Physics Book - User contributions [en]

Magnetic Resonance Imaging

2015-12-05T19:54:17Z

Nschaich3:

Claimed by Noah Schaich

Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) is a medical device that uses radio waves and strong magnets connected to a computer to create a cross-sectional view of organs and tissue within the human body.

==The Main Idea==

The concept behind the MRI is nuclear magnetic resonance, which basically says that when atomic nuclei are exposed to a strong magnetic field, they will emit or absorb radio waves. In the applications of an MRI machine, the hydrogen atoms are examined, and because different organs and tissue in the body are composed of varying amounts of hydrogen atoms, they will emit or absorb different radio waves. These waves can be collected and analyzed by a computer, and when they are displayed, the different organs and tissue in the body will be distinct.

The development of the MRI machine was a huge innovation in the medical world because it allowed doctors to analyze the body in a non-invasive manner. MRI machines are often used to look at the soft tissue in the body, since that is what they can detect. An MRI might be used for the following purposed:
#Brain and Spinal Cord injuries and abnormalities
#Tumors
#Heart Problems
#Liver and other abdominal organs

===How it Works===

There are 4 main steps to how an MRI machine collects images of the body.
#The MRI machine emits a steady magnetic field. Protons in the hydrogen cells in the body react to this steady electric magnetic field by becoming magnetized.
#The MRI machine emits radio waves that alters the steady state orientation of the protons.
#The MRI machine stops emitting radiation and collects the body's electromagnetic transmission. Different tissues in the body will emit different kinds of radio waves, and for varying amounts of time.
#The signals are collected and analyzed by a computer. They are used to construct images of the body.

==Images==

MRI Machine:
[[File:MRI-Philips.jpg|thumb]]
Cross-Sectional view of brain:
[[File:ct-vs-mri.jpg|thumb]]
Be sure to show all steps in your solution and include diagrams whenever possible

==History==

The concept for an MRI machine comes from nuclear magnetic resonance(NMR), which is when atomic nuclei absorb or emit radio waves in the presence of a strong magnetic field. This concept was expanded on by Raymond Damadian, who discovered that if using this technique to look at cells in the human body, cancerous cells would appear different because they contain more water, and thus more hydrogen atoms.
The first NMR image was produced in 1973 by Paul Lauterbur, and 4 years later, in 1977, the first body scan using an MRI prototype machine was produced.

==See Also==
===Further reading===

Clinical Cardiac MRI
[https://books.google.com/books?id=xg9ZnRYyDEEC&printsec=frontcover&dq=mri+books+articles&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwir1tH7usXJAhWCmh4KHWQ-CpkQ6AEINDAB#v=onepage&q&f=false]

MRI: Basic Principles and Applications
[https://books.google.com/books?id=2D1UCgAAQBAJ&printsec=frontcover&dq=mri+books+articles&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwir1tH7usXJAhWCmh4KHWQ-CpkQ6AEIOTAC#v=onepage&q&f=false]

===External links===
Medical News Today
[http://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/146309.php]

Mayo Clinic
[http://www.mayoclinic.org/tests-procedures/mri/basics/definition/prc-20012903]

Tesla Society
[http://www.teslasociety.com/mri.htm]

FDA
[http://www.fda.gov/Radiation-EmittingProducts/RadiationEmittingProductsandProcedures/MedicalImaging/ucm200086.htm]

==References==

#http://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/146309.php
#http://www.teslasociety.com/mri.htm
#http://www.fda.gov/Radiation-EmittingProducts/RadiationEmittingProductsandProcedures/MedicalImaging/ucm200086.htm
#http://www.mayoclinic.org/tests-procedures/mri/basics/definition/prc-20012903

[[Category: Real Life Applications of Electromagnetic Principles]]

Magnetic Resonance Imaging

2015-12-05T19:53:59Z

Nschaich3: /* Images */

Claimed by Noah Schaich

Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) is a medical device that uses radio waves and strong magnets connected to a computer to create a cross-sectional view of organs and tissue within the human body.

==The Main Idea==

The concept behind the MRI is nuclear magnetic resonance, which basically says that when atomic nuclei are exposed to a strong magnetic field, they will emit or absorb radio waves. In the applications of an MRI machine, the hydrogen atoms are examined, and because different organs and tissue in the body are composed of varying amounts of hydrogen atoms, they will emit or absorb different radio waves. These waves can be collected and analyzed by a computer, and when they are displayed, the different organs and tissue in the body will be distinct.

The development of the MRI machine was a huge innovation in the medical world because it allowed doctors to analyze the body in a non-invasive manner. MRI machines are often used to look at the soft tissue in the body, since that is what they can detect. An MRI might be used for the following purposed:
#Brain and Spinal Cord injuries and abnormalities
#Tumors
#Heart Problems
#Liver and other abdominal organs

===How it Works===

There are 4 main steps to how an MRI machine collects images of the body.
#The MRI machine emits a steady magnetic field. Protons in the hydrogen cells in the body react to this steady electric magnetic field by becoming magnetized.
#The MRI machine emits radio waves that alters the steady state orientation of the protons.
#The MRI machine stops emitting radiation and collects the body's electromagnetic transmission. Different tissues in the body will emit different kinds of radio waves, and for varying amounts of time.
#The signals are collected and analyzed by a computer. They are used to construct images of the body.

==Images==

MRI Machine:
[[File:MRI-Philips.jpg|thumb]]
Cross-Sectional view of brain:
[[File:ct-vs-mri.jpg|thumb]]
Be sure to show all steps in your solution and include diagrams whenever possible

==Connectedness==
#How is this topic connected to something that you are interested in?
#How is it connected to your major?
#Is there an interesting industrial application?

