Physics Book - User contributions [en]

Malleability

2016-11-27T21:22:47Z

Mmurrell6: /* How Does it Work? */

This page covers one of the intensive properties of matter: Malleability

'''by Marguerite Murrell (Fall 2016)
'''
Previous authors:
Kyle Williams

==The Main Idea==

===A Property of Matter===
Properties of matter can be broken down into two distinct categories: physical and chemical. The physical category can also be broken down in a similar manner, consisting of intensive and extensive properties. A physical property is one that can be determined without changing the identity of the substance, and intensive properties can be determined regardless of the amount of matter of the substance present. Malleability is classified as a property of matter, along with ductility and conductivity.

===What is Malleability?===
Malleability is one such intensive property of matter. Malleability is the ability for something, generally metals, to be molded or deformed into another shape. Often considered to simply be the ability for a metal to be hammered into thin sheets, malleability is actually a material's ability to deform under pressure of a force pushing on it, in other words, a compressive force. Malleability certainly also has a close relationship with an object's hardness, which is defined as a material's resistance to being indented. Harder objects are considered less malleable. Knowing this aids in measuring malleability, as detailed below.

===How Does it Work?===
Malleability in metals is due to metallic bonds which are characterized by a mobile "electron sea". The electrons are able to move around and allow the metal atoms to adjust back and forth, past other atoms if a force is applied to them. The atoms in a metal are packed tightly, fitting as many as possible in the metal's respective space/volume, creating layers of atoms side by side, sometimes aligning. Areas where atoms align are called "crystal grains". Below is a digital drawing of two crystal grains meeting at a grain boundary.

[[File:CrystalGrain.gif]]

A metal is more likely to break at the grain boundaries (the point where crystal grains meet), so metals with a higher grain boundary count and larger grain boundaries is considered less malleable. The actual deformation of a metal occurs when pressure/stress are put on the object, causing the atoms to roll over one another and permanently settle in a different place.

The amount the atoms move is dependent upon two key factors: the temperature and the strength of the metallic bonds. Having weak metallic bonds means that there is less energy required to move the relative positions of the atoms and therefore means the material will have a higher malleability. Likewise, a metal or alloy with a stronger metallic bond needs more energy to change its atom's alignment. Temperature affects the malleability of a material by regulating the crystalline structure of the atoms. In most metals, the heat makes the structure of the atoms more regular which softens the metal and makes it more malleable.

===Malleability and Ductility===
It is important to keep in mind that malleability is not the same as ductility. These two physical properties of metals, although similar, have a few distinct differences. Ductility is the ability of a material to stretch under tensile stress, a force acting away from the object. Malleability, on the other hand, is a metal's ability to deform under compressive stress, a force acting towards the center of the object. The key difference here, is tensile versus compressive stress. Some exceptional materials, such as copper, have both good ductility and good malleability.

===Measuring Malleability===
Malleability is not typically or easily measured with quantitative values. We determine a metal's malleability by testing how much stress it can take before breaking, and additionally testing whether a metal can be rolled into a sheet (some metals can be flattened into thinner sheets than others). Both malleability and ductility can be tested at the same time by bending a rod of the material of discussion until it cracks at the place of bend. Cracks on the outside of the rod indicates how ductile the material is, because that area of the material is being stretched as the rod bends. Cracks on the inside of the bend indicate the material's malleability, because that area is being compressed as the rod is bent.

[[File:MalleabilityDuctilityTest.gif]]

Because there is no definitive method or unit for measuring malleability, oftentimes metals are simply compared to each other to create a scale of malleability, as detailed in the Examples section below. However, since malleability is so closely connected with a metal's hardness, material scientists look to hardness tests, such as the Rockwell Test, to predict a metal's malleability. See the section below on the Rockwell Test for additional information.

===Measuring Hardness with the Rockwell Test===
The Rockwell Test is debateably the most common test to measure how "hard" a material is - that is, how resistant to indentation it is. Since hardness is not a physical property of materials, just a characteristic, it is not formally used to determine a material's malleability or ductility. However, in the material science world, the Rockwell Test is a great indicator to whether or not a material could be malleable, since the act of indentation is a form of compressive stress. The Rockwell Test is conducted as follows:

First, a preload (preliminary test force) is applied to the sample metal using a diamond indenter, because diamonds are the hardest material we know of. This indentation is known as the reference position.
Second, the major load, or main load force, is applied to the metal. This force is made sure to be applied for a certain amount of time in case a certain metal is highly elastic and the indentation does not remain permanent (the Rockwell Test is testing for permanent indentation of a metal).
Lastly, the hardness level is obtained by calculating the difference in position of the preload and the major load, and then converting the number to a value on the Rockwell Scale.

The Rockwell Scale and final value that describes a material involves both numerical values and letters on a scale from A - G. The final hardness level generated by this test comes from a combination of information including the size of the force load, the material of the indenter (most commonly diamond or steel), and the depth of indentation. There are several other reliable hardness test methods, but the Rockwell Test is the most commonly used and praised for its reliability, speed, and preservation of the test material since the indentation area is typically very small.

==Examples==

===Scale of Malleability===
Since there is no universal quantitative way of measuring a material's malleability, it is determined based on comparison to other like materials. View the list below for a scale of malleability (from most malleable to least) among common alloys and metals:

[[File:PhysicalPropertyScales.jpg]]

===Products and Common Use===

While malleability can be considered to some extent with everything you see everyday, one of the most common everyday uses of malleability is with aluminum foil. Whether for a science project or for leftovers from dinner, the ability to crumple up or change the shape of aluminum foil is quite convenient. Pottery, horseshoes, and swords/weapons are also common examples of malleability put to work. Materials with high malleability, such as gold, silver, and chrome, can be used for dental fillings, creating electronic components for computers and cell phones, jewelry, and decoration.

[[File:AluminumFoil.jpg|200px|thumb|center|Aluminum Foil]]
-

===Architectural Use===

Since gold is the most malleable material in existence and can be flattened into sheets as thin as a few atoms thick, gold leaf is commonly used for decoration of important monuments, statues, government buildings, and royal homes. Examples in history include much of the gold decor in King Louis XIV's Palace of Versailles, where gold was used as a motif for the Sun King, and integrated in almost every room of the palace, as well as the exterior and gates. Additionally, centuries later, gold leaf is still popular in architecture, for example on the dome on the Georgia State Capitol building. The decorative process of coating with gold leaf is an art called gilding, during which one can really see just how malleable the decorative material is: [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=bS8E7sCeh2g]

[[File:Versailles_Queen%27s_Chamber.jpg|320px|thumb|left|The Queen's chamber in the Palace of Versailles, decorated heavily in gold leaf]][[File:Georgia-state-capitol.jpg|400px|thumb|center|Georgia State Capitol building]]

-

In addition to the use of golf leaf, other malleable materials are immensely used in architecture, like iron for wrought iron gates, and steel for foundation beams in buildings. Typically, stronger materials that are flexibility (which is depending on ductility), are used for the structural foundation of buildings, like steel and iron. Silver, gold, and chrome are extremely malleable and are thus used for decorative purposes more often.

===Industrial Applications===

The property of malleability is utilized in industrial applications through processes such as forging, drop-stamping, and hot-rolling. These and many other processes allow different metals to be worked and formed into all sorts of useful items. Steel-girder bridges, one of the most common types of modern bridges used, are an interesting application of this property. The steel grid helps support the concrete deck that serves as the walkway or roadway surface. The supporting structure of the bridge consists mainly of the steel holding up the deck. Without malleability, the beams used for these types of bridges wouldn't be able to be forged and stamped, nor would they be able to withstand the compression that the load on the bridge itself causes.

[[File:GirderBridge3.jpg|300px|thumb|center|Girder Bridge]]

==History==

Derived from the Medieval Latin word, malleābilis (almost directly meaning "hammer-able"), malleability has been understood and utilized for centuries for a variety of things. Such uses range from the molding of clay for pottery to the forging of swords and armor in Medieval times, and even to the production of steel beams used in the construction of modern bridges. The modern era of chemistry and physics, however, has allowed a more controlled use of this intensive property of matter in industrial applications.

== See also ==
Ductility and Conductivity
===External links and Further Reading===

http://metals.about.com/od/metallurgy/a/Malleability.htm

http://www.boeingconsult.com/tafe/structures/struct1/Stress-strain/stress-strain.HTM
==References==

http://chemwiki.ucdavis.edu/Analytical_Chemistry/Chemical_Reactions/Properties_of_Matter

http://study.com/academy/lesson/malleability-in-chemistry-definition-examples-quiz.html

http://www.123rf.com/photo_9518153_close-up-of-aa-aluminum-foil-on-white-background-with-clipping-path.html

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Girder_bridge
[[Category:Properties of Matter]]

http://www.chemguide.co.uk/atoms/structures/metals.html

https://www.thebalance.com/malleability-2340002

http://www.tpub.com/steelworker1/2.htm

http://www.technologystudent.com/joints/conduct1.html

http://www.hardnesstesters.com/Applications/Rockwell-Hardness-Testing.aspx

Malleability

2016-11-27T21:22:02Z

Mmurrell6: /* How Does it Work? */

This page covers one of the intensive properties of matter: Malleability

'''by Marguerite Murrell (Fall 2016)
'''
Previous authors:
Kyle Williams

==The Main Idea==

===A Property of Matter===
Properties of matter can be broken down into two distinct categories: physical and chemical. The physical category can also be broken down in a similar manner, consisting of intensive and extensive properties. A physical property is one that can be determined without changing the identity of the substance, and intensive properties can be determined regardless of the amount of matter of the substance present. Malleability is classified as a property of matter, along with ductility and conductivity.

===What is Malleability?===
Malleability is one such intensive property of matter. Malleability is the ability for something, generally metals, to be molded or deformed into another shape. Often considered to simply be the ability for a metal to be hammered into thin sheets, malleability is actually a material's ability to deform under pressure of a force pushing on it, in other words, a compressive force. Malleability certainly also has a close relationship with an object's hardness, which is defined as a material's resistance to being indented. Harder objects are considered less malleable. Knowing this aids in measuring malleability, as detailed below.

===How Does it Work?===
Malleability in metals is due to metallic bonds which are characterized by a mobile "electron sea". The electrons are able to move around and allow the metal atoms to adjust back and forth, past other atoms if a force is applied to them. The atoms in a metal are packed tightly, fitting as many as possible in the metal's respective space/volume, creating layers of atoms side by side, sometimes aligning. Areas where atoms align are called "crystal grains".

[[File:CrystalGrain.gif]]

A metal is more likely to break at the grain boundaries (the point where crystal grains meet), so metals with a higher grain boundary count and larger grain boundaries is considered less malleable. The actual deformation of a metal occurs when pressure/stress are put on the object, causing the atoms to roll over one another and permanently settle in a different place.

The amount the atoms move is dependent upon two key factors: the temperature and the strength of the metallic bonds. Having weak metallic bonds means that there is less energy required to move the relative positions of the atoms and therefore means the material will have a higher malleability. Likewise, a metal or alloy with a stronger metallic bond needs more energy to change its atom's alignment. Temperature affects the malleability of a material by regulating the crystalline structure of the atoms. In most metals, the heat makes the structure of the atoms more regular which softens the metal and makes it more malleable.

===Malleability and Ductility===
It is important to keep in mind that malleability is not the same as ductility. These two physical properties of metals, although similar, have a few distinct differences. Ductility is the ability of a material to stretch under tensile stress, a force acting away from the object. Malleability, on the other hand, is a metal's ability to deform under compressive stress, a force acting towards the center of the object. The key difference here, is tensile versus compressive stress. Some exceptional materials, such as copper, have both good ductility and good malleability.

===Measuring Malleability===
Malleability is not typically or easily measured with quantitative values. We determine a metal's malleability by testing how much stress it can take before breaking, and additionally testing whether a metal can be rolled into a sheet (some metals can be flattened into thinner sheets than others). Both malleability and ductility can be tested at the same time by bending a rod of the material of discussion until it cracks at the place of bend. Cracks on the outside of the rod indicates how ductile the material is, because that area of the material is being stretched as the rod bends. Cracks on the inside of the bend indicate the material's malleability, because that area is being compressed as the rod is bent.

[[File:MalleabilityDuctilityTest.gif]]

Because there is no definitive method or unit for measuring malleability, oftentimes metals are simply compared to each other to create a scale of malleability, as detailed in the Examples section below. However, since malleability is so closely connected with a metal's hardness, material scientists look to hardness tests, such as the Rockwell Test, to predict a metal's malleability. See the section below on the Rockwell Test for additional information.

===Measuring Hardness with the Rockwell Test===
The Rockwell Test is debateably the most common test to measure how "hard" a material is - that is, how resistant to indentation it is. Since hardness is not a physical property of materials, just a characteristic, it is not formally used to determine a material's malleability or ductility. However, in the material science world, the Rockwell Test is a great indicator to whether or not a material could be malleable, since the act of indentation is a form of compressive stress. The Rockwell Test is conducted as follows:

First, a preload (preliminary test force) is applied to the sample metal using a diamond indenter, because diamonds are the hardest material we know of. This indentation is known as the reference position.
Second, the major load, or main load force, is applied to the metal. This force is made sure to be applied for a certain amount of time in case a certain metal is highly elastic and the indentation does not remain permanent (the Rockwell Test is testing for permanent indentation of a metal).
Lastly, the hardness level is obtained by calculating the difference in position of the preload and the major load, and then converting the number to a value on the Rockwell Scale.

The Rockwell Scale and final value that describes a material involves both numerical values and letters on a scale from A - G. The final hardness level generated by this test comes from a combination of information including the size of the force load, the material of the indenter (most commonly diamond or steel), and the depth of indentation. There are several other reliable hardness test methods, but the Rockwell Test is the most commonly used and praised for its reliability, speed, and preservation of the test material since the indentation area is typically very small.

