Physics Book - User contributions [en]

File:FTFormula.png

2015-12-03T04:51:04Z

Nshukla30:

File:SonicBOOMMMM.gif

2015-12-03T04:45:08Z

Nshukla30: Nshukla30 uploaded a new version of "File:SonicBOOMMMM.gif"

"Cherenkov radiation-animation" by H. Seldon - vlastni dilo, own work. Licensed under Public Domain via Commons - https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Cherenkov_radiation-animation.gif#/media/File:Cherenkov_radiation-animation.gif

File:SonicBOOMMMM.gif

2015-12-03T04:43:43Z

Nshukla30: "Cherenkov radiation-animation" by H. Seldon - vlastni dilo, own work. Licensed under Public Domain via Commons - https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Cherenkov_radiation-animation.gif#/media/File:Cherenkov_radiation-animation.gif

File:Geometry Cerenkov1.jpg

2015-12-03T04:21:50Z

Nshukla30: Propogation Diagram

Propogation Diagram

File:Geometry Cerenkov.png

2015-12-03T02:46:19Z

Nshukla30: Cerenkov Diagram of EM wave propagation with respect to charged particle.

Cerenkov Diagram of EM wave propagation with respect to charged particle.

Einstein's Theory of Special Relativity

2015-12-03T00:30:25Z

Nshukla30: /* Speical Relativity */

claimed and completed by sjoo32

==Special Relativity==

Einstein's theory of Special relativity is based on the speed of light being constant for everyone. Einstein came to this conclusion in 1905 after experimental evidence showed that the speed of light didn't change as the Earth swung around the Sun. This result was surprising to physicists because the speed of most other things does depend on what direction the observer is moving.
[[File:k10434.gif|thumb|Book written by Einstein regarding Relativity Theorems]]

Einstein said that all observers will measure the speed of light to be 186,000 miles per second, no matter how fast and what direction they are moving."If you are in a spaceship that is traveling at the speed of light, and you turn on the headlights, does anything happen?"

The answer is the headlights turn on normally, but only from the perspective of someone inside the spaceship. For someone standing outside watching the ship fly by, the headlights do not appear to turn on: light comes out but it takes an eternity for the beams to get ahead of the spaceship.

[[File:Trains.gif]]

These contradictory versions arise because rulers and clocks —If the speed of light is to be held constant as Einstein said, then time and space cannot be absolute; they must be subjective. For instance, a 100-foot-long spaceship traveling at 99.99 percent the speed of light will appear one foot long to a stationary observer, but it will remain its normal length for those onboard.

Perhaps even weirder, time passes slower the faster one goes. If a twin rides in the speeding spaceship to some distant star and then comes back, she will be younger than her sister who stayed on Earth.[[File:2000px-World_line.svg.png|thumb|Speical relativity]]. Mass, too, depends on speed. The faster an object moves, the more massive it becomes. In fact, no spaceship can ever reach 100 percent of the speed of light because its mass would grow to infinity. This relationship between mass and speed is often expressed as a relationship between mass and energy:

[[File:733a1857c551ba67e3f9edf771a9efd6.png]], where E is energy, m is mass and c is the speed of light.

===Relativistic Definitions===
*Physicists call particles with v/c comparable to 1 "relativistic" particles. Particles with v/c << 1 (very much less than one) are "non-relativistic."
[[File:Bt2lfS208_a.jpg]]

The image above explains how the point of view relating the speed of light can be different according to the two different reference point.

==Occurrence==
===Theoritical Basis for Special Relativity===
Einstein's theory of special relativity results from two statements -- the two basic postulates of special relativity:

[[File:albert_einstein_quote.jpg|thumb|Einstein Quote]]

#'''The speed of light is the same for all observers, no matter what their relative speeds.'''
#'''The laws of physics are the same in any inertial (that is, non-accelerated) frame of reference. This means that the laws of physics observed by a hypothetical observer traveling with a relativistic particle must be the same as those observed by an observer who is stationary in the laboratory.'''