==History==

The concept for an MRI machine comes from nuclear magnetic resonance(NMR), which is when atomic nuclei absorb or emit radio waves in the presence of a strong magnetic field. This concept was expanded on by Raymond Damadian, who discovered that if using this technique to look at cells in the human body, cancerous cells would appear different because they contain more water, and thus more hydrogen atoms.
The first NMR image was produced in 1973 by Paul Lauterbur, and 4 years later, in 1977, the first body scan using an MRI prototype machine was produced.

==See Also==
===Further reading===

Clinical Cardiac MRI
[https://books.google.com/books?id=xg9ZnRYyDEEC&printsec=frontcover&dq=mri+books+articles&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwir1tH7usXJAhWCmh4KHWQ-CpkQ6AEINDAB#v=onepage&q&f=false]

MRI: Basic Principles and Applications
[https://books.google.com/books?id=2D1UCgAAQBAJ&printsec=frontcover&dq=mri+books+articles&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwir1tH7usXJAhWCmh4KHWQ-CpkQ6AEIOTAC#v=onepage&q&f=false]

===External links===
Medical News Today
[http://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/146309.php]

Mayo Clinic
[http://www.mayoclinic.org/tests-procedures/mri/basics/definition/prc-20012903]

Tesla Society
[http://www.teslasociety.com/mri.htm]

FDA
[http://www.fda.gov/Radiation-EmittingProducts/RadiationEmittingProductsandProcedures/MedicalImaging/ucm200086.htm]

==References==

#http://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/146309.php
#http://www.teslasociety.com/mri.htm
#http://www.fda.gov/Radiation-EmittingProducts/RadiationEmittingProductsandProcedures/MedicalImaging/ucm200086.htm
#http://www.mayoclinic.org/tests-procedures/mri/basics/definition/prc-20012903

[[Category: Real Life Applications of Electromagnetic Principles]]

File:MRI-Philips.jpg

2015-12-05T19:53:18Z

Nschaich3:

Magnetic Resonance Imaging

2015-12-05T19:51:52Z

Nschaich3: /* Images */

Claimed by Noah Schaich

Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) is a medical device that uses radio waves and strong magnets connected to a computer to create a cross-sectional view of organs and tissue within the human body.

==The Main Idea==

The concept behind the MRI is nuclear magnetic resonance, which basically says that when atomic nuclei are exposed to a strong magnetic field, they will emit or absorb radio waves. In the applications of an MRI machine, the hydrogen atoms are examined, and because different organs and tissue in the body are composed of varying amounts of hydrogen atoms, they will emit or absorb different radio waves. These waves can be collected and analyzed by a computer, and when they are displayed, the different organs and tissue in the body will be distinct.

The development of the MRI machine was a huge innovation in the medical world because it allowed doctors to analyze the body in a non-invasive manner. MRI machines are often used to look at the soft tissue in the body, since that is what they can detect. An MRI might be used for the following purposed:
#Brain and Spinal Cord injuries and abnormalities
#Tumors
#Heart Problems
#Liver and other abdominal organs

===How it Works===

There are 4 main steps to how an MRI machine collects images of the body.
#The MRI machine emits a steady magnetic field. Protons in the hydrogen cells in the body react to this steady electric magnetic field by becoming magnetized.
#The MRI machine emits radio waves that alters the steady state orientation of the protons.
#The MRI machine stops emitting radiation and collects the body's electromagnetic transmission. Different tissues in the body will emit different kinds of radio waves, and for varying amounts of time.
#The signals are collected and analyzed by a computer. They are used to construct images of the body.

==Images==

MRI Machine:
[[File:MRI-Philips.jpg|thumb]]
Cross-Sectional view of brain:
[[File:ct-vs-mri.jpg|thumb]]
Be sure to show all steps in your solution and include diagrams whenever possible

===Simple===
===Middling===
===Difficult===

==Connectedness==
#How is this topic connected to something that you are interested in?
#How is it connected to your major?
#Is there an interesting industrial application?

==History==

The concept for an MRI machine comes from nuclear magnetic resonance(NMR), which is when atomic nuclei absorb or emit radio waves in the presence of a strong magnetic field. This concept was expanded on by Raymond Damadian, who discovered that if using this technique to look at cells in the human body, cancerous cells would appear different because they contain more water, and thus more hydrogen atoms.
The first NMR image was produced in 1973 by Paul Lauterbur, and 4 years later, in 1977, the first body scan using an MRI prototype machine was produced.

==See Also==
===Further reading===

Clinical Cardiac MRI
[https://books.google.com/books?id=xg9ZnRYyDEEC&printsec=frontcover&dq=mri+books+articles&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwir1tH7usXJAhWCmh4KHWQ-CpkQ6AEINDAB#v=onepage&q&f=false]

MRI: Basic Principles and Applications
[https://books.google.com/books?id=2D1UCgAAQBAJ&printsec=frontcover&dq=mri+books+articles&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwir1tH7usXJAhWCmh4KHWQ-CpkQ6AEIOTAC#v=onepage&q&f=false]

===External links===
Medical News Today
[http://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/146309.php]

Mayo Clinic
[http://www.mayoclinic.org/tests-procedures/mri/basics/definition/prc-20012903]

Tesla Society
[http://www.teslasociety.com/mri.htm]

FDA
[http://www.fda.gov/Radiation-EmittingProducts/RadiationEmittingProductsandProcedures/MedicalImaging/ucm200086.htm]

==References==

#http://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/146309.php
#http://www.teslasociety.com/mri.htm
#http://www.fda.gov/Radiation-EmittingProducts/RadiationEmittingProductsandProcedures/MedicalImaging/ucm200086.htm
#http://www.mayoclinic.org/tests-procedures/mri/basics/definition/prc-20012903

[[Category: Real Life Applications of Electromagnetic Principles]]

Magnetic Resonance Imaging

2015-12-05T19:51:22Z

Nschaich3: /* Images */

Claimed by Noah Schaich

Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) is a medical device that uses radio waves and strong magnets connected to a computer to create a cross-sectional view of organs and tissue within the human body.