==Examples==

===Scale of Malleability===
Since there is no universal quantitative way of measuring a material's malleability, it is determined based on comparison to other like materials. View the list below for a scale of malleability (from most malleable to least) among common alloys and metals:

[[File:PhysicalPropertyScales.jpg]]

===Products and Common Use===

While malleability can be considered to some extent with everything you see everyday, one of the most common everyday uses of malleability is with aluminum foil. Whether for a science project or for leftovers from dinner, the ability to crumple up or change the shape of aluminum foil is quite convenient. Pottery, horseshoes, and swords/weapons are also common examples of malleability put to work. Materials with high malleability, such as gold, silver, and chrome, can be used for dental fillings, creating electronic components for computers and cell phones, jewelry, and decoration.

[[File:AluminumFoil.jpg|200px|thumb|center|Aluminum Foil]]
-

===Architectural Use===

Since gold is the most malleable material in existence and can be flattened into sheets as thin as a few atoms thick, gold leaf is commonly used for decoration of important monuments, statues, government buildings, and royal homes. Examples in history include much of the gold decor in King Louis XIV's Palace of Versailles, where gold was used as a motif for the Sun King, and integrated in almost every room of the palace, as well as the exterior and gates. Additionally, centuries later, gold leaf is still popular in architecture, for example on the dome on the Georgia State Capitol building. The decorative process of coating with gold leaf is an art called gilding, during which one can really see just how malleable the decorative material is: [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=bS8E7sCeh2g]

[[File:Versailles_Queen%27s_Chamber.jpg|320px|thumb|left|The Queen's chamber in the Palace of Versailles, decorated heavily in gold leaf]][[File:Georgia-state-capitol.jpg|400px|thumb|center|Georgia State Capitol building]]

-

In addition to the use of golf leaf, other malleable materials are immensely used in architecture, like iron for wrought iron gates, and steel for foundation beams in buildings. Typically, stronger materials that are flexibility (which is depending on ductility), are used for the structural foundation of buildings, like steel and iron. Silver, gold, and chrome are extremely malleable and are thus used for decorative purposes more often.

===Industrial Applications===

The property of malleability is utilized in industrial applications through processes such as forging, drop-stamping, and hot-rolling. These and many other processes allow different metals to be worked and formed into all sorts of useful items. Steel-girder bridges, one of the most common types of modern bridges used, are an interesting application of this property. The steel grid helps support the concrete deck that serves as the walkway or roadway surface. The supporting structure of the bridge consists mainly of the steel holding up the deck. Without malleability, the beams used for these types of bridges wouldn't be able to be forged and stamped, nor would they be able to withstand the compression that the load on the bridge itself causes.

[[File:GirderBridge3.jpg|300px|thumb|center|Girder Bridge]]

==History==

Derived from the Medieval Latin word, malleābilis (almost directly meaning "hammer-able"), malleability has been understood and utilized for centuries for a variety of things. Such uses range from the molding of clay for pottery to the forging of swords and armor in Medieval times, and even to the production of steel beams used in the construction of modern bridges. The modern era of chemistry and physics, however, has allowed a more controlled use of this intensive property of matter in industrial applications.

== See also ==
Ductility and Conductivity
===External links and Further Reading===

http://metals.about.com/od/metallurgy/a/Malleability.htm

http://www.boeingconsult.com/tafe/structures/struct1/Stress-strain/stress-strain.HTM
==References==

http://chemwiki.ucdavis.edu/Analytical_Chemistry/Chemical_Reactions/Properties_of_Matter

http://study.com/academy/lesson/malleability-in-chemistry-definition-examples-quiz.html

http://www.123rf.com/photo_9518153_close-up-of-aa-aluminum-foil-on-white-background-with-clipping-path.html

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Girder_bridge
[[Category:Properties of Matter]]

http://www.chemguide.co.uk/atoms/structures/metals.html

https://www.thebalance.com/malleability-2340002

http://www.tpub.com/steelworker1/2.htm

http://www.technologystudent.com/joints/conduct1.html

http://www.hardnesstesters.com/Applications/Rockwell-Hardness-Testing.aspx

Malleability

2016-11-27T21:21:48Z

Mmurrell6: /* How Does it Work? */

This page covers one of the intensive properties of matter: Malleability

'''by Marguerite Murrell (Fall 2016)
'''
Previous authors:
Kyle Williams

==The Main Idea==

===A Property of Matter===
Properties of matter can be broken down into two distinct categories: physical and chemical. The physical category can also be broken down in a similar manner, consisting of intensive and extensive properties. A physical property is one that can be determined without changing the identity of the substance, and intensive properties can be determined regardless of the amount of matter of the substance present. Malleability is classified as a property of matter, along with ductility and conductivity.

===What is Malleability?===
Malleability is one such intensive property of matter. Malleability is the ability for something, generally metals, to be molded or deformed into another shape. Often considered to simply be the ability for a metal to be hammered into thin sheets, malleability is actually a material's ability to deform under pressure of a force pushing on it, in other words, a compressive force. Malleability certainly also has a close relationship with an object's hardness, which is defined as a material's resistance to being indented. Harder objects are considered less malleable. Knowing this aids in measuring malleability, as detailed below.

===How Does it Work?===
Malleability in metals is due to metallic bonds which are characterized by a mobile "electron sea". The electrons are able to move around and allow the metal atoms to adjust back and forth, past other atoms if a force is applied to them. The atoms in a metal are packed tightly, fitting as many as possible in the metal's respective space/volume, creating layers of atoms side by side, sometimes aligning. Areas where atoms align are called "crystal grains".

[[File:CrystalGrain.jpg]]

A metal is more likely to break at the grain boundaries (the point where crystal grains meet), so metals with a higher grain boundary count and larger grain boundaries is considered less malleable. The actual deformation of a metal occurs when pressure/stress are put on the object, causing the atoms to roll over one another and permanently settle in a different place.

The amount the atoms move is dependent upon two key factors: the temperature and the strength of the metallic bonds. Having weak metallic bonds means that there is less energy required to move the relative positions of the atoms and therefore means the material will have a higher malleability. Likewise, a metal or alloy with a stronger metallic bond needs more energy to change its atom's alignment. Temperature affects the malleability of a material by regulating the crystalline structure of the atoms. In most metals, the heat makes the structure of the atoms more regular which softens the metal and makes it more malleable.

===Malleability and Ductility===
It is important to keep in mind that malleability is not the same as ductility. These two physical properties of metals, although similar, have a few distinct differences. Ductility is the ability of a material to stretch under tensile stress, a force acting away from the object. Malleability, on the other hand, is a metal's ability to deform under compressive stress, a force acting towards the center of the object. The key difference here, is tensile versus compressive stress. Some exceptional materials, such as copper, have both good ductility and good malleability.

===Measuring Malleability===
Malleability is not typically or easily measured with quantitative values. We determine a metal's malleability by testing how much stress it can take before breaking, and additionally testing whether a metal can be rolled into a sheet (some metals can be flattened into thinner sheets than others). Both malleability and ductility can be tested at the same time by bending a rod of the material of discussion until it cracks at the place of bend. Cracks on the outside of the rod indicates how ductile the material is, because that area of the material is being stretched as the rod bends. Cracks on the inside of the bend indicate the material's malleability, because that area is being compressed as the rod is bent.

[[File:MalleabilityDuctilityTest.gif]]

Because there is no definitive method or unit for measuring malleability, oftentimes metals are simply compared to each other to create a scale of malleability, as detailed in the Examples section below. However, since malleability is so closely connected with a metal's hardness, material scientists look to hardness tests, such as the Rockwell Test, to predict a metal's malleability. See the section below on the Rockwell Test for additional information.

===Measuring Hardness with the Rockwell Test===
The Rockwell Test is debateably the most common test to measure how "hard" a material is - that is, how resistant to indentation it is. Since hardness is not a physical property of materials, just a characteristic, it is not formally used to determine a material's malleability or ductility. However, in the material science world, the Rockwell Test is a great indicator to whether or not a material could be malleable, since the act of indentation is a form of compressive stress. The Rockwell Test is conducted as follows:

First, a preload (preliminary test force) is applied to the sample metal using a diamond indenter, because diamonds are the hardest material we know of. This indentation is known as the reference position.
Second, the major load, or main load force, is applied to the metal. This force is made sure to be applied for a certain amount of time in case a certain metal is highly elastic and the indentation does not remain permanent (the Rockwell Test is testing for permanent indentation of a metal).
Lastly, the hardness level is obtained by calculating the difference in position of the preload and the major load, and then converting the number to a value on the Rockwell Scale.

The Rockwell Scale and final value that describes a material involves both numerical values and letters on a scale from A - G. The final hardness level generated by this test comes from a combination of information including the size of the force load, the material of the indenter (most commonly diamond or steel), and the depth of indentation. There are several other reliable hardness test methods, but the Rockwell Test is the most commonly used and praised for its reliability, speed, and preservation of the test material since the indentation area is typically very small.

==Examples==

===Scale of Malleability===
Since there is no universal quantitative way of measuring a material's malleability, it is determined based on comparison to other like materials. View the list below for a scale of malleability (from most malleable to least) among common alloys and metals:

[[File:PhysicalPropertyScales.jpg]]

===Products and Common Use===

While malleability can be considered to some extent with everything you see everyday, one of the most common everyday uses of malleability is with aluminum foil. Whether for a science project or for leftovers from dinner, the ability to crumple up or change the shape of aluminum foil is quite convenient. Pottery, horseshoes, and swords/weapons are also common examples of malleability put to work. Materials with high malleability, such as gold, silver, and chrome, can be used for dental fillings, creating electronic components for computers and cell phones, jewelry, and decoration.

[[File:AluminumFoil.jpg|200px|thumb|center|Aluminum Foil]]
-

===Architectural Use===

Since gold is the most malleable material in existence and can be flattened into sheets as thin as a few atoms thick, gold leaf is commonly used for decoration of important monuments, statues, government buildings, and royal homes. Examples in history include much of the gold decor in King Louis XIV's Palace of Versailles, where gold was used as a motif for the Sun King, and integrated in almost every room of the palace, as well as the exterior and gates. Additionally, centuries later, gold leaf is still popular in architecture, for example on the dome on the Georgia State Capitol building. The decorative process of coating with gold leaf is an art called gilding, during which one can really see just how malleable the decorative material is: [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=bS8E7sCeh2g]

[[File:Versailles_Queen%27s_Chamber.jpg|320px|thumb|left|The Queen's chamber in the Palace of Versailles, decorated heavily in gold leaf]][[File:Georgia-state-capitol.jpg|400px|thumb|center|Georgia State Capitol building]]

-

In addition to the use of golf leaf, other malleable materials are immensely used in architecture, like iron for wrought iron gates, and steel for foundation beams in buildings. Typically, stronger materials that are flexibility (which is depending on ductility), are used for the structural foundation of buildings, like steel and iron. Silver, gold, and chrome are extremely malleable and are thus used for decorative purposes more often.

===Industrial Applications===

The property of malleability is utilized in industrial applications through processes such as forging, drop-stamping, and hot-rolling. These and many other processes allow different metals to be worked and formed into all sorts of useful items. Steel-girder bridges, one of the most common types of modern bridges used, are an interesting application of this property. The steel grid helps support the concrete deck that serves as the walkway or roadway surface. The supporting structure of the bridge consists mainly of the steel holding up the deck. Without malleability, the beams used for these types of bridges wouldn't be able to be forged and stamped, nor would they be able to withstand the compression that the load on the bridge itself causes.

[[File:GirderBridge3.jpg|300px|thumb|center|Girder Bridge]]

==History==

Derived from the Medieval Latin word, malleābilis (almost directly meaning "hammer-able"), malleability has been understood and utilized for centuries for a variety of things. Such uses range from the molding of clay for pottery to the forging of swords and armor in Medieval times, and even to the production of steel beams used in the construction of modern bridges. The modern era of chemistry and physics, however, has allowed a more controlled use of this intensive property of matter in industrial applications.

== See also ==
Ductility and Conductivity
===External links and Further Reading===

http://metals.about.com/od/metallurgy/a/Malleability.htm

http://www.boeingconsult.com/tafe/structures/struct1/Stress-strain/stress-strain.HTM
==References==

http://chemwiki.ucdavis.edu/Analytical_Chemistry/Chemical_Reactions/Properties_of_Matter

http://study.com/academy/lesson/malleability-in-chemistry-definition-examples-quiz.html

http://www.123rf.com/photo_9518153_close-up-of-aa-aluminum-foil-on-white-background-with-clipping-path.html

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Girder_bridge
[[Category:Properties of Matter]]

http://www.chemguide.co.uk/atoms/structures/metals.html

https://www.thebalance.com/malleability-2340002

http://www.tpub.com/steelworker1/2.htm

http://www.technologystudent.com/joints/conduct1.html

http://www.hardnesstesters.com/Applications/Rockwell-Hardness-Testing.aspx

Malleability

2016-11-27T21:21:20Z

Mmurrell6:

This page covers one of the intensive properties of matter: Malleability

'''by Marguerite Murrell (Fall 2016)
'''
Previous authors:
Kyle Williams

==The Main Idea==

===A Property of Matter===
Properties of matter can be broken down into two distinct categories: physical and chemical. The physical category can also be broken down in a similar manner, consisting of intensive and extensive properties. A physical property is one that can be determined without changing the identity of the substance, and intensive properties can be determined regardless of the amount of matter of the substance present. Malleability is classified as a property of matter, along with ductility and conductivity.

===What is Malleability?===
Malleability is one such intensive property of matter. Malleability is the ability for something, generally metals, to be molded or deformed into another shape. Often considered to simply be the ability for a metal to be hammered into thin sheets, malleability is actually a material's ability to deform under pressure of a force pushing on it, in other words, a compressive force. Malleability certainly also has a close relationship with an object's hardness, which is defined as a material's resistance to being indented. Harder objects are considered less malleable. Knowing this aids in measuring malleability, as detailed below.