[[File:18lqemuokd26vjpg.jpg|thumb|The speed of light]]

Given these two statements, Einstein showed how definitions of momentum and energy must be refined and how quantities such as length and time must change from one observer to another in order to get consistent results for physical quantities such as particle half-life.

====The speed of light is the same for all observers, no matter what their relative speeds====
*'''"The speed of light will be seen to be the same relative to any observer, independent of the motion of the observer"'''is the crucial idea that led Einstein to formulate his theory. It means we can define a quantity c, the speed of light, which is a fundamental constant of nature.
*Note that this is quite different from the motion of ordinary, massive objects. If I am driving down the freeway at 50 miles per hour relative to the road, a car traveling in the same direction at 55 mph has a speed of only 5 mph relative to me, while a car coming in the opposite direction at 55 mph approaches me at a rate of 105 mph. Their speed relative to me depends on my motion as well as on theirs.
====The laws of physics are the same in any inertial (that is, non-accelerated) frame of reference====
*This is the idea that we can formulate rules of nature which do not depend on our particular observing situation. This does not mean that things behave in the same way on the earth and in space, e.g. an observer at the surface of the earth is affected by the earth's gravity, but it does mean that the effect of a force on an object is the same independent of what causes the force and also of where the object is or what its speed is.
*Einstein developed a theory of motion that could consistently contain both the same speed of light for any observer and the familiar addition of velocities described above for slow-moving objects. This is called '''the special theory of relativity''', since it deals with the relative motions of objects.

[[File:183224.image0.jpg]]

==Gamma(γ)==
The measurable effects of relativity are based on gamma. Gamma depends only on the speed of a particle and is always larger than

By definition: [[File:Eq-gamma.gif]] c is the speed of light and v is the speed of the object in question

For example, when an electron has traveled ten feet along the accelerator it has a speed of 0.99 c, and the value of gamma at that speed is 7.09. When the electron reaches the end of the linac, its speed is 0.99999999995 c where gamma equals 100,000.

[[File:Lorentz_factor.svg.png|thumb|Lorentz factor γ as a function of velocity. Its initial value is 1 (when v = 0); and as velocity approaches the speed of light (v → c) γ increases without bound (γ → ∞).]]

[[File:TimeDilation.gif]]

==Relativistic Effects==
===Length Contraction and Time Dilation===
One of the strangest parts of special relativity is the conclusion that two observers who are moving relative to one another, will get different measurements of the length of a particular object or the time that passes between two events.

[[File:Figure_29_03_03a.jpg]]

Consider two observers, each in a space-ship laboratory containing clocks and meter sticks. The space ships are moving relative to each other at a speed close to the speed of light. Using Einstein's theory:

*Each observer will see the meter stick of the other as shorter than their own, by the same factor gamma (gamma- defined above). This is called length contraction .
*Each observer will see the clocks in the other laboratory as ticking more slowly than the clocks in his/her own, by a factor gamma. This is called time dilation .

In particle accelerators, particles are moving very close to the speed of light where the length and time effects are large. This has allowed us to clearly verify that length contraction and time dilation do occur.

[[File:gamma.GIF]]

===Time Dilation for Particles===
Particle processes have an intrinsic clock that determines the half-life of a decay process. However, the rate at which the clock ticks in a moving frame, as observed by a static observer, is slower than the rate of a static clock. Therefore, the half-life of a moving particles appears, to the static observer, to be increased by the factor gamma. [http://pages.towson.edu/zverev/conceptual/14.htm]

For example, let's look at a particle known as a tau. In the frame of reference where the tau particle is at rest, its lifetime is known to be approximately 3.05 x 10 -13 s. To calculate how far it travels before decaying, we could try to use the familiar equation distance equals speed times time. It travels so close to the speed of light that we can use c = 3x10^8 m/sec for the speed of the particle. If you do the calculation you find the distance traveled should be 9.15 x 10 -5 meters.