==The Main Idea==

The concept behind the MRI is nuclear magnetic resonance, which basically says that when atomic nuclei are exposed to a strong magnetic field, they will emit or absorb radio waves. In the applications of an MRI machine, the hydrogen atoms are examined, and because different organs and tissue in the body are composed of varying amounts of hydrogen atoms, they will emit or absorb different radio waves. These waves can be collected and analyzed by a computer, and when they are displayed, the different organs and tissue in the body will be distinct.

The development of the MRI machine was a huge innovation in the medical world because it allowed doctors to analyze the body in a non-invasive manner. MRI machines are often used to look at the soft tissue in the body, since that is what they can detect. An MRI might be used for the following purposed:
#Brain and Spinal Cord injuries and abnormalities
#Tumors
#Heart Problems
#Liver and other abdominal organs

===How it Works===

There are 4 main steps to how an MRI machine collects images of the body.
#The MRI machine emits a steady magnetic field. Protons in the hydrogen cells in the body react to this steady electric magnetic field by becoming magnetized.
#The MRI machine emits radio waves that alters the steady state orientation of the protons.
#The MRI machine stops emitting radiation and collects the body's electromagnetic transmission. Different tissues in the body will emit different kinds of radio waves, and for varying amounts of time.
#The signals are collected and analyzed by a computer. They are used to construct images of the body.

==Images==

MRI Machine:
[[File:http://www.fonar.com/news/images/ct-vs-mri.jpg|thumb]]
Cross-Sectional view of brain:
[[File:ct-vs-mri.jpg|thumb]]
Be sure to show all steps in your solution and include diagrams whenever possible

===Simple===
===Middling===
===Difficult===

==Connectedness==
#How is this topic connected to something that you are interested in?
#How is it connected to your major?
#Is there an interesting industrial application?

==History==

The concept for an MRI machine comes from nuclear magnetic resonance(NMR), which is when atomic nuclei absorb or emit radio waves in the presence of a strong magnetic field. This concept was expanded on by Raymond Damadian, who discovered that if using this technique to look at cells in the human body, cancerous cells would appear different because they contain more water, and thus more hydrogen atoms.
The first NMR image was produced in 1973 by Paul Lauterbur, and 4 years later, in 1977, the first body scan using an MRI prototype machine was produced.

==See Also==
===Further reading===

Clinical Cardiac MRI
[https://books.google.com/books?id=xg9ZnRYyDEEC&printsec=frontcover&dq=mri+books+articles&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwir1tH7usXJAhWCmh4KHWQ-CpkQ6AEINDAB#v=onepage&q&f=false]

MRI: Basic Principles and Applications
[https://books.google.com/books?id=2D1UCgAAQBAJ&printsec=frontcover&dq=mri+books+articles&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwir1tH7usXJAhWCmh4KHWQ-CpkQ6AEIOTAC#v=onepage&q&f=false]

===External links===
Medical News Today
[http://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/146309.php]

Mayo Clinic
[http://www.mayoclinic.org/tests-procedures/mri/basics/definition/prc-20012903]

Tesla Society
[http://www.teslasociety.com/mri.htm]

FDA
[http://www.fda.gov/Radiation-EmittingProducts/RadiationEmittingProductsandProcedures/MedicalImaging/ucm200086.htm]

==References==

#http://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/146309.php
#http://www.teslasociety.com/mri.htm
#http://www.fda.gov/Radiation-EmittingProducts/RadiationEmittingProductsandProcedures/MedicalImaging/ucm200086.htm
#http://www.mayoclinic.org/tests-procedures/mri/basics/definition/prc-20012903

[[Category: Real Life Applications of Electromagnetic Principles]]

Nschaich3: /* The Main Idea */

Magnetic Resonance Imaging

2015-12-05T19:15:51Z

Nschaich3:

Magnetic Resonance Imaging

2015-12-05T19:07:27Z

Nschaich3: Created page with "Claimed by Noah Schaich"

Claimed by Noah Schaich

Main Page

2015-12-05T19:07:08Z

Nschaich3: /* Real Life Applications of Electromagnetic Principles */

__NOTOC__
Welcome to the Georgia Tech Wiki for Intro Physics. This resources was created so that students can contribute and curate content to help those with limited or no access to a textbook. When reading this website, please correct any errors you may come across. If you read something that isn't clear, please consider revising it!

Looking to make a contribution?
#Pick a specific topic from intro physics
#Add that topic, as a link to a new page, under the appropriate category listed below by editing this page.
#Copy and paste the default [[Template]] into your new page and start editing.

Please remember that this is not a textbook and you are not limited to expressing your ideas with only text and equations. Whenever possible embed: pictures, videos, diagrams, simulations, computational models (e.g. Glowscript), and whatever content you think makes learning physics easier for other students.

== Source Material ==
All of the content added to this resource must be in the public domain or similar free resource. If you are unsure about a source, contact the original author for permission. That said, there is a surprisingly large amount of introductory physics content scattered across the web. Here is an incomplete list of intro physics resources (please update as needed).
* A physics resource written by experts for an expert audience [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:Physics Physics Portal]
* A wiki book on modern physics [https://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Modern_Physics Modern Physics Wiki]
* The MIT open courseware for intro physics [http://ocw.mit.edu/resources/res-8-002-a-wikitextbook-for-introductory-mechanics-fall-2009/index.htm MITOCW Wiki]
* An online concept map of intro physics [http://hyperphysics.phy-astr.gsu.edu/hbase/hph.html HyperPhysics]
* Interactive physics simulations [https://phet.colorado.edu/en/simulations/category/physics PhET]
* OpenStax algebra based intro physics textbook [https://openstaxcollege.org/textbooks/college-physics College Physics]
* The Open Source Physics project is a collection of online physics resources [http://www.opensourcephysics.org/ OSP]
* A resource guide compiled by the [http://www.aapt.org/ AAPT] for educators [http://www.compadre.org/ ComPADRE]

== Organizing Categories ==
These are the broad, overarching categories, that we cover in two semester of introductory physics. You can add subcategories or make a new category as needed. A single topic should direct readers to a page in one of these catagories.