===How Does it Work?===
Malleability in metals is due to metallic bonds which are characterized by a mobile "electron sea". The electrons are able to move around and allow the metal atoms to adjust back and forth, past other atoms if a force is applied to them. The atoms in a metal are packed tightly, fitting as many as possible in the metal's respective space/volume, creating layers of atoms side by side, sometimes aligning. Areas where atoms align are called "crystal grains".

A metal is more likely to break at the grain boundaries (the point where crystal grains meet), so metals with a higher grain boundary count and larger grain boundaries is considered less malleable. The actual deformation of a metal occurs when pressure/stress are put on the object, causing the atoms to roll over one another and permanently settle in a different place.

The amount the atoms move is dependent upon two key factors: the temperature and the strength of the metallic bonds. Having weak metallic bonds means that there is less energy required to move the relative positions of the atoms and therefore means the material will have a higher malleability. Likewise, a metal or alloy with a stronger metallic bond needs more energy to change its atom's alignment. Temperature affects the malleability of a material by regulating the crystalline structure of the atoms. In most metals, the heat makes the structure of the atoms more regular which softens the metal and makes it more malleable.

===Malleability and Ductility===
It is important to keep in mind that malleability is not the same as ductility. These two physical properties of metals, although similar, have a few distinct differences. Ductility is the ability of a material to stretch under tensile stress, a force acting away from the object. Malleability, on the other hand, is a metal's ability to deform under compressive stress, a force acting towards the center of the object. The key difference here, is tensile versus compressive stress. Some exceptional materials, such as copper, have both good ductility and good malleability.

===Measuring Malleability===
Malleability is not typically or easily measured with quantitative values. We determine a metal's malleability by testing how much stress it can take before breaking, and additionally testing whether a metal can be rolled into a sheet (some metals can be flattened into thinner sheets than others). Both malleability and ductility can be tested at the same time by bending a rod of the material of discussion until it cracks at the place of bend. Cracks on the outside of the rod indicates how ductile the material is, because that area of the material is being stretched as the rod bends. Cracks on the inside of the bend indicate the material's malleability, because that area is being compressed as the rod is bent.

[[File:MalleabilityDuctilityTest.gif]]

Because there is no definitive method or unit for measuring malleability, oftentimes metals are simply compared to each other to create a scale of malleability, as detailed in the Examples section below. However, since malleability is so closely connected with a metal's hardness, material scientists look to hardness tests, such as the Rockwell Test, to predict a metal's malleability. See the section below on the Rockwell Test for additional information.

===Measuring Hardness with the Rockwell Test===
The Rockwell Test is debateably the most common test to measure how "hard" a material is - that is, how resistant to indentation it is. Since hardness is not a physical property of materials, just a characteristic, it is not formally used to determine a material's malleability or ductility. However, in the material science world, the Rockwell Test is a great indicator to whether or not a material could be malleable, since the act of indentation is a form of compressive stress. The Rockwell Test is conducted as follows:

First, a preload (preliminary test force) is applied to the sample metal using a diamond indenter, because diamonds are the hardest material we know of. This indentation is known as the reference position.
Second, the major load, or main load force, is applied to the metal. This force is made sure to be applied for a certain amount of time in case a certain metal is highly elastic and the indentation does not remain permanent (the Rockwell Test is testing for permanent indentation of a metal).
Lastly, the hardness level is obtained by calculating the difference in position of the preload and the major load, and then converting the number to a value on the Rockwell Scale.

The Rockwell Scale and final value that describes a material involves both numerical values and letters on a scale from A - G. The final hardness level generated by this test comes from a combination of information including the size of the force load, the material of the indenter (most commonly diamond or steel), and the depth of indentation. There are several other reliable hardness test methods, but the Rockwell Test is the most commonly used and praised for its reliability, speed, and preservation of the test material since the indentation area is typically very small.

==Examples==

===Scale of Malleability===
Since there is no universal quantitative way of measuring a material's malleability, it is determined based on comparison to other like materials. View the list below for a scale of malleability (from most malleable to least) among common alloys and metals:

[[File:PhysicalPropertyScales.jpg]]

===Products and Common Use===

While malleability can be considered to some extent with everything you see everyday, one of the most common everyday uses of malleability is with aluminum foil. Whether for a science project or for leftovers from dinner, the ability to crumple up or change the shape of aluminum foil is quite convenient. Pottery, horseshoes, and swords/weapons are also common examples of malleability put to work. Materials with high malleability, such as gold, silver, and chrome, can be used for dental fillings, creating electronic components for computers and cell phones, jewelry, and decoration.

[[File:AluminumFoil.jpg|200px|thumb|center|Aluminum Foil]]
-

===Architectural Use===

Since gold is the most malleable material in existence and can be flattened into sheets as thin as a few atoms thick, gold leaf is commonly used for decoration of important monuments, statues, government buildings, and royal homes. Examples in history include much of the gold decor in King Louis XIV's Palace of Versailles, where gold was used as a motif for the Sun King, and integrated in almost every room of the palace, as well as the exterior and gates. Additionally, centuries later, gold leaf is still popular in architecture, for example on the dome on the Georgia State Capitol building. The decorative process of coating with gold leaf is an art called gilding, during which one can really see just how malleable the decorative material is: [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=bS8E7sCeh2g]

[[File:Versailles_Queen%27s_Chamber.jpg|320px|thumb|left|The Queen's chamber in the Palace of Versailles, decorated heavily in gold leaf]][[File:Georgia-state-capitol.jpg|400px|thumb|center|Georgia State Capitol building]]

-

In addition to the use of golf leaf, other malleable materials are immensely used in architecture, like iron for wrought iron gates, and steel for foundation beams in buildings. Typically, stronger materials that are flexibility (which is depending on ductility), are used for the structural foundation of buildings, like steel and iron. Silver, gold, and chrome are extremely malleable and are thus used for decorative purposes more often.

===Industrial Applications===

The property of malleability is utilized in industrial applications through processes such as forging, drop-stamping, and hot-rolling. These and many other processes allow different metals to be worked and formed into all sorts of useful items. Steel-girder bridges, one of the most common types of modern bridges used, are an interesting application of this property. The steel grid helps support the concrete deck that serves as the walkway or roadway surface. The supporting structure of the bridge consists mainly of the steel holding up the deck. Without malleability, the beams used for these types of bridges wouldn't be able to be forged and stamped, nor would they be able to withstand the compression that the load on the bridge itself causes.

[[File:GirderBridge3.jpg|300px|thumb|center|Girder Bridge]]

==History==

Derived from the Medieval Latin word, malleābilis (almost directly meaning "hammer-able"), malleability has been understood and utilized for centuries for a variety of things. Such uses range from the molding of clay for pottery to the forging of swords and armor in Medieval times, and even to the production of steel beams used in the construction of modern bridges. The modern era of chemistry and physics, however, has allowed a more controlled use of this intensive property of matter in industrial applications.

== See also ==
Ductility and Conductivity
===External links and Further Reading===

http://metals.about.com/od/metallurgy/a/Malleability.htm

http://www.boeingconsult.com/tafe/structures/struct1/Stress-strain/stress-strain.HTM
==References==

http://chemwiki.ucdavis.edu/Analytical_Chemistry/Chemical_Reactions/Properties_of_Matter

http://study.com/academy/lesson/malleability-in-chemistry-definition-examples-quiz.html

http://www.123rf.com/photo_9518153_close-up-of-aa-aluminum-foil-on-white-background-with-clipping-path.html

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Girder_bridge
[[Category:Properties of Matter]]

http://www.chemguide.co.uk/atoms/structures/metals.html

https://www.thebalance.com/malleability-2340002

http://www.tpub.com/steelworker1/2.htm

http://www.technologystudent.com/joints/conduct1.html

http://www.hardnesstesters.com/Applications/Rockwell-Hardness-Testing.aspx

Malleability

2016-11-27T21:17:53Z

Mmurrell6: /* Examples */

This page covers one of the intensive properties of matter: Malleability

'''Claimed by Marguerite Murrell (Fall 2016)
'''
==The Main Idea==

===A Property of Matter===
Properties of matter can be broken down into two distinct categories: physical and chemical. The physical category can also be broken down in a similar manner, consisting of intensive and extensive properties. A physical property is one that can be determined without changing the identity of the substance, and intensive properties can be determined regardless of the amount of matter of the substance present. Malleability is classified as a property of matter, along with ductility and conductivity.

===What is Malleability?===
Malleability is one such intensive property of matter. Malleability is the ability for something, generally metals, to be molded or deformed into another shape. Often considered to simply be the ability for a metal to be hammered into thin sheets, malleability is actually a material's ability to deform under pressure of a force pushing on it, in other words, a compressive force. Malleability certainly also has a close relationship with an object's hardness, which is defined as a material's resistance to being indented. Harder objects are considered less malleable. Knowing this aids in measuring malleability, as detailed below.

===How Does it Work?===
Malleability in metals is due to metallic bonds which are characterized by a mobile "electron sea". The electrons are able to move around and allow the metal atoms to adjust back and forth, past other atoms if a force is applied to them. The atoms in a metal are packed tightly, fitting as many as possible in the metal's respective space/volume, creating layers of atoms side by side, sometimes aligning. Areas where atoms align are called "crystal grains".

A metal is more likely to break at the grain boundaries (the point where crystal grains meet), so metals with a higher grain boundary count and larger grain boundaries is considered less malleable. The actual deformation of a metal occurs when pressure/stress are put on the object, causing the atoms to roll over one another and permanently settle in a different place.

The amount the atoms move is dependent upon two key factors: the temperature and the strength of the metallic bonds. Having weak metallic bonds means that there is less energy required to move the relative positions of the atoms and therefore means the material will have a higher malleability. Likewise, a metal or alloy with a stronger metallic bond needs more energy to change its atom's alignment. Temperature affects the malleability of a material by regulating the crystalline structure of the atoms. In most metals, the heat makes the structure of the atoms more regular which softens the metal and makes it more malleable.

===Malleability and Ductility===
It is important to keep in mind that malleability is not the same as ductility. These two physical properties of metals, although similar, have a few distinct differences. Ductility is the ability of a material to stretch under tensile stress, a force acting away from the object. Malleability, on the other hand, is a metal's ability to deform under compressive stress, a force acting towards the center of the object. The key difference here, is tensile versus compressive stress. Some exceptional materials, such as copper, have both good ductility and good malleability.

===Measuring Malleability===
Malleability is not typically or easily measured with quantitative values. We determine a metal's malleability by testing how much stress it can take before breaking, and additionally testing whether a metal can be rolled into a sheet (some metals can be flattened into thinner sheets than others). Both malleability and ductility can be tested at the same time by bending a rod of the material of discussion until it cracks at the place of bend. Cracks on the outside of the rod indicates how ductile the material is, because that area of the material is being stretched as the rod bends. Cracks on the inside of the bend indicate the material's malleability, because that area is being compressed as the rod is bent.

[[File:MalleabilityDuctilityTest.gif]]

Because there is no definitive method or unit for measuring malleability, oftentimes metals are simply compared to each other to create a scale of malleability, as detailed in the Examples section below. However, since malleability is so closely connected with a metal's hardness, material scientists look to hardness tests, such as the Rockwell Test, to predict a metal's malleability. See the section below on the Rockwell Test for additional information.

===Measuring Hardness with the Rockwell Test===
The Rockwell Test is debateably the most common test to measure how "hard" a material is - that is, how resistant to indentation it is. Since hardness is not a physical property of materials, just a characteristic, it is not formally used to determine a material's malleability or ductility. However, in the material science world, the Rockwell Test is a great indicator to whether or not a material could be malleable, since the act of indentation is a form of compressive stress. The Rockwell Test is conducted as follows:

First, a preload (preliminary test force) is applied to the sample metal using a diamond indenter, because diamonds are the hardest material we know of. This indentation is known as the reference position.
Second, the major load, or main load force, is applied to the metal. This force is made sure to be applied for a certain amount of time in case a certain metal is highly elastic and the indentation does not remain permanent (the Rockwell Test is testing for permanent indentation of a metal).
Lastly, the hardness level is obtained by calculating the difference in position of the preload and the major load, and then converting the number to a value on the Rockwell Scale.

The Rockwell Scale and final value that describes a material involves both numerical values and letters on a scale from A - G. The final hardness level generated by this test comes from a combination of information including the size of the force load, the material of the indenter (most commonly diamond or steel), and the depth of indentation. There are several other reliable hardness test methods, but the Rockwell Test is the most commonly used and praised for its reliability, speed, and preservation of the test material since the indentation area is typically very small.

==Examples==

===Scale of Malleability===
Since there is no universal quantitative way of measuring a material's malleability, it is determined based on comparison to other like materials. View the list below for a scale of malleability (from most malleable to least) among common alloys and metals:

[[File:PhysicalPropertyScales.jpg]]

===Products and Common Use===

While malleability can be considered to some extent with everything you see everyday, one of the most common everyday uses of malleability is with aluminum foil. Whether for a science project or for leftovers from dinner, the ability to crumple up or change the shape of aluminum foil is quite convenient. Pottery, horseshoes, and swords/weapons are also common examples of malleability put to work. Materials with high malleability, such as gold, silver, and chrome, can be used for dental fillings, creating electronic components for computers and cell phones, jewelry, and decoration.

[[File:AluminumFoil.jpg|200px|thumb|center|Aluminum Foil]]
-

===Architectural Use===

Since gold is the most malleable material in existence and can be flattened into sheets as thin as a few atoms thick, gold leaf is commonly used for decoration of important monuments, statues, government buildings, and royal homes. Examples in history include much of the gold decor in King Louis XIV's Palace of Versailles, where gold was used as a motif for the Sun King, and integrated in almost every room of the palace, as well as the exterior and gates. Additionally, centuries later, gold leaf is still popular in architecture, for example on the dome on the Georgia State Capitol building. The decorative process of coating with gold leaf is an art called gilding, during which one can really see just how malleable the decorative material is: [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=bS8E7sCeh2g]

[[File:Versailles_Queen%27s_Chamber.jpg|320px|thumb|left|The Queen's chamber in the Palace of Versailles, decorated heavily in gold leaf]][[File:Georgia-state-capitol.jpg|400px|thumb|center|Georgia State Capitol building]]

-

In addition to the use of golf leaf, other malleable materials are immensely used in architecture, like iron for wrought iron gates, and steel for foundation beams in buildings. Typically, stronger materials that are flexibility (which is depending on ductility), are used for the structural foundation of buildings, like steel and iron. Silver, gold, and chrome are extremely malleable and are thus used for decorative purposes more often.