:::'''d = v t'''

:::'''d = (3 x 10^8 m/sec)( 3.05 x 10^-13 s) = 9.15 x 10^-5 m'''

[[File:Relativity-1-10-728.jpg|thumb|The apparent slowing down of time for an object moving at relativistic speeds]]

Observations particles with a variety of velocities have shown that time dilation is a real effect. In fact the only reason cosmic ray muons ever reach the surface of the earth before decaying is the time dilation effect.

===Length Contraction===
Instead of analyzing the motion of the tau from our frame of reference, we could ask what the tau would see in its reference frame. Its half-life in its reference frame is 3.05 x 10^-13 s. This does not change. The tau goes nowhere in this frame.

How far would an observer, sitting in the tau rest frame, see an observer in our laboratory frame move while the tau lives [http://pages.towson.edu/zverev/conceptual/14.htm]

We just calculated that the tau would travel 1.8 mm in our frame of reference. Surely we would expect the observer in the tau frame to see us move the same distance relative to the tau particle. Not so says the tau-frame observer -- you only moved 1.8 mm/gamma = 0.09 mm relative to me. This is length contraction.

How long did the tau particle live according to the observer in the tau frame? We can rearrange d = v x t to read t = d/v . Here we use the same speed, Because the speed of the observer in the lab relative to the tau is just equal to (but in the opposite direction) of the speed of the tau relative to the observer in the lab, so we can use the same speed. So time = 0.09 x 10^-3 m/(3 x 10^8) m/sec = 3.0 x 10^-13 sec. This is the half-life of the tau as seen in its rest frame, just as it should be!

[[File:tallball.jpg]]

==Examples==

===Simple===

'''Problem'''

[[File:제목_없음.png]]

'''Solution'''

[[File:Solutionsnns.png]]

----

===Middling===

'''Problem'''

[[File:Problemssssssss.png]]

'''Solution'''

[[File:SOUIJOD.png]]

----

===Difficult===

'''Problem'''

[[File:Last_one.png]]

'''Solution'''

[[File:solution to 2.png]]

----

==Connectedness==

Einstein's Theory of Special Relativity is connected to the general relativity. The movie "Interstellar" made me interested about the Einstein's Theorem. It is not directly related to Business major, but there are some interesting industrial applications.
[[File:fdec5296af306a388a1f9e36c1ad1f.jpg|thumb|Telescopes around the Earth]]

Built at a cost of over $10 billion mainly for military navigation, GPS has rapidly transformed itself into a thriving commercial industry. The system is based on an array of 24 satellites orbiting the earth, each carrying a precise atomic clock. Apart from the obvious military uses, GPS is finding applications in airplane navigation, oil exploration, wilderness recreation, bridge construction, sailing, and interstate trucking, to name just a few.

The satellite clocks are moving at 14,000 km/hr in orbits that circle the Earth twice per day, much faster than clocks on the surface of the Earth, and Einstein's theory of special relativity says that rapidly moving clocks tick more slowly, by about seven microseconds (millionths of a second) per day.

[[File:Car-gps-accidents-2.jpg]]

Also, the orbiting clocks are 20,000 km above the Earth, and experience gravity that is four times weaker than that on the ground. Einstein's general relativity theory says that gravity curves space and time, resulting in a tendency for the orbiting clocks to tick slightly faster, by about 45 microseconds per day. The net result is that time on a GPS satellite clock advances faster than a clock on the ground by about 38 microseconds per day. [http://physicscentral.com/explore/writers/will.cfm]

To determine its location, the GPS receiver uses the time at which each signal from a satellite was emitted, as determined by the on-board atomic clock and encoded into the signal, together the with speed of light, to calculate the distance between itself and the satellites it communicated with. The orbit of each satellite is known accurately. Given enough satellites, it is a simple problem in Euclidean geometry to compute the receiver's precise location, both in space and time. To achieve a navigation accuracy of 15 meters, time throughout the GPS system must be known to an accuracy of 50 nanoseconds, which simply corresponds to the time required for light to travel 15 meters.