<div class="toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">
===Interactions===
<div class="mw-collapsible-content">
*[[Kinds of Matter]]
**[[Ball and Spring Model of Matter]]
*[[Detecting Interactions]]
*[[Escape Velocity]]
*[[Fundamental Interactions]]
*[[Determinism]]
*[[System & Surroundings]]
*[[Free Body Diagram]]
*[[Newton's First Law of Motion]]
*[[Newton's Second Law of Motion]]
*[[Newton's Third Law of Motion]]
*[[Gravitational Force]]
*[[Electric Force]]
*[[Conservation of Energy]]
*[[Conservation of Charge]]
*[[Terminal Speed]]
*[[Simple Harmonic Motion]]
*[[Speed and Velocity]]
*[[Electric Polarization]]
*[[Perpetual Freefall (Orbit)]]
*[[2-Dimensional Motion]]
*[[Center of Mass]]
*[[Reaction Time]]
*[[Time Dilation]]
</div>
</div>

<div class="toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">

===Modeling with VPython===
<div class="mw-collapsible-content">
*[[VPython]]
*[[VPython basics]]
*[[VPython Common Errors and Troubleshooting]]
*[[VPython Functions]]
*[[VPython Lists]]
*[[VPython Multithreading]]
</div>
</div>

<div class="toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">

===Theory===
<div class="mw-collapsible-content">
*[[Einstein's Theory of Special Relativity]]
*[[Einstein's Theory of General Relativity]]
*[[Quantum Theory]]
*[[Maxwell's Electromagnetic Theory]]
*[[Atomic Theory]]
*[[String Theory]]
*[[Elementary Particles and Particle Physics Theory]]
*[[Law of Gravitation]]
</div>
</div>

<div class="toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">

===Notable Scientists===
<div class="mw-collapsible-content">
*[[Alexei Alexeyevich Abrikosov]]
*[[Christian Doppler]]
*[[Albert Einstein]]
*[[Ernest Rutherford]]
*[[Joseph Henry]]
*[[Michael Faraday]]
*[[J.J. Thomson]]
*[[James Maxwell]]
*[[Robert Hooke]]
*[[Carl Friedrich Gauss]]
*[[Nikola Tesla]]
*[[Andre Marie Ampere]]
*[[Sir Isaac Newton]]
*[[J. Robert Oppenheimer]]
*[[Oliver Heaviside]]
*[[Rosalind Franklin]]
*[[Enrico Fermi]]
*[[Robert J. Van de Graaff]]
*[[Charles de Coulomb]]
*[[Hans Christian Ørsted]]
*[[Philo Farnsworth]]
*[[Niels Bohr]]
*[[Georg Ohm]]
*[[Galileo Galilei]]
*[[Gustav Kirchhoff]]
*[[Max Planck]]
*[[Heinrich Hertz]]
*[[Edwin Hall]]
*[[James Watt]]
*[[Count Alessandro Volta]]
*[[Josiah Willard Gibbs]]
*[[Richard Phillips Feynman]]
*[[Sir David Brewster]]
*[[Daniel Bernoulli]]
*[[William Thomson]]
*[[Leonhard Euler]]
*[[Robert Fox Bacher]]
*[[Stephen Hawking]]
*[[Amedeo Avogadro]]
*[[Wilhelm Conrad Roentgen]]
*[[Pierre Laplace]]
*[[Thomas Edison]]
*[[Hendrik Lorentz]]
*[[Jean-Baptiste Biot]]
*[[Lise Meitner]]
*[[Lisa Randall]]
*[[Felix Savart]]
*[[Heinrich Lenz]]
*[[Max Born]]
*[[Archimedes]]
*[[Jean Baptiste Biot]]
*[[Carl Sagan]]
*[[Eugene Wigner]]
*[[Marie Curie]]
*[[Pierre Curie]]
*[[Werner Heisenberg]]
*[[Johannes Diderik van der Waals]]
*[[Louis de Broglie]]
*[[Aristotle]]
*[[Émilie du Châtelet]]
*[[Blaise Pascal]]
*[[Benjamin Franklin]]
*[[James Chadwick]]
*[[Henry Cavendish]]
*[[Thomas Young]]
*[[James Prescott Joule]]
*[[John Bardeen]]
*[[Leo Baekeland]]
*[[Alhazen]]
*[[Willebrord Snell]]
*[[Fritz Walther Meissner]]
*[[Johannes Kepler]]
*[[Johann Wilhelm Ritter]]
*[[Philipp Lenard]]
*[[Robert A. Millikan]]
*[[Joseph Louis Gay-Lussac]]
*[[Guglielmo Marconi]]
*[[William Lawrence Bragg]]
*[[Robert Goddard]]
*[[Léon Foucault]]
*[[Henri Poincaré]]
*[[Steven Weinberg]]
*[[Arthur Compton]]
*[[Pythagoras of Samos]]
*[[Subrahmanyan Chandrasekhar]]
*[[Wilhelm Eduard Weber]]
*[[Edmond Becquerel]]
*[[Joseph Rotblat]]
*[[Carl David Anderson]]
*[[Hermann von Helmholtz]]
*[[Nicolas Leonard Sadi Carnot]]
*[[Wallace Carothers]]
*[[David J. Wineland]]