===Industrial Applications===

The property of malleability is utilized in industrial applications through processes such as forging, drop-stamping, and hot-rolling. These and many other processes allow different metals to be worked and formed into all sorts of useful items. Steel-girder bridges, one of the most common types of modern bridges used, are an interesting application of this property. The steel grid helps support the concrete deck that serves as the walkway or roadway surface. The supporting structure of the bridge consists mainly of the steel holding up the deck. Without malleability, the beams used for these types of bridges wouldn't be able to be forged and stamped, nor would they be able to withstand the compression that the load on the bridge itself causes.

[[File:GirderBridge3.jpg|300px|thumb|center|Girder Bridge]]

==History==

Derived from the Medieval Latin word, malleābilis (almost directly meaning "hammer-able"), malleability has been understood and utilized for centuries for a variety of things. Such uses range from the molding of clay for pottery to the forging of swords and armor in Medieval times, and even to the production of steel beams used in the construction of modern bridges. The modern era of chemistry and physics, however, has allowed a more controlled use of this intensive property of matter in industrial applications.

== See also ==
Ductility and Conductivity
===External links and Further Reading===

http://metals.about.com/od/metallurgy/a/Malleability.htm

http://www.boeingconsult.com/tafe/structures/struct1/Stress-strain/stress-strain.HTM
==References==

http://chemwiki.ucdavis.edu/Analytical_Chemistry/Chemical_Reactions/Properties_of_Matter

http://study.com/academy/lesson/malleability-in-chemistry-definition-examples-quiz.html

http://www.123rf.com/photo_9518153_close-up-of-aa-aluminum-foil-on-white-background-with-clipping-path.html

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Girder_bridge
[[Category:Properties of Matter]]

http://www.chemguide.co.uk/atoms/structures/metals.html

https://www.thebalance.com/malleability-2340002

http://www.tpub.com/steelworker1/2.htm

http://www.technologystudent.com/joints/conduct1.html

http://www.hardnesstesters.com/Applications/Rockwell-Hardness-Testing.aspx

Malleability

2016-11-27T21:14:01Z

Mmurrell6: /* Architectural Use */

This page covers one of the intensive properties of matter: Malleability

'''Claimed by Marguerite Murrell (Fall 2016)
'''
==The Main Idea==

===A Property of Matter===
Properties of matter can be broken down into two distinct categories: physical and chemical. The physical category can also be broken down in a similar manner, consisting of intensive and extensive properties. A physical property is one that can be determined without changing the identity of the substance, and intensive properties can be determined regardless of the amount of matter of the substance present. Malleability is classified as a property of matter, along with ductility and conductivity.

===What is Malleability?===
Malleability is one such intensive property of matter. Malleability is the ability for something, generally metals, to be molded or deformed into another shape. Often considered to simply be the ability for a metal to be hammered into thin sheets, malleability is actually a material's ability to deform under pressure of a force pushing on it, in other words, a compressive force. Malleability certainly also has a close relationship with an object's hardness, which is defined as a material's resistance to being indented. Harder objects are considered less malleable. Knowing this aids in measuring malleability, as detailed below.

===How Does it Work?===
Malleability in metals is due to metallic bonds which are characterized by a mobile "electron sea". The electrons are able to move around and allow the metal atoms to adjust back and forth, past other atoms if a force is applied to them. The atoms in a metal are packed tightly, fitting as many as possible in the metal's respective space/volume, creating layers of atoms side by side, sometimes aligning. Areas where atoms align are called "crystal grains".

A metal is more likely to break at the grain boundaries (the point where crystal grains meet), so metals with a higher grain boundary count and larger grain boundaries is considered less malleable. The actual deformation of a metal occurs when pressure/stress are put on the object, causing the atoms to roll over one another and permanently settle in a different place.

The amount the atoms move is dependent upon two key factors: the temperature and the strength of the metallic bonds. Having weak metallic bonds means that there is less energy required to move the relative positions of the atoms and therefore means the material will have a higher malleability. Likewise, a metal or alloy with a stronger metallic bond needs more energy to change its atom's alignment. Temperature affects the malleability of a material by regulating the crystalline structure of the atoms. In most metals, the heat makes the structure of the atoms more regular which softens the metal and makes it more malleable.

===Malleability and Ductility===
It is important to keep in mind that malleability is not the same as ductility. These two physical properties of metals, although similar, have a few distinct differences. Ductility is the ability of a material to stretch under tensile stress, a force acting away from the object. Malleability, on the other hand, is a metal's ability to deform under compressive stress, a force acting towards the center of the object. The key difference here, is tensile versus compressive stress. Some exceptional materials, such as copper, have both good ductility and good malleability.

===Measuring Malleability===
Malleability is not typically or easily measured with quantitative values. We determine a metal's malleability by testing how much stress it can take before breaking, and additionally testing whether a metal can be rolled into a sheet (some metals can be flattened into thinner sheets than others). Both malleability and ductility can be tested at the same time by bending a rod of the material of discussion until it cracks at the place of bend. Cracks on the outside of the rod indicates how ductile the material is, because that area of the material is being stretched as the rod bends. Cracks on the inside of the bend indicate the material's malleability, because that area is being compressed as the rod is bent.

[[File:MalleabilityDuctilityTest.gif]]

Because there is no definitive method or unit for measuring malleability, oftentimes metals are simply compared to each other to create a scale of malleability, as detailed in the Examples section below. However, since malleability is so closely connected with a metal's hardness, material scientists look to hardness tests, such as the Rockwell Test, to predict a metal's malleability. See the section below on the Rockwell Test for additional information.

===Measuring Hardness with the Rockwell Test===
The Rockwell Test is debateably the most common test to measure how "hard" a material is - that is, how resistant to indentation it is. Since hardness is not a physical property of materials, just a characteristic, it is not formally used to determine a material's malleability or ductility. However, in the material science world, the Rockwell Test is a great indicator to whether or not a material could be malleable, since the act of indentation is a form of compressive stress. The Rockwell Test is conducted as follows:

First, a preload (preliminary test force) is applied to the sample metal using a diamond indenter, because diamonds are the hardest material we know of. This indentation is known as the reference position.
Second, the major load, or main load force, is applied to the metal. This force is made sure to be applied for a certain amount of time in case a certain metal is highly elastic and the indentation does not remain permanent (the Rockwell Test is testing for permanent indentation of a metal).
Lastly, the hardness level is obtained by calculating the difference in position of the preload and the major load, and then converting the number to a value on the Rockwell Scale.

The Rockwell Scale and final value that describes a material involves both numerical values and letters on a scale from A - G. The final hardness level generated by this test comes from a combination of information including the size of the force load, the material of the indenter (most commonly diamond or steel), and the depth of indentation. There are several other reliable hardness test methods, but the Rockwell Test is the most commonly used and praised for its reliability, speed, and preservation of the test material since the indentation area is typically very small.

==Examples==

===Scale of Malleability===
Since there is no universal quantitative way of measuring a material's malleability, it is determined based on comparison to other like materials. View the list below for a scale of malleability (from most malleable to least) among common alloys and metals:

[[File:PhysicalPropertyScales.jpg]]

===Products and Common Use===

While malleability can be considered to some extent with everything you see everyday, one of the most common everyday uses of malleability is with aluminum foil. Whether for a science project or for leftovers from dinner, the ability to crumple up or change the shape of aluminum foil is quite convenient. Pottery and horseshoes are also common examples of malleability put to work. Additionally, materials with high malleability, such as gold, can be used for dental fillings, creating electronic components for computers and cell phones, jewelry, and decoration.

[[File:AluminumFoil.jpg|200px|thumb|center|Aluminum Foil]]
-

===Architectural Use===

Since gold is the most malleable material in existence and can be flattened into sheets as thin as a few atoms thick, gold leaf is commonly used for decoration of important monuments, statues, government buildings, and royal homes. Examples in history include much of the gold decor in King Louis XIV's Palace of Versailles, where gold was used as a motif for the Sun King, and integrated in almost every room of the palace, as well as the exterior and gates. Additionally, centuries later, gold leaf is still popular in architecture, for example on the dome on the Georgia State Capitol building. The decorative process of coating with gold leaf is an art called gilding, during which one can really see just how malleable the decorative material is: [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=bS8E7sCeh2g]

[[File:Versailles_Queen%27s_Chamber.jpg|320px|thumb|left|The Queen's chamber in the Palace of Versailles, decorated heavily in gold leaf]][[File:Georgia-state-capitol.jpg|400px|thumb|center|Georgia State Capitol building]]

-

In addition to the use of golf leaf, other malleable materials are immensely used in architecture, like iron for wrought iron gates, and steel for foundation beams in buildings. Typically, stronger materials that are flexibility (which is depending on ductility), are used for the structural foundation of buildings, like steel and iron. Silver, gold, and chrome are extremely malleable and are thus used for decorative purposes more often.

===Industrial Applications===

The property of malleability is utilized in industrial applications through processes such as forging, drop-stamping, and hot-rolling. These and many other processes allow different metals to be worked and formed into all sorts of useful items. Steel-girder bridges, one of the most common types of modern bridges used, are an interesting application of this property. The steel grid helps support the concrete deck that serves as the walkway or roadway surface. The supporting structure of the bridge consists mainly of the steel holding up the deck. Without malleability, the beams used for these types of bridges wouldn't be able to be forged and stamped, nor would they be able to withstand the compression that the load on the bridge itself causes.

[[File:GirderBridge3.jpg|300px|thumb|center|Girder Bridge]]

==History==

Derived from the Medieval Latin word, malleābilis (almost directly meaning "hammer-able"), malleability has been understood and utilized for centuries for a variety of things. Such uses range from the molding of clay for pottery to the forging of swords and armor in Medieval times, and even to the production of steel beams used in the construction of modern bridges. The modern era of chemistry and physics, however, has allowed a more controlled use of this intensive property of matter in industrial applications.

== See also ==
Ductility and Conductivity
===External links and Further Reading===

http://metals.about.com/od/metallurgy/a/Malleability.htm

http://www.boeingconsult.com/tafe/structures/struct1/Stress-strain/stress-strain.HTM
==References==

http://chemwiki.ucdavis.edu/Analytical_Chemistry/Chemical_Reactions/Properties_of_Matter

http://study.com/academy/lesson/malleability-in-chemistry-definition-examples-quiz.html

http://www.123rf.com/photo_9518153_close-up-of-aa-aluminum-foil-on-white-background-with-clipping-path.html

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Girder_bridge
[[Category:Properties of Matter]]

http://www.chemguide.co.uk/atoms/structures/metals.html

https://www.thebalance.com/malleability-2340002

http://www.tpub.com/steelworker1/2.htm

http://www.technologystudent.com/joints/conduct1.html

http://www.hardnesstesters.com/Applications/Rockwell-Hardness-Testing.aspx

Malleability

2016-11-27T21:13:05Z

Mmurrell6: /* Architectural Use */

This page covers one of the intensive properties of matter: Malleability

'''Claimed by Marguerite Murrell (Fall 2016)
'''
==The Main Idea==

===A Property of Matter===
Properties of matter can be broken down into two distinct categories: physical and chemical. The physical category can also be broken down in a similar manner, consisting of intensive and extensive properties. A physical property is one that can be determined without changing the identity of the substance, and intensive properties can be determined regardless of the amount of matter of the substance present. Malleability is classified as a property of matter, along with ductility and conductivity.

===What is Malleability?===
Malleability is one such intensive property of matter. Malleability is the ability for something, generally metals, to be molded or deformed into another shape. Often considered to simply be the ability for a metal to be hammered into thin sheets, malleability is actually a material's ability to deform under pressure of a force pushing on it, in other words, a compressive force. Malleability certainly also has a close relationship with an object's hardness, which is defined as a material's resistance to being indented. Harder objects are considered less malleable. Knowing this aids in measuring malleability, as detailed below.

===How Does it Work?===
Malleability in metals is due to metallic bonds which are characterized by a mobile "electron sea". The electrons are able to move around and allow the metal atoms to adjust back and forth, past other atoms if a force is applied to them. The atoms in a metal are packed tightly, fitting as many as possible in the metal's respective space/volume, creating layers of atoms side by side, sometimes aligning. Areas where atoms align are called "crystal grains".

A metal is more likely to break at the grain boundaries (the point where crystal grains meet), so metals with a higher grain boundary count and larger grain boundaries is considered less malleable. The actual deformation of a metal occurs when pressure/stress are put on the object, causing the atoms to roll over one another and permanently settle in a different place.

The amount the atoms move is dependent upon two key factors: the temperature and the strength of the metallic bonds. Having weak metallic bonds means that there is less energy required to move the relative positions of the atoms and therefore means the material will have a higher malleability. Likewise, a metal or alloy with a stronger metallic bond needs more energy to change its atom's alignment. Temperature affects the malleability of a material by regulating the crystalline structure of the atoms. In most metals, the heat makes the structure of the atoms more regular which softens the metal and makes it more malleable.

===Malleability and Ductility===
It is important to keep in mind that malleability is not the same as ductility. These two physical properties of metals, although similar, have a few distinct differences. Ductility is the ability of a material to stretch under tensile stress, a force acting away from the object. Malleability, on the other hand, is a metal's ability to deform under compressive stress, a force acting towards the center of the object. The key difference here, is tensile versus compressive stress. Some exceptional materials, such as copper, have both good ductility and good malleability.