[[File:110503_garmin-gps.jpg]]

GPS accounts for relativity by electronically adjusting the rates of the satellite clocks, and by building mathematical corrections into the computer chips which solve for the user's location. Without the proper application of relativity, GPS would fail in its navigational functions within about 2 minutes.

==Interesting Facts About Special Relativity==
*Philosopher David Hume's 1738 "A Treatise of Human Nature" was a big influence on Einstein's thinking about space and time. Hume was an empiricist and skeptic, believing that scientific concepts must be based on experience and evidence, not reason alone. He also held that time did not exist separately from the movement of objects. '''"It is very well possible that without these philosophical studies I would not have arrived at the solution,"''' Einstein wrote.[http://www.space.com/17661-theory-general-relativity.html]
[[File:6060770-M.jpg|thumb|David Hume's Treatise of Human Nature]]
*In 1905, Albert Einstein based a new theory on two principles. First, the laws of physics appear the same to all observers. Second, he calculated that the speed of light-186,000 miles per second (299,338 kilometers per second)- is unchanging. Prior to Einstein, scientists believed that space was filled with luminiferous aether that would cause the speed of light to change depending on the relative motion of the source and the observer.
[[File:Tumblr mthl0xR4h71sp14uwo2 1280.jpg|thumb|Time Lapse]]
*As a result of these principles, Einstein deduced that there is no fixed frame of reference in the universe. Everything is moving relative to everything else, hence Einstein's theory of relativity. It is known as special relativity because it applies only to special cases: frames of reference in constant, unchanging motion. In 1915, Einstein published the general theory of relativity, which applies to frames that are accelerating with regard to each other.[http://www.space.com/17661-theory-general-relativity.html]
*A fast-moving object appears shorter along the direction of motion, relative to a slow-moving one. This effect is very subtle until the object travels close to the speed of light.
*As a result of [[File:733a1857c551ba67e3f9edf771a9efd6.png]], a fast-moving object appears to have increased masses relative to a slow-moving one. This is due to the fact that increasing an object's velocity increases its kinetic energy and, therefore, its mass.[http://www.space.com/17661-theory-general-relativity.html]

==History==

On September 26, 1905 (received June 30), Albert Einstein published his annus mirabilis paper on what is now called special relativity. Einstein's paper includes a fundamental new definition of space and time (all time and space coordinates in all reference frames are on an equal footing, so there is no physical basis for distinguishing "true" from "apparent" time) and makes the aether an unnecessary concept, at least in regard to inertial motion. Einstein identified two fundamental principles, the principle of relativity and the principle of the constancy of light (light principle), which ostensibly served as the axiomatic basis of his theory. [http://www.space.com/17661-theory-general-relativity.html]

With the following consequences for the speed of light and the theories known at that time:

*The speed of light is not composed of the speed of light in vacuum and the velocity of a preferred frame of reference, by b. This contradicts the theory of the (nearly) stationary aether.
*The speed of light is not composed of the speed of light in vacuum and the velocity of the light source, by a and c. This contradicts the emission theory.
*The speed of light is not composed of the speed of light in vacuum and the velocity of an aether that would be dragged within or in the vicinity of matter, by a, c, and d. This contradicts the hypothesis of the complete aether drag.
*The speed of light in moving media is not composed of the speed of light when the medium is at rest and the velocity of the medium, but is determined by Fresnel's dragging coefficient, by c.

== See also ==

===Further reading===

*[http://relativity.livingreviews.org/ Living reviews in relativity] - An article about relativity theorem with numerical values
*[http://www.mathpages.com/rr/rrtoc.htm Reflections on Relativity] - A book about Einstein's Theory of Relativity with detail explanations

===External links===

*[http://www.sixtysymbols.com/videos/lorentz.htm Sixty Symbols]-A Youtube video for time dilation using gamma factor
*[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_relativistic_equations List of relativistic equations]-A list of relativistic equations and its explanation
*[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Principle_of_relativity Principle of relativity]
*[https://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Special_Relativity Speical Relativity]

