Fermi discovered that he could produce radioactive isotopes by neutron bombardment using uranium. This inspired Meitner and Hahn to continue experiments with uranium alongside their assistant, Fritz Strassman. After further tests on uranium, they believed they created radium as a product, but it was soon discovered to be barium.<br />
<br />
Confused by the results, Meitner and Strassman took a walk in the woods to clear their minds, and soon discovered that the nucleus of the uranium atom was splitting. With the help of her nephew, Otto Frisch, Meitner used Bohr's "liquid drop" model of the nucleus as a basis for her calculations to confirm the splitting of the uranium nucleus. Meitner and Hahn named the process "nuclear fission." <br />
<br />
<object width="425" height="350"><br />
<param name="movie" value="http://www.youtube.com/v/AyPzM5WK8ys" /><br />
<param name="wmode" value="transparent" /><br />
<embed src="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Ezbyg2iNdQs&feature=iv&src_vid=kHXMiYsFSrU&annotation_id=annotation_696116"<br />
type="application/x-shockwave-flash"<br />
wmode="transparent" width="425" height="350" /><br />
</object><br />
<br />
By the end of 1939, Meitner and Hahn's research had spread across America. In 1944, Albert Einstein used Meitner and Hahn's research to write a letter to President Franklin D. Roosevelt about the danger of atomic weapons. Meitner was recognized by President Harry Truman in 1945 at a dinner for the Women's Press Club and was also congratulated by Eleanor Roosevelt for being a strong woman in science. Meitner and Hahn's research was extremely important for the Manhattan project, in which the United States created an atomic bomb to drop on Japan and end World War II. Meitner became known as the "mother of the atomic bomb."<br />
<br />
Realizing the power of her work, Meitner soon began to oppose the use of nuclear fission in the creation of weapons. Although she understood the importance of her work, she did not support the amount of destruction atomic weapons cause. Her gravestone reads "Lise Meitner: a physicist who never lost her humanity."<br />
<br />
==Other Information==<br />
===Fun Facts===<br />
<br />
<ul type="square"><br />
<li>Three of Meitner's sisters went on to earn PhD degrees, most likely due to their father's strong support of equal education for men and women.</li><br />
<li>In her first year of working with Otto Hahn, the pair had to work in a remodeled carpenter's shop because women were not officially allowed in the lab at the University of Berlin. At many labs they worked in, Meitner had to be registered as a guest under Hahn, even though everyone knew they were considered equal in the lab. </li><br />
<li>In 1918, Meitner discovered the element protactinium with Otto Hahn.</li><br />
<li>In 1992, element 109 was named Meitnerium in Lise Meitner's honor.</li><br />
</ul><br />
<br />
==Connectedness==<br />
<br />
#How is this topic connected to something that you are interested in?<br />
#How is it connected to your major?<br />
#Is there an interesting industrial application?<br />
<br />
<br />
===Further reading===<br />
<br />
Books, Articles or other print media on this topic<br />
<br />
===External links===<br />
<br />
Internet resources on this topic<br />
<br />
==References==<br />
<br />
[]<br />
<br />
[[Category:Notable Scientists]]</div>Opool3http://www.physicsbook.gatech.edu/index.php?title=Lise_Meitner&diff=9649Lise Meitner2015-12-03T05:28:22Z<p>Opool3: </p>
<hr />
<div>Created and in Progress by Olivia Pool, PHYS 2211, Section N06<br />
<br />
[[File:LMpic.jpg|300px|thumb|Lise Meitner in her later years.]]<br />
Lise Meitner (1878-1968) was an Austrian physicist known for her work in radioactivity and nuclear fission. <br />
<br />
==Personal Life==<br />
===Early Life===<br />
Lise Meitner was born in Vienna, Austria, on November 7, 1878, as the third of eight children. Her father was a lawyer from Moravia and strongly supported equal education for his sons and his daughters. Her mother's family had emigrated from Russia to Slovakia. Although they were Jews, the Meitners did not practice their religion, and most of the Meitner children converted to Catholicism. After showing early excellence in mathematics, Lise Meitner received private tutoring, and her passion for learning continued to grow.<br />
<br />
===Life in Academia===<br />
In 1901, Meitner entered the University of Vienna, studying physics under Ludwig Boltzmann. After becoming the second woman to receive a PhD in Physics from the University of Vienna in 1906, she moved to Berlin to study with Max Planck, a physicist. For nearly seven years, Meitner worked as Planck's unpaid Physics Department assistant and published work on radioactive properties. It was very uncommon for women to be working in the lab at this time, however Meitner's program allowed her to collaborate with chemists in addition to other physicists. At this time, she met Otto Hahn, a chemist she would collaborate with for over 30 years. In 1922, Meitner became a university lecturer while also continuing her research on radioactive properties. <br />
<br />
[[File:MeitnerHahn.jpg|300px|thumb|Meitner and Hahn hard at work.]]<br />
<br />
Even though she became a Protestant in 1908, Meitner forced to leave Germany in 1938 and head to Sweden due to her Jewish heritage and the rise of Adolf Hitler. In Sweden she worked at Manne Siegbahn's institute in Stockholm, but due to Siegbahn's prejudice again women in science, she received very little support. Hahn and Meitner were able to meet secretly in Sweden to continue their experiments. Their research was published in 1939 and provided evidence for nuclear fission, a discovery ultimately led to the Manhattan Project and the creation of the atomic bomb. <br />
<br />
In 1944, Hahn was awarded the Nobel Peace Prize for Chemistry because of the research, but Meitner was overlooked. Meitner was awarded the Enrico Fermi Award along with Hahn in 1966. However, the Nobel mistake was never acknowledged. <br />
<br />
In 1960, Meitner retired to Cambridge, England, before passing away on October 27, 1968. <br />
<br />
[[File:MeitnerGrave.jpg|300px|thumb|Lise Meitner's grave in Bramley,England.]]<br />
<br />
==Scientific Contributions==<br />
===Nuclear Fission===<br />
Meitner's experiments with Hahn provided evidence for nuclear fission and led to the creation of the atomic bomb.<br />
<br />
In 1934, a scientist by the name of Enrico Fermi discovered that he could produce radioactive isotopes by neutron bombardment using uranium. This inspired Meitner and Hahn to continue experiments with uranium alongside their assistant, Fritz Strassman. After further tests on uranium, they believed they created radium as a product, but it was soon discovered to be barium.<br />
<br />
Confused by the results, Meitner and Strassman took a walk in the woods to clear their minds, and soon discovered that the nucleus of the uranium atom was splitting. With the help of her nephew, Otto Frisch, Meitner used Bohr's "liquid drop" model of the nucleus as a basis for her calculations to confirm the splitting of the uranium nucleus. Meitner and Hahn named the process "nuclear fission." <br />
<br />
<iframe width="560" height="315" src="https://www.youtube.com/embed/Ezbyg2iNdQs" frameborder="0" allowfullscreen></iframe><br />
<br />
By the end of 1939, Meitner and Hahn's research had spread across America. In 1944, Albert Einstein used Meitner and Hahn's research to write a letter to President Franklin D. Roosevelt about the danger of atomic weapons. Meitner was recognized by President Harry Truman in 1945 at a dinner for the Women's Press Club and was also congratulated by Eleanor Roosevelt for being a strong woman in science. Meitner and Hahn's research was extremely important for the Manhattan project, in which the United States created an atomic bomb to drop on Japan and end World War II. Meitner became known as the "mother of the atomic bomb."<br />
<br />
Realizing the power of her work, Meitner soon began to oppose the use of nuclear fission in the creation of weapons. Although she understood the importance of her work, she did not support the amount of destruction atomic weapons cause. Her gravestone reads "Lise Meitner: a physicist who never lost her humanity."<br />
<br />
==Other Information==<br />
===Fun Facts===<br />
<br />
<ul type="square"><br />
<li>Three of Meitner's sisters went on to earn PhD degrees, most likely due to their father's strong support of equal education for men and women.</li><br />
<li>In her first year of working with Otto Hahn, the pair had to work in a remodeled carpenter's shop because women were not officially allowed in the lab at the University of Berlin. At many labs they worked in, Meitner had to be registered as a guest under Hahn, even though everyone knew they were considered equal in the lab. </li><br />
<li>In 1918, Meitner discovered the element protactinium with Otto Hahn.</li><br />
<li>In 1992, element 109 was named Meitnerium in Lise Meitner's honor.</li><br />
</ul><br />
<br />
==Connectedness==<br />
<br />
#How is this topic connected to something that you are interested in?<br />
#How is it connected to your major?<br />
#Is there an interesting industrial application?<br />
<br />
<br />
===Further reading===<br />
<br />
Books, Articles or other print media on this topic<br />
<br />
===External links===<br />
<br />
Internet resources on this topic<br />
<br />
==References==<br />
<br />
[]<br />
<br />
[[Category:Notable Scientists]]</div>Opool3http://www.physicsbook.gatech.edu/index.php?title=Lise_Meitner&diff=9646Lise Meitner2015-12-03T05:27:38Z<p>Opool3: </p>
<hr />
<div>Created and in Progress by Olivia Pool, PHYS 2211, Section N06<br />
<br />
[[File:LMpic.jpg|300px|thumb|Lise Meitner in her later years.]]<br />
Lise Meitner (1878-1968) was an Austrian physicist known for her work in radioactivity and nuclear fission. <br />
<br />
==Personal Life==<br />
===Early Life===<br />
Lise Meitner was born in Vienna, Austria, on November 7, 1878, as the third of eight children. Her father was a lawyer from Moravia and strongly supported equal education for his sons and his daughters. Her mother's family had emigrated from Russia to Slovakia. Although they were Jews, the Meitners did not practice their religion, and most of the Meitner children converted to Catholicism. After showing early excellence in mathematics, Lise Meitner received private tutoring, and her passion for learning continued to grow.<br />
<br />
===Life in Academia===<br />
In 1901, Meitner entered the University of Vienna, studying physics under Ludwig Boltzmann. After becoming the second woman to receive a PhD in Physics from the University of Vienna in 1906, she moved to Berlin to study with Max Planck, a physicist. For nearly seven years, Meitner worked as Planck's unpaid Physics Department assistant and published work on radioactive properties. It was very uncommon for women to be working in the lab at this time, however Meitner's program allowed her to collaborate with chemists in addition to other physicists. At this time, she met Otto Hahn, a chemist she would collaborate with for over 30 years. In 1922, Meitner became a university lecturer while also continuing her research on radioactive properties. <br />
<br />
[[File:MeitnerHahn.jpg|300px|thumb|Meitner and Hahn hard at work.]]<br />
<br />
Even though she became a Protestant in 1908, Meitner forced to leave Germany in 1938 and head to Sweden due to her Jewish heritage and the rise of Adolf Hitler. In Sweden she worked at Manne Siegbahn's institute in Stockholm, but due to Siegbahn's prejudice again women in science, she received very little support. Hahn and Meitner were able to meet secretly in Sweden to continue their experiments. Their research was published in 1939 and provided evidence for nuclear fission, a discovery ultimately led to the Manhattan Project and the creation of the atomic bomb. <br />
<br />
In 1944, Hahn was awarded the Nobel Peace Prize for Chemistry because of the research, but Meitner was overlooked. Meitner was awarded the Enrico Fermi Award along with Hahn in 1966. However, the Nobel mistake was never acknowledged. <br />
<br />
In 1960, Meitner retired to Cambridge, England, before passing away on October 27, 1968. <br />
<br />
[[File:MeitnerGrave.jpg|300px|thumb|Lise Meitner's grave in Bramley,England.]]<br />
<br />
==Scientific Contributions==<br />
===Nuclear Fission===<br />
Meitner's experiments with Hahn provided evidence for nuclear fission and led to the creation of the atomic bomb.<br />
<br />
In 1934, a scientist by the name of Enrico Fermi discovered that he could produce radioactive isotopes by neutron bombardment using uranium. This inspired Meitner and Hahn to continue experiments with uranium alongside their assistant, Fritz Strassman. After further tests on uranium, they believed they created radium as a product, but it was soon discovered to be barium.<br />
<br />
Confused by the results, Meitner and Strassman took a walk in the woods to clear their minds, and soon discovered that the nucleus of the uranium atom was splitting. With the help of her nephew, Otto Frisch, Meitner used Bohr's "liquid drop" model of the nucleus as a basis for her calculations to confirm the splitting of the uranium nucleus. Meitner and Hahn named the process "nuclear fission." <br />
<br />
<html><br />
<body><br />
<iframe width="560" height="315" src="https://www.youtube.com/embed/Ezbyg2iNdQs" frameborder="0" allowfullscreen></iframe><br />
</body><br />
</html><br />
<br />
By the end of 1939, Meitner and Hahn's research had spread across America. In 1944, Albert Einstein used Meitner and Hahn's research to write a letter to President Franklin D. Roosevelt about the danger of atomic weapons. Meitner was recognized by President Harry Truman in 1945 at a dinner for the Women's Press Club and was also congratulated by Eleanor Roosevelt for being a strong woman in science. Meitner and Hahn's research was extremely important for the Manhattan project, in which the United States created an atomic bomb to drop on Japan and end World War II. Meitner became known as the "mother of the atomic bomb."<br />
<br />
Realizing the power of her work, Meitner soon began to oppose the use of nuclear fission in the creation of weapons. Although she understood the importance of her work, she did not support the amount of destruction atomic weapons cause. Her gravestone reads "Lise Meitner: a physicist who never lost her humanity."<br />
<br />
==Other Information==<br />
===Fun Facts===<br />
<br />
<ul type="square"><br />
<li>Three of Meitner's sisters went on to earn PhD degrees, most likely due to their father's strong support of equal education for men and women.</li><br />
<li>In her first year of working with Otto Hahn, the pair had to work in a remodeled carpenter's shop because women were not officially allowed in the lab at the University of Berlin. At many labs they worked in, Meitner had to be registered as a guest under Hahn, even though everyone knew they were considered equal in the lab. </li><br />
<li>In 1918, Meitner discovered the element protactinium with Otto Hahn.</li><br />
<li>In 1992, element 109 was named Meitnerium in Lise Meitner's honor.</li><br />
</ul><br />
<br />
==Connectedness==<br />
<br />
#How is this topic connected to something that you are interested in?<br />
#How is it connected to your major?<br />
#Is there an interesting industrial application?<br />
<br />
<br />
===Further reading===<br />
<br />
Books, Articles or other print media on this topic<br />
<br />
===External links===<br />
<br />
Internet resources on this topic<br />
<br />
==References==<br />
<br />
[]<br />
<br />
[[Category:Notable Scientists]]</div>Opool3http://www.physicsbook.gatech.edu/index.php?title=Lise_Meitner&diff=9645Lise Meitner2015-12-03T05:27:13Z<p>Opool3: </p>
<hr />
<div>Created and in Progress by Olivia Pool, PHYS 2211, Section N06<br />
<br />
[[File:LMpic.jpg|300px|thumb|Lise Meitner in her later years.]]<br />
Lise Meitner (1878-1968) was an Austrian physicist known for her work in radioactivity and nuclear fission. <br />
<br />
==Personal Life==<br />
===Early Life===<br />
Lise Meitner was born in Vienna, Austria, on November 7, 1878, as the third of eight children. Her father was a lawyer from Moravia and strongly supported equal education for his sons and his daughters. Her mother's family had emigrated from Russia to Slovakia. Although they were Jews, the Meitners did not practice their religion, and most of the Meitner children converted to Catholicism. After showing early excellence in mathematics, Lise Meitner received private tutoring, and her passion for learning continued to grow.<br />
<br />
===Life in Academia===<br />