===Measuring Malleability===
Malleability is not typically or easily measured with quantitative values. We determine a metal's malleability by testing how much stress it can take before breaking, and additionally testing whether a metal can be rolled into a sheet (some metals can be flattened into thinner sheets than others). Both malleability and ductility can be tested at the same time by bending a rod of the material of discussion until it cracks at the place of bend. Cracks on the outside of the rod indicates how ductile the material is, because that area of the material is being stretched as the rod bends. Cracks on the inside of the bend indicate the material's malleability, because that area is being compressed as the rod is bent.

[[File:MalleabilityDuctilityTest.gif]]

Because there is no definitive method or unit for measuring malleability, oftentimes metals are simply compared to each other to create a scale of malleability, as detailed in the Examples section below. However, since malleability is so closely connected with a metal's hardness, material scientists look to hardness tests, such as the Rockwell Test, to predict a metal's malleability. See the section below on the Rockwell Test for additional information.

===Measuring Hardness with the Rockwell Test===
The Rockwell Test is debateably the most common test to measure how "hard" a material is - that is, how resistant to indentation it is. Since hardness is not a physical property of materials, just a characteristic, it is not formally used to determine a material's malleability or ductility. However, in the material science world, the Rockwell Test is a great indicator to whether or not a material could be malleable, since the act of indentation is a form of compressive stress. The Rockwell Test is conducted as follows:

First, a preload (preliminary test force) is applied to the sample metal using a diamond indenter, because diamonds are the hardest material we know of. This indentation is known as the reference position.
Second, the major load, or main load force, is applied to the metal. This force is made sure to be applied for a certain amount of time in case a certain metal is highly elastic and the indentation does not remain permanent (the Rockwell Test is testing for permanent indentation of a metal).
Lastly, the hardness level is obtained by calculating the difference in position of the preload and the major load, and then converting the number to a value on the Rockwell Scale.

The Rockwell Scale and final value that describes a material involves both numerical values and letters on a scale from A - G. The final hardness level generated by this test comes from a combination of information including the size of the force load, the material of the indenter (most commonly diamond or steel), and the depth of indentation. There are several other reliable hardness test methods, but the Rockwell Test is the most commonly used and praised for its reliability, speed, and preservation of the test material since the indentation area is typically very small.

==Examples==

===Scale of Malleability===
Since there is no universal quantitative way of measuring a material's malleability, it is determined based on comparison to other like materials. View the list below for a scale of malleability (from most malleable to least) among common alloys and metals:

[[File:PhysicalPropertyScales.jpg]]

===Products and Common Use===

While malleability can be considered to some extent with everything you see everyday, one of the most common everyday uses of malleability is with aluminum foil. Whether for a science project or for leftovers from dinner, the ability to crumple up or change the shape of aluminum foil is quite convenient. Pottery and horseshoes are also common examples of malleability put to work. Additionally, materials with high malleability, such as gold, can be used for dental fillings, creating electronic components for computers and cell phones, jewelry, and decoration.

[[File:AluminumFoil.jpg|200px|thumb|center|Aluminum Foil]]
-

===Architectural Use===

Since gold is the most malleable material in existence and can be flattened into sheets as thin as a few atoms thick, gold leaf is commonly used for decoration of important monuments, statues, government buildings, and royal homes. Examples in history include much of the gold decor in King Louis XIV's Palace of Versailles, where gold was used as a motif for the Sun King, and integrated in almost every room of the palace, as well as the exterior and gates. Additionally, centuries later, gold leaf is still popular in architecture, for example on the dome on the Georgia State Capitol building.

[[File:Versailles_Queen%27s_Chamber.jpg|320px|thumb|left|The Queen's chamber in the Palace of Versailles, decorated heavily in gold leaf]][[File:Georgia-state-capitol.jpg|400px|thumb|center|Georgia State Capitol building]]

-

In addition to the use of golf leaf, other malleable materials are immensely used in architecture, like iron for wrought iron gates, and steel for foundation beams in buildings. Typically, stronger materials that are flexibility (which is depending on ductility), are used for the structural foundation of buildings, like steel and iron. Silver, gold, and chrome are extremely malleable and are thus used for decorative purposes more often. The decorative process of coating with gold leaf is an art called gilding, during which one can really see just how malleable the decorative material is: [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=bS8E7sCeh2g]

===Industrial Applications===

The property of malleability is utilized in industrial applications through processes such as forging, drop-stamping, and hot-rolling. These and many other processes allow different metals to be worked and formed into all sorts of useful items. Steel-girder bridges, one of the most common types of modern bridges used, are an interesting application of this property. The steel grid helps support the concrete deck that serves as the walkway or roadway surface. The supporting structure of the bridge consists mainly of the steel holding up the deck. Without malleability, the beams used for these types of bridges wouldn't be able to be forged and stamped, nor would they be able to withstand the compression that the load on the bridge itself causes.

[[File:GirderBridge3.jpg|300px|thumb|center|Girder Bridge]]

==History==

Derived from the Medieval Latin word, malleābilis (almost directly meaning "hammer-able"), malleability has been understood and utilized for centuries for a variety of things. Such uses range from the molding of clay for pottery to the forging of swords and armor in Medieval times, and even to the production of steel beams used in the construction of modern bridges. The modern era of chemistry and physics, however, has allowed a more controlled use of this intensive property of matter in industrial applications.

== See also ==
Ductility and Conductivity
===External links and Further Reading===

http://metals.about.com/od/metallurgy/a/Malleability.htm

http://www.boeingconsult.com/tafe/structures/struct1/Stress-strain/stress-strain.HTM
==References==

http://chemwiki.ucdavis.edu/Analytical_Chemistry/Chemical_Reactions/Properties_of_Matter

http://study.com/academy/lesson/malleability-in-chemistry-definition-examples-quiz.html

http://www.123rf.com/photo_9518153_close-up-of-aa-aluminum-foil-on-white-background-with-clipping-path.html

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Girder_bridge
[[Category:Properties of Matter]]

http://www.chemguide.co.uk/atoms/structures/metals.html

https://www.thebalance.com/malleability-2340002

http://www.tpub.com/steelworker1/2.htm

http://www.technologystudent.com/joints/conduct1.html

http://www.hardnesstesters.com/Applications/Rockwell-Hardness-Testing.aspx

Malleability

2016-11-27T21:09:10Z

Mmurrell6: /* Architectural Use */

This page covers one of the intensive properties of matter: Malleability

'''Claimed by Marguerite Murrell (Fall 2016)
'''
==The Main Idea==

===A Property of Matter===
Properties of matter can be broken down into two distinct categories: physical and chemical. The physical category can also be broken down in a similar manner, consisting of intensive and extensive properties. A physical property is one that can be determined without changing the identity of the substance, and intensive properties can be determined regardless of the amount of matter of the substance present. Malleability is classified as a property of matter, along with ductility and conductivity.

===What is Malleability?===
Malleability is one such intensive property of matter. Malleability is the ability for something, generally metals, to be molded or deformed into another shape. Often considered to simply be the ability for a metal to be hammered into thin sheets, malleability is actually a material's ability to deform under pressure of a force pushing on it, in other words, a compressive force. Malleability certainly also has a close relationship with an object's hardness, which is defined as a material's resistance to being indented. Harder objects are considered less malleable. Knowing this aids in measuring malleability, as detailed below.

===How Does it Work?===
Malleability in metals is due to metallic bonds which are characterized by a mobile "electron sea". The electrons are able to move around and allow the metal atoms to adjust back and forth, past other atoms if a force is applied to them. The atoms in a metal are packed tightly, fitting as many as possible in the metal's respective space/volume, creating layers of atoms side by side, sometimes aligning. Areas where atoms align are called "crystal grains".

A metal is more likely to break at the grain boundaries (the point where crystal grains meet), so metals with a higher grain boundary count and larger grain boundaries is considered less malleable. The actual deformation of a metal occurs when pressure/stress are put on the object, causing the atoms to roll over one another and permanently settle in a different place.

The amount the atoms move is dependent upon two key factors: the temperature and the strength of the metallic bonds. Having weak metallic bonds means that there is less energy required to move the relative positions of the atoms and therefore means the material will have a higher malleability. Likewise, a metal or alloy with a stronger metallic bond needs more energy to change its atom's alignment. Temperature affects the malleability of a material by regulating the crystalline structure of the atoms. In most metals, the heat makes the structure of the atoms more regular which softens the metal and makes it more malleable.

===Malleability and Ductility===
It is important to keep in mind that malleability is not the same as ductility. These two physical properties of metals, although similar, have a few distinct differences. Ductility is the ability of a material to stretch under tensile stress, a force acting away from the object. Malleability, on the other hand, is a metal's ability to deform under compressive stress, a force acting towards the center of the object. The key difference here, is tensile versus compressive stress. Some exceptional materials, such as copper, have both good ductility and good malleability.

===Measuring Malleability===
Malleability is not typically or easily measured with quantitative values. We determine a metal's malleability by testing how much stress it can take before breaking, and additionally testing whether a metal can be rolled into a sheet (some metals can be flattened into thinner sheets than others). Both malleability and ductility can be tested at the same time by bending a rod of the material of discussion until it cracks at the place of bend. Cracks on the outside of the rod indicates how ductile the material is, because that area of the material is being stretched as the rod bends. Cracks on the inside of the bend indicate the material's malleability, because that area is being compressed as the rod is bent.

[[File:MalleabilityDuctilityTest.gif]]

Because there is no definitive method or unit for measuring malleability, oftentimes metals are simply compared to each other to create a scale of malleability, as detailed in the Examples section below. However, since malleability is so closely connected with a metal's hardness, material scientists look to hardness tests, such as the Rockwell Test, to predict a metal's malleability. See the section below on the Rockwell Test for additional information.

===Measuring Hardness with the Rockwell Test===
The Rockwell Test is debateably the most common test to measure how "hard" a material is - that is, how resistant to indentation it is. Since hardness is not a physical property of materials, just a characteristic, it is not formally used to determine a material's malleability or ductility. However, in the material science world, the Rockwell Test is a great indicator to whether or not a material could be malleable, since the act of indentation is a form of compressive stress. The Rockwell Test is conducted as follows:

First, a preload (preliminary test force) is applied to the sample metal using a diamond indenter, because diamonds are the hardest material we know of. This indentation is known as the reference position.
Second, the major load, or main load force, is applied to the metal. This force is made sure to be applied for a certain amount of time in case a certain metal is highly elastic and the indentation does not remain permanent (the Rockwell Test is testing for permanent indentation of a metal).
Lastly, the hardness level is obtained by calculating the difference in position of the preload and the major load, and then converting the number to a value on the Rockwell Scale.

The Rockwell Scale and final value that describes a material involves both numerical values and letters on a scale from A - G. The final hardness level generated by this test comes from a combination of information including the size of the force load, the material of the indenter (most commonly diamond or steel), and the depth of indentation. There are several other reliable hardness test methods, but the Rockwell Test is the most commonly used and praised for its reliability, speed, and preservation of the test material since the indentation area is typically very small.

==Examples==

===Scale of Malleability===
Since there is no universal quantitative way of measuring a material's malleability, it is determined based on comparison to other like materials. View the list below for a scale of malleability (from most malleable to least) among common alloys and metals:

[[File:PhysicalPropertyScales.jpg]]

===Products and Common Use===

While malleability can be considered to some extent with everything you see everyday, one of the most common everyday uses of malleability is with aluminum foil. Whether for a science project or for leftovers from dinner, the ability to crumple up or change the shape of aluminum foil is quite convenient. Pottery and horseshoes are also common examples of malleability put to work. Additionally, materials with high malleability, such as gold, can be used for dental fillings, creating electronic components for computers and cell phones, jewelry, and decoration.

[[File:AluminumFoil.jpg|200px|thumb|center|Aluminum Foil]]
-

===Architectural Use===

Since gold is the most malleable material in existence and can be flattened into sheets as thin as a few atoms thick, gold leaf is commonly used for decoration of important monuments, statues, government buildings, and royal homes. Examples in history include much of the gold decor in King Louis XIV's Palace of Versailles, where gold was used as a motif for the Sun King, and integrated in almost every room of the palace, as well as the exterior and gates. Additionally, centuries later, gold leaf is still popular in architecture, for example on the dome on the Georgia State Capitol building.

[[File:Versailles_Queen%27s_Chamber.jpg|320px|thumb|left|The Queen's chamber in the Palace of Versailles, decorated heavily in gold leaf]][[File:Georgia-state-capitol.jpg|400px|thumb|center|Georgia State Capitol building]]

-
In addition to the use of golf leaf, other malleable materials are immensely used in architecture, like iron for wrought iron gates, and steel for foundation beams in buildings. Typically, stronger materials that are flexibility (which is depending on ductility), are used for the structural foundation of buildings, like steel and iron. Silver, gold, and chrome are extremely malleable and are thus used for decorative purposes more often.

===Industrial Applications===

The property of malleability is utilized in industrial applications through processes such as forging, drop-stamping, and hot-rolling. These and many other processes allow different metals to be worked and formed into all sorts of useful items. Steel-girder bridges, one of the most common types of modern bridges used, are an interesting application of this property. The steel grid helps support the concrete deck that serves as the walkway or roadway surface. The supporting structure of the bridge consists mainly of the steel holding up the deck. Without malleability, the beams used for these types of bridges wouldn't be able to be forged and stamped, nor would they be able to withstand the compression that the load on the bridge itself causes.

[[File:GirderBridge3.jpg|300px|thumb|center|Girder Bridge]]

==History==

Derived from the Medieval Latin word, malleābilis (almost directly meaning "hammer-able"), malleability has been understood and utilized for centuries for a variety of things. Such uses range from the molding of clay for pottery to the forging of swords and armor in Medieval times, and even to the production of steel beams used in the construction of modern bridges. The modern era of chemistry and physics, however, has allowed a more controlled use of this intensive property of matter in industrial applications.