==References==

#[http://pages.towson.edu/zverev/conceptual/14.htm Towson University]
#[http://pages.towson.edu/zverev/conceptual/14.htm Towson University]
#[http://physicscentral.com/explore/writers/will.cfm Physics Central]
#[http://www.space.com/17661-theory-general-relativity.html Space.com]
#[http://www.space.com/17661-theory-general-relativity.html Space.com]
#[http://www.space.com/17661-theory-general-relativity.html Space.com]
#[http://www.space.com/17661-theory-general-relativity.html Space.com]

[[Category:Speical Relativity]]

Main Page

2015-12-02T22:24:59Z

Nshukla30:

__NOTOC__
Welcome to the Georgia Tech Wiki for Intro Physics. This resources was created so that students can contribute and curate content to help those with limited or no access to a textbook. When reading this website, please correct any errors you may come across. If you read something that isn't clear, please consider revising it!

Looking to make a contribution?
#Pick a specific topic from intro physics
#Add that topic, as a link to a new page, under the appropriate category listed below by editing this page.
#Copy and paste the default [[Template]] into your new page and start editing.

Please remember that this is not a textbook and you are not limited to expressing your ideas with only text and equations. Whenever possible embed: pictures, videos, diagrams, simulations, computational models (e.g. Glowscript), and whatever content you think makes learning physics easier for other students.

== Source Material ==
All of the content added to this resource must be in the public domain or similar free resource. If you are unsure about a source, contact the original author for permission. That said, there is a surprisingly large amount of introductory physics content scattered across the web. Here is an incomplete list of intro physics resources (please update as needed).
* A physics resource written by experts for an expert audience [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:Physics Physics Portal]
* A wiki book on modern physics [https://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Modern_Physics Modern Physics Wiki]
* The MIT open courseware for intro physics [http://ocw.mit.edu/resources/res-8-002-a-wikitextbook-for-introductory-mechanics-fall-2009/index.htm MITOCW Wiki]
* An online concept map of intro physics [http://hyperphysics.phy-astr.gsu.edu/hbase/hph.html HyperPhysics]
* Interactive physics simulations [https://phet.colorado.edu/en/simulations/category/physics PhET]
* OpenStax algebra based intro physics textbook [https://openstaxcollege.org/textbooks/college-physics College Physics]
* The Open Source Physics project is a collection of online physics resources [http://www.opensourcephysics.org/ OSP]
* A resource guide compiled by the [http://www.aapt.org/ AAPT] for educators [http://www.compadre.org/ ComPADRE]

== Organizing Categories ==
These are the broad, overarching categories, that we cover in two semester of introductory physics. You can add subcategories or make a new category as needed. A single topic should direct readers to a page in one of these catagories.

<div class="toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">
===Interactions===
<div class="mw-collapsible-content">
*[[Kinds of Matter]]
**[[Ball and Spring Model of Matter]]
*[[Detecting Interactions]]
*[[Fundamental Interactions]]
*[[System & Surroundings]]
*[[Newton's First Law of Motion]]
*[[Newton's Second Law of Motion]]
*[[Newton's Third Law of Motion]]
*[[Gravitational Force]]
*[[Electric Force]]
*[[Conservation of Charge]]
*[[Terminal Speed]]
*[[Simple Harmonic Motion]]
*[[Speed and Velocity]]
*[[Electric Polarization]]
*[[Perpetual Freefall (Orbit)]]
*[[2-Dimensional Motion]]
*[[Center of Mass]]
*[[Reaction Time]]
</div>
</div>

<div class="toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">

===Theory===
<div class="mw-collapsible-content">
*[[Einstein's Theory of Special Relativity]]
*[[Quantum Theory]]
*[[Big Bang Theory]]
*[[Maxwell's Electromagnetic Theory]]
*[[Atomic Theory]]
*[[Wave-Particle Duality]]
*[[String Theory]]
*[[Elementary Particles and Particle Physics Theory]]
</div>
</div>