In 1901, Meitner entered the University of Vienna, studying physics under Ludwig Boltzmann. After becoming the second woman to receive a PhD in Physics from the University of Vienna in 1906, she moved to Berlin to study with Max Planck, a physicist. For nearly seven years, Meitner worked as Planck's unpaid Physics Department assistant and published work on radioactive properties. It was very uncommon for women to be working in the lab at this time, however Meitner's program allowed her to collaborate with chemists in addition to other physicists. At this time, she met Otto Hahn, a chemist she would collaborate with for over 30 years. In 1922, Meitner became a university lecturer while also continuing her research on radioactive properties. <br />
<br />
[[File:MeitnerHahn.jpg|300px|thumb|Meitner and Hahn hard at work.]]<br />
<br />
Even though she became a Protestant in 1908, Meitner forced to leave Germany in 1938 and head to Sweden due to her Jewish heritage and the rise of Adolf Hitler. In Sweden she worked at Manne Siegbahn's institute in Stockholm, but due to Siegbahn's prejudice again women in science, she received very little support. Hahn and Meitner were able to meet secretly in Sweden to continue their experiments. Their research was published in 1939 and provided evidence for nuclear fission, a discovery ultimately led to the Manhattan Project and the creation of the atomic bomb. <br />
<br />
In 1944, Hahn was awarded the Nobel Peace Prize for Chemistry because of the research, but Meitner was overlooked. Meitner was awarded the Enrico Fermi Award along with Hahn in 1966. However, the Nobel mistake was never acknowledged. <br />
<br />
In 1960, Meitner retired to Cambridge, England, before passing away on October 27, 1968. <br />
<br />
[[File:MeitnerGrave.jpg|300px|thumb|Lise Meitner's grave in Bramley,England.]]<br />
<br />
==Scientific Contributions==<br />
===Nuclear Fission===<br />
Meitner's experiments with Hahn provided evidence for nuclear fission and led to the creation of the atomic bomb.<br />
<br />
In 1934, a scientist by the name of Enrico Fermi discovered that he could produce radioactive isotopes by neutron bombardment using uranium. This inspired Meitner and Hahn to continue experiments with uranium alongside their assistant, Fritz Strassman. After further tests on uranium, they believed they created radium as a product, but it was soon discovered to be barium.<br />
<br />
Confused by the results, Meitner and Strassman took a walk in the woods to clear their minds, and soon discovered that the nucleus of the uranium atom was splitting. With the help of her nephew, Otto Frisch, Meitner used Bohr's "liquid drop" model of the nucleus as a basis for her calculations to confirm the splitting of the uranium nucleus. Meitner and Hahn named the process "nuclear fission." <br />
<br />
<html><br />
<iframe width="560" height="315" src="https://www.youtube.com/embed/Ezbyg2iNdQs" frameborder="0" allowfullscreen></iframe><br />
</html><br />
<br />
By the end of 1939, Meitner and Hahn's research had spread across America. In 1944, Albert Einstein used Meitner and Hahn's research to write a letter to President Franklin D. Roosevelt about the danger of atomic weapons. Meitner was recognized by President Harry Truman in 1945 at a dinner for the Women's Press Club and was also congratulated by Eleanor Roosevelt for being a strong woman in science. Meitner and Hahn's research was extremely important for the Manhattan project, in which the United States created an atomic bomb to drop on Japan and end World War II. Meitner became known as the "mother of the atomic bomb."<br />
<br />
Realizing the power of her work, Meitner soon began to oppose the use of nuclear fission in the creation of weapons. Although she understood the importance of her work, she did not support the amount of destruction atomic weapons cause. Her gravestone reads "Lise Meitner: a physicist who never lost her humanity."<br />
<br />
==Other Information==<br />
===Fun Facts===<br />
<br />
<ul type="square"><br />
<li>Three of Meitner's sisters went on to earn PhD degrees, most likely due to their father's strong support of equal education for men and women.</li><br />
<li>In her first year of working with Otto Hahn, the pair had to work in a remodeled carpenter's shop because women were not officially allowed in the lab at the University of Berlin. At many labs they worked in, Meitner had to be registered as a guest under Hahn, even though everyone knew they were considered equal in the lab. </li><br />
<li>In 1918, Meitner discovered the element protactinium with Otto Hahn.</li><br />
<li>In 1992, element 109 was named Meitnerium in Lise Meitner's honor.</li><br />
</ul><br />
<br />
==Connectedness==<br />
<br />
#How is this topic connected to something that you are interested in?<br />
#How is it connected to your major?<br />
#Is there an interesting industrial application?<br />
<br />
<br />
===Further reading===<br />
<br />
Books, Articles or other print media on this topic<br />
<br />
===External links===<br />
<br />
Internet resources on this topic<br />
<br />
==References==<br />
<br />
[]<br />
<br />
[[Category:Notable Scientists]]</div>Opool3http://www.physicsbook.gatech.edu/index.php?title=Lise_Meitner&diff=9644Lise Meitner2015-12-03T05:26:44Z<p>Opool3: </p>
<hr />
<div>Created and in Progress by Olivia Pool, PHYS 2211, Section N06<br />
<br />
[[File:LMpic.jpg|300px|thumb|Lise Meitner in her later years.]]<br />
Lise Meitner (1878-1968) was an Austrian physicist known for her work in radioactivity and nuclear fission. <br />
<br />
==Personal Life==<br />
===Early Life===<br />
Lise Meitner was born in Vienna, Austria, on November 7, 1878, as the third of eight children. Her father was a lawyer from Moravia and strongly supported equal education for his sons and his daughters. Her mother's family had emigrated from Russia to Slovakia. Although they were Jews, the Meitners did not practice their religion, and most of the Meitner children converted to Catholicism. After showing early excellence in mathematics, Lise Meitner received private tutoring, and her passion for learning continued to grow.<br />
<br />
===Life in Academia===<br />
In 1901, Meitner entered the University of Vienna, studying physics under Ludwig Boltzmann. After becoming the second woman to receive a PhD in Physics from the University of Vienna in 1906, she moved to Berlin to study with Max Planck, a physicist. For nearly seven years, Meitner worked as Planck's unpaid Physics Department assistant and published work on radioactive properties. It was very uncommon for women to be working in the lab at this time, however Meitner's program allowed her to collaborate with chemists in addition to other physicists. At this time, she met Otto Hahn, a chemist she would collaborate with for over 30 years. In 1922, Meitner became a university lecturer while also continuing her research on radioactive properties. <br />
<br />
[[File:MeitnerHahn.jpg|300px|thumb|Meitner and Hahn hard at work.]]<br />
<br />
Even though she became a Protestant in 1908, Meitner forced to leave Germany in 1938 and head to Sweden due to her Jewish heritage and the rise of Adolf Hitler. In Sweden she worked at Manne Siegbahn's institute in Stockholm, but due to Siegbahn's prejudice again women in science, she received very little support. Hahn and Meitner were able to meet secretly in Sweden to continue their experiments. Their research was published in 1939 and provided evidence for nuclear fission, a discovery ultimately led to the Manhattan Project and the creation of the atomic bomb. <br />
<br />
In 1944, Hahn was awarded the Nobel Peace Prize for Chemistry because of the research, but Meitner was overlooked. Meitner was awarded the Enrico Fermi Award along with Hahn in 1966. However, the Nobel mistake was never acknowledged. <br />
<br />
In 1960, Meitner retired to Cambridge, England, before passing away on October 27, 1968. <br />
<br />
[[File:MeitnerGrave.jpg|300px|thumb|Lise Meitner's grave in Bramley,England.]]<br />
<br />
==Scientific Contributions==<br />
===Nuclear Fission===<br />
Meitner's experiments with Hahn provided evidence for nuclear fission and led to the creation of the atomic bomb.<br />
<br />
In 1934, a scientist by the name of Enrico Fermi discovered that he could produce radioactive isotopes by neutron bombardment using uranium. This inspired Meitner and Hahn to continue experiments with uranium alongside their assistant, Fritz Strassman. After further tests on uranium, they believed they created radium as a product, but it was soon discovered to be barium.<br />
<br />
Confused by the results, Meitner and Strassman took a walk in the woods to clear their minds, and soon discovered that the nucleus of the uranium atom was splitting. With the help of her nephew, Otto Frisch, Meitner used Bohr's "liquid drop" model of the nucleus as a basis for her calculations to confirm the splitting of the uranium nucleus. Meitner and Hahn named the process "nuclear fission." <br />
<br />
<html><br />
<iframe width="560" height="315" src="https://www.youtube.com/embed/Ezbyg2iNdQs" frameborder="0" allowfullscreen></iframe><br />
</html><br />
<br />
By the end of 1939, Meitner and Hahn's research had spread across America. In 1944, Albert Einstein used Meitner and Hahn's research to write a letter to President Franklin D. Roosevelt about the danger of atomic weapons. Meitner was recognized by President Harry Truman in 1945 at a dinner for the Women's Press Club and was also congratulated by Eleanor Roosevelt for being a strong woman in science. Meitner and Hahn's research was extremely important for the Manhattan project, in which the United States created an atomic bomb to drop on Japan and end World War II. Meitner became known as the "mother of the atomic bomb."<br />
<br />
Realizing the power of her work, Meitner soon began to oppose the use of nuclear fission in the creation of weapons. Although she understood the importance of her work, she did not support the amount of destruction atomic weapons cause. Her gravestone reads "Lise Meitner: a physicist who never lost her humanity."<br />
<br />
==Other Information==<br />
===Fun Facts===<br />
<br />
<ul type="square"><br />
<li>Three of Meitner's sisters went on to earn PhD degrees, most likely due to their father's strong support of equal education for men and women.</li><br />
<li>In her first year of working with Otto Hahn, the pair had to work in a remodeled carpenter's shop because women were not officially allowed in the lab at the University of Berlin. At many labs they worked in, Meitner had to be registered as a guest under Hahn, even though everyone knew they were considered equal in the lab. </li><br />
<li>In 1918, Meitner discovered the element protactinium with Otto Hahn.</li><br />
<li>In 1992, element 109 was named Meitnerium in Lise Meitner's honor.</li><br />
</ul><br />
<br />
==Connectedness==<br />
<br />
#How is this topic connected to something that you are interested in?<br />
#How is it connected to your major?<br />
#Is there an interesting industrial application?<br />
<br />
<br />
===Further reading===<br />
<br />
Books, Articles or other print media on this topic<br />
<br />
===External links===<br />
<br />
Internet resources on this topic<br />
<br />
==References==<br />
<br />
[]<br />
<br />
[[Category:Notable Scientists]]</div>Opool3http://www.physicsbook.gatech.edu/index.php?title=Lise_Meitner&diff=9633Lise Meitner2015-12-03T05:23:47Z<p>Opool3: </p>
<hr />
<div>Created and in Progress by Olivia Pool, PHYS 2211, Section N06<br />
<br />
[[File:LMpic.jpg|300px|thumb|Lise Meitner in her later years.]]<br />
Lise Meitner (1878-1968) was an Austrian physicist known for her work in radioactivity and nuclear fission. <br />
<br />
==Personal Life==<br />
===Early Life===<br />
Lise Meitner was born in Vienna, Austria, on November 7, 1878, as the third of eight children. Her father was a lawyer from Moravia and strongly supported equal education for his sons and his daughters. Her mother's family had emigrated from Russia to Slovakia. Although they were Jews, the Meitners did not practice their religion, and most of the Meitner children converted to Catholicism. After showing early excellence in mathematics, Lise Meitner received private tutoring, and her passion for learning continued to grow.<br />
<br />
===Life in Academia===<br />
In 1901, Meitner entered the University of Vienna, studying physics under Ludwig Boltzmann. After becoming the second woman to receive a PhD in Physics from the University of Vienna in 1906, she moved to Berlin to study with Max Planck, a physicist. For nearly seven years, Meitner worked as Planck's unpaid Physics Department assistant and published work on radioactive properties. It was very uncommon for women to be working in the lab at this time, however Meitner's program allowed her to collaborate with chemists in addition to other physicists. At this time, she met Otto Hahn, a chemist she would collaborate with for over 30 years. In 1922, Meitner became a university lecturer while also continuing her research on radioactive properties. <br />
<br />
[[File:MeitnerHahn.jpg|300px|thumb|Meitner and Hahn hard at work.]]<br />
<br />
Even though she became a Protestant in 1908, Meitner forced to leave Germany in 1938 and head to Sweden due to her Jewish heritage and the rise of Adolf Hitler. In Sweden she worked at Manne Siegbahn's institute in Stockholm, but due to Siegbahn's prejudice again women in science, she received very little support. Hahn and Meitner were able to meet secretly in Sweden to continue their experiments. Their research was published in 1939 and provided evidence for nuclear fission, a discovery ultimately led to the Manhattan Project and the creation of the atomic bomb. <br />
<br />
In 1944, Hahn was awarded the Nobel Peace Prize for Chemistry because of the research, but Meitner was overlooked. Meitner was awarded the Enrico Fermi Award along with Hahn in 1966. However, the Nobel mistake was never acknowledged. <br />
<br />
In 1960, Meitner retired to Cambridge, England, before passing away on October 27, 1968. <br />
<br />
[[File:MeitnerGrave.jpg|300px|thumb|Lise Meitner's grave in Bramley,England.]]<br />
<br />
==Scientific Contributions==<br />
===Nuclear Fission===<br />
Meitner's experiments with Hahn provided evidence for nuclear fission and led to the creation of the atomic bomb.<br />
<br />
In 1934, a scientist by the name of Enrico Fermi discovered that he could produce radioactive isotopes by neutron bombardment using uranium. This inspired Meitner and Hahn to continue experiments with uranium alongside their assistant, Fritz Strassman. After further tests on uranium, they believed they created radium as a product, but it was soon discovered to be barium.<br />
<br />
Confused by the results, Meitner and Strassman took a walk in the woods to clear their minds, and soon discovered that the nucleus of the uranium atom was splitting. With the help of her nephew, Otto Frisch, Meitner used Bohr's "liquid drop" model of the nucleus as a basis for her calculations to confirm the splitting of the uranium nucleus. Meitner and Hahn named the process "nuclear fission." <br />
<br />
<iframe width="560" height="315" src="https://www.youtube.com/embed/Ezbyg2iNdQs" frameborder="0" allowfullscreen></iframe><br />
<br />
By the end of 1939, Meitner and Hahn's research had spread across America. In 1944, Albert Einstein used Meitner and Hahn's research to write a letter to President Franklin D. Roosevelt about the danger of atomic weapons. Meitner was recognized by President Harry Truman in 1945 at a dinner for the Women's Press Club and was also congratulated by Eleanor Roosevelt for being a strong woman in science. Meitner and Hahn's research was extremely important for the Manhattan project, in which the United States created an atomic bomb to drop on Japan and end World War II. Meitner became known as the "mother of the atomic bomb."<br />
<br />
Realizing the power of her work, Meitner soon began to oppose the use of nuclear fission in the creation of weapons. Although she understood the importance of her work, she did not support the amount of destruction atomic weapons cause. Her gravestone reads "Lise Meitner: a physicist who never lost her humanity."<br />
<br />
==Other Information==<br />
===Fun Facts===<br />
<br />
<ul type="square"><br />
<li>Three of Meitner's sisters went on to earn PhD degrees, most likely due to their father's strong support of equal education for men and women.</li><br />
<li>In her first year of working with Otto Hahn, the pair had to work in a remodeled carpenter's shop because women were not officially allowed in the lab at the University of Berlin. At many labs they worked in, Meitner had to be registered as a guest under Hahn, even though everyone knew they were considered equal in the lab. </li><br />
<li>In 1918, Meitner discovered the element protactinium with Otto Hahn.</li><br />
<li>In 1992, element 109 was named Meitnerium in Lise Meitner's honor.</li><br />
</ul><br />
<br />
==Connectedness==<br />
<br />
#How is this topic connected to something that you are interested in?<br />
#How is it connected to your major?<br />
#Is there an interesting industrial application?<br />
<br />
<br />