</div>
</div>

<div class="toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">

===Properties of Matter===
<div class="mw-collapsible-content">
*[[Mass]]
*[[Velocity]]
*[[Relative Velocity]]
*[[Density]]
*[[Charge]]
*[[Spin]]
*[[SI Units]]
*[[Heat Capacity]]
*[[Specific Heat]]
*[[Wavelength]]
*[[Conductivity]]
*[[Malleability]]
*[[Weight]]
*[[Boiling Point]]
*[[Melting Point]]
*[[Inertia]]
*[[Non-Newtonian Fluids]]
*[[Ferrofluids]]
*[[Color]]
*[[Temperature]]
</div>
</div>

<div class="toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">

===Contact Interactions===
<div class="mw-collapsible-content">
* [[Young's Modulus]]
* [[Friction]]
* [[Tension]]
* [[Hooke's Law]]
*[[Centripetal Force and Curving Motion]]
*[[Compression or Normal Force]]
* [[Length and Stiffness of an Interatomic Bond]]
* [[Speed of Sound in a Solid]]
* [[Iterative Prediction of Spring-Mass System]]
</div>
</div>

<div class="toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">

===Momentum===
<div class="mw-collapsible-content">
* [[Vectors]]
* [[Kinematics]]
* [[Conservation of Momentum]]
* [[Predicting Change in multiple dimensions]]
* [[Derivation of the Momentum Principle]]
* [[Momentum Principle]]
* [[Impulse Momentum]]
* [[Curving Motion]]
* [[Projectile Motion]]
* [[Multi-particle Analysis of Momentum]]
* [[Iterative Prediction]]
* [[Analytical Prediction]]
* [[Newton's Laws and Linear Momentum]]
* [[Net Force]]
* [[Center of Mass]]
* [[Momentum at High Speeds]]
* [[Change in Momentum in Time for Curving Motion]]
* [[Momentum with respect to external Forces]]
</div>
</div>

<div class="toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">

===Angular Momentum===
<div class="mw-collapsible-content">
* [[The Moments of Inertia]]
* [[Moment of Inertia for a cylinder]]
* [[Rotation]]
* [[Torque]]
* [[Systems with Zero Torque]]
* [[Systems with Nonzero Torque]]
* [[Torque vs Work]]
* [[Angular Impulse]]
* [[Right Hand Rule]]
* [[Angular Velocity]]
* [[Predicting the Position of a Rotating System]]
* [[Translational Angular Momentum]]
* [[The Angular Momentum Principle]]
* [[Angular Momentum of Multiparticle Systems]]
* [[Rotational Angular Momentum]]
* [[Total Angular Momentum]]
* [[Gyroscopes]]
* [[Angular Momentum Compared to Linear Momentum]]

</div>
</div>

<div class="toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">

===Energy===
<div class="mw-collapsible-content">
*[[The Photoelectric Effect]]
*[[Photons]]
*[[The Energy Principle]]
*[[Predicting Change]]
*[[Rest Mass Energy]]
*[[Kinetic Energy]]
*[[Potential Energy]]
**[[Potential Energy for a Magnetic Dipole]]
**[[Potential Energy of a Multiparticle System]]
*[[Work]]
**[[Work Done By A Nonconstant Force]]
*[[Work and Energy for an Extended System]]
*[[Thermal Energy]]
*[[Conservation of Energy]]
*[[Electric Potential]]
*[[Energy Transfer due to a Temperature Difference]]
*[[Gravitational Potential Energy]]
*[[Point Particle Systems]]
*[[Real Systems]]
*[[Spring Potential Energy]]
**[[Ball and Spring Model]]
*[[Internal Energy]]
**[[Potential Energy of a Pair of Neutral Atoms]]
*[[Translational, Rotational and Vibrational Energy]]
*[[Franck-Hertz Experiment]]
*[[Power (Mechanical)]]
*[[Transformation of Energy]]

*[[Energy Graphs]]
**[[Energy graphs and the Bohr model]]
*[[Air Resistance]]
*[[Electronic Energy Levels]]
*[[Second Law of Thermodynamics and Entropy]]
*[[Specific Heat Capacity]]
*[[The Maxwell-Boltzmann Distribution]]
*[[Electronic Energy Levels and Photons]]
*[[Energy Density]]
*[[Bohr Model]]
*[[Quantized energy levels]]
**[[Spontaneous Photon Emission]]
*[[Path Independence of Electric Potential]]
</div>
</div>

<div class="toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">

===Collisions===
<div class="mw-collapsible-content">
*[[Collisions]]
Collisions are events that happen very frequently in our day-to-day world. In the realm of Physics, a collision is defined as any sort of process in which before and after a short time interval there is little interaction, but during that short time interval there are large interactions. When looking at collisions, it is first important to understand two very important principles: the Momentum Principle and the Energy Principle. Both principles serve use when talking of collisions because they provide a way in which to analyze these collisions. Collisions themselves can be categorized into 3 main different types: elastic collisions, inelastic collisions, maximally inelastic collisions. All 3 collisions will get touched on in more detail further on.
*[[Elastic Collisions]]
A collision is deemed "elastic" when the internal energy of the objects in the system does not change (in other words, change in internal energy equals 0). Because in an elastic collision no kinetic energy is converted over to internal energy, in any elastic collision Kfinal always equals Kinitial.
*[[Inelastic Collisions]]
A collision is said to be "inelastic" when it is not elastic; therefore, an inelastic collision is an interaction in which some change in internal energy occurs between the colliding objects (in other words, change in internal energy does not equal 0). Examples of such changes that occur between colliding objects include, but are not limited to, things like they get hot, or they vibrate/rotate, or they deform. Because some of the kinetic energy is converted to internal energy during an inelastic collision, Kfinal does not equal Kinitial.
*[[Maximally Inelastic Collision]]
*[[Head-on Collision of Equal Masses]]
*[[Head-on Collision of Unequal Masses]]
*[[Frame of Reference]]
*[[Scattering: Collisions in 2D and 3D]]
*[[Rutherford Experiment and Atomic Collisions]]
*[[Coefficient of Restitution]]
*[[testing123]]
</div>
</div>