<div class="toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">

===Notable Scientists===
<div class="mw-collapsible-content">
*[[Christian Doppler]]
*[[Albert Einstein]]
*[[Ernest Rutherford]]
*[[Joseph Henry]]
*[[Michael Faraday]]
*[[J.J. Thomson]]
*[[James Maxwell]]
*[[Robert Hooke]]
*[[Carl Friedrich Gauss]]
*[[Nikola Tesla]]
*[[Andre Marie Ampere]]
*[[Sir Isaac Newton]]
*[[J. Robert Oppenheimer]]
*[[Oliver Heaviside]]
*[[Rosalind Franklin]]
*[[Erwin Schrödinger]]
*[[Enrico Fermi]]
*[[Robert J. Van de Graaff]]
*[[Charles de Coulomb]]
*[[Hans Christian Ørsted]]
*[[Philo Farnsworth]]
*[[Niels Bohr]]
*[[Georg Ohm]]
*[[Galileo Galilei]]
*[[Gustav Kirchhoff]]
*[[Max Planck]]
*[[Heinrich Hertz]]
*[[Edwin Hall]]
*[[James Watt]]
*[[Count Alessandro Volta]]
*[[Josiah Willard Gibbs]]
*[[Richard Phillips Feynman]]
*[[Sir David Brewster]]
*[[Daniel Bernoulli]]
*[[William Thomson]]
*[[Leonhard Euler]]
*[[Robert Fox Bacher]]
*[[Stephen Hawking]]
*[[Amedeo Avogadro]]
*[[Wilhelm Conrad Roentgen]]
*[[Pierre Laplace]]
*[[Thomas Edison]]
*[[Hendrik Lorentz]]
*[[Jean-Baptiste Biot]]
*[[Lise Meitner]]
*[[Lisa Randall]]
*[[Felix Savart]]
*[[Heinrich Lenz]]
*[[Max Born]]
*[[Archimedes]]
*[[Jean Baptiste Biot]]
*[[Carl Sagan]]
*[[Eugene Wigner]]
*[[Marie Curie]]
*[[Pierre Curie]]
*[[Werner Heisenberg]]
*[[Johannes Diderik van der Waals]]
*[[Louis de Broglie]]
*[[Aristotle]]
*[[Émilie du Châtelet]]
*[[Blaise Pascal]]
*[[Benjamin Franklin]]
*[[James Chadwick]]
*[[Henry Cavendish]]
*[[Thomas Young]]
*[[James Prescott Joule]]
</div>
</div>

<div class="toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">

===Properties of Matter===
<div class="mw-collapsible-content">
*[[Mass]]
*[[Velocity]]
*[[Relative Velocity]]
*[[Density]]
*[[Charge]]
*[[Spin]]
*[[SI Units]]
*[[Heat Capacity]]
*[[Specific Heat]]
*[[Wavelength]]
*[[Conductivity]]
*[[Malleability]]
*[[Weight]]
*[[Boiling Point]]
*[[Melting Point]]
*[[Higgs Boson]]
</div>
</div>

<div class="toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">

===Contact Interactions===
<div class="mw-collapsible-content">
* [[Young's Modulus]]
* [[Friction]]
* [[Tension]]
* [[Hooke's Law]]
*[[Centripetal Force and Curving Motion]]
*[[Compression or Normal Force]]
* [[Length and Stiffness of an Interatomic Bond]]
* [[Speed of Sound in a Solid]]
* [[Iterative Prediction of Spring-Mass System]]
</div>
</div>

<div class="toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">

===Momentum===
<div class="mw-collapsible-content">
* [[Vectors]]
* [[Kinematics]]
* [[Conservation of Momentum]]
* [[Predicting Change in multiple dimensions]]
* [[Momentum Principle]]
* [[Impulse Momentum]]
* [[Curving Motion]]
* [[Multi-particle Analysis of Momentum]]
* [[Iterative Prediction]]
* [[Newton's Laws and Linear Momentum]]
* [[Net Force]]
* [[Center of Mass]]
* [[Momentum at High Speeds]]
</div>
</div>