===Further reading===<br />
<br />
Books, Articles or other print media on this topic<br />
<br />
===External links===<br />
<br />
Internet resources on this topic<br />
<br />
==References==<br />
<br />
[]<br />
<br />
[[Category:Notable Scientists]]</div>Opool3http://www.physicsbook.gatech.edu/index.php?title=Lise_Meitner&diff=9628Lise Meitner2015-12-03T05:21:29Z<p>Opool3: </p>
<hr />
<div>Created and in Progress by Olivia Pool, PHYS 2211, Section N06<br />
<br />
[[File:LMpic.jpg|300px|thumb|Lise Meitner in her later years.]]<br />
Lise Meitner (1878-1968) was an Austrian physicist known for her work in radioactivity and nuclear fission. <br />
<br />
==Personal Life==<br />
===Early Life===<br />
Lise Meitner was born in Vienna, Austria, on November 7, 1878, as the third of eight children. Her father was a lawyer from Moravia and strongly supported equal education for his sons and his daughters. Her mother's family had emigrated from Russia to Slovakia. Although they were Jews, the Meitners did not practice their religion, and most of the Meitner children converted to Catholicism. After showing early excellence in mathematics, Lise Meitner received private tutoring, and her passion for learning continued to grow.<br />
<br />
===Life in Academia===<br />
In 1901, Meitner entered the University of Vienna, studying physics under Ludwig Boltzmann. After becoming the second woman to receive a PhD in Physics from the University of Vienna in 1906, she moved to Berlin to study with Max Planck, a physicist. For nearly seven years, Meitner worked as Planck's unpaid Physics Department assistant and published work on radioactive properties. It was very uncommon for women to be working in the lab at this time, however Meitner's program allowed her to collaborate with chemists in addition to other physicists. At this time, she met Otto Hahn, a chemist she would collaborate with for over 30 years. In 1922, Meitner became a university lecturer while also continuing her research on radioactive properties. <br />
<br />
[[File:MeitnerHahn.jpg|300px|thumb|Meitner and Hahn hard at work.]]<br />
<br />
Even though she became a Protestant in 1908, Meitner forced to leave Germany in 1938 and head to Sweden due to her Jewish heritage and the rise of Adolf Hitler. In Sweden she worked at Manne Siegbahn's institute in Stockholm, but due to Siegbahn's prejudice again women in science, she received very little support. Hahn and Meitner were able to meet secretly in Sweden to continue their experiments. Their research was published in 1939 and provided evidence for nuclear fission, a discovery ultimately led to the Manhattan Project and the creation of the atomic bomb. <br />
<br />
In 1944, Hahn was awarded the Nobel Peace Prize for Chemistry because of the research, but Meitner was overlooked. Meitner was awarded the Enrico Fermi Award along with Hahn in 1966. However, the Nobel mistake was never acknowledged. <br />
<br />
In 1960, Meitner retired to Cambridge, England, before passing away on October 27, 1968. <br />
<br />
[[File:MeitnerGrave.jpg|300px|thumb|Lise Meitner's grave in Bramley,England.]]<br />
<br />
==Scientific Contributions==<br />
===Nuclear Fission===<br />
Meitner's experiments with Hahn provided evidence for nuclear fission and led to the creation of the atomic bomb.<br />
<br />
In 1934, a scientist by the name of Enrico Fermi discovered that he could produce radioactive isotopes by neutron bombardment using uranium. This inspired Meitner and Hahn to continue experiments with uranium alongside their assistant, Fritz Strassman. After further tests on uranium, they believed they created radium as a product, but it was soon discovered to be barium.<br />
<br />
Confused by the results, Meitner and Strassman took a walk in the woods to clear their minds, and soon discovered that the nucleus of the uranium atom was splitting. With the help of her nephew, Otto Frisch, Meitner used Bohr's "liquid drop" model of the nucleus as a basis for her calculations to confirm the splitting of the uranium nucleus. Meitner and Hahn named the process "nuclear fission." <br />
<br />
<html><br />
<body><br />
<iframe width="560" height="315" src="https://www.youtube.com/embed/Ezbyg2iNdQs" frameborder="0" allowfullscreen></iframe><br />
</body><br />
</html><br />
<br />
By the end of 1939, Meitner and Hahn's research had spread across America. In 1944, Albert Einstein used Meitner and Hahn's research to write a letter to President Franklin D. Roosevelt about the danger of atomic weapons. Meitner was recognized by President Harry Truman in 1945 at a dinner for the Women's Press Club and was also congratulated by Eleanor Roosevelt for being a strong woman in science. Meitner and Hahn's research was extremely important for the Manhattan project, in which the United States created an atomic bomb to drop on Japan and end World War II. Meitner became known as the "mother of the atomic bomb."<br />
<br />
Realizing the power of her work, Meitner soon began to oppose the use of nuclear fission in the creation of weapons. Although she understood the importance of her work, she did not support the amount of destruction atomic weapons cause. Her gravestone reads "Lise Meitner: a physicist who never lost her humanity."<br />
<br />
==Other Information==<br />
===Fun Facts===<br />
<br />
<ul type="square"><br />
<li>Three of Meitner's sisters went on to earn PhD degrees, most likely due to their father's strong support of equal education for men and women.</li><br />
<li>In her first year of working with Otto Hahn, the pair had to work in a remodeled carpenter's shop because women were not officially allowed in the lab at the University of Berlin. At many labs they worked in, Meitner had to be registered as a guest under Hahn, even though everyone knew they were considered equal in the lab. </li><br />
<li>In 1918, Meitner discovered the element protactinium with Otto Hahn.</li><br />
<li>In 1992, element 109 was named Meitnerium in Lise Meitner's honor.</li><br />
</ul><br />
<br />
==Connectedness==<br />
<br />
#How is this topic connected to something that you are interested in?<br />
#How is it connected to your major?<br />
#Is there an interesting industrial application?<br />
<br />
<br />
===Further reading===<br />
<br />
Books, Articles or other print media on this topic<br />
<br />
===External links===<br />
<br />
Internet resources on this topic<br />
<br />
==References==<br />
<br />
[]<br />
<br />
[[Category:Notable Scientists]]</div>Opool3http://www.physicsbook.gatech.edu/index.php?title=Lise_Meitner&diff=9625Lise Meitner2015-12-03T05:20:24Z<p>Opool3: </p>
<hr />
<div>Created and in Progress by Olivia Pool, PHYS 2211, Section N06<br />
<br />
[[File:LMpic.jpg|300px|thumb|Lise Meitner in her later years.]]<br />
Lise Meitner (1878-1968) was an Austrian physicist known for her work in radioactivity and nuclear fission. <br />
<br />
==Personal Life==<br />
===Early Life===<br />
Lise Meitner was born in Vienna, Austria, on November 7, 1878, as the third of eight children. Her father was a lawyer from Moravia and strongly supported equal education for his sons and his daughters. Her mother's family had emigrated from Russia to Slovakia. Although they were Jews, the Meitners did not practice their religion, and most of the Meitner children converted to Catholicism. After showing early excellence in mathematics, Lise Meitner received private tutoring, and her passion for learning continued to grow.<br />
<br />
===Life in Academia===<br />
In 1901, Meitner entered the University of Vienna, studying physics under Ludwig Boltzmann. After becoming the second woman to receive a PhD in Physics from the University of Vienna in 1906, she moved to Berlin to study with Max Planck, a physicist. For nearly seven years, Meitner worked as Planck's unpaid Physics Department assistant and published work on radioactive properties. It was very uncommon for women to be working in the lab at this time, however Meitner's program allowed her to collaborate with chemists in addition to other physicists. At this time, she met Otto Hahn, a chemist she would collaborate with for over 30 years. In 1922, Meitner became a university lecturer while also continuing her research on radioactive properties. <br />
<br />
[[File:MeitnerHahn.jpg|300px|thumb|Meitner and Hahn hard at work.]]<br />
<br />
Even though she became a Protestant in 1908, Meitner forced to leave Germany in 1938 and head to Sweden due to her Jewish heritage and the rise of Adolf Hitler. In Sweden she worked at Manne Siegbahn's institute in Stockholm, but due to Siegbahn's prejudice again women in science, she received very little support. Hahn and Meitner were able to meet secretly in Sweden to continue their experiments. Their research was published in 1939 and provided evidence for nuclear fission, a discovery ultimately led to the Manhattan Project and the creation of the atomic bomb. <br />
<br />
In 1944, Hahn was awarded the Nobel Peace Prize for Chemistry because of the research, but Meitner was overlooked. Meitner was awarded the Enrico Fermi Award along with Hahn in 1966. However, the Nobel mistake was never acknowledged. <br />
<br />
In 1960, Meitner retired to Cambridge, England, before passing away on October 27, 1968. <br />
<br />
[[File:MeitnerGrave.jpg|300px|thumb|Lise Meitner's grave in Bramley,England.]]<br />
<br />
==Scientific Contributions==<br />
===Nuclear Fission===<br />
Meitner's experiments with Hahn provided evidence for nuclear fission and led to the creation of the atomic bomb.<br />
<br />
In 1934, a scientist by the name of Enrico Fermi discovered that he could produce radioactive isotopes by neutron bombardment using uranium. This inspired Meitner and Hahn to continue experiments with uranium alongside their assistant, Fritz Strassman. After further tests on uranium, they believed they created radium as a product, but it was soon discovered to be barium.<br />
<br />
Confused by the results, Meitner and Strassman took a walk in the woods to clear their minds, and soon discovered that the nucleus of the uranium atom was splitting. With the help of her nephew, Otto Frisch, Meitner used Bohr's "liquid drop" model of the nucleus as a basis for her calculations to confirm the splitting of the uranium nucleus. Meitner and Hahn named the process "nuclear fission." <br />
<br />
<iframe width="560" height="315" src="https://www.youtube.com/embed/Ezbyg2iNdQs" frameborder="0" allowfullscreen></iframe><br />
<br />
By the end of 1939, Meitner and Hahn's research had spread across America. In 1944, Albert Einstein used Meitner and Hahn's research to write a letter to President Franklin D. Roosevelt about the danger of atomic weapons. Meitner was recognized by President Harry Truman in 1945 at a dinner for the Women's Press Club and was also congratulated by Eleanor Roosevelt for being a strong woman in science. Meitner and Hahn's research was extremely important for the Manhattan project, in which the United States created an atomic bomb to drop on Japan and end World War II. Meitner became known as the "mother of the atomic bomb."<br />
<br />
Realizing the power of her work, Meitner soon began to oppose the use of nuclear fission in the creation of weapons. Although she understood the importance of her work, she did not support the amount of destruction atomic weapons cause. Her gravestone reads "Lise Meitner: a physicist who never lost her humanity."<br />
<br />
==Other Information==<br />
===Fun Facts===<br />
<br />
<ul type="square"><br />
<li>Three of Meitner's sisters went on to earn PhD degrees, most likely due to their father's strong support of equal education for men and women.</li><br />
<li>In her first year of working with Otto Hahn, the pair had to work in a remodeled carpenter's shop because women were not officially allowed in the lab at the University of Berlin. At many labs they worked in, Meitner had to be registered as a guest under Hahn, even though everyone knew they were considered equal in the lab. </li><br />
<li>In 1918, Meitner discovered the element protactinium with Otto Hahn.</li><br />
<li>In 1992, element 109 was named Meitnerium in Lise Meitner's honor.</li><br />
</ul><br />
<br />
==Connectedness==<br />
<br />
#How is this topic connected to something that you are interested in?<br />
#How is it connected to your major?<br />
#Is there an interesting industrial application?<br />
<br />
<br />
===Further reading===<br />
<br />
Books, Articles or other print media on this topic<br />
<br />
===External links===<br />
<br />
Internet resources on this topic<br />
<br />
==References==<br />
<br />
[]<br />
<br />
[[Category:Notable Scientists]]</div>Opool3http://www.physicsbook.gatech.edu/index.php?title=Lise_Meitner&diff=9619Lise Meitner2015-12-03T05:19:14Z<p>Opool3: </p>
<hr />
<div>Created and in Progress by Olivia Pool, PHYS 2211, Section N06<br />
<br />
[[File:LMpic.jpg|300px|thumb|Lise Meitner in her later years.]]<br />
Lise Meitner (1878-1968) was an Austrian physicist known for her work in radioactivity and nuclear fission. <br />
<br />
==Personal Life==<br />
===Early Life===<br />
Lise Meitner was born in Vienna, Austria, on November 7, 1878, as the third of eight children. Her father was a lawyer from Moravia and strongly supported equal education for his sons and his daughters. Her mother's family had emigrated from Russia to Slovakia. Although they were Jews, the Meitners did not practice their religion, and most of the Meitner children converted to Catholicism. After showing early excellence in mathematics, Lise Meitner received private tutoring, and her passion for learning continued to grow.<br />
<br />
===Life in Academia===<br />
In 1901, Meitner entered the University of Vienna, studying physics under Ludwig Boltzmann. After becoming the second woman to receive a PhD in Physics from the University of Vienna in 1906, she moved to Berlin to study with Max Planck, a physicist. For nearly seven years, Meitner worked as Planck's unpaid Physics Department assistant and published work on radioactive properties. It was very uncommon for women to be working in the lab at this time, however Meitner's program allowed her to collaborate with chemists in addition to other physicists. At this time, she met Otto Hahn, a chemist she would collaborate with for over 30 years. In 1922, Meitner became a university lecturer while also continuing her research on radioactive properties. <br />
<br />
[[File:MeitnerHahn.jpg|300px|thumb|Meitner and Hahn hard at work.]]<br />
<br />
Even though she became a Protestant in 1908, Meitner forced to leave Germany in 1938 and head to Sweden due to her Jewish heritage and the rise of Adolf Hitler. In Sweden she worked at Manne Siegbahn's institute in Stockholm, but due to Siegbahn's prejudice again women in science, she received very little support. Hahn and Meitner were able to meet secretly in Sweden to continue their experiments. Their research was published in 1939 and provided evidence for nuclear fission, a discovery ultimately led to the Manhattan Project and the creation of the atomic bomb. <br />
<br />
In 1944, Hahn was awarded the Nobel Peace Prize for Chemistry because of the research, but Meitner was overlooked. Meitner was awarded the Enrico Fermi Award along with Hahn in 1966. However, the Nobel mistake was never acknowledged. <br />
<br />
In 1960, Meitner retired to Cambridge, England, before passing away on October 27, 1968. <br />
<br />
[[File:MeitnerGrave.jpg|300px|thumb|Lise Meitner's grave in Bramley,England.]]<br />
<br />
==Scientific Contributions==<br />
===Nuclear Fission===<br />
Meitner's experiments with Hahn provided evidence for nuclear fission and led to the creation of the atomic bomb.<br />
<br />
In 1934, a scientist by the name of Enrico Fermi discovered that he could produce radioactive isotopes by neutron bombardment using uranium. This inspired Meitner and Hahn to continue experiments with uranium alongside their assistant, Fritz Strassman. After further tests on uranium, they believed they created radium as a product, but it was soon discovered to be barium.<br />
<br />
Confused by the results, Meitner and Strassman took a walk in the woods to clear their minds, and soon discovered that the nucleus of the uranium atom was splitting. With the help of her nephew, Otto Frisch, Meitner used Bohr's "liquid drop" model of the nucleus as a basis for her calculations to confirm the splitting of the uranium nucleus. Meitner and Hahn named the process "nuclear fission." <br />
<br />
<html><br />
<body><br />
<iframe src="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Ezbyg2iNdQs&feature=iv&src_vid=kHXMiYsFSrU&annotation_id=annotation_696116"<br />
width="560" height="315" frameborder="0" allowfullscreen></iframe><br />
</body><br />
</html><br />
<br />