<div class="toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">

===Fields===
<div class="mw-collapsible-content">
* [[Electric Field]] of a
** [[Point Charge]]
** [[Electric Dipole]]
** [[Capacitor]]
** [[Charged Rod]]
** [[Charged Ring]]
** [[Charged Disk]]
** [[Charged Spherical Shell]]
** [[Charged Cylinder]]
** [[Charge Density]]
**[[A Solid Sphere Charged Throughout Its Volume]]
*[[Superposition Principle]]
*[[Electric Potential]]
**[[Potential Difference Path Independence]]
**[[Potential Difference in a Uniform Field]]
**[[Potential Difference of point charge in a non-Uniform Field]]
**[[Potential Difference at One Location]]
**[[Sign of Potential Difference]]
**[[Potential Difference in an Insulator]]
**[[Energy Density and Electric Field]]
** [[Systems of Charged Objects]]
*[[Electric Force]]
*[[Polarization]]
**[[Polarization of an Atom]]
*[[Charge Motion in Metals]]
*[[Charge Transfer]]
*[[Magnetic Field]]
**[[Right-Hand Rule]]
**[[Direction of Magnetic Field]]
**[[Magnetic Field of a Long Straight Wire]]
**[[Magnetic Field of a Loop]]
**[[Magnetic Field of a Solenoid]]
**[[Bar Magnet]]
**[[Magnetic Dipole Moment]]
***[[Stern-Gerlach Experiment]]
**[[Magnetic Torque]]
**[[Magnetic Force]]
**[[Earth's Magnetic Field]]
**[[Atomic Structure of Magnets]]
*[[Combining Electric and Magnetic Forces]]
**[[Hall Effect]]
**[[Lorentz Force]]
**[[Biot-Savart Law]]
**[[Biot-Savart Law for Currents]]
**[[Integration Techniques for Magnetic Field]]
**[[Sparks in Air]]
**[[Motional Emf]]
**[[Detecting a Magnetic Field]]
**[[Moving Point Charge]]
**[[Non-Coulomb Electric Field]]
**[[Motors and Generators]]
**[[Solenoid Applications]]
</div>
</div>

<div class="toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">

===Simple Circuits===
<div class="mw-collapsible-content">
*[[Components]]
*[[Steady State]]
*[[Non Steady State]]
*[[Charging and Discharging a Capacitor]]
*[[Thin and Thick Wires]]
*[[Node Rule]]
*[[Loop Rule]]
*[[Resistivity]]
*[[Power in a circuit]]
*[[Ammeters,Voltmeters,Ohmmeters]]
*[[Current]]
**[[AC]]
*[[Ohm's Law]]
*[[Series Circuits]]
*[[Parallel Circuits]]
*[[RC]]
*[[AC vs DC]]
*[[Charge in a RC Circuit]]
*[[Current in a RC circuit]]
*[[Circular Loop of Wire]]
*[[Current in a RL Circuit]]
*[[RL Circuit]]
*[[Feedback]]
*[[Transformers (Circuits)]]
*[[Resistors and Conductivity]]
*[[Semiconductor Devices]]
</div>
</div>

<div class="toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">

===Maxwell's Equations===
<div class="mw-collapsible-content">
*[[Gauss's Flux Theorem]]
**[[Electric Fields]]
***[[Examples of Flux Through Surfaces and Objects]]
**[[Magnetic Fields]]
*[[Ampere's Law]]
**[[Magnetic Field of Coaxial Cable Using Ampere's Law]]
**[[Magnetic Field of a Long Thick Wire Using Ampere's Law]]
**[[Magnetic Field of a Toroid Using Ampere's Law]]
*[[Faraday's Law]]
**[[Curly Electric Fields]]
**[[Inductance]]
***[[Transformers (Physics)]]
***[[Energy Density]]
**[[Lenz's Law]]
***[[Lenz Effect and the Jumping Ring]]
**[[Lenz's Rule]]
**[[Motional Emf using Faraday's Law]]
*[[Ampere-Maxwell Law]]
*[[Superconductors]]
**[[Meissner effect]]
</div>
</div>

<div class="toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">

===Radiation===
<div class="mw-collapsible-content">
*[[Producing a Radiative Electric Field]]
*[[Sinusoidal Electromagnetic Radiaton]]
*[[Lenses]]
*[[Energy and Momentum Analysis in Radiation]]
**[[Poynting Vector]]
*[[Electromagnetic Propagation]]
**[[Wavelength and Frequency]]
*[[Snell's Law]]
*[[Effects of Radiation on Matter]]
*[[Light Propagation Through a Medium]]
*[[Light Scaterring: Why is the Sky Blue]]
*[[Light Refraction: Bending of light]]
*[[Cherenkov Radiation]]
*[[Rayleigh Effect]]
</div>
</div>
<div class="toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">

===Sound===
<div class="mw-collapsible-content">
*[[Doppler Effect]]
*[[Nature, Behavior, and Properties of Sound]]
*[[Speed of Sound]]
*[[Resonance]]
*[[Sound Barrier]]
*[[Sound Rarefaction]]
</div>
</div>
<div class="toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">

===Waves===
<div class="mw-collapsible-content">
*[[Bragg's Law]]
*[[Multisource Interference: Diffraction]]
*[[Standing waves]]
*[[Gravitational waves]]
*[[Plasma waves]]
*[[Wave-Particle Duality]]
*[[Electromagnetic Spectrum]]
*[[Color Light Wave]]
*[[Mechanical Waves]]
*[[Pendulum Motion]]
*[[Transverse and Longitudinal Waves]]
*[[Planck's Relation]]
</div>
</div>
<div class="toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">