<div class="toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">

===Angular Momentum===
<div class="mw-collapsible-content">
* [[The Moments of Inertia]]
* [[Moment of Inertia for a ring]]
* [[Rotation]]
* [[Torque]]
* [[Systems with Zero Torque]]
* [[Systems with Nonzero Torque]]
* [[Right Hand Rule]]
* [[Angular Velocity]]
* [[Predicting the Position of a Rotating System]]
* [[Translational Angular Momentum]]
* [[The Angular Momentum Principle]]
* [[Rotational Angular Momentum]]
* [[Total Angular Momentum]]
* [[Gyroscopes]]
* [[Angular Momentum Compared to Linear Momentum]]

</div>
</div>

<div class="toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">

===Energy===
<div class="mw-collapsible-content">
*[[The Photoelectric Effect]]
*[[Photons]]
*[[The Energy Principle]]
*[[Predicting Change]]
*[[Rest Mass Energy]]
*[[Kinetic Energy]]
*[[Potential Energy]]
**[[Potential Energy for a Magnetic Dipole]]
**[[Potential Energy of a Multiparticle System]]
*[[Work]]
*[[Thermal Energy]]
*[[Conservation of Energy]]
*[[Electric Potential]]
*[[Energy Transfer due to a Temperature Difference]]
*[[Gravitational Potential Energy]]
*[[Point Particle Systems]]
*[[Real Systems]]
*[[Spring Potential Energy]]
**[[Ball and Spring Model]]
*[[Internal Energy]]
**[[Potential Energy of a Pair of Neutral Atoms]]
*[[Translational, Rotational and Vibrational Energy]]
*[[Franck-Hertz Experiment]]
*[[Power (Mechanical)]]
*[[Transformation of Energy]]

*[[Energy Graphs]]
*[[Air Resistance]]
*[[Electronic Energy Levels]]
*[[Second Law of Thermodynamics and Entropy]]
*[[Specific Heat Capacity]]
*[[Electronic Energy Levels and Photons]]
*[[Energy Density]]
*[[Bohr Model]]
*[[Quantized energy levels]]
*[[Path Independence of Electric Potential]]
</div>
</div>

<div class="toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">

===Collisions===
<div class="mw-collapsible-content">
*[[Collisions]]
*[[Maximally Inelastic Collision]]
*[[Elastic Collisions]]
*[[Inelastic Collisions]]
*[[Head-on Collision of Equal Masses]]
*[[Head-on Collision of Unequal Masses]]
*[[Frame of Reference]]
*[[Rutherford Experiment and Atomic Collisions]]
</div>
</div>

<div class="toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">

===Fields===
<div class="mw-collapsible-content">
* [[Electric Field]] of a
** [[Point Charge]]
** [[Electric Dipole]]
** [[Capacitor]]
** [[Charged Rod]]
** [[Charged Ring]]
** [[Charged Disk]]
** [[Charged Spherical Shell]]
** [[Charged Cylinder]]
**[[A Solid Sphere Charged Throughout Its Volume]]
*[[Electric Potential]]
**[[Potential Difference Path Independence]]
**[[Potential Difference in a Uniform Field]]
**[[Potential Difference of point charge in a non-Uniform Field]]
**[[Sign of Potential Difference]]
**[[Potential Difference in an Insulator]]
**[[Energy Density and Electric Field]]
** [[Systems of Charged Objects]]
*[[Electric Force]]
*[[Polarization]]
**[[Polarization of an Atom]]
*[[Charge Motion in Metals]]
*[[Charge Transfer]]
*[[Magnetic Field]]
**[[Right-Hand Rule]]
**[[Direction of Magnetic Field]]
**[[Magnetic Field of a Long Straight Wire]]
**[[Magnetic Field of a Loop]]
**[[Magnetic Field of a Solenoid]]
**[[Bar Magnet]]
**[[Magnetic Dipole Moment]]
**[[Magnetic Force]]
**[[Magnetic Torque]]
**[[Hall Effect]]
**[[Lorentz Force]]
**[[Biot-Savart Law]]
**[[Biot-Savart Law for Currents]]
**[[Integration Techniques for Magnetic Field]]
**[[Sparks in Air]]
**[[Motional Emf]]
**[[Detecting a Magnetic Field]]
**[[Moving Point Charge]]
**[[Non-Coulomb Electric Field]]
**[[Motors and Generators]]
**[[Solenoid Applications]]
</div>
</div>