By the end of 1939, Meitner and Hahn's research had spread across America. In 1944, Albert Einstein used Meitner and Hahn's research to write a letter to President Franklin D. Roosevelt about the danger of atomic weapons. Meitner was recognized by President Harry Truman in 1945 at a dinner for the Women's Press Club and was also congratulated by Eleanor Roosevelt for being a strong woman in science. Meitner and Hahn's research was extremely important for the Manhattan project, in which the United States created an atomic bomb to drop on Japan and end World War II. Meitner became known as the "mother of the atomic bomb."<br />
<br />
Realizing the power of her work, Meitner soon began to oppose the use of nuclear fission in the creation of weapons. Although she understood the importance of her work, she did not support the amount of destruction atomic weapons cause. Her gravestone reads "Lise Meitner: a physicist who never lost her humanity."<br />
<br />
==Other Information==<br />
===Fun Facts===<br />
<br />
<ul type="square"><br />
<li>Three of Meitner's sisters went on to earn PhD degrees, most likely due to their father's strong support of equal education for men and women.</li><br />
<li>In her first year of working with Otto Hahn, the pair had to work in a remodeled carpenter's shop because women were not officially allowed in the lab at the University of Berlin. At many labs they worked in, Meitner had to be registered as a guest under Hahn, even though everyone knew they were considered equal in the lab. </li><br />
<li>In 1918, Meitner discovered the element protactinium with Otto Hahn.</li><br />
<li>In 1992, element 109 was named Meitnerium in Lise Meitner's honor.</li><br />
</ul><br />
<br />
==Connectedness==<br />
<br />
#How is this topic connected to something that you are interested in?<br />
#How is it connected to your major?<br />
#Is there an interesting industrial application?<br />
<br />
<br />
===Further reading===<br />
<br />
Books, Articles or other print media on this topic<br />
<br />
===External links===<br />
<br />
Internet resources on this topic<br />
<br />
==References==<br />
<br />
[]<br />
<br />
[[Category:Notable Scientists]]</div>Opool3http://www.physicsbook.gatech.edu/index.php?title=Lise_Meitner&diff=9609Lise Meitner2015-12-03T05:16:07Z<p>Opool3: </p>
<hr />
<div>Created and in Progress by Olivia Pool, PHYS 2211, Section N06<br />
<br />
[[File:LMpic.jpg|300px|thumb|Lise Meitner in her later years.]]<br />
Lise Meitner (1878-1968) was an Austrian physicist known for her work in radioactivity and nuclear fission. <br />
<br />
==Personal Life==<br />
===Early Life===<br />
Lise Meitner was born in Vienna, Austria, on November 7, 1878, as the third of eight children. Her father was a lawyer from Moravia and strongly supported equal education for his sons and his daughters. Her mother's family had emigrated from Russia to Slovakia. Although they were Jews, the Meitners did not practice their religion, and most of the Meitner children converted to Catholicism. After showing early excellence in mathematics, Lise Meitner received private tutoring, and her passion for learning continued to grow.<br />
<br />
===Life in Academia===<br />
In 1901, Meitner entered the University of Vienna, studying physics under Ludwig Boltzmann. After becoming the second woman to receive a PhD in Physics from the University of Vienna in 1906, she moved to Berlin to study with Max Planck, a physicist. For nearly seven years, Meitner worked as Planck's unpaid Physics Department assistant and published work on radioactive properties. It was very uncommon for women to be working in the lab at this time, however Meitner's program allowed her to collaborate with chemists in addition to other physicists. At this time, she met Otto Hahn, a chemist she would collaborate with for over 30 years. In 1922, Meitner became a university lecturer while also continuing her research on radioactive properties. <br />
<br />
[[File:MeitnerHahn.jpg|300px|thumb|Meitner and Hahn hard at work.]]<br />
<br />
Even though she became a Protestant in 1908, Meitner forced to leave Germany in 1938 and head to Sweden due to her Jewish heritage and the rise of Adolf Hitler. In Sweden she worked at Manne Siegbahn's institute in Stockholm, but due to Siegbahn's prejudice again women in science, she received very little support. Hahn and Meitner were able to meet secretly in Sweden to continue their experiments. Their research was published in 1939 and provided evidence for nuclear fission, a discovery ultimately led to the Manhattan Project and the creation of the atomic bomb. <br />
<br />
In 1944, Hahn was awarded the Nobel Peace Prize for Chemistry because of the research, but Meitner was overlooked. Meitner was awarded the Enrico Fermi Award along with Hahn in 1966. However, the Nobel mistake was never acknowledged. <br />
<br />
In 1960, Meitner retired to Cambridge, England, before passing away on October 27, 1968. <br />
<br />
[[File:MeitnerGrave.jpg|300px|thumb|Lise Meitner's grave in Bramley,England.]]<br />
<br />
==Scientific Contributions==<br />
===Nuclear Fission===<br />
Meitner's experiments with Hahn provided evidence for nuclear fission and led to the creation of the atomic bomb.<br />
<br />
In 1934, a scientist by the name of Enrico Fermi discovered that he could produce radioactive isotopes by neutron bombardment using uranium. This inspired Meitner and Hahn to continue experiments with uranium alongside their assistant, Fritz Strassman. After further tests on uranium, they believed they created radium as a product, but it was soon discovered to be barium.<br />
<br />
Confused by the results, Meitner and Strassman took a walk in the woods to clear their minds, and soon discovered that the nucleus of the uranium atom was splitting. With the help of her nephew, Otto Frisch, Meitner used Bohr's "liquid drop" model of the nucleus as a basis for her calculations to confirm the splitting of the uranium nucleus. Meitner and Hahn named the process "nuclear fission." <br />
<br />
[[Explanation of Nuclear Fission:https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Ezbyg2iNdQs&feature=iv&src_vid=kHXMiYsFSrU&annotation_id=annotation_696116]]<br />
<br />
By the end of 1939, Meitner and Hahn's research had spread across America. In 1944, Albert Einstein used Meitner and Hahn's research to write a letter to President Franklin D. Roosevelt about the danger of atomic weapons. Meitner was recognized by President Harry Truman in 1945 at a dinner for the Women's Press Club and was also congratulated by Eleanor Roosevelt for being a strong woman in science. Meitner and Hahn's research was extremely important for the Manhattan project, in which the United States created an atomic bomb to drop on Japan and end World War II. Meitner became known as the "mother of the atomic bomb."<br />
<br />
Realizing the power of her work, Meitner soon began to oppose the use of nuclear fission in the creation of weapons. Although she understood the importance of her work, she did not support the amount of destruction atomic weapons cause. Her gravestone reads "Lise Meitner: a physicist who never lost her humanity."<br />
<br />
==Other Information==<br />
===Fun Facts===<br />
<br />
<ul type="square"><br />
<li>Three of Meitner's sisters went on to earn PhD degrees, most likely due to their father's strong support of equal education for men and women.</li><br />
<li>In her first year of working with Otto Hahn, the pair had to work in a remodeled carpenter's shop because women were not officially allowed in the lab at the University of Berlin. At many labs they worked in, Meitner had to be registered as a guest under Hahn, even though everyone knew they were considered equal in the lab. </li><br />
<li>In 1918, Meitner discovered the element protactinium with Otto Hahn.</li><br />
<li>In 1992, element 109 was named Meitnerium in Lise Meitner's honor.</li><br />
</ul><br />
<br />
==Connectedness==<br />
<br />
#How is this topic connected to something that you are interested in?<br />
#How is it connected to your major?<br />
#Is there an interesting industrial application?<br />
<br />
<br />
===Further reading===<br />
<br />
Books, Articles or other print media on this topic<br />
<br />
===External links===<br />
<br />
Internet resources on this topic<br />
<br />
==References==<br />
<br />
[]<br />
<br />
[[Category:Notable Scientists]]</div>Opool3http://www.physicsbook.gatech.edu/index.php?title=Lise_Meitner&diff=9607Lise Meitner2015-12-03T05:14:35Z<p>Opool3: </p>
<hr />
<div>Created and in Progress by Olivia Pool, PHYS 2211, Section N06<br />
<br />
[[File:LMpic.jpg|300px|thumb|Lise Meitner in her later years.]]<br />
Lise Meitner (1878-1968) was an Austrian physicist known for her work in radioactivity and nuclear fission. <br />
<br />
==Personal Life==<br />
===Early Life===<br />
Lise Meitner was born in Vienna, Austria, on November 7, 1878, as the third of eight children. Her father was a lawyer from Moravia and strongly supported equal education for his sons and his daughters. Her mother's family had emigrated from Russia to Slovakia. Although they were Jews, the Meitners did not practice their religion, and most of the Meitner children converted to Catholicism. After showing early excellence in mathematics, Lise Meitner received private tutoring, and her passion for learning continued to grow.<br />
<br />
===Life in Academia===<br />
In 1901, Meitner entered the University of Vienna, studying physics under Ludwig Boltzmann. After becoming the second woman to receive a PhD in Physics from the University of Vienna in 1906, she moved to Berlin to study with Max Planck, a physicist. For nearly seven years, Meitner worked as Planck's unpaid Physics Department assistant and published work on radioactive properties. It was very uncommon for women to be working in the lab at this time, however Meitner's program allowed her to collaborate with chemists in addition to other physicists. At this time, she met Otto Hahn, a chemist she would collaborate with for over 30 years. In 1922, Meitner became a university lecturer while also continuing her research on radioactive properties. <br />
<br />
[[File:MeitnerHahn.jpg|300px|thumb|Meitner and Hahn hard at work.]]<br />
<br />
Even though she became a Protestant in 1908, Meitner forced to leave Germany in 1938 and head to Sweden due to her Jewish heritage and the rise of Adolf Hitler. In Sweden she worked at Manne Siegbahn's institute in Stockholm, but due to Siegbahn's prejudice again women in science, she received very little support. Hahn and Meitner were able to meet secretly in Sweden to continue their experiments. Their research was published in 1939 and provided evidence for nuclear fission, a discovery ultimately led to the Manhattan Project and the creation of the atomic bomb. <br />
<br />
In 1944, Hahn was awarded the Nobel Peace Prize for Chemistry because of the research, but Meitner was overlooked. Meitner was awarded the Enrico Fermi Award along with Hahn in 1966. However, the Nobel mistake was never acknowledged. <br />
<br />
In 1960, Meitner retired to Cambridge, England, before passing away on October 27, 1968. <br />
<br />
[[File:MeitnerGrave.jpg|300px|thumb|Lise Meitner's grave in Bramley,England.]]<br />
<br />
==Scientific Contributions==<br />
===Nuclear Fission===<br />
Meitner's experiments with Hahn provided evidence for nuclear fission and led to the creation of the atomic bomb.<br />
<br />
In 1934, a scientist by the name of Enrico Fermi discovered that he could produce radioactive isotopes by neutron bombardment using uranium. This inspired Meitner and Hahn to continue experiments with uranium alongside their assistant, Fritz Strassman. After further tests on uranium, they believed they created radium as a product, but it was soon discovered to be barium.<br />
<br />
Confused by the results, Meitner and Strassman took a walk in the woods to clear their minds, and soon discovered that the nucleus of the uranium atom was splitting. With the help of her nephew, Otto Frisch, Meitner used Bohr's "liquid drop" model of the nucleus as a basis for her calculations to confirm the splitting of the uranium nucleus. Meitner and Hahn named the process "nuclear fission." <br />
<br />
By the end of 1939, Meitner and Hahn's research had spread across America. In 1944, Albert Einstein used Meitner and Hahn's research to write a letter to President Franklin D. Roosevelt about the danger of atomic weapons. Meitner was recognized by President Harry Truman in 1945 at a dinner for the Women's Press Club and was also congratulated by Eleanor Roosevelt for being a strong woman in science. Meitner and Hahn's research was extremely important for the Manhattan project, in which the United States created an atomic bomb to drop on Japan and end World War II. Meitner became known as the "mother of the atomic bomb."<br />
<br />
Realizing the power of her work, Meitner soon began to oppose the use of nuclear fission in the creation of weapons. Although she understood the importance of her work, she did not support the amount of destruction atomic weapons cause. Her gravestone reads "Lise Meitner: a physicist who never lost her humanity."<br />
<br />
==Other Information==<br />
===Fun Facts===<br />
<br />
<ul type="square"><br />
<li>Three of Meitner's sisters went on to earn PhD degrees, most likely due to their father's strong support of equal education for men and women.</li><br />
<li>In her first year of working with Otto Hahn, the pair had to work in a remodeled carpenter's shop because women were not officially allowed in the lab at the University of Berlin. At many labs they worked in, Meitner had to be registered as a guest under Hahn, even though everyone knew they were considered equal in the lab. </li><br />
<li>In 1918, Meitner discovered the element protactinium with Otto Hahn.</li><br />
<li>In 1992, element 109 was named Meitnerium in Lise Meitner's honor.</li><br />
</ul><br />
<br />
==Connectedness==<br />
<br />
#How is this topic connected to something that you are interested in?<br />
#How is it connected to your major?<br />
#Is there an interesting industrial application?<br />
<br />
<br />
===Further reading===<br />
<br />
Books, Articles or other print media on this topic<br />
<br />
===External links===<br />
<br />
Internet resources on this topic<br />
<br />
==References==<br />
<br />
[]<br />
<br />
[[Category:Notable Scientists]]</div>Opool3http://www.physicsbook.gatech.edu/index.php?title=File:MeitnerHahn.jpg&diff=9604File:MeitnerHahn.jpg2015-12-03T05:14:03Z<p>Opool3: </p>
<hr />
<div></div>Opool3http://www.physicsbook.gatech.edu/index.php?title=Lise_Meitner&diff=9600Lise Meitner2015-12-03T05:12:44Z<p>Opool3: </p>
<hr />
<div>Created and in Progress by Olivia Pool, PHYS 2211, Section N06<br />
<br />
[[File:LMpic.jpg|300px|thumb|Lise Meitner in her later years.]]<br />
Lise Meitner (1878-1968) was an Austrian physicist known for her work in radioactivity and nuclear fission. <br />
<br />
==Personal Life==<br />
===Early Life===<br />
Lise Meitner was born in Vienna, Austria, on November 7, 1878, as the third of eight children. Her father was a lawyer from Moravia and strongly supported equal education for his sons and his daughters. Her mother's family had emigrated from Russia to Slovakia. Although they were Jews, the Meitners did not practice their religion, and most of the Meitner children converted to Catholicism. After showing early excellence in mathematics, Lise Meitner received private tutoring, and her passion for learning continued to grow.<br />
<br />
===Life in Academia===<br />
In 1901, Meitner entered the University of Vienna, studying physics under Ludwig Boltzmann. After becoming the second woman to receive a PhD in Physics from the University of Vienna in 1906, she moved to Berlin to study with Max Planck, a physicist. For nearly seven years, Meitner worked as Planck's unpaid Physics Department assistant and published work on radioactive properties. It was very uncommon for women to be working in the lab at this time, however Meitner's program allowed her to collaborate with chemists in addition to other physicists. At this time, she met Otto Hahn, a chemist she would collaborate with for over 30 years. In 1922, Meitner became a university lecturer while also continuing her research on radioactive properties. <br />
<br />
Even though she became a Protestant in 1908, Meitner forced to leave Germany in 1938 and head to Sweden due to her Jewish heritage and the rise of Adolf Hitler. In Sweden she worked at Manne Siegbahn's institute in Stockholm, but due to Siegbahn's prejudice again women in science, she received very little support. Hahn and Meitner were able to meet secretly in Sweden to continue their experiments. Their research was published in 1939 and provided evidence for nuclear fission, a discovery ultimately led to the Manhattan Project and the creation of the atomic bomb. <br />
<br />
In 1944, Hahn was awarded the Nobel Peace Prize for Chemistry because of the research, but Meitner was overlooked. Meitner was awarded the Enrico Fermi Award along with Hahn in 1966. However, the Nobel mistake was never acknowledged. <br />
<br />
In 1960, Meitner retired to Cambridge, England, before passing away on October 27, 1968. <br />
<br />