== See also ==
Ductility and Conductivity
===External links and Further Reading===

http://metals.about.com/od/metallurgy/a/Malleability.htm

http://www.boeingconsult.com/tafe/structures/struct1/Stress-strain/stress-strain.HTM
==References==

http://chemwiki.ucdavis.edu/Analytical_Chemistry/Chemical_Reactions/Properties_of_Matter

http://study.com/academy/lesson/malleability-in-chemistry-definition-examples-quiz.html

http://www.123rf.com/photo_9518153_close-up-of-aa-aluminum-foil-on-white-background-with-clipping-path.html

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Girder_bridge
[[Category:Properties of Matter]]

http://www.chemguide.co.uk/atoms/structures/metals.html

https://www.thebalance.com/malleability-2340002

http://www.tpub.com/steelworker1/2.htm

http://www.technologystudent.com/joints/conduct1.html

http://www.hardnesstesters.com/Applications/Rockwell-Hardness-Testing.aspx

Malleability

2016-11-27T21:03:03Z

Mmurrell6: /* Examples */

This page covers one of the intensive properties of matter: Malleability

'''Claimed by Marguerite Murrell (Fall 2016)
'''
==The Main Idea==

===A Property of Matter===
Properties of matter can be broken down into two distinct categories: physical and chemical. The physical category can also be broken down in a similar manner, consisting of intensive and extensive properties. A physical property is one that can be determined without changing the identity of the substance, and intensive properties can be determined regardless of the amount of matter of the substance present. Malleability is classified as a property of matter, along with ductility and conductivity.

===What is Malleability?===
Malleability is one such intensive property of matter. Malleability is the ability for something, generally metals, to be molded or deformed into another shape. Often considered to simply be the ability for a metal to be hammered into thin sheets, malleability is actually a material's ability to deform under pressure of a force pushing on it, in other words, a compressive force. Malleability certainly also has a close relationship with an object's hardness, which is defined as a material's resistance to being indented. Harder objects are considered less malleable. Knowing this aids in measuring malleability, as detailed below.

===How Does it Work?===
Malleability in metals is due to metallic bonds which are characterized by a mobile "electron sea". The electrons are able to move around and allow the metal atoms to adjust back and forth, past other atoms if a force is applied to them. The atoms in a metal are packed tightly, fitting as many as possible in the metal's respective space/volume, creating layers of atoms side by side, sometimes aligning. Areas where atoms align are called "crystal grains".

A metal is more likely to break at the grain boundaries (the point where crystal grains meet), so metals with a higher grain boundary count and larger grain boundaries is considered less malleable. The actual deformation of a metal occurs when pressure/stress are put on the object, causing the atoms to roll over one another and permanently settle in a different place.

The amount the atoms move is dependent upon two key factors: the temperature and the strength of the metallic bonds. Having weak metallic bonds means that there is less energy required to move the relative positions of the atoms and therefore means the material will have a higher malleability. Likewise, a metal or alloy with a stronger metallic bond needs more energy to change its atom's alignment. Temperature affects the malleability of a material by regulating the crystalline structure of the atoms. In most metals, the heat makes the structure of the atoms more regular which softens the metal and makes it more malleable.

===Malleability and Ductility===
It is important to keep in mind that malleability is not the same as ductility. These two physical properties of metals, although similar, have a few distinct differences. Ductility is the ability of a material to stretch under tensile stress, a force acting away from the object. Malleability, on the other hand, is a metal's ability to deform under compressive stress, a force acting towards the center of the object. The key difference here, is tensile versus compressive stress. Some exceptional materials, such as copper, have both good ductility and good malleability.

===Measuring Malleability===
Malleability is not typically or easily measured with quantitative values. We determine a metal's malleability by testing how much stress it can take before breaking, and additionally testing whether a metal can be rolled into a sheet (some metals can be flattened into thinner sheets than others). Both malleability and ductility can be tested at the same time by bending a rod of the material of discussion until it cracks at the place of bend. Cracks on the outside of the rod indicates how ductile the material is, because that area of the material is being stretched as the rod bends. Cracks on the inside of the bend indicate the material's malleability, because that area is being compressed as the rod is bent.

[[File:MalleabilityDuctilityTest.gif]]

Because there is no definitive method or unit for measuring malleability, oftentimes metals are simply compared to each other to create a scale of malleability, as detailed in the Examples section below. However, since malleability is so closely connected with a metal's hardness, material scientists look to hardness tests, such as the Rockwell Test, to predict a metal's malleability. See the section below on the Rockwell Test for additional information.

===Measuring Hardness with the Rockwell Test===
The Rockwell Test is debateably the most common test to measure how "hard" a material is - that is, how resistant to indentation it is. Since hardness is not a physical property of materials, just a characteristic, it is not formally used to determine a material's malleability or ductility. However, in the material science world, the Rockwell Test is a great indicator to whether or not a material could be malleable, since the act of indentation is a form of compressive stress. The Rockwell Test is conducted as follows:

First, a preload (preliminary test force) is applied to the sample metal using a diamond indenter, because diamonds are the hardest material we know of. This indentation is known as the reference position.
Second, the major load, or main load force, is applied to the metal. This force is made sure to be applied for a certain amount of time in case a certain metal is highly elastic and the indentation does not remain permanent (the Rockwell Test is testing for permanent indentation of a metal).
Lastly, the hardness level is obtained by calculating the difference in position of the preload and the major load, and then converting the number to a value on the Rockwell Scale.

The Rockwell Scale and final value that describes a material involves both numerical values and letters on a scale from A - G. The final hardness level generated by this test comes from a combination of information including the size of the force load, the material of the indenter (most commonly diamond or steel), and the depth of indentation. There are several other reliable hardness test methods, but the Rockwell Test is the most commonly used and praised for its reliability, speed, and preservation of the test material since the indentation area is typically very small.

==Examples==

===Scale of Malleability===
Since there is no universal quantitative way of measuring a material's malleability, it is determined based on comparison to other like materials. View the list below for a scale of malleability (from most malleable to least) among common alloys and metals:

[[File:PhysicalPropertyScales.jpg]]

===Products and Common Use===

While malleability can be considered to some extent with everything you see everyday, one of the most common everyday uses of malleability is with aluminum foil. Whether for a science project or for leftovers from dinner, the ability to crumple up or change the shape of aluminum foil is quite convenient. Pottery and horseshoes are also common examples of malleability put to work. Additionally, materials with high malleability, such as gold, can be used for dental fillings, creating electronic components for computers and cell phones, jewelry, and decoration.

[[File:AluminumFoil.jpg|200px|thumb|center|Aluminum Foil]]
-

===Architectural Use===

Since gold is the most malleable material in existence and can be flattened into sheets as thin as a few atoms thick, gold leaf is commonly used for decoration of important monuments, statues, government buildings, and royal homes. Examples in history include much of the gold decor in King Louis XIV's Palace of Versailles, where gold was used as a motif for the Sun King, and integrated in almost every room of the palace, as well as the exterior and gates. Additionally, centuries later, gold leaf is still popular in architecture, for example on the dome on the Georgia State Capitol building.

[[File:Versailles_Queen%27s_Chamber.jpg|320px|thumb|left|The Queen's chamber in the Palace of Versailles, decorated heavily in gold leaf]][[File:Georgia-state-capitol.jpg|400px|thumb|center|Georgia State Capitol building]]

-

===Industrial Applications===

The property of malleability is utilized in industrial applications through processes such as forging, drop-stamping, and hot-rolling. These and many other processes allow different metals to be worked and formed into all sorts of useful items. Steel-girder bridges, one of the most common types of modern bridges used, are an interesting application of this property. The steel grid helps support the concrete deck that serves as the walkway or roadway surface. The supporting structure of the bridge consists mainly of the steel holding up the deck. Without malleability, the beams used for these types of bridges wouldn't be able to be forged and stamped, nor would they be able to withstand the compression that the load on the bridge itself causes.

[[File:GirderBridge3.jpg|300px|thumb|center|Girder Bridge]]

==History==

Derived from the Medieval Latin word, malleābilis (almost directly meaning "hammer-able"), malleability has been understood and utilized for centuries for a variety of things. Such uses range from the molding of clay for pottery to the forging of swords and armor in Medieval times, and even to the production of steel beams used in the construction of modern bridges. The modern era of chemistry and physics, however, has allowed a more controlled use of this intensive property of matter in industrial applications.

== See also ==
Ductility and Conductivity
===External links and Further Reading===

http://metals.about.com/od/metallurgy/a/Malleability.htm

http://www.boeingconsult.com/tafe/structures/struct1/Stress-strain/stress-strain.HTM
==References==

http://chemwiki.ucdavis.edu/Analytical_Chemistry/Chemical_Reactions/Properties_of_Matter

http://study.com/academy/lesson/malleability-in-chemistry-definition-examples-quiz.html

http://www.123rf.com/photo_9518153_close-up-of-aa-aluminum-foil-on-white-background-with-clipping-path.html

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Girder_bridge
[[Category:Properties of Matter]]

http://www.chemguide.co.uk/atoms/structures/metals.html

https://www.thebalance.com/malleability-2340002

http://www.tpub.com/steelworker1/2.htm

http://www.technologystudent.com/joints/conduct1.html

http://www.hardnesstesters.com/Applications/Rockwell-Hardness-Testing.aspx

Malleability

2016-11-27T21:02:13Z

Mmurrell6: /* Examples */

This page covers one of the intensive properties of matter: Malleability

'''Claimed by Marguerite Murrell (Fall 2016)
'''
==The Main Idea==

===A Property of Matter===
Properties of matter can be broken down into two distinct categories: physical and chemical. The physical category can also be broken down in a similar manner, consisting of intensive and extensive properties. A physical property is one that can be determined without changing the identity of the substance, and intensive properties can be determined regardless of the amount of matter of the substance present. Malleability is classified as a property of matter, along with ductility and conductivity.

===What is Malleability?===
Malleability is one such intensive property of matter. Malleability is the ability for something, generally metals, to be molded or deformed into another shape. Often considered to simply be the ability for a metal to be hammered into thin sheets, malleability is actually a material's ability to deform under pressure of a force pushing on it, in other words, a compressive force. Malleability certainly also has a close relationship with an object's hardness, which is defined as a material's resistance to being indented. Harder objects are considered less malleable. Knowing this aids in measuring malleability, as detailed below.

===How Does it Work?===
Malleability in metals is due to metallic bonds which are characterized by a mobile "electron sea". The electrons are able to move around and allow the metal atoms to adjust back and forth, past other atoms if a force is applied to them. The atoms in a metal are packed tightly, fitting as many as possible in the metal's respective space/volume, creating layers of atoms side by side, sometimes aligning. Areas where atoms align are called "crystal grains".

A metal is more likely to break at the grain boundaries (the point where crystal grains meet), so metals with a higher grain boundary count and larger grain boundaries is considered less malleable. The actual deformation of a metal occurs when pressure/stress are put on the object, causing the atoms to roll over one another and permanently settle in a different place.

The amount the atoms move is dependent upon two key factors: the temperature and the strength of the metallic bonds. Having weak metallic bonds means that there is less energy required to move the relative positions of the atoms and therefore means the material will have a higher malleability. Likewise, a metal or alloy with a stronger metallic bond needs more energy to change its atom's alignment. Temperature affects the malleability of a material by regulating the crystalline structure of the atoms. In most metals, the heat makes the structure of the atoms more regular which softens the metal and makes it more malleable.

===Malleability and Ductility===
It is important to keep in mind that malleability is not the same as ductility. These two physical properties of metals, although similar, have a few distinct differences. Ductility is the ability of a material to stretch under tensile stress, a force acting away from the object. Malleability, on the other hand, is a metal's ability to deform under compressive stress, a force acting towards the center of the object. The key difference here, is tensile versus compressive stress. Some exceptional materials, such as copper, have both good ductility and good malleability.

===Measuring Malleability===
Malleability is not typically or easily measured with quantitative values. We determine a metal's malleability by testing how much stress it can take before breaking, and additionally testing whether a metal can be rolled into a sheet (some metals can be flattened into thinner sheets than others). Both malleability and ductility can be tested at the same time by bending a rod of the material of discussion until it cracks at the place of bend. Cracks on the outside of the rod indicates how ductile the material is, because that area of the material is being stretched as the rod bends. Cracks on the inside of the bend indicate the material's malleability, because that area is being compressed as the rod is bent.

[[File:MalleabilityDuctilityTest.gif]]

Because there is no definitive method or unit for measuring malleability, oftentimes metals are simply compared to each other to create a scale of malleability, as detailed in the Examples section below. However, since malleability is so closely connected with a metal's hardness, material scientists look to hardness tests, such as the Rockwell Test, to predict a metal's malleability. See the section below on the Rockwell Test for additional information.

===Measuring Hardness with the Rockwell Test===
The Rockwell Test is debateably the most common test to measure how "hard" a material is - that is, how resistant to indentation it is. Since hardness is not a physical property of materials, just a characteristic, it is not formally used to determine a material's malleability or ductility. However, in the material science world, the Rockwell Test is a great indicator to whether or not a material could be malleable, since the act of indentation is a form of compressive stress. The Rockwell Test is conducted as follows:

First, a preload (preliminary test force) is applied to the sample metal using a diamond indenter, because diamonds are the hardest material we know of. This indentation is known as the reference position.
Second, the major load, or main load force, is applied to the metal. This force is made sure to be applied for a certain amount of time in case a certain metal is highly elastic and the indentation does not remain permanent (the Rockwell Test is testing for permanent indentation of a metal).
Lastly, the hardness level is obtained by calculating the difference in position of the preload and the major load, and then converting the number to a value on the Rockwell Scale.

The Rockwell Scale and final value that describes a material involves both numerical values and letters on a scale from A - G. The final hardness level generated by this test comes from a combination of information including the size of the force load, the material of the indenter (most commonly diamond or steel), and the depth of indentation. There are several other reliable hardness test methods, but the Rockwell Test is the most commonly used and praised for its reliability, speed, and preservation of the test material since the indentation area is typically very small.