<div class="toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">

===Simple Circuits===
<div class="mw-collapsible-content">
*[[Components]]
*[[Steady State]]
*[[Non Steady State]]
*[[Charging and Discharging a Capacitor]]
*[[Thin and Thick Wires]]
*[[Node Rule]]
*[[Loop Rule]]
*[[Resistivity]]
*[[Power in a circuit]]
*[[Ammeters,Voltmeters,Ohmmeters]]
*[[Current]]
**[[AC]]
*[[Ohm's Law]]
*[[Series Circuits]]
*[[Parallel Circuits]]
*[[RC]]
*[[AC vs DC]]
*[[Charge in a RC Circuit]]
*[[Current in a RC circuit]]
*[[Circular Loop of Wire]]
*[[RL Circuit]]
*[[LC Circuit]]
*[[Surface Charge Distributions]]
*[[Feedback]]
*[[Transformers (Circuits)]]
*[[Resistors and Conductivity]]
</div>
</div>

<div class="toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">

===Maxwell's Equations===
<div class="mw-collapsible-content">
*[[Gauss's Flux Theorem]]
**[[Electric Fields]]
**[[Magnetic Fields]]
*[[Ampere's Law]]
**[[Magnetic Field of Coaxial Cable Using Ampere's Law]]
**[[Magnetic Field of a Long Thick Wire Using Ampere's Law]]
**[[Magnetic Field of a Toroid Using Ampere's Law]]
*[[Faraday's Law]]
**[[Curly Electric Fields]]
**[[Inductance]]
***[[Transformers from a physics standpoint]]
***[[Energy Density]]
**[[Lenz's Law]]
***[[Lenz Effect and the Jumping Ring]]
**[[Motional Emf using Faraday's Law]]
*[[Ampere-Maxwell Law]]
*[[Superconductors]]
**[[Meissner effect]]
</div>
</div>

<div class="toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">

===Radiation===
<div class="mw-collapsible-content">
*[[Producing a Radiative Electric Field]]
*[[Sinusoidal Electromagnetic Radiaton]]
*[[Lenses]]
*[[Energy and Momentum Analysis in Radiation]]
**[[Poynting Vector]]
*[[Electromagnetic Propagation]]
**[[Wavelength and Frequency]]
*[[Snell's Law]]
*[[Effects of Radiation on Matter]]
*[[Light Propagation Through a Medium]]
*[[Light Scaterring: Why is the Sky Blue]]
*[[Light Refraction: Bending of light]]
*[[Cherenkov Radiation]]
</div>
</div>
<div class="toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">

===Sound===
<div class="mw-collapsible-content">
*[[Doppler Effect]]
*[[Nature, Behavior, and Properties of Sound]]
*[[Resonance]]
*[[Sound Barrier]]
</div>
</div>
<div class="toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">

===Waves===
<div class="mw-collapsible-content">
*[[Multisource Interference: Diffraction]]
*[[Standing waves]]
*[[Gravitational waves]]
*[[Wave-Particle Duality]]
</div>
</div>
<div class="toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">

===Real Life Applications of Electromagnetic Principles===
<div class="mw-collapsible-content">
*[[Electromagnetic Junkyard Cranes]]
*[[Maglev Trains]]
</div>
</div>

== Resources ==
* Commonly used wiki commands [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:Cheatsheet Wiki Cheatsheet]
* A guide to representing equations in math mode [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:Displaying_a_formula Wiki Math Mode]
* A page to keep track of all the physics [[Constants]]
* An overview of [[VPython]], [http://www.physicsbook.gatech.edu/VPython_basics beginner guide to VPython]