[[File:MeitnerGrave.jpg|300px|thumb|Lise Meitner in her later years.]]<br />
<br />
==Scientific Contributions==<br />
===Nuclear Fission===<br />
Meitner's experiments with Hahn provided evidence for nuclear fission and led to the creation of the atomic bomb.<br />
<br />
In 1934, a scientist by the name of Enrico Fermi discovered that he could produce radioactive isotopes by neutron bombardment using uranium. This inspired Meitner and Hahn to continue experiments with uranium alongside their assistant, Fritz Strassman. After further tests on uranium, they believed they created radium as a product, but it was soon discovered to be barium.<br />
<br />
Confused by the results, Meitner and Strassman took a walk in the woods to clear their minds, and soon discovered that the nucleus of the uranium atom was splitting. With the help of her nephew, Otto Frisch, Meitner used Bohr's "liquid drop" model of the nucleus as a basis for her calculations to confirm the splitting of the uranium nucleus. Meitner and Hahn named the process "nuclear fission." <br />
<br />
By the end of 1939, Meitner and Hahn's research had spread across America. In 1944, Albert Einstein used Meitner and Hahn's research to write a letter to President Franklin D. Roosevelt about the danger of atomic weapons. Meitner was recognized by President Harry Truman in 1945 at a dinner for the Women's Press Club and was also congratulated by Eleanor Roosevelt for being a strong woman in science. Meitner and Hahn's research was extremely important for the Manhattan project, in which the United States created an atomic bomb to drop on Japan and end World War II. Meitner became known as the "mother of the atomic bomb."<br />
<br />
Realizing the power of her work, Meitner soon began to oppose the use of nuclear fission in the creation of weapons. Although she understood the importance of her work, she did not support the amount of destruction atomic weapons cause. Her gravestone reads "Lise Meitner: a physicist who never lost her humanity."<br />
<br />
==Other Information==<br />
===Fun Facts===<br />
<br />
<ul type="square"><br />
<li>Three of Meitner's sisters went on to earn PhD degrees, most likely due to their father's strong support of equal education for men and women.</li><br />
<li>In her first year of working with Otto Hahn, the pair had to work in a remodeled carpenter's shop because women were not officially allowed in the lab at the University of Berlin. At many labs they worked in, Meitner had to be registered as a guest under Hahn, even though everyone knew they were considered equal in the lab. </li><br />
<li>In 1918, Meitner discovered the element protactinium with Otto Hahn.</li><br />
<li>In 1992, element 109 was named Meitnerium in Lise Meitner's honor.</li><br />
</ul><br />
<br />
==Connectedness==<br />
<br />
#How is this topic connected to something that you are interested in?<br />
#How is it connected to your major?<br />
#Is there an interesting industrial application?<br />
<br />
<br />
===Further reading===<br />
<br />
Books, Articles or other print media on this topic<br />
<br />
===External links===<br />
<br />
Internet resources on this topic<br />
<br />
==References==<br />
<br />
[]<br />
<br />
[[Category:Notable Scientists]]</div>Opool3http://www.physicsbook.gatech.edu/index.php?title=File:MeitnerGrave.jpg&diff=9599File:MeitnerGrave.jpg2015-12-03T05:11:53Z<p>Opool3: </p>
<hr />
<div></div>Opool3http://www.physicsbook.gatech.edu/index.php?title=Lise_Meitner&diff=9597Lise Meitner2015-12-03T05:10:31Z<p>Opool3: </p>
<hr />
<div>Created and in Progress by Olivia Pool, PHYS 2211, Section N06<br />
<br />
[[File:LMpic.jpg|300px|thumb|Lise Meitner in her later years.]]<br />
Lise Meitner (1878-1968) was an Austrian physicist known for her work in radioactivity and nuclear fission. <br />
<br />
==Personal Life==<br />
===Early Life===<br />
Lise Meitner was born in Vienna, Austria, on November 7, 1878, as the third of eight children. Her father was a lawyer from Moravia and strongly supported equal education for his sons and his daughters. Her mother's family had emigrated from Russia to Slovakia. Although they were Jews, the Meitners did not practice their religion, and most of the Meitner children converted to Catholicism. After showing early excellence in mathematics, Lise Meitner received private tutoring, and her passion for learning continued to grow.<br />
<br />
===Life in Academia===<br />
In 1901, Meitner entered the University of Vienna, studying physics under Ludwig Boltzmann. After becoming the second woman to receive a PhD in Physics from the University of Vienna in 1906, she moved to Berlin to study with Max Planck, a physicist. For nearly seven years, Meitner worked as Planck's unpaid Physics Department assistant and published work on radioactive properties. It was very uncommon for women to be working in the lab at this time, however Meitner's program allowed her to collaborate with chemists in addition to other physicists. At this time, she met Otto Hahn, a chemist she would collaborate with for over 30 years. In 1922, Meitner became a university lecturer while also continuing her research on radioactive properties. <br />
<br />
Even though she became a Protestant in 1908, Meitner forced to leave Germany in 1938 and head to Sweden due to her Jewish heritage and the rise of Adolf Hitler. In Sweden she worked at Manne Siegbahn's institute in Stockholm, but due to Siegbahn's prejudice again women in science, she received very little support. Hahn and Meitner were able to meet secretly in Sweden to continue their experiments. Their research was published in 1939 and provided evidence for nuclear fission, a discovery ultimately led to the Manhattan Project and the creation of the atomic bomb. <br />
<br />
In 1944, Hahn was awarded the Nobel Peace Prize for Chemistry because of the research, but Meitner was overlooked. Meitner was awarded the Enrico Fermi Award along with Hahn in 1966. However, the Nobel mistake was never acknowledged. <br />
<br />
In 1960, Meitner retired to Cambridge, England, before passing away on October 27, 1968. <br />
<br />
==Scientific Contributions==<br />
===Nuclear Fission===<br />
Meitner's experiments with Hahn provided evidence for nuclear fission and led to the creation of the atomic bomb.<br />
<br />
In 1934, a scientist by the name of Enrico Fermi discovered that he could produce radioactive isotopes by neutron bombardment using uranium. This inspired Meitner and Hahn to continue experiments with uranium alongside their assistant, Fritz Strassman. After further tests on uranium, they believed they created radium as a product, but it was soon discovered to be barium.<br />
<br />
Confused by the results, Meitner and Strassman took a walk in the woods to clear their minds, and soon discovered that the nucleus of the uranium atom was splitting. With the help of her nephew, Otto Frisch, Meitner used Bohr's "liquid drop" model of the nucleus as a basis for her calculations to confirm the splitting of the uranium nucleus. Meitner and Hahn named the process "nuclear fission." <br />
<br />
By the end of 1939, Meitner and Hahn's research had spread across America. In 1944, Albert Einstein used Meitner and Hahn's research to write a letter to President Franklin D. Roosevelt about the danger of atomic weapons. Meitner was recognized by President Harry Truman in 1945 at a dinner for the Women's Press Club and was also congratulated by Eleanor Roosevelt for being a strong woman in science. Meitner and Hahn's research was extremely important for the Manhattan project, in which the United States created an atomic bomb to drop on Japan and end World War II. Meitner became known as the "mother of the atomic bomb."<br />
<br />
Realizing the power of her work, Meitner soon began to oppose the use of nuclear fission in the creation of weapons. Although she understood the importance of her work, she did not support the amount of destruction atomic weapons cause. Her gravestone reads "Lise Meitner: a physicist who never lost her humanity."<br />
<br />
==Other Information==<br />
===Fun Facts===<br />
<br />
<ul type="square"><br />
<li>Three of Meitner's sisters went on to earn PhD degrees, most likely due to their father's strong support of equal education for men and women.</li><br />
<li>In her first year of working with Otto Hahn, the pair had to work in a remodeled carpenter's shop because women were not officially allowed in the lab at the University of Berlin. At many labs they worked in, Meitner had to be registered as a guest under Hahn, even though everyone knew they were considered equal in the lab. </li><br />
<li>In 1918, Meitner discovered the element protactinium with Otto Hahn.</li><br />
<li>In 1992, element 109 was named Meitnerium in Lise Meitner's honor.</li><br />
</ul><br />
<br />
==Connectedness==<br />
<br />
#How is this topic connected to something that you are interested in?<br />
#How is it connected to your major?<br />
#Is there an interesting industrial application?<br />
<br />
<br />
===Further reading===<br />
<br />
Books, Articles or other print media on this topic<br />
<br />
===External links===<br />
<br />
Internet resources on this topic<br />
<br />
==References==<br />
<br />
[]<br />
<br />
[[Category:Notable Scientists]]</div>Opool3http://www.physicsbook.gatech.edu/index.php?title=Lise_Meitner&diff=9592Lise Meitner2015-12-03T05:08:32Z<p>Opool3: </p>
<hr />
<div>Created and in Progress by Olivia Pool, PHYS 2211, Section N06<br />
<br />
[[File:LMpic.jpg|300px|thumb|Lise Meitner in her later years.]]<br />
Lise Meitner (1878-1968) was an Austrian physicist known for her work in radioactivity and nuclear fission. <br />
<br />
==Personal Life==<br />
===Early Life===<br />
Lise Meitner was born in Vienna, Austria, on November 7, 1878, as the third of eight children. Her father was a lawyer from Moravia and strongly supported equal education for his sons and his daughters. Her mother's family had emigrated from Russia to Slovakia. Although they were Jews, the Meitners did not practice their religion, and most of the Meitner children converted to Catholicism. After showing early excellence in mathematics, Lise Meitner received private tutoring, and her passion for learning continued to grow.<br />
<br />
===Life in Academia===<br />
In 1901, Meitner entered the University of Vienna, studying physics under Ludwig Boltzmann. After becoming the second woman to receive a PhD in Physics from the University of Vienna in 1906, she moved to Berlin to study with Max Planck, a physicist. For nearly seven years, Meitner worked as Planck's unpaid Physics Department assistant and published work on radioactive properties. It was very uncommon for women to be working in the lab at this time, however Meitner's program allowed her to collaborate with chemists in addition to other physicists. At this time, she met Otto Hahn, a chemist she would collaborate with for over 30 years. In 1922, Meitner became a university lecturer while also continuing her research on radioactive properties. <br />
<br />
Even though she became a Protestant in 1908, Meitner forced to leave Germany in 1938 and head to Sweden due to her Jewish heritage and the rise of Adolf Hitler. In Sweden she worked at Manne Siegbahn's institute in Stockholm, but due to Siegbahn's prejudice again women in science, she received very little support. Hahn and Meitner were able to meet secretly in Sweden to continue their experiments. Their research was published in 1939 and provided evidence for nuclear fission, a discovery ultimately led to the Manhattan Project and the creation of the atomic bomb. <br />
<br />
In 1944, Hahn was awarded the Nobel Peace Prize for Chemistry because of the research, but Meitner was overlooked. Meitner was awarded the Enrico Fermi Award along with Hahn in 1966. However, the Nobel mistake was never acknowledged. <br />
<br />
In 1960, Meitner retired to Cambridge, England, before passing away on October 27, 1968. <br />
<br />
==Scientific Contributions==<br />
===Nuclear Fission===<br />
Meitner's experiments with Hahn provided evidence for nuclear fission and led to the creation of the atomic bomb.<br />
<br />
In 1934, a scientist by the name of Enrico Fermi discovered that he could produce radioactive isotopes by neutron bombardment using uranium. This inspired Meitner and Hahn to continue experiments with uranium alongside their assistant, Fritz Strassman. After further tests on uranium, they believed they created radium as a product, but it was soon discovered to be barium.<br />
<br />
Confused by the results, Meitner and Strassman took a walk in the woods to clear their minds, and soon discovered that the nucleus of the uranium atom was splitting. With the help of her nephew, Otto Frisch, Meitner used Bohr's "liquid drop" model of the nucleus as a basis for her calculations to confirm the splitting of the uranium nucleus. Meitner and Hahn named the process "nuclear fission." <br />
<br />
By the end of 1939, Meitner and Hahn's research had spread across America. In 1944, Albert Einstein used Meitner and Hahn's research to write a letter to President Franklin D. Roosevelt about the danger of atomic weapons. Meitner was recognized by President Harry Truman in 1945 at a dinner for the Women's Press Club and was also congratulated by Eleanor Roosevelt for being a strong woman in science. Meitner and Hahn's research was extremely important for the Manhattan project, in which the United States created an atomic bomb to drop on Japan and end World War II. Meitner became known as the "mother of the atomic bomb."<br />
<br />
Realizing the power of her work, Meitner soon began to oppose the use of nuclear fission in the creation of weapons. Although she understood the importance of her work, she did not support the amount of destruction atomic weapons cause. Her gravestone reads "Lise Meitner: a physicist who never lost her humanity."<br />
<br />
==Other Information==<br />
===Fun Facts===<br />
Three of Meitner's sisters went on to earn PhD degrees, most likely due to their father's strong support of equal education for men and women. <br />
<br />
In her first year of working with Otto Hahn, the pair had to work in a remodeled carpenter's shop because women were not officially allowed in the lab at the University of Berlin. At many labs they worked in, Meitner had to be registered as a guest under Hahn, even though everyone knew they were considered equal in the lab. <br />
<br />
In 1918, Meitner discovered the element protactinium with Otto Hahn. <br />
<br />
In 1992, element 109 was named Meitnerium in Lise Meitner's honor. <br />
<br />
<br />
==Connectedness==<br />
<br />
#How is this topic connected to something that you are interested in?<br />
#How is it connected to your major?<br />
#Is there an interesting industrial application?<br />
<br />
<br />
===Further reading===<br />
<br />
Books, Articles or other print media on this topic<br />
<br />
===External links===<br />
<br />
Internet resources on this topic<br />
<br />
==References==<br />
<br />
[]<br />
<br />
[[Category:Notable Scientists]]</div>Opool3http://www.physicsbook.gatech.edu/index.php?title=Lise_Meitner&diff=9572Lise Meitner2015-12-03T05:00:50Z<p>Opool3: </p>
<hr />
<div>Created and in Progress by Olivia Pool, PHYS 2211, Section N06<br />
<br />
[[File:LMpic.jpg|300px|thumb|Lise Meitner in her later years.]]<br />
Lise Meitner (1878-1968) was an Austrian physicist known for her work in radioactivity and nuclear fission. <br />
<br />
==Personal Life==<br />
===Early Life===<br />
Lise Meitner was born in Vienna, Austria, on November 7, 1878, as the third of eight children. Her father was a lawyer from Moravia and strongly supported equal education for his sons and his daughters. Her mother's family had emigrated from Russia to Slovakia. Although they were Jews, the Meitners did not practice their religion, and most of the Meitner children converted to Catholicism. After showing early excellence in mathematics, Lise Meitner received private tutoring, and her passion for learning continued to grow.<br />
<br />
===Life in Academia===<br />
In 1901, Meitner entered the University of Vienna, studying physics under Ludwig Boltzmann. After becoming the second woman to receive a PhD in Physics from the University of Vienna in 1906, she moved to Berlin to study with Max Planck, a physicist. For nearly seven years, Meitner worked as Planck's unpaid Physics Department assistant and published work on radioactive properties. It was very uncommon for women to be working in the lab at this time, however Meitner's program allowed her to collaborate with chemists in addition to other physicists. At this time, she met Otto Hahn, a chemist she would collaborate with for over 30 years. In 1922, Meitner became a university lecturer while also continuing her research on radioactive properties. <br />
<br />