==Examples==

===Scale of Malleability===
Since there is no universal quantitative way of measuring a material's malleability, it is determined based on comparison to other like materials. View the list below for a scale of malleability (from most malleable to least) among common alloys and metals:

[[File:PhysicalPropertyScales.jpg]]

===Products and Common Use===

While malleability can be considered to some extent with everything you see everyday, one of the most common everyday uses of malleability is with aluminum foil. Whether for a science project or for leftovers from dinner, the ability to crumple up or change the shape of aluminum foil is quite convenient. Pottery and horseshoes are also common examples of malleability put to work.

[[File:AluminumFoil.jpg|200px|thumb|center|Aluminum Foil]]

Additionally, materials with high malleability, such as gold, can be used for dental fillings, creating electronic components for computers and cell phones, jewelry, and decoration. Since gold is the most malleable material in existence and can be flattened into sheets as thin as a few atoms thick, gold leaf is commonly used for decoration of important monuments, statues, government buildings, and royal homes. Examples in history include much of the gold decor in King Louis XIV's Palace of Versailles, where gold was used as a motif for the Sun King, and integrated in almost every room of the palace, as well as the exterior and gates. Additionally, centuries later, gold leaf is still popular in architecture, for example on the dome on the Georgia State Capitol building.

[[File:Versailles_Queen%27s_Chamber.jpg|320px|thumb|left|The Queen's chamber in the Palace of Versailles, decorated heavily in gold leaf]][[File:Georgia-state-capitol.jpg|400px|thumb|center|Georgia State Capitol building]]

-

===Industrial Applications===

The property of malleability is utilized in industrial applications through processes such as forging, drop-stamping, and hot-rolling. These and many other processes allow different metals to be worked and formed into all sorts of useful items. Steel-girder bridges, one of the most common types of modern bridges used, are an interesting application of this property. The steel grid helps support the concrete deck that serves as the walkway or roadway surface. The supporting structure of the bridge consists mainly of the steel holding up the deck. Without malleability, the beams used for these types of bridges wouldn't be able to be forged and stamped, nor would they be able to withstand the compression that the load on the bridge itself causes.

[[File:GirderBridge3.jpg|300px|thumb|center|Girder Bridge]]

==History==

Derived from the Medieval Latin word, malleābilis (almost directly meaning "hammer-able"), malleability has been understood and utilized for centuries for a variety of things. Such uses range from the molding of clay for pottery to the forging of swords and armor in Medieval times, and even to the production of steel beams used in the construction of modern bridges. The modern era of chemistry and physics, however, has allowed a more controlled use of this intensive property of matter in industrial applications.

== See also ==
Ductility and Conductivity
===External links and Further Reading===

http://metals.about.com/od/metallurgy/a/Malleability.htm

http://www.boeingconsult.com/tafe/structures/struct1/Stress-strain/stress-strain.HTM
==References==

http://chemwiki.ucdavis.edu/Analytical_Chemistry/Chemical_Reactions/Properties_of_Matter

http://study.com/academy/lesson/malleability-in-chemistry-definition-examples-quiz.html

http://www.123rf.com/photo_9518153_close-up-of-aa-aluminum-foil-on-white-background-with-clipping-path.html

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Girder_bridge
[[Category:Properties of Matter]]

http://www.chemguide.co.uk/atoms/structures/metals.html

https://www.thebalance.com/malleability-2340002

http://www.tpub.com/steelworker1/2.htm

http://www.technologystudent.com/joints/conduct1.html

http://www.hardnesstesters.com/Applications/Rockwell-Hardness-Testing.aspx

Malleability

2016-11-27T21:00:27Z

Mmurrell6: /* Examples */

This page covers one of the intensive properties of matter: Malleability

'''Claimed by Marguerite Murrell (Fall 2016)
'''
==The Main Idea==

===A Property of Matter===
Properties of matter can be broken down into two distinct categories: physical and chemical. The physical category can also be broken down in a similar manner, consisting of intensive and extensive properties. A physical property is one that can be determined without changing the identity of the substance, and intensive properties can be determined regardless of the amount of matter of the substance present. Malleability is classified as a property of matter, along with ductility and conductivity.

===What is Malleability?===
Malleability is one such intensive property of matter. Malleability is the ability for something, generally metals, to be molded or deformed into another shape. Often considered to simply be the ability for a metal to be hammered into thin sheets, malleability is actually a material's ability to deform under pressure of a force pushing on it, in other words, a compressive force. Malleability certainly also has a close relationship with an object's hardness, which is defined as a material's resistance to being indented. Harder objects are considered less malleable. Knowing this aids in measuring malleability, as detailed below.

===How Does it Work?===
Malleability in metals is due to metallic bonds which are characterized by a mobile "electron sea". The electrons are able to move around and allow the metal atoms to adjust back and forth, past other atoms if a force is applied to them. The atoms in a metal are packed tightly, fitting as many as possible in the metal's respective space/volume, creating layers of atoms side by side, sometimes aligning. Areas where atoms align are called "crystal grains".

A metal is more likely to break at the grain boundaries (the point where crystal grains meet), so metals with a higher grain boundary count and larger grain boundaries is considered less malleable. The actual deformation of a metal occurs when pressure/stress are put on the object, causing the atoms to roll over one another and permanently settle in a different place.

The amount the atoms move is dependent upon two key factors: the temperature and the strength of the metallic bonds. Having weak metallic bonds means that there is less energy required to move the relative positions of the atoms and therefore means the material will have a higher malleability. Likewise, a metal or alloy with a stronger metallic bond needs more energy to change its atom's alignment. Temperature affects the malleability of a material by regulating the crystalline structure of the atoms. In most metals, the heat makes the structure of the atoms more regular which softens the metal and makes it more malleable.

===Malleability and Ductility===
It is important to keep in mind that malleability is not the same as ductility. These two physical properties of metals, although similar, have a few distinct differences. Ductility is the ability of a material to stretch under tensile stress, a force acting away from the object. Malleability, on the other hand, is a metal's ability to deform under compressive stress, a force acting towards the center of the object. The key difference here, is tensile versus compressive stress. Some exceptional materials, such as copper, have both good ductility and good malleability.

===Measuring Malleability===
Malleability is not typically or easily measured with quantitative values. We determine a metal's malleability by testing how much stress it can take before breaking, and additionally testing whether a metal can be rolled into a sheet (some metals can be flattened into thinner sheets than others). Both malleability and ductility can be tested at the same time by bending a rod of the material of discussion until it cracks at the place of bend. Cracks on the outside of the rod indicates how ductile the material is, because that area of the material is being stretched as the rod bends. Cracks on the inside of the bend indicate the material's malleability, because that area is being compressed as the rod is bent.

[[File:MalleabilityDuctilityTest.gif]]

Because there is no definitive method or unit for measuring malleability, oftentimes metals are simply compared to each other to create a scale of malleability, as detailed in the Examples section below. However, since malleability is so closely connected with a metal's hardness, material scientists look to hardness tests, such as the Rockwell Test, to predict a metal's malleability. See the section below on the Rockwell Test for additional information.

===Measuring Hardness with the Rockwell Test===
The Rockwell Test is debateably the most common test to measure how "hard" a material is - that is, how resistant to indentation it is. Since hardness is not a physical property of materials, just a characteristic, it is not formally used to determine a material's malleability or ductility. However, in the material science world, the Rockwell Test is a great indicator to whether or not a material could be malleable, since the act of indentation is a form of compressive stress. The Rockwell Test is conducted as follows:

First, a preload (preliminary test force) is applied to the sample metal using a diamond indenter, because diamonds are the hardest material we know of. This indentation is known as the reference position.
Second, the major load, or main load force, is applied to the metal. This force is made sure to be applied for a certain amount of time in case a certain metal is highly elastic and the indentation does not remain permanent (the Rockwell Test is testing for permanent indentation of a metal).
Lastly, the hardness level is obtained by calculating the difference in position of the preload and the major load, and then converting the number to a value on the Rockwell Scale.

The Rockwell Scale and final value that describes a material involves both numerical values and letters on a scale from A - G. The final hardness level generated by this test comes from a combination of information including the size of the force load, the material of the indenter (most commonly diamond or steel), and the depth of indentation. There are several other reliable hardness test methods, but the Rockwell Test is the most commonly used and praised for its reliability, speed, and preservation of the test material since the indentation area is typically very small.

==Examples==

===Scale of Malleability===
Since there is no universal quantitative way of measuring a material's malleability, it is determined based on comparison to other like materials. View the list below for a scale of malleability (from most malleable to least) among common alloys and metals:

[[File:PhysicalPropertyScales.jpg]]

===Products and Common Use===

While malleability can be considered to some extent with everything you see everyday, one of the most common everyday uses of malleability is with aluminum foil. Whether for a science project or for leftovers from dinner, the ability to crumple up or change the shape of aluminum foil is quite convenient. Pottery and horseshoes are also common examples of malleability put to work.

[[File:AluminumFoil.jpg|200px|thumb|center|Aluminum Foil]]

Additionally, materials with high malleability, such as gold, can be used for dental fillings, creating electronic components for computers and cell phones, jewelry, and decoration. Since gold is the most malleable material in existence and can be flattened into sheets as thin as a few atoms thick, gold leaf is commonly used for decoration of important monuments, statues, government buildings, and royal homes. Examples in history include much of the gold decor in King Louis XIV's Palace of Versailles, where gold was used as a motif for the Sun King, and integrated in almost every room of the palace, as well as the exterior and gates. Additionally, centuries later, gold leaf is still popular in architecture, for example on the dome on the Georgia State Capitol building.

[[File:Versailles_Queen%27s_Chamber.jpg|320px|thumb|left|The Queen's chamber in the Palace of Versailles, decorated heavily in gold leaf]][[File:Georgia-state-capitol.jpg|400px|thumb|center|Georgia State Capitol building]]

===Industrial Applications===

The property of malleability is utilized in industrial applications through processes such as forging, drop-stamping, and hot-rolling. These and many other processes allow different metals to be worked and formed into all sorts of useful items. Steel-girder bridges, one of the most common types of modern bridges used, are an interesting application of this property. The steel grid helps support the concrete deck that serves as the walkway or roadway surface. The supporting structure of the bridge consists mainly of the steel holding up the deck. Without malleability, the beams used for these types of bridges wouldn't be able to be forged and stamped, nor would they be able to withstand the compression that the load on the bridge itself causes.

[[File:GirderBridge3.jpg|300px|thumb|center|Girder Bridge]]

==History==

Derived from the Medieval Latin word, malleābilis (almost directly meaning "hammer-able"), malleability has been understood and utilized for centuries for a variety of things. Such uses range from the molding of clay for pottery to the forging of swords and armor in Medieval times, and even to the production of steel beams used in the construction of modern bridges. The modern era of chemistry and physics, however, has allowed a more controlled use of this intensive property of matter in industrial applications.

== See also ==
Ductility and Conductivity
===External links and Further Reading===

http://metals.about.com/od/metallurgy/a/Malleability.htm

http://www.boeingconsult.com/tafe/structures/struct1/Stress-strain/stress-strain.HTM
==References==

http://chemwiki.ucdavis.edu/Analytical_Chemistry/Chemical_Reactions/Properties_of_Matter

http://study.com/academy/lesson/malleability-in-chemistry-definition-examples-quiz.html

http://www.123rf.com/photo_9518153_close-up-of-aa-aluminum-foil-on-white-background-with-clipping-path.html

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Girder_bridge
[[Category:Properties of Matter]]

http://www.chemguide.co.uk/atoms/structures/metals.html

https://www.thebalance.com/malleability-2340002

http://www.tpub.com/steelworker1/2.htm

http://www.technologystudent.com/joints/conduct1.html

http://www.hardnesstesters.com/Applications/Rockwell-Hardness-Testing.aspx

Malleability

2016-11-27T20:59:19Z

Mmurrell6: /* Industrial Applications */

This page covers one of the intensive properties of matter: Malleability

'''Claimed by Marguerite Murrell (Fall 2016)
'''
==The Main Idea==

===A Property of Matter===
Properties of matter can be broken down into two distinct categories: physical and chemical. The physical category can also be broken down in a similar manner, consisting of intensive and extensive properties. A physical property is one that can be determined without changing the identity of the substance, and intensive properties can be determined regardless of the amount of matter of the substance present. Malleability is classified as a property of matter, along with ductility and conductivity.

===What is Malleability?===
Malleability is one such intensive property of matter. Malleability is the ability for something, generally metals, to be molded or deformed into another shape. Often considered to simply be the ability for a metal to be hammered into thin sheets, malleability is actually a material's ability to deform under pressure of a force pushing on it, in other words, a compressive force. Malleability certainly also has a close relationship with an object's hardness, which is defined as a material's resistance to being indented. Harder objects are considered less malleable. Knowing this aids in measuring malleability, as detailed below.

===How Does it Work?===
Malleability in metals is due to metallic bonds which are characterized by a mobile "electron sea". The electrons are able to move around and allow the metal atoms to adjust back and forth, past other atoms if a force is applied to them. The atoms in a metal are packed tightly, fitting as many as possible in the metal's respective space/volume, creating layers of atoms side by side, sometimes aligning. Areas where atoms align are called "crystal grains".

A metal is more likely to break at the grain boundaries (the point where crystal grains meet), so metals with a higher grain boundary count and larger grain boundaries is considered less malleable. The actual deformation of a metal occurs when pressure/stress are put on the object, causing the atoms to roll over one another and permanently settle in a different place.

The amount the atoms move is dependent upon two key factors: the temperature and the strength of the metallic bonds. Having weak metallic bonds means that there is less energy required to move the relative positions of the atoms and therefore means the material will have a higher malleability. Likewise, a metal or alloy with a stronger metallic bond needs more energy to change its atom's alignment. Temperature affects the malleability of a material by regulating the crystalline structure of the atoms. In most metals, the heat makes the structure of the atoms more regular which softens the metal and makes it more malleable.