===Real Life Applications of Electromagnetic Principles===
<div class="mw-collapsible-content">
*[[Electromagnetic Junkyard Cranes]]
*[[Maglev Trains]]
*[[Spark Plugs]]
*[[Metal Detectors]]
*[[Speakers]]
*[[Radios]]
*[[Ampullae of Lorenzini]]
*[[Electrocytes]]
*[[Generator]]
*[[Measuring Water Level]]
*[[Cyclotron]]
*[[Railgun]]
*[[Magnetic Resonance Imaging]]

</div>
</div>

<div class="toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">

===Optics===
<div class="mw-collapsible-content">
*[[Mirrors]]
*[[Refraction]]
*[[Quantum Properties of Light]]
*[[Lasers]]

</div>
</div>

== Resources ==
* Commonly used wiki commands [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:Cheatsheet Wiki Cheatsheet]
* A guide to representing equations in math mode [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:Displaying_a_formula Wiki Math Mode]
* A page to keep track of all the physics [[Constants]]
* A page for review of [[Vectors]] and vector operations

VPython

2015-12-01T17:43:14Z

Nschaich3: /* Connectedness */

Claimed by Liubov Nikolenko

VPython is a Python graphics module used for modeling objects in 3-dimensional space. In the field of physics, this is especially useful for calculating and modeling complex relationships between objects and their properties.

[[File:EMWave-Maxwell v275.gif]]
==Installation==

To install VPython simply follow the instructions in the links given below.

===Windows===
Install VPython [http://vpython.org/contents/download_windows.html here]

===OSX===

Install VPython [http://vpython.org/contents/download_mac.html here]

===Linux===

Install VPython [http://vpython.org/contents/download_linux.html here]

==Getting started with Python==
Introduction to basic Python use

The first two lines of your program should be:
::from __future__ import division
::from visual import *
The first line enables float division, so 3 / 2 = 1.5 (not 1) and the second line enables graphics module.
===Creating VPython Objects===
*Sphere
ball = sphere(pos=(x_coordinate,y_coordinate,z_coordinate), radius=radius_of_the_sphere, color = color.color_of_the_sphere)
*Arrow
myArrow = arrow(pos=(x0_coordinate,y0_coordinate,z0_coordinate), axis=(x1_coordinate,y1_coordinate,z1_coordinate), color = color.color_of_the_arrow)
*Vector
myVector = vector(x_coordinate,y_coordinate,z_coordinate)
===Manipulating VPython values===
*Accessing attributes of the object
To access the attribute of a given object just use the syntax ''object.attribute'' (e.g. to access the position of the ball object, you should do ball.pos)
*Updating values
To update a value (such as time, speed, force or the position of the object) you should do ''value = value + delta_value''
===Running VPython code===
To run VPython code simply press F5. While running your code you will see the visual module and a shell (a place where all print out information is displayed)
===Loops===
There are two types of loops that can be use in Python: [https://wiki.python.org/moin/ForLoop for loop] and [https://wiki.python.org/moin/WhileLoop while loop]. Basically, loops are used to tell the computer to execute the same task multiple times. While loops are more common for modeling physics concepts.
*While loops
The body of a while loop is executed, while a certain condition is true. Make sure to indent the statements that should be done in the while loop. While loop is equivalent to integration, because it manually breaks down the physical process into small parts and adds them up. While loop has the following structure:
:while(condition)
::the body of the while loop
::updating the loop
For example:
:while(t < 60)
::distance = distance + velocity * deltat
::t = t + deltat

Note: to see the process clearly it is common to slow down the frame rate by using ''rate(200)'' as a first line of a body of the while loop

===Comments===
Comments in the code have no impact on the code execution, because they are just ignored by the computer. Comments in VPython start with a pound sign (#) and end when a line ends. It is a good practice to place some useful information (like an explanation to a certain step) in the comments, so other people will find it easier to understand your code. For example:

x = x + 1 # incrementing x variable
===Debugging techniques===
Unfortunately, sometimes programs do not work in a way we intended them to work. Here are some tips to fixing your code.
#If you get an error try to understand the error message and fix your code accordingly. The most common errors are syntax errors, like parenthesis mismatch or wrong arguments passed into the function.
#Make sure you updating your condition for a while loop, so you don't have an infinite loop.
#Check if your are dividing by zero anywhere.
#Make sure you have correct indentation everywhere.
#Put plenty of ''print()'' statements, so you can know what is going on in every single stage of your code.
#Check your mathematical expressions for the order of precedence (e.g. x / y*z ! = x / (y * z))
#Try commenting out some steps to see which parts of your code do not work.

===Useful built-in functions===
====Printing out information====
*print(value)
Prints out the given value in the programming shell.
====Math====
*x**y
Raises x to the y-th power.
===Vectors===
*cross(vectorA, vectorB)
Calculates the cross product of two vectors
*mag(vector)
Calculates the magnitude of the vector
*norm(vector)
Calculates the unit vector of the vector

==Connectedness==

VPython will be used heavily in lab activities in modern sections of both Physics I and Physics II. One of the reasons it is used is because it is very easy to learn, especially when compared to languages like Java and MATLAB, and if provided with a shell, the process of changing values in order to manipulate the program is very straight forward.

Another aspect of VPython that is very applicable to this class is the ease at which loops can be created. A loop in a computer program is when a set of commands or lines of code are processed several times until some condition is satisfied. For example, a very simple loop can print out the numbers 1 to 10 by using a counter. Each time the code within the loop is processed, the value of the counter is printed out and the counter increases by one. Once the counter reaches 10, the loop can end and the commands within the loop will no longer be evaluated. This is applicable to many topics in this class, because VPython can loop to update velocity, position, momentum, and many other values in order to evaluate Electric fields, Magnetic fields, Gravitational forces, etc.