Even though she became a Protestant in 1908, Meitner forced to leave Germany in 1938 and head to Sweden due to her Jewish heritage and the rise of Adolf Hitler. In Sweden she worked at Manne Siegbahn's institute in Stockholm, but due to Siegbahn's prejudice again women in science, she received very little support. Hahn and Meitner were able to meet secretly in Sweden to continue their experiments. Their research was published in 1939 and provided evidence for nuclear fission, a discovery ultimately led to the Manhattan Project and the creation of the atomic bomb. <br />
<br />
In 1944, Hahn was awarded the Nobel Peace Prize for Chemistry because of the research, but Meitner was overlooked. Meitner was awarded the Enrico Fermi Award along with Hahn in 1966. However, the Nobel mistake was never acknowledged. <br />
<br />
In 1960, Meitner retired to Cambridge, England, before passing away on October 27, 1968. Her gravestone reads "Lise Meitner: a physicist who never lost her humanity."<br />
<br />
==Scientific Contributions==<br />
===Nuclear Fission===<br />
Meitner's experiments with Hahn provided evidence for nuclear fission and led to the creation of the atomic bomb.<br />
<br />
In 1934, a scientist by the name of Enrico Fermi discovered that he could produce radioactive isotopes by neutron bombardment using uranium. This inspired Meitner and Hahn to continue experiments with uranium alongside their assistant, Fritz Strassman. After further tests on uranium, they believed they created radium as a product, but it was soon discovered to be barium. Confused by the results, Meitner and Strassman took a walk in the woods to clear their minds, and soon discovered that the nucleus of the uranium atom was splitting. Meitner and Hahn used Bohr's "liquid drop" model of the nucleus to explain and name the process "nuclear fission." <br />
<br />
By the end of 1939, Meitner and Hahn's research had spread across America. In 1944, Albert Einstein used Meitner and Hahn's research to write a letter to President Franklin D. Roosevelt about the danger of atomic weapons. Meitner was recognized by President Harry Truman in 1945 at a dinner for the Women's Press Club and was also congratulated by Eleanor Roosevelt for being a strong woman in science. Meitner and Hahn's research was extremely important for the Manhattan project, in which the United States created an atomic bomb to drop on Japan and end World War II. Meitner became known as the "mother of the atomic bomb."<br />
<br />
==Other Information==<br />
===Fun Facts===<br />
Three of Meitner's sisters went on to earn PhD degrees, most likely due to their father's strong support of equal education for men and women. <br />
<br />
In 1918, Meitner discovered the element protactinium with Otto Hahn. <br />
<br />
In 1992, element 109 was named Meitnerium in Lise Meitner's honor. <br />
<br />
<br />
==Connectedness==<br />
<br />
#How is this topic connected to something that you are interested in?<br />
#How is it connected to your major?<br />
#Is there an interesting industrial application?<br />
<br />
<br />
===Further reading===<br />
<br />
Books, Articles or other print media on this topic<br />
<br />
===External links===<br />
<br />
Internet resources on this topic<br />
<br />
==References==<br />
<br />
[]<br />
<br />
[[Category:Notable Scientists]]</div>Opool3http://www.physicsbook.gatech.edu/index.php?title=Lise_Meitner&diff=9570Lise Meitner2015-12-03T05:00:31Z<p>Opool3: </p>
<hr />
<div>Created and in Progress by Olivia Pool, PHYS 2211, Section NO6<br />
<br />
[[File:LMpic.jpg|300px|thumb|Lise Meitner in her later years.]]<br />
Lise Meitner (1878-1968) was an Austrian physicist known for her work in radioactivity and nuclear fission. <br />
<br />
==Personal Life==<br />
===Early Life===<br />
Lise Meitner was born in Vienna, Austria, on November 7, 1878, as the third of eight children. Her father was a lawyer from Moravia and strongly supported equal education for his sons and his daughters. Her mother's family had emigrated from Russia to Slovakia. Although they were Jews, the Meitners did not practice their religion, and most of the Meitner children converted to Catholicism. After showing early excellence in mathematics, Lise Meitner received private tutoring, and her passion for learning continued to grow.<br />
<br />
===Life in Academia===<br />
In 1901, Meitner entered the University of Vienna, studying physics under Ludwig Boltzmann. After becoming the second woman to receive a PhD in Physics from the University of Vienna in 1906, she moved to Berlin to study with Max Planck, a physicist. For nearly seven years, Meitner worked as Planck's unpaid Physics Department assistant and published work on radioactive properties. It was very uncommon for women to be working in the lab at this time, however Meitner's program allowed her to collaborate with chemists in addition to other physicists. At this time, she met Otto Hahn, a chemist she would collaborate with for over 30 years. In 1922, Meitner became a university lecturer while also continuing her research on radioactive properties. <br />
<br />
Even though she became a Protestant in 1908, Meitner forced to leave Germany in 1938 and head to Sweden due to her Jewish heritage and the rise of Adolf Hitler. In Sweden she worked at Manne Siegbahn's institute in Stockholm, but due to Siegbahn's prejudice again women in science, she received very little support. Hahn and Meitner were able to meet secretly in Sweden to continue their experiments. Their research was published in 1939 and provided evidence for nuclear fission, a discovery ultimately led to the Manhattan Project and the creation of the atomic bomb. <br />
<br />
In 1944, Hahn was awarded the Nobel Peace Prize for Chemistry because of the research, but Meitner was overlooked. Meitner was awarded the Enrico Fermi Award along with Hahn in 1966. However, the Nobel mistake was never acknowledged. <br />
<br />
In 1960, Meitner retired to Cambridge, England, before passing away on October 27, 1968. Her gravestone reads "Lise Meitner: a physicist who never lost her humanity."<br />
<br />
==Scientific Contributions==<br />
===Nuclear Fission===<br />
Meitner's experiments with Hahn provided evidence for nuclear fission and led to the creation of the atomic bomb.<br />
<br />
In 1934, a scientist by the name of Enrico Fermi discovered that he could produce radioactive isotopes by neutron bombardment using uranium. This inspired Meitner and Hahn to continue experiments with uranium alongside their assistant, Fritz Strassman. After further tests on uranium, they believed they created radium as a product, but it was soon discovered to be barium. Confused by the results, Meitner and Strassman took a walk in the woods to clear their minds, and soon discovered that the nucleus of the uranium atom was splitting. Meitner and Hahn used Bohr's "liquid drop" model of the nucleus to explain and name the process "nuclear fission." <br />
<br />
By the end of 1939, Meitner and Hahn's research had spread across America. In 1944, Albert Einstein used Meitner and Hahn's research to write a letter to President Franklin D. Roosevelt about the danger of atomic weapons. Meitner was recognized by President Harry Truman in 1945 at a dinner for the Women's Press Club and was also congratulated by Eleanor Roosevelt for being a strong woman in science. Meitner and Hahn's research was extremely important for the Manhattan project, in which the United States created an atomic bomb to drop on Japan and end World War II. Meitner became known as the "mother of the atomic bomb."<br />
<br />
==Other Information==<br />
===Fun Facts===<br />
Three of Meitner's sisters went on to earn PhD degrees, most likely due to their father's strong support of equal education for men and women. <br />
<br />
In 1918, Meitner discovered the element protactinium with Otto Hahn. <br />
<br />
In 1992, element 109 was named Meitnerium in Lise Meitner's honor. <br />
<br />
<br />
==Connectedness==<br />
<br />
#How is this topic connected to something that you are interested in?<br />
#How is it connected to your major?<br />
#Is there an interesting industrial application?<br />
<br />
<br />
===Further reading===<br />
<br />
Books, Articles or other print media on this topic<br />
<br />
===External links===<br />
<br />
Internet resources on this topic<br />
<br />
==References==<br />
<br />
[]<br />
<br />
[[Category:Notable Scientists]]</div>Opool3http://www.physicsbook.gatech.edu/index.php?title=Lise_Meitner&diff=9535Lise Meitner2015-12-03T04:50:05Z<p>Opool3: </p>
<hr />
<div>In Progress by opool3<br />
<br />
[[File:LMpic.jpg|300px|thumb|Lise Meitner in her later years.]]<br />
Lise Meitner (1878-1968) was an Austrian physicist known for her work in radioactivity and nuclear fission. <br />
<br />
==Personal Life==<br />
===Early Life===<br />
Lise Meitner was born in Vienna, Austria, on November 7, 1878, as the third of eight children. Her father was a lawyer from Moravia and strongly supported equal education for his sons and his daughters. Her mother's family had emigrated from Russia to Slovakia. Although they were Jews, the Meitners did not practice their religion, and most of the Meitner children converted to Catholicism. After showing early excellence in mathematics, Lise Meitner received private tutoring, and her passion for learning continued to grow.. <br />
<br />
===Life in Academia===<br />
In 1901, Meitner entered the University of Vienna, studying physics under Ludwig Boltzmann. After becoming the second woman to receive a PhD in Physics from the University of Vienna in 1906, she moved to Berlin to study with Max Planck, a physicist. For nearly seven years, Meitner worked as Planck's unpaid Physics Department assistant and published work on radioactive properties. It was very uncommon for women to be working in the lab at this time, however Meitner's program allowed her to collaborate with chemists in addition to other physicists. At this time, she met Otto Hahn, a chemist she would collaborate with for over 30 years. <br />
<br />
Even though she became a Protestant in 1908, Meitner forced to leave Germany in 1938 and head to Sweden due to her Jewish heritage and the rise of Adolf Hitler. In Sweden she worked at Manne Siegbahn's institute in Stockholm, but due to Siegbahn's prejudice again women in science, she received very little support. Hahn and Meitner were able to meet secretly in Sweden to continue their experiments. Their research was published in 1939 and provided evidence for nuclear fission, a discovery ultimately led to the Manhattan Project and the creation of the atomic bomb. <br />
<br />
In 1944, Hahn was awarded the Nobel Peace Prize for Chemistry because of the research, but Meitner was overlooked. Meitner was awarded the Enrico Fermi Award along with Hahn in 1966. However, the Nobel mistake was never acknowledged. <br />
<br />
In 1960, Meitner retired to Cambridge, England, before passing away on October 27. Her gravestone reads "Lise Meitner: a physicist who never lost her humanity."<br />
<br />
==Scientific Contributions==<br />
===Nuclear Fission===<br />
Meitner's experiments with Hahn provided evidence for nuclear fission and led to the creation of the atomic bomb.<br />
<br />
In 1934, a scientist by the name of Enrico Fermi discovered that he could produce radioactive isotopes by neutron bombardment using uranium. This inspired Meitner and Hahn to continue experiments with uranium. After further tests on uranium, they believed they created radium as a product, but it was soon discovered to be barium. Meitner and Hahn used Bohr's "liquid drop" model of the nucleus to explain and name the process of nuclear fission. <br />
<br />
In 1944, Albert Einstein used Meitner and Hahn's research to write a letter to President Franklin D. Roosevelt about the danger of atomic weapons. This led to the creation of the Manhattan project, in which the United States created an atomic bomb to drop on Japan and end World War II. Meitner became known as the "mother of the atomic bomb."<br />
<br />
==Other Information==<br />
===Fun Facts===<br />
Three of Meitner's sisters went on to earn PhD degrees, most likely due to their father's strong support of equal education for men and women. <br />
<br />
In 1918, Meitner discovered the element protactinium with Otto Hahn. <br />
<br />
In 1992, element 109 was named Meitnerium in Lise Meitner's honor. <br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
==Connectedness==<br />
<br />
#How is this topic connected to something that you are interested in?<br />
#How is it connected to your major?<br />
#Is there an interesting industrial application?<br />
<br />
<br />
===Further reading===<br />
<br />
Books, Articles or other print media on this topic<br />
<br />
===External links===<br />
<br />
Internet resources on this topic<br />
<br />
==References==<br />
<br />
[]<br />
<br />
[[Category:Notable Scientists]]</div>Opool3http://www.physicsbook.gatech.edu/index.php?title=Main_Page&diff=8570Main Page2015-12-02T22:54:15Z<p>Opool3: /* Notable Scientists */</p>
<hr />
<div>__NOTOC__<br />
Welcome to the Georgia Tech Wiki for Intro Physics. This resources was created so that students can contribute and curate content to help those with limited or no access to a textbook. When reading this website, please correct any errors you may come across. If you read something that isn't clear, please consider revising it!<br />
<br />
Looking to make a contribution?<br />
#Pick a specific topic from intro physics<br />
#Add that topic, as a link to a new page, under the appropriate category listed below by editing this page.<br />
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Please remember that this is not a textbook and you are not limited to expressing your ideas with only text and equations. Whenever possible embed: pictures, videos, diagrams, simulations, computational models (e.g. Glowscript), and whatever content you think makes learning physics easier for other students.<br />
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== Source Material ==<br />
All of the content added to this resource must be in the public domain or similar free resource. If you are unsure about a source, contact the original author for permission. That said, there is a surprisingly large amount of introductory physics content scattered across the web. Here is an incomplete list of intro physics resources (please update as needed).<br />
* A physics resource written by experts for an expert audience [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:Physics Physics Portal]<br />
* A wiki book on modern physics [https://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Modern_Physics Modern Physics Wiki]<br />
* The MIT open courseware for intro physics [http://ocw.mit.edu/resources/res-8-002-a-wikitextbook-for-introductory-mechanics-fall-2009/index.htm MITOCW Wiki]<br />
* An online concept map of intro physics [http://hyperphysics.phy-astr.gsu.edu/hbase/hph.html HyperPhysics]<br />
* Interactive physics simulations [https://phet.colorado.edu/en/simulations/category/physics PhET]<br />
* OpenStax algebra based intro physics textbook [https://openstaxcollege.org/textbooks/college-physics College Physics]<br />
* The Open Source Physics project is a collection of online physics resources [http://www.opensourcephysics.org/ OSP]<br />
* A resource guide compiled by the [http://www.aapt.org/ AAPT] for educators [http://www.compadre.org/ ComPADRE]<br />
<br />
== Organizing Categories ==<br />
These are the broad, overarching categories, that we cover in two semester of introductory physics. You can add subcategories or make a new category as needed. A single topic should direct readers to a page in one of these catagories.<br />
<br />
<div class="toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><br />
===Interactions===<br />
<div class="mw-collapsible-content"><br />
*[[Kinds of Matter]]<br />
**[[Ball and Spring Model of Matter]]<br />
*[[Detecting Interactions]]<br />
*[[Fundamental Interactions]] <br />
*[[System & Surroundings]] <br />
*[[Newton's First Law of Motion]]<br />
*[[Newton's Second Law of Motion]]<br />
*[[Newton's Third Law of Motion]]<br />
*[[Gravitational Force]]<br />
*[[Electric Force]]<br />
*[[Conservation of Charge]]<br />
*[[Terminal Speed]]<br />
*[[Simple Harmonic Motion]]<br />
*[[Speed and Velocity]]<br />
*[[Electric Polarization]]<br />
*[[Perpetual Freefall (Orbit)]]<br />
*[[2-Dimensional Motion]]<br />
*[[Center of Mass]]<br />
*[[Reaction Time]]<br />
</div><br />
</div><br />
<br />
<div class="toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><br />
<br />
===Theory===<br />
<div class="mw-collapsible-content"><br />
*[[Einstein's Theory of Special Relativity]]<br />
*[[Quantum Theory]]<br />
*[[Big Bang Theory]]<br />
*[[Maxwell's Electromagnetic Theory]]<br />
*[[Atomic Theory]]<br />
*[[Wave-Particle Duality]]<br />
*[[String Theory]]<br />
*[[Elementary Particles and Particle Physics Theory]]<br />
</div><br />
</div><br />
<br />
<div class="toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><br />
<br />
===Notable Scientists===<br />
<div class="mw-collapsible-content"><br />
*[[Christian Doppler]]<br />
*[[Albert Einstein]]<br />
*[[Ernest Rutherford]]<br />
*[[Joseph Henry]]<br />
*[[Michael Faraday]]<br />
*[[J.J. Thomson]]<br />
*[[James Maxwell]]<br />
*[[Robert Hooke]]<br />
*[[Carl Friedrich Gauss]]<br />
*[[Nikola Tesla]]<br />
*[[Andre Marie Ampere]]<br />
*[[Sir Isaac Newton]]<br />
*[[J. Robert Oppenheimer]]<br />
*[[Oliver Heaviside]]<br />
*[[Rosalind Franklin]]<br />
*[[Erwin Schrödinger]]<br />
*[[Enrico Fermi]]<br />
*[[Robert J. Van de Graaff]]<br />
*[[Charles de Coulomb]]<br />
*[[Hans Christian Ørsted]]<br />
*[[Philo Farnsworth]]<br />
*[[Niels Bohr]]<br />
*[[Georg Ohm]]<br />
*[[Galileo Galilei]]<br />
*[[Gustav Kirchhoff]]<br />
*[[Max Planck]]<br />
*[[Heinrich Hertz]]<br />
*[[Edwin Hall]]<br />
*[[James Watt]]<br />
*[[Count Alessandro Volta]]<br />
*[[Josiah Willard Gibbs]]<br />
*[[Richard Phillips Feynman]]<br />
*[[Sir David Brewster]]<br />
*[[Daniel Bernoulli]]<br />
*[[William Thomson]]<br />
*[[Leonhard Euler]]<br />
*[[Robert Fox Bacher]]<br />
*[[Stephen Hawking]]<br />
*[[Amedeo Avogadro]]<br />
*[[Wilhelm Conrad Roentgen]]<br />
*[[Pierre Laplace]]<br />
*[[Thomas Edison]]<br />
*[[Hendrik Lorentz]]<br />
*[[Jean-Baptiste Biot]]<br />
*[[Lise Meitner]]<br />
*[[Lisa Randall]]<br />
*[[Felix Savart]]<br />
*[[Heinrich Lenz]]<br />
*[[Max Born]]<br />
*[[Archimedes]]<br />
*[[Jean Baptiste Biot]]<br />
*[[Carl Sagan]]<br />
*[[Eugene Wigner]]<br />
*[[Marie Curie]]<br />
*[[Pierre Curie]]<br />
*[[Werner Heisenberg]]<br />
*[[Johannes Diderik van der Waals]]<br />
*[[Louis de Broglie]]<br />
*[[Aristotle]]<br />
*[[Émilie du Châtelet]]<br />
*[[Blaise Pascal]]<br />
*[[Benjamin Franklin]]<br />
*[[James Chadwick]]<br />
*[[Henry Cavendish]]<br />
*[[Thomas Young]]<br />
*[[James Prescott Joule]]<br />
</div><br />
</div><br />
<br />
<div class="toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><br />
<br />
===Properties of Matter===<br />
<div class="mw-collapsible-content"><br />
*[[Mass]]<br />
*[[Velocity]]<br />
*[[Relative Velocity]]<br />
*[[Density]]<br />
*[[Charge]]<br />
*[[Spin]]<br />
*[[SI Units]]<br />
*[[Heat Capacity]]<br />
*[[Specific Heat]]<br />
*[[Wavelength]]<br />
*[[Conductivity]]<br />
*[[Malleability]]<br />
*[[Weight]]<br />
*[[Boiling Point]]<br />
*[[Melting Point]]<br />
*[[Higgs Boson]]<br />
</div><br />
</div><br />
<br />
<div class="toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><br />
<br />
===Contact Interactions===<br />
<div class="mw-collapsible-content"><br />
* [[Young's Modulus]]<br />
* [[Friction]]<br />
* [[Tension]]<br />
* [[Hooke's Law]]<br />
*[[Centripetal Force and Curving Motion]]<br />
*[[Compression or Normal Force]]<br />
* [[Length and Stiffness of an Interatomic Bond]]<br />
* [[Speed of Sound in a Solid]]<br />
* [[Iterative Prediction of Spring-Mass System]]<br />
</div><br />
</div><br />
<br />
<div class="toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><br />
<br />
===Momentum===<br />
<div class="mw-collapsible-content"><br />
* [[Vectors]]<br />
* [[Kinematics]]<br />
* [[Conservation of Momentum]]<br />
* [[Predicting Change in multiple dimensions]]<br />
* [[Momentum Principle]]<br />
* [[Impulse Momentum]]<br />
* [[Curving Motion]]<br />
* [[Multi-particle Analysis of Momentum]]<br />
* [[Iterative Prediction]]<br />
* [[Newton's Laws and Linear Momentum]]<br />
* [[Net Force]]<br />
* [[Center of Mass]]<br />
* [[Momentum at High Speeds]]<br />
</div><br />
</div><br />
<br />
<div class="toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><br />
<br />
===Angular Momentum===<br />
<div class="mw-collapsible-content"><br />
* [[The Moments of Inertia]]<br />
* [[Moment of Inertia for a ring]]<br />
* [[Rotation]]<br />
* [[Torque]]<br />
* [[Systems with Zero Torque]]<br />
* [[Systems with Nonzero Torque]]<br />
* [[Right Hand Rule]]<br />
* [[Angular Velocity]]<br />
* [[Predicting the Position of a Rotating System]]<br />
* [[Translational Angular Momentum]]<br />
* [[The Angular Momentum Principle]]<br />
* [[Rotational Angular Momentum]]<br />
* [[Total Angular Momentum]]<br />
* [[Gyroscopes]]<br />
* [[Angular Momentum Compared to Linear Momentum]]<br />
<br />
</div><br />
</div><br />
<br />
<div class="toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><br />
<br />
===Energy===<br />
<div class="mw-collapsible-content"><br />
*[[The Photoelectric Effect]]<br />
*[[Photons]]<br />
*[[The Energy Principle]]<br />
*[[Predicting Change]]<br />
*[[Rest Mass Energy]]<br />
*[[Kinetic Energy]]<br />
*[[Potential Energy]]<br />
**[[Potential Energy for a Magnetic Dipole]]<br />
**[[Potential Energy of a Multiparticle System]]<br />
*[[Work]]<br />
*[[Thermal Energy]]<br />
*[[Conservation of Energy]]<br />
*[[Electric Potential]]<br />
*[[Energy Transfer due to a Temperature Difference]]<br />
*[[Gravitational Potential Energy]]<br />
*[[Point Particle Systems]]<br />
*[[Real Systems]]<br />
*[[Spring Potential Energy]]<br />
**[[Ball and Spring Model]]<br />
*[[Internal Energy]]<br />
**[[Potential Energy of a Pair of Neutral Atoms]]<br />
*[[Translational, Rotational and Vibrational Energy]]<br />
*[[Franck-Hertz Experiment]]<br />
*[[Power (Mechanical)]]<br />
*[[Transformation of Energy]]<br />
<br />
*[[Energy Graphs]]<br />
*[[Air Resistance]]<br />
*[[Electronic Energy Levels]]<br />
*[[Second Law of Thermodynamics and Entropy]]<br />
*[[Specific Heat Capacity]]<br />
*[[Electronic Energy Levels and Photons]]<br />
*[[Energy Density]]<br />
*[[Bohr Model]]<br />
*[[Quantized energy levels]]<br />
*[[Path Independence of Electric Potential]]<br />
</div><br />
</div><br />
<br />
<div class="toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><br />
<br />
===Collisions===<br />
<div class="mw-collapsible-content"><br />
*[[Collisions]]<br />
*[[Maximally Inelastic Collision]]<br />
*[[Elastic Collisions]]<br />
*[[Inelastic Collisions]]<br />
*[[Head-on Collision of Equal Masses]]<br />
*[[Head-on Collision of Unequal Masses]]<br />
*[[Frame of Reference]]<br />
*[[Rutherford Experiment and Atomic Collisions]]<br />
</div><br />
</div><br />
<br />
<div class="toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><br />
<br />
===Fields===<br />
<div class="mw-collapsible-content"><br />
* [[Electric Field]] of a<br />
** [[Point Charge]]<br />
** [[Electric Dipole]]<br />
** [[Capacitor]]<br />
** [[Charged Rod]]<br />
** [[Charged Ring]]<br />
** [[Charged Disk]]<br />
** [[Charged Spherical Shell]]<br />
** [[Charged Cylinder]]<br />
**[[A Solid Sphere Charged Throughout Its Volume]]<br />
*[[Electric Potential]] <br />
**[[Potential Difference Path Independence]]<br />
**[[Potential Difference in a Uniform Field]]<br />
**[[Potential Difference of point charge in a non-Uniform Field]]<br />
**[[Sign of Potential Difference]]<br />
**[[Potential Difference in an Insulator]]<br />
**[[Energy Density and Electric Field]]<br />
** [[Systems of Charged Objects]]<br />
*[[Electric Force]]<br />
*[[Polarization]]<br />
**[[Polarization of an Atom]]<br />
*[[Charge Motion in Metals]]<br />
*[[Charge Transfer]]<br />
*[[Magnetic Field]]<br />
**[[Right-Hand Rule]]<br />
**[[Direction of Magnetic Field]]<br />
**[[Magnetic Field of a Long Straight Wire]]<br />
**[[Magnetic Field of a Loop]]<br />
**[[Magnetic Field of a Solenoid]]<br />
**[[Bar Magnet]]<br />
**[[Magnetic Dipole Moment]]<br />
**[[Magnetic Force]]<br />
**[[Magnetic Torque]]<br />
**[[Hall Effect]]<br />
**[[Lorentz Force]]<br />
**[[Biot-Savart Law]]<br />
**[[Biot-Savart Law for Currents]]<br />
**[[Integration Techniques for Magnetic Field]]<br />
**[[Sparks in Air]]<br />
**[[Motional Emf]]<br />
**[[Detecting a Magnetic Field]]<br />
**[[Moving Point Charge]]<br />
**[[Non-Coulomb Electric Field]]<br />
**[[Motors and Generators]]<br />
**[[Solenoid Applications]]<br />
</div><br />
</div><br />
<br />
<div class="toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><br />
<br />
===Simple Circuits===<br />
<div class="mw-collapsible-content"><br />
*[[Components]]<br />
*[[Steady State]]<br />
*[[Non Steady State]]<br />
*[[Charging and Discharging a Capacitor]]<br />
*[[Thin and Thick Wires]]<br />
*[[Node Rule]]<br />
*[[Loop Rule]]<br />
*[[Resistivity]]<br />
*[[Power in a circuit]]<br />
*[[Ammeters,Voltmeters,Ohmmeters]]<br />
*[[Current]]<br />
**[[AC]]<br />
*[[Ohm's Law]]<br />
*[[Series Circuits]]<br />
*[[Parallel Circuits]]<br />
*[[RC]]<br />
*[[AC vs DC]]<br />
*[[Charge in a RC Circuit]]<br />
*[[Current in a RC circuit]]<br />
*[[Circular Loop of Wire]]<br />
*[[RL Circuit]]<br />
*[[LC Circuit]]<br />
*[[Surface Charge Distributions]]<br />
*[[Feedback]]<br />
*[[Transformers (Circuits)]]<br />
*[[Resistors and Conductivity]]<br />
</div><br />
</div><br />
<br />
<div class="toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><br />
<br />
===Maxwell's Equations===<br />
<div class="mw-collapsible-content"><br />
*[[Gauss's Flux Theorem]]<br />
**[[Electric Fields]]<br />
**[[Magnetic Fields]]<br />
*[[Ampere's Law]]<br />
**[[Magnetic Field of Coaxial Cable Using Ampere's Law]]<br />
**[[Magnetic Field of a Long Thick Wire Using Ampere's Law]]<br />
**[[Magnetic Field of a Toroid Using Ampere's Law]]<br />
*[[Faraday's Law]]<br />
**[[Curly Electric Fields]]<br />
**[[Inductance]]<br />
***[[Transformers from a physics standpoint]]<br />
***[[Energy Density]]<br />
**[[Lenz's Law]]<br />
***[[Lenz Effect and the Jumping Ring]]<br />
**[[Motional Emf using Faraday's Law]]<br />
*[[Ampere-Maxwell Law]]<br />
*[[Superconductors]]<br />
**[[Meissner effect]]<br />
</div><br />
</div><br />
<br />
<div class="toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><br />
<br />
===Radiation===<br />
<div class="mw-collapsible-content"><br />
*[[Producing a Radiative Electric Field]]<br />
*[[Sinusoidal Electromagnetic Radiaton]]<br />
*[[Lenses]]<br />
*[[Energy and Momentum Analysis in Radiation]]<br />
**[[Poynting Vector]]<br />
*[[Electromagnetic Propagation]]<br />
**[[Wavelength and Frequency]]<br />
*[[Snell's Law]]<br />
*[[Effects of Radiation on Matter]]<br />
*[[Light Propagation Through a Medium]]<br />
*[[Light Scaterring: Why is the Sky Blue]]<br />
*[[Light Refraction: Bending of light]]<br />
*[[Cherenkov Radiation]]<br />
</div><br />
</div><br />
<div class="toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><br />
<br />
===Sound===<br />
<div class="mw-collapsible-content"><br />
*[[Doppler Effect]]<br />
*[[Nature, Behavior, and Properties of Sound]]<br />
*[[Resonance]]<br />
*[[Sound Barrier]]<br />
</div><br />
</div><br />
<div class="toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><br />
<br />
===Waves===<br />
<div class="mw-collapsible-content"><br />
*[[Multisource Interference: Diffraction]]<br />
*[[Standing waves]]<br />
*[[Gravitational waves]]<br />
*[[Wave-Particle Duality]]<br />
</div><br />
</div><br />
<div class="toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><br />
<br />
===Real Life Applications of Electromagnetic Principles===<br />
<div class="mw-collapsible-content"><br />
*[[Electromagnetic Junkyard Cranes]]<br />
*[[Maglev Trains]]<br />
</div><br />
</div><br />
<br />
<br />
== Resources ==<br />
* Commonly used wiki commands [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:Cheatsheet Wiki Cheatsheet]<br />
* A guide to representing equations in math mode [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:Displaying_a_formula Wiki Math Mode]<br />
* A page to keep track of all the physics [[Constants]]<br />
* An overview of [[VPython]], [http://www.physicsbook.gatech.edu/VPython_basics beginner guide to VPython]</div>Opool3http://www.physicsbook.gatech.edu/index.php?title=Main_Page&diff=8568Main Page2015-12-02T22:53:34Z<p>Opool3: /* Notable Scientists */</p>
<hr />
<div>__NOTOC__<br />
Welcome to the Georgia Tech Wiki for Intro Physics. This resources was created so that students can contribute and curate content to help those with limited or no access to a textbook. When reading this website, please correct any errors you may come across. If you read something that isn't clear, please consider revising it!<br />
<br />
Looking to make a contribution?<br />
#Pick a specific topic from intro physics<br />
#Add that topic, as a link to a new page, under the appropriate category listed below by editing this page.<br />
#Copy and paste the default [[Template]] into your new page and start editing.<br />
<br />
Please remember that this is not a textbook and you are not limited to expressing your ideas with only text and equations. Whenever possible embed: pictures, videos, diagrams, simulations, computational models (e.g. Glowscript), and whatever content you think makes learning physics easier for other students.<br />
<br />
== Source Material ==<br />
All of the content added to this resource must be in the public domain or similar free resource. If you are unsure about a source, contact the original author for permission. That said, there is a surprisingly large amount of introductory physics content scattered across the web. Here is an incomplete list of intro physics resources (please update as needed).<br />
* A physics resource written by experts for an expert audience [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:Physics Physics Portal]<br />
* A wiki book on modern physics [https://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Modern_Physics Modern Physics Wiki]<br />
* The MIT open courseware for intro physics [http://ocw.mit.edu/resources/res-8-002-a-wikitextbook-for-introductory-mechanics-fall-2009/index.htm MITOCW Wiki]<br />
* An online concept map of intro physics [http://hyperphysics.phy-astr.gsu.edu/hbase/hph.html HyperPhysics]<br />
* Interactive physics simulations [https://phet.colorado.edu/en/simulations/category/physics PhET]<br />
* OpenStax algebra based intro physics textbook [https://openstaxcollege.org/textbooks/college-physics College Physics]<br />
* The Open Source Physics project is a collection of online physics resources [http://www.opensourcephysics.org/ OSP]<br />
* A resource guide compiled by the [http://www.aapt.org/ AAPT] for educators [http://www.compadre.org/ ComPADRE]<br />
<br />
== Organizing Categories ==<br />
These are the broad, overarching categories, that we cover in two semester of introductory physics. You can add subcategories or make a new category as needed. A single topic should direct readers to a page in one of these catagories.<br />
<br />
<div class="toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><br />
===Interactions===<br />
<div class="mw-collapsible-content"><br />
*[[Kinds of Matter]]<br />
**[[Ball and Spring Model of Matter]]<br />
*[[Detecting Interactions]]<br />
*[[Fundamental Interactions]] <br />
*[[System & Surroundings]] <br />
*[[Newton's First Law of Motion]]<br />
*[[Newton's Second Law of Motion]]<br />
*[[Newton's Third Law of Motion]]<br />
*[[Gravitational Force]]<br />
*[[Electric Force]]<br />
*[[Conservation of Charge]]<br />
*[[Terminal Speed]]<br />
*[[Simple Harmonic Motion]]<br />
*[[Speed and Velocity]]<br />
*[[Electric Polarization]]<br />
*[[Perpetual Freefall (Orbit)]]<br />
*[[2-Dimensional Motion]]<br />
*[[Center of Mass]]<br />
*[[Reaction Time]]<br />
</div><br />
</div><br />
<br />
<div class="toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><br />
<br />
===Theory===<br />
<div class="mw-collapsible-content"><br />
*[[Einstein's Theory of Special Relativity]]<br />
*[[Quantum Theory]]<br />
*[[Big Bang Theory]]<br />
*[[Maxwell's Electromagnetic Theory]]<br />
*[[Atomic Theory]]<br />
*[[Wave-Particle Duality]]<br />
*[[String Theory]]<br />
*[[Elementary Particles and Particle Physics Theory]]<br />
</div><br />
</div><br />
<br />
<div class="toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><br />
<br />
===Notable Scientists===<br />
<div class="mw-collapsible-content"><br />
*[[Christian Doppler]]<br />
*[[Albert Einstein]]<br />
*[[Ernest Rutherford]]<br />
*[[Joseph Henry]]<br />
*[[Michael Faraday]]<br />
*[[J.J. Thomson]]<br />
*[[James Maxwell]]<br />
*[[Robert Hooke]]<br />
*[[Carl Friedrich Gauss]]<br />
*[[Nikola Tesla]]<br />
*[[Andre Marie Ampere]]<br />
*[[Sir Isaac Newton]]<br />
*[[J. Robert Oppenheimer]]<br />
*[[Oliver Heaviside]]<br />
*[[Rosalind Franklin]]<br />
*[[Erwin Schrödinger]]<br />
*[[Enrico Fermi]]<br />
*[[Robert J. Van de Graaff]]<br />
*[[Charles de Coulomb]]<br />
*[[Hans Christian Ørsted]]<br />
*[[Philo Farnsworth]]<br />
*[[Niels Bohr]]<br />
*[[Georg Ohm]]<br />
*[[Galileo Galilei]]<br />
*[[Gustav Kirchhoff]]<br />
*[[Max Planck]]<br />
*[[Heinrich Hertz]]<br />
*[[Edwin Hall]]<br />
*[[James Watt]]<br />
*[[Count Alessandro Volta]]<br />
*[[Josiah Willard Gibbs]]<br />
*[[Richard Phillips Feynman]]<br />
*[[Sir David Brewster]]<br />
*[[Daniel Bernoulli]]<br />
*[[William Thomson]]<br />
*[[Leonhard Euler]]<br />
*[[Robert Fox Bacher]]<br />
*[[Stephen Hawking]]<br />
*[[Amedeo Avogadro]]<br />
*[[Wilhelm Conrad Roentgen]]<br />
*[[Pierre Laplace]]<br />
*[[Thomas Edison]]<br />
*[[Hendrik Lorentz]]<br />
*[[Jean-Baptiste Biot]]<br />
*[[William Thomson (Lord Kelvin)]]<br />