The basics learned from VPython can be extended beyond the scope of the class to topics from other class, or maybe even personal projects. For example, if you wanted to analyze the magnetic force between two objects, one moving and one stationary, VPython can be used to compute the magnetic field on the moving object at several different points in it's path of motion. This information can be used to determine what type of magnets to use in that specific application. This application of VPython is applicable to most majors, but especially engineering majors dealing with moving parts, electric currents, or magnetic components.

VPython also has industrial uses, which include modeling the movement of components. However, an advantage over other modeling techniques is that VPython allows for a visual representation of the moving components, as well as dynamic arrows or other symbols that can represent a changing velocity, magnetic field, or various other properties that will change with time or position.

How is this topic connected to something that you are interested in?

I like coding and I would love more people to share my passion, so I tried my best to make the coding part of physics more approachable

How is it connected to your major?

I am CS major and Python was the first language I have learned at Tech.

Is there an interesting industrial application?

Every simulation starting from interaction of molecules can be modeled in VPython to get the general idea of the process.

==History==
VPython was originally released in 2000 by David Scherer after he took an introductory physics class at Carnegie Mellon University. At the time, the school used the cT programming language for 2D modeling, and David saw the need for something better. Working with several people including professors Ruth Chabay and Bruce Sherwood, he developed a Python module called Visual. Visual Python or VPython featured 3D modeling, as well as an easier-to-understand object-oriented syntax. VPython is released under an Open Source license, and development continues today.

== See also ==
===GlowScript===
[http://www.glowscript.org/ GlowScript] is an easy-to-use, powerful environment for creating 3D animations and publishing them on the web. You can write and run GlowScript programs right in your browser, store them in the cloud for free, and easily share them with others. GlowScript uses VPython as a programming language.
===External links===
[http://vpython.org/contents/doc.html Documentation]

[https://groups.google.com/forum/?fromgroups&hl=en#!forum/vpython-users VPython User forum]
==References==

This section contains the the references you used while writing this page

1. [http://vpython.org/contents/cTsource/cToverview.html The cT Programming Language]

2. [http://vpython.wikidot.com/ VPython Wiki Site]

3. [http://www.glowscript.org/ GlowScript]

4. [http://www.visualrelativity.com/vpython/ The image source]

[[Category:Which Category did you place this in?]]

VPython basics

2015-11-11T19:58:34Z

Nschaich3: /* Connectedness */

claimed by Liubov Nikolenko

This is a beginner guide to VPython for people who have no or little coding experience and are concerned about the coding part of the course.

==The Main Idea==

State, in your own words, the main idea for this topic
VPython is a programming language with graphics module that is useful for simulation and animation of physical processes. In other words, it allows to see what would happen to the motion of the Earth if it crashed with the giant asteroid just by writing several lines of code insted of creating a doomsday!

===Installation===
VPython is available for [http://vpython.org/contents/download_windows.html Windows], [http://vpython.org/contents/download_mac.html Machintosh] and [http://vpython.org/contents/download_linux.html Linux].

===A Computational Model===

How do we visualize or predict using this topic. Consider embedding some vpython code here [https://trinket.io/glowscript/31d0f9ad9e Teach hands-on with GlowScript]

==Basics==
Befor writing your VPython program be sure to include those lines

from __future__ import division

from visual import *

These lines are needed to invoke the visual module and to make sure that when you calculate 3/4 you get 0.75 and not 0.
===Creating vectors===
You can create a vector v in Vpython by doing v = vector(x, y, z)
===Creating objects===
You will be creating several 3D shapes to represent objects and particles in your simulations. You will usually name your objects in order to access or modify their information (e.g. update the position). You can access the attributes of the object you created just by doing object.attribute (e.g. electron.pos). Here is the code sample for the most common ones:

Sphere: ball = sphere(pos=(x,y,z,), radius=r, color = color.your_color)

Arrow: someArrow = arrow(pos=(x1,y1,z1), axis=(x2,y2,z2), color = color.your_color)
===Middling===
===Difficult===

==Connectedness==

VPython will be used heavily in lab activities in modern sections of both Physics I and Physics II. One of the reasons it is used is because it is very easy to learn, especially when compared to languages like Java and MATLAB, and if provided with a shell, the process of changing values in order to manipulate the program is very straight forward.

Another aspect of VPython that is very applicable to this class is the ease at which loops can be created. A loop in a computer program is when a set of commands or lines of code are processed several times until some condition is satisfied. For example, a very simple loop can print out the numbers 1 to 10 by using a counter. Each time the code within the loop is processed, the value of the counter is printed out and the counter increases by one. Once the counter reaches 10, the loop can end and the commands within the loop will no longer be evaluated. This is applicable to many topics in this class, because VPython can loop to update velocity, position, momentum, and many other values in order to evaluate Electric fields, Magnetic fields, Gravitational forces, etc.

The basics learned from VPython can be extended beyond the scope of the class to topics from other class, or maybe even personal projects. For example, if you wanted to analyze the magnetic force between two objects, one moving and one stationary, VPython can be used to compute the magnetic field on the moving object at several different points in it's path of motion. This information can be used to determine what type of magnets to use in that specific application. This application of VPython is applicable to most majors, but especially engineering majors dealing with moving parts, electric currents, or magnetic components.

VPython also has industrial uses, which include modeling the movement of components. However, an advantage over other modeling techniques is that VPython allows for a visual representation of the moving components, as well as dynamic arrows or other symbols that can represent a changing velocity, magnetic field, or various other properties that will change with time or position.

#How is this topic connected to something that you are interested in?
#How is it connected to your major?
#Is there an interesting industrial application?

==History==

Put this idea in historical context. Give the reader the Who, What, When, Where, and Why.

== See also ==

Are there related topics or categories in this wiki resource for the curious reader to explore? How does this topic fit into that context?

===Further reading===

Books, Articles or other print media on this topic

===External links===

Internet resources on this topic

==References==

This section contains the the references you used while writing this page

[[Category:Which Category did you place this in?]]