*[[Lisa Randall]]<br />
*[[Felix Savart]]<br />
*[[Heinrich Lenz]]<br />
*[[Max Born]]<br />
*[[Archimedes]]<br />
*[[Jean Baptiste Biot]]<br />
*[[Carl Sagan]]<br />
*[[Eugene Wigner]]<br />
*[[Marie Curie]]<br />
*[[Pierre Curie]]<br />
*[[Werner Heisenberg]]<br />
*[[Johannes Diderik van der Waals]]<br />
*[[Louis de Broglie]]<br />
*[[Aristotle]]<br />
*[[Émilie du Châtelet]]<br />
*[[Blaise Pascal]]<br />
*[[Benjamin Franklin]]<br />
*[[James Chadwick]]<br />
*[[Henry Cavendish]]<br />
*[[Thomas Young]]<br />
*[[James Prescott Joule]]<br />
</div><br />
</div><br />
<br />
<div class="toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><br />
<br />
===Properties of Matter===<br />
<div class="mw-collapsible-content"><br />
*[[Mass]]<br />
*[[Velocity]]<br />
*[[Relative Velocity]]<br />
*[[Density]]<br />
*[[Charge]]<br />
*[[Spin]]<br />
*[[SI Units]]<br />
*[[Heat Capacity]]<br />
*[[Specific Heat]]<br />
*[[Wavelength]]<br />
*[[Conductivity]]<br />
*[[Malleability]]<br />
*[[Weight]]<br />
*[[Boiling Point]]<br />
*[[Melting Point]]<br />
*[[Higgs Boson]]<br />
</div><br />
</div><br />
<br />
<div class="toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><br />
<br />
===Contact Interactions===<br />
<div class="mw-collapsible-content"><br />
* [[Young's Modulus]]<br />
* [[Friction]]<br />
* [[Tension]]<br />
* [[Hooke's Law]]<br />
*[[Centripetal Force and Curving Motion]]<br />
*[[Compression or Normal Force]]<br />
* [[Length and Stiffness of an Interatomic Bond]]<br />
* [[Speed of Sound in a Solid]]<br />
* [[Iterative Prediction of Spring-Mass System]]<br />
</div><br />
</div><br />
<br />
<div class="toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><br />
<br />
===Momentum===<br />
<div class="mw-collapsible-content"><br />
* [[Vectors]]<br />
* [[Kinematics]]<br />
* [[Conservation of Momentum]]<br />
* [[Predicting Change in multiple dimensions]]<br />
* [[Momentum Principle]]<br />
* [[Impulse Momentum]]<br />
* [[Curving Motion]]<br />
* [[Multi-particle Analysis of Momentum]]<br />
* [[Iterative Prediction]]<br />
* [[Newton's Laws and Linear Momentum]]<br />
* [[Net Force]]<br />
* [[Center of Mass]]<br />
* [[Momentum at High Speeds]]<br />
</div><br />
</div><br />
<br />
<div class="toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><br />
<br />
===Angular Momentum===<br />
<div class="mw-collapsible-content"><br />
* [[The Moments of Inertia]]<br />
* [[Moment of Inertia for a ring]]<br />
* [[Rotation]]<br />
* [[Torque]]<br />
* [[Systems with Zero Torque]]<br />
* [[Systems with Nonzero Torque]]<br />
* [[Right Hand Rule]]<br />
* [[Angular Velocity]]<br />
* [[Predicting the Position of a Rotating System]]<br />
* [[Translational Angular Momentum]]<br />
* [[The Angular Momentum Principle]]<br />
* [[Rotational Angular Momentum]]<br />
* [[Total Angular Momentum]]<br />
* [[Gyroscopes]]<br />
* [[Angular Momentum Compared to Linear Momentum]]<br />
<br />
</div><br />
</div><br />
<br />
<div class="toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><br />
<br />
===Energy===<br />
<div class="mw-collapsible-content"><br />
*[[The Photoelectric Effect]]<br />
*[[Photons]]<br />
*[[The Energy Principle]]<br />
*[[Predicting Change]]<br />
*[[Rest Mass Energy]]<br />
*[[Kinetic Energy]]<br />
*[[Potential Energy]]<br />
**[[Potential Energy for a Magnetic Dipole]]<br />
**[[Potential Energy of a Multiparticle System]]<br />
*[[Work]]<br />
*[[Thermal Energy]]<br />
*[[Conservation of Energy]]<br />
*[[Electric Potential]]<br />
*[[Energy Transfer due to a Temperature Difference]]<br />
*[[Gravitational Potential Energy]]<br />
*[[Point Particle Systems]]<br />
*[[Real Systems]]<br />
*[[Spring Potential Energy]]<br />
**[[Ball and Spring Model]]<br />
*[[Internal Energy]]<br />
**[[Potential Energy of a Pair of Neutral Atoms]]<br />
*[[Translational, Rotational and Vibrational Energy]]<br />
*[[Franck-Hertz Experiment]]<br />
*[[Power (Mechanical)]]<br />
*[[Transformation of Energy]]<br />
<br />
*[[Energy Graphs]]<br />
*[[Air Resistance]]<br />
*[[Electronic Energy Levels]]<br />
*[[Second Law of Thermodynamics and Entropy]]<br />
*[[Specific Heat Capacity]]<br />
*[[Electronic Energy Levels and Photons]]<br />
*[[Energy Density]]<br />
*[[Bohr Model]]<br />
*[[Quantized energy levels]]<br />
*[[Path Independence of Electric Potential]]<br />
</div><br />
</div><br />
<br />
<div class="toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><br />
<br />
===Collisions===<br />
<div class="mw-collapsible-content"><br />
*[[Collisions]]<br />
*[[Maximally Inelastic Collision]]<br />
*[[Elastic Collisions]]<br />
*[[Inelastic Collisions]]<br />
*[[Head-on Collision of Equal Masses]]<br />
*[[Head-on Collision of Unequal Masses]]<br />
*[[Frame of Reference]]<br />
*[[Rutherford Experiment and Atomic Collisions]]<br />
</div><br />
</div><br />
<br />
<div class="toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><br />
<br />
===Fields===<br />
<div class="mw-collapsible-content"><br />
* [[Electric Field]] of a<br />
** [[Point Charge]]<br />
** [[Electric Dipole]]<br />
** [[Capacitor]]<br />
** [[Charged Rod]]<br />
** [[Charged Ring]]<br />
** [[Charged Disk]]<br />
** [[Charged Spherical Shell]]<br />
** [[Charged Cylinder]]<br />
**[[A Solid Sphere Charged Throughout Its Volume]]<br />
*[[Electric Potential]] <br />
**[[Potential Difference Path Independence]]<br />
**[[Potential Difference in a Uniform Field]]<br />
**[[Potential Difference of point charge in a non-Uniform Field]]<br />
**[[Sign of Potential Difference]]<br />
**[[Potential Difference in an Insulator]]<br />
**[[Energy Density and Electric Field]]<br />
** [[Systems of Charged Objects]]<br />
*[[Electric Force]]<br />
*[[Polarization]]<br />
**[[Polarization of an Atom]]<br />
*[[Charge Motion in Metals]]<br />
*[[Charge Transfer]]<br />
*[[Magnetic Field]]<br />
**[[Right-Hand Rule]]<br />
**[[Direction of Magnetic Field]]<br />
**[[Magnetic Field of a Long Straight Wire]]<br />
**[[Magnetic Field of a Loop]]<br />
**[[Magnetic Field of a Solenoid]]<br />
**[[Bar Magnet]]<br />
**[[Magnetic Dipole Moment]]<br />
**[[Magnetic Force]]<br />
**[[Magnetic Torque]]<br />
**[[Hall Effect]]<br />
**[[Lorentz Force]]<br />
**[[Biot-Savart Law]]<br />
**[[Biot-Savart Law for Currents]]<br />
**[[Integration Techniques for Magnetic Field]]<br />
**[[Sparks in Air]]<br />
**[[Motional Emf]]<br />
**[[Detecting a Magnetic Field]]<br />
**[[Moving Point Charge]]<br />
**[[Non-Coulomb Electric Field]]<br />
**[[Motors and Generators]]<br />
**[[Solenoid Applications]]<br />
</div><br />
</div><br />
<br />
<div class="toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><br />
<br />
===Simple Circuits===<br />
<div class="mw-collapsible-content"><br />
*[[Components]]<br />
*[[Steady State]]<br />
*[[Non Steady State]]<br />
*[[Charging and Discharging a Capacitor]]<br />
*[[Thin and Thick Wires]]<br />
*[[Node Rule]]<br />
*[[Loop Rule]]<br />
*[[Resistivity]]<br />
*[[Power in a circuit]]<br />
*[[Ammeters,Voltmeters,Ohmmeters]]<br />
*[[Current]]<br />
**[[AC]]<br />
*[[Ohm's Law]]<br />
*[[Series Circuits]]<br />
*[[Parallel Circuits]]<br />
*[[RC]]<br />
*[[AC vs DC]]<br />
*[[Charge in a RC Circuit]]<br />
*[[Current in a RC circuit]]<br />
*[[Circular Loop of Wire]]<br />
*[[RL Circuit]]<br />
*[[LC Circuit]]<br />
*[[Surface Charge Distributions]]<br />
*[[Feedback]]<br />
*[[Transformers (Circuits)]]<br />
*[[Resistors and Conductivity]]<br />
</div><br />
</div><br />
<br />
<div class="toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><br />
<br />
===Maxwell's Equations===<br />
<div class="mw-collapsible-content"><br />
*[[Gauss's Flux Theorem]]<br />
**[[Electric Fields]]<br />
**[[Magnetic Fields]]<br />
*[[Ampere's Law]]<br />
**[[Magnetic Field of Coaxial Cable Using Ampere's Law]]<br />
**[[Magnetic Field of a Long Thick Wire Using Ampere's Law]]<br />
**[[Magnetic Field of a Toroid Using Ampere's Law]]<br />
*[[Faraday's Law]]<br />
**[[Curly Electric Fields]]<br />
**[[Inductance]]<br />
***[[Transformers from a physics standpoint]]<br />
***[[Energy Density]]<br />
**[[Lenz's Law]]<br />
***[[Lenz Effect and the Jumping Ring]]<br />
**[[Motional Emf using Faraday's Law]]<br />
*[[Ampere-Maxwell Law]]<br />
*[[Superconductors]]<br />
**[[Meissner effect]]<br />
</div><br />
</div><br />
<br />
<div class="toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><br />
<br />
===Radiation===<br />
<div class="mw-collapsible-content"><br />
*[[Producing a Radiative Electric Field]]<br />
*[[Sinusoidal Electromagnetic Radiaton]]<br />
*[[Lenses]]<br />
*[[Energy and Momentum Analysis in Radiation]]<br />
**[[Poynting Vector]]<br />
*[[Electromagnetic Propagation]]<br />
**[[Wavelength and Frequency]]<br />
*[[Snell's Law]]<br />
*[[Effects of Radiation on Matter]]<br />
*[[Light Propagation Through a Medium]]<br />
*[[Light Scaterring: Why is the Sky Blue]]<br />
*[[Light Refraction: Bending of light]]<br />
*[[Cherenkov Radiation]]<br />
</div><br />
</div><br />
<div class="toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><br />
<br />
===Sound===<br />
<div class="mw-collapsible-content"><br />
*[[Doppler Effect]]<br />
*[[Nature, Behavior, and Properties of Sound]]<br />
*[[Resonance]]<br />
*[[Sound Barrier]]<br />
</div><br />
</div><br />
<div class="toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><br />
<br />
===Waves===<br />
<div class="mw-collapsible-content"><br />
*[[Multisource Interference: Diffraction]]<br />
*[[Standing waves]]<br />
*[[Gravitational waves]]<br />
*[[Wave-Particle Duality]]<br />
</div><br />
</div><br />
<div class="toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><br />
<br />
===Real Life Applications of Electromagnetic Principles===<br />
<div class="mw-collapsible-content"><br />
*[[Electromagnetic Junkyard Cranes]]<br />
*[[Maglev Trains]]<br />
</div><br />
</div><br />
<br />
<br />
== Resources ==<br />
* Commonly used wiki commands [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:Cheatsheet Wiki Cheatsheet]<br />
* A guide to representing equations in math mode [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:Displaying_a_formula Wiki Math Mode]<br />
* A page to keep track of all the physics [[Constants]]<br />
* An overview of [[VPython]], [http://www.physicsbook.gatech.edu/VPython_basics beginner guide to VPython]</div>Opool3http://www.physicsbook.gatech.edu/index.php?title=Lise_Meitner&diff=5846Lise Meitner2015-12-01T15:49:24Z<p>Opool3: </p>
<hr />
<div>In Progress by opool3<br />
<br />
[[File:LMpic.jpg|300px|thumb|Lise Meitner in her later years.]]<br />
Lise Meitner was an Austrian physicist known for her work in radioactivity and nuclear fission.<br />
<br />
==Personal Life==<br />
===Early Life===<br />
Lise Meitner was born in Vienna, Austria, on November 7, 1878, as the third of eight children. <br />
<br />
===Life in Academia===<br />
In 1901, Meitner entered the University of Vienna, studying physics under Ludqig Boltzmann. She earned her doctorate degree by 1906 and moved to Berlin to study with Max Planck, a physicist, and Otto Hahn, a chemist. Hahn and Meitner collaborated for over 30 years on their work related to radioactivity. <br />
<br />
===World War II===<br />
<br />
==Scientific Contributions==<br />
===Nuclear Fission===<br />
<br />
<br />
==Other Information==<br />
===Fun Facts===<br />
In 1918, Meitner discovered the element protactinium with Otto Hahn. <br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
==Connectedness==<br />
<br />
#How is this topic connected to something that you are interested in?<br />
#How is it connected to your major?<br />
#Is there an interesting industrial application?<br />
<br />
<br />
===Further reading===<br />
<br />
Books, Articles or other print media on this topic<br />
<br />
===External links===<br />
<br />
Internet resources on this topic<br />
<br />
==References==<br />
<br />
This section contains the the references you used while writing this page<br />
<br />
[[Category:Which Category did you place this in?]]</div>Opool3http://www.physicsbook.gatech.edu/index.php?title=Lise_Meitner&diff=5838Lise Meitner2015-12-01T15:39:36Z<p>Opool3: </p>
<hr />
<div>In Progress by opool3<br />
<br />
[[File:LMpic.jpg|300px|thumb|Lise Meitner in her later years.]]<br />
Lise Meitner was an Austrian physicist known for her work in radioactivity and nuclear fission.<br />
<br />
==Personal Life==<br />
===Early Life===<br />
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===Life in Academia===<br />
<br />
==Scientific Contributions==<br />
===Nuclear Fission===<br />
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<br />
==Other Information==<br />
===Fun Facts===<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
==Connectedness==<br />
#How is this topic connected to something that you are interested in?<br />
#How is it connected to your major?<br />
#Is there an interesting industrial application?<br />
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===Further reading===<br />
<br />
Books, Articles or other print media on this topic<br />
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===External links===<br />
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Internet resources on this topic<br />
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==References==<br />
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This section contains the the references you used while writing this page<br />
<br />
[[Category:Which Category did you place this in?]]</div>Opool3http://www.physicsbook.gatech.edu/index.php?title=Lise_Meitner&diff=5837Lise Meitner2015-12-01T15:39:26Z<p>Opool3: </p>
<hr />
<div>In Progress by opool3<br />
<br />
[[File:LMpic.jpg|300px|thumb|Lise Meitner in her later years.|center]]<br />
Lise Meitner was an Austrian physicist known for her work in radioactivity and nuclear fission.<br />
<br />
==Personal Life==<br />
===Early Life===<br />
<br />
<br />
===Life in Academia===<br />
<br />
==Scientific Contributions==<br />
===Nuclear Fission===<br />
<br />
<br />
==Other Information==<br />
===Fun Facts===<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
==Connectedness==<br />
#How is this topic connected to something that you are interested in?<br />
#How is it connected to your major?<br />
#Is there an interesting industrial application?<br />
<br />
<br />
===Further reading===<br />
<br />
Books, Articles or other print media on this topic<br />
<br />
===External links===<br />
<br />
Internet resources on this topic<br />
<br />
==References==<br />
<br />
This section contains the the references you used while writing this page<br />
<br />
[[Category:Which Category did you place this in?]]</div>Opool3http://www.physicsbook.gatech.edu/index.php?title=Lise_Meitner&diff=5836Lise Meitner2015-12-01T15:39:13Z<p>Opool3: </p>
<hr />
<div>In Progress by opool3<br />
<br />
[[File:LMpic.jpg|300px|thumb|Lise Meitner in her later years.]]<br />
Lise Meitner was an Austrian physicist known for her work in radioactivity and nuclear fission.<br />
<br />
==Personal Life==<br />
===Early Life===<br />
<br />
<br />
===Life in Academia===<br />
<br />
==Scientific Contributions==<br />
===Nuclear Fission===<br />
<br />
<br />
==Other Information==<br />
===Fun Facts===<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
==Connectedness==<br />
#How is this topic connected to something that you are interested in?<br />
#How is it connected to your major?<br />
#Is there an interesting industrial application?<br />
<br />
<br />
===Further reading===<br />
<br />
Books, Articles or other print media on this topic<br />
<br />
===External links===<br />
<br />
Internet resources on this topic<br />
<br />
==References==<br />
<br />
This section contains the the references you used while writing this page<br />
<br />
[[Category:Which Category did you place this in?]]</div>Opool3http://www.physicsbook.gatech.edu/index.php?title=Lise_Meitner&diff=5835Lise Meitner2015-12-01T15:39:04Z<p>Opool3: </p>
<hr />
<div>In Progress by opool3<br />
<br />
[[File:LMpic.jpg|300px|thumb|[Lise Meitner in her later years.]]<br />
Lise Meitner was an Austrian physicist known for her work in radioactivity and nuclear fission.<br />
<br />
==Personal Life==<br />
===Early Life===<br />
<br />
<br />
===Life in Academia===<br />
<br />
==Scientific Contributions==<br />
===Nuclear Fission===<br />
<br />
<br />
==Other Information==<br />
===Fun Facts===<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
==Connectedness==<br />
#How is this topic connected to something that you are interested in?<br />
#How is it connected to your major?<br />
#Is there an interesting industrial application?<br />
<br />
<br />
===Further reading===<br />
<br />
Books, Articles or other print media on this topic<br />
<br />
===External links===<br />
<br />
Internet resources on this topic<br />
<br />
==References==<br />
<br />
This section contains the the references you used while writing this page<br />
<br />
[[Category:Which Category did you place this in?]]</div>Opool3