===Malleability and Ductility===
It is important to keep in mind that malleability is not the same as ductility. These two physical properties of metals, although similar, have a few distinct differences. Ductility is the ability of a material to stretch under tensile stress, a force acting away from the object. Malleability, on the other hand, is a metal's ability to deform under compressive stress, a force acting towards the center of the object. The key difference here, is tensile versus compressive stress. Some exceptional materials, such as copper, have both good ductility and good malleability.

===Measuring Malleability===
Malleability is not typically or easily measured with quantitative values. We determine a metal's malleability by testing how much stress it can take before breaking, and additionally testing whether a metal can be rolled into a sheet (some metals can be flattened into thinner sheets than others). Both malleability and ductility can be tested at the same time by bending a rod of the material of discussion until it cracks at the place of bend. Cracks on the outside of the rod indicates how ductile the material is, because that area of the material is being stretched as the rod bends. Cracks on the inside of the bend indicate the material's malleability, because that area is being compressed as the rod is bent.

[[File:MalleabilityDuctilityTest.gif]]

Because there is no definitive method or unit for measuring malleability, oftentimes metals are simply compared to each other to create a scale of malleability, as detailed in the Examples section below. However, since malleability is so closely connected with a metal's hardness, material scientists look to hardness tests, such as the Rockwell Test, to predict a metal's malleability. See the section below on the Rockwell Test for additional information.

===Measuring Hardness with the Rockwell Test===
The Rockwell Test is debateably the most common test to measure how "hard" a material is - that is, how resistant to indentation it is. Since hardness is not a physical property of materials, just a characteristic, it is not formally used to determine a material's malleability or ductility. However, in the material science world, the Rockwell Test is a great indicator to whether or not a material could be malleable, since the act of indentation is a form of compressive stress. The Rockwell Test is conducted as follows:

First, a preload (preliminary test force) is applied to the sample metal using a diamond indenter, because diamonds are the hardest material we know of. This indentation is known as the reference position.
Second, the major load, or main load force, is applied to the metal. This force is made sure to be applied for a certain amount of time in case a certain metal is highly elastic and the indentation does not remain permanent (the Rockwell Test is testing for permanent indentation of a metal).
Lastly, the hardness level is obtained by calculating the difference in position of the preload and the major load, and then converting the number to a value on the Rockwell Scale.

The Rockwell Scale and final value that describes a material involves both numerical values and letters on a scale from A - G. The final hardness level generated by this test comes from a combination of information including the size of the force load, the material of the indenter (most commonly diamond or steel), and the depth of indentation. There are several other reliable hardness test methods, but the Rockwell Test is the most commonly used and praised for its reliability, speed, and preservation of the test material since the indentation area is typically very small.

==Examples==

===Scale of Malleability===
Since there is no universal quantitative way of measuring a material's malleability, it is determined based on comparison to other like materials. View the list below for a scale of malleability (from most malleable to least) among common alloys and metals:

[[File:PhysicalPropertyScales.jpg]]

===Products and Common Use===

While malleability can be considered to some extent with everything you see everyday, one of the most common everyday uses of malleability is with aluminum foil. Whether for a science project or for leftovers from dinner, the ability to crumple up or change the shape of aluminum foil is quite convenient. Pottery and horseshoes are also common examples of malleability put to work.

[[File:AluminumFoil.jpg|200px|thumb|center|Aluminum Foil]]

Additionally, materials with high malleability, such as gold, can be used for dental fillings, creating electronic components for computers and cell phones, jewelry, and decoration. Since gold is the most malleable material in existence and can be flattened into sheets as thin as a few atoms thick, gold leaf is commonly used for decoration of important monuments, statues, government buildings, and royal homes. Examples in history include much of the gold decor in King Louis XIV's Palace of Versailles, where gold was used as a motif for the Sun King, and integrated in almost every room of the palace, as well as the exterior and gates. Additionally, centuries later, gold leaf is still popular in architecture, for example on the dome on the Georgia State Capitol building.

[[File:Versailles_Queen%27s_Chamber.jpg|325px|thumb|left|The Queen's chamber in the Palace of Versailles, decorated heavily in gold leaf]][[File:Georgia-state-capitol.jpg|400px|thumb|center|Georgia State Capitol building]]

===Industrial Applications===

The property of malleability is utilized in industrial applications through processes such as forging, drop-stamping, and hot-rolling. These and many other processes allow different metals to be worked and formed into all sorts of useful items. Steel-girder bridges, one of the most common types of modern bridges used, are an interesting application of this property. The steel grid helps support the concrete deck that serves as the walkway or roadway surface. The supporting structure of the bridge consists mainly of the steel holding up the deck. Without malleability, the beams used for these types of bridges wouldn't be able to be forged and stamped, nor would they be able to withstand the compression that the load on the bridge itself causes.

[[File:GirderBridge3.jpg|300px|thumb|left|Girder Bridge]]

==History==

Derived from the Medieval Latin word, malleābilis (almost directly meaning "hammer-able"), malleability has been understood and utilized for centuries for a variety of things. Such uses range from the molding of clay for pottery to the forging of swords and armor in Medieval times, and even to the production of steel beams used in the construction of modern bridges. The modern era of chemistry and physics, however, has allowed a more controlled use of this intensive property of matter in industrial applications.

== See also ==
Ductility and Conductivity
===External links and Further Reading===

http://metals.about.com/od/metallurgy/a/Malleability.htm

http://www.boeingconsult.com/tafe/structures/struct1/Stress-strain/stress-strain.HTM
==References==

http://chemwiki.ucdavis.edu/Analytical_Chemistry/Chemical_Reactions/Properties_of_Matter

http://study.com/academy/lesson/malleability-in-chemistry-definition-examples-quiz.html

http://www.123rf.com/photo_9518153_close-up-of-aa-aluminum-foil-on-white-background-with-clipping-path.html

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Girder_bridge
[[Category:Properties of Matter]]

http://www.chemguide.co.uk/atoms/structures/metals.html

https://www.thebalance.com/malleability-2340002

http://www.tpub.com/steelworker1/2.htm

http://www.technologystudent.com/joints/conduct1.html

http://www.hardnesstesters.com/Applications/Rockwell-Hardness-Testing.aspx

Malleability

2016-11-27T20:49:06Z

Mmurrell6: /* Products and Common Use */

This page covers one of the intensive properties of matter: Malleability

'''Claimed by Marguerite Murrell (Fall 2016)
'''
==The Main Idea==

===A Property of Matter===
Properties of matter can be broken down into two distinct categories: physical and chemical. The physical category can also be broken down in a similar manner, consisting of intensive and extensive properties. A physical property is one that can be determined without changing the identity of the substance, and intensive properties can be determined regardless of the amount of matter of the substance present. Malleability is classified as a property of matter, along with ductility and conductivity.

===What is Malleability?===
Malleability is one such intensive property of matter. Malleability is the ability for something, generally metals, to be molded or deformed into another shape. Often considered to simply be the ability for a metal to be hammered into thin sheets, malleability is actually a material's ability to deform under pressure of a force pushing on it, in other words, a compressive force. Malleability certainly also has a close relationship with an object's hardness, which is defined as a material's resistance to being indented. Harder objects are considered less malleable. Knowing this aids in measuring malleability, as detailed below.

===How Does it Work?===
Malleability in metals is due to metallic bonds which are characterized by a mobile "electron sea". The electrons are able to move around and allow the metal atoms to adjust back and forth, past other atoms if a force is applied to them. The atoms in a metal are packed tightly, fitting as many as possible in the metal's respective space/volume, creating layers of atoms side by side, sometimes aligning. Areas where atoms align are called "crystal grains".

A metal is more likely to break at the grain boundaries (the point where crystal grains meet), so metals with a higher grain boundary count and larger grain boundaries is considered less malleable. The actual deformation of a metal occurs when pressure/stress are put on the object, causing the atoms to roll over one another and permanently settle in a different place.

The amount the atoms move is dependent upon two key factors: the temperature and the strength of the metallic bonds. Having weak metallic bonds means that there is less energy required to move the relative positions of the atoms and therefore means the material will have a higher malleability. Likewise, a metal or alloy with a stronger metallic bond needs more energy to change its atom's alignment. Temperature affects the malleability of a material by regulating the crystalline structure of the atoms. In most metals, the heat makes the structure of the atoms more regular which softens the metal and makes it more malleable.

===Malleability and Ductility===
It is important to keep in mind that malleability is not the same as ductility. These two physical properties of metals, although similar, have a few distinct differences. Ductility is the ability of a material to stretch under tensile stress, a force acting away from the object. Malleability, on the other hand, is a metal's ability to deform under compressive stress, a force acting towards the center of the object. The key difference here, is tensile versus compressive stress. Some exceptional materials, such as copper, have both good ductility and good malleability.

===Measuring Malleability===
Malleability is not typically or easily measured with quantitative values. We determine a metal's malleability by testing how much stress it can take before breaking, and additionally testing whether a metal can be rolled into a sheet (some metals can be flattened into thinner sheets than others). Both malleability and ductility can be tested at the same time by bending a rod of the material of discussion until it cracks at the place of bend. Cracks on the outside of the rod indicates how ductile the material is, because that area of the material is being stretched as the rod bends. Cracks on the inside of the bend indicate the material's malleability, because that area is being compressed as the rod is bent.

[[File:MalleabilityDuctilityTest.gif]]

Because there is no definitive method or unit for measuring malleability, oftentimes metals are simply compared to each other to create a scale of malleability, as detailed in the Examples section below. However, since malleability is so closely connected with a metal's hardness, material scientists look to hardness tests, such as the Rockwell Test, to predict a metal's malleability. See the section below on the Rockwell Test for additional information.

===Measuring Hardness with the Rockwell Test===
The Rockwell Test is debateably the most common test to measure how "hard" a material is - that is, how resistant to indentation it is. Since hardness is not a physical property of materials, just a characteristic, it is not formally used to determine a material's malleability or ductility. However, in the material science world, the Rockwell Test is a great indicator to whether or not a material could be malleable, since the act of indentation is a form of compressive stress. The Rockwell Test is conducted as follows:

First, a preload (preliminary test force) is applied to the sample metal using a diamond indenter, because diamonds are the hardest material we know of. This indentation is known as the reference position.
Second, the major load, or main load force, is applied to the metal. This force is made sure to be applied for a certain amount of time in case a certain metal is highly elastic and the indentation does not remain permanent (the Rockwell Test is testing for permanent indentation of a metal).
Lastly, the hardness level is obtained by calculating the difference in position of the preload and the major load, and then converting the number to a value on the Rockwell Scale.

The Rockwell Scale and final value that describes a material involves both numerical values and letters on a scale from A - G. The final hardness level generated by this test comes from a combination of information including the size of the force load, the material of the indenter (most commonly diamond or steel), and the depth of indentation. There are several other reliable hardness test methods, but the Rockwell Test is the most commonly used and praised for its reliability, speed, and preservation of the test material since the indentation area is typically very small.

==Examples==

===Scale of Malleability===
Since there is no universal quantitative way of measuring a material's malleability, it is determined based on comparison to other like materials. View the list below for a scale of malleability (from most malleable to least) among common alloys and metals:

[[File:PhysicalPropertyScales.jpg]]

===Products and Common Use===

While malleability can be considered to some extent with everything you see everyday, one of the most common everyday uses of malleability is with aluminum foil. Whether for a science project or for leftovers from dinner, the ability to crumple up or change the shape of aluminum foil is quite convenient. Pottery and horseshoes are also common examples of malleability put to work.

[[File:AluminumFoil.jpg|200px|thumb|center|Aluminum Foil]]

Additionally, materials with high malleability, such as gold, can be used for dental fillings, creating electronic components for computers and cell phones, jewelry, and decoration. Since gold is the most malleable material in existence and can be flattened into sheets as thin as a few atoms thick, gold leaf is commonly used for decoration of important monuments, statues, government buildings, and royal homes. Examples in history include much of the gold decor in King Louis XIV's Palace of Versailles, where gold was used as a motif for the Sun King, and integrated in almost every room of the palace, as well as the exterior and gates. Additionally, centuries later, gold leaf is still popular in architecture, for example on the dome on the Georgia State Capitol building.

[[File:Versailles_Queen%27s_Chamber.jpg|325px|thumb|left|The Queen's chamber in the Palace of Versailles, decorated heavily in gold leaf]][[File:Georgia-state-capitol.jpg|400px|thumb|center|Georgia State Capitol building]]

===Industrial Applications===

The property of malleability is utilized in industrial applications through processes such as forging, drop-stamping, and hot-rolling. These and many other processes allow different metals to be worked and formed into all sorts of useful items. Steel-girder bridges, one of the most common types of modern bridges used, are an interesting application of this property. The steel grid helps support the concrete deck that serves as the walkway or roadway surface. The supporting structure of the bridge consists mainly of the steel holding up the deck. Without malleability, the beams used for these types of bridges wouldn't be able to be forged and stamped, nor would they be able to withstand the compression that the load on the bridge itself causes.

[[File:GirderBridge3.jpg|300px|thumb|center|Girder Bridge]]

==History==

Derived from the Medieval Latin word, malleābilis (almost directly meaning "hammer-able"), malleability has been understood and utilized for centuries for a variety of things. Such uses range from the molding of clay for pottery to the forging of swords and armor in Medieval times, and even to the production of steel beams used in the construction of modern bridges. The modern era of chemistry and physics, however, has allowed a more controlled use of this intensive property of matter in industrial applications.

== See also ==
Ductility and Conductivity
===External links and Further Reading===

http://metals.about.com/od/metallurgy/a/Malleability.htm

http://www.boeingconsult.com/tafe/structures/struct1/Stress-strain/stress-strain.HTM
==References==

http://chemwiki.ucdavis.edu/Analytical_Chemistry/Chemical_Reactions/Properties_of_Matter

http://study.com/academy/lesson/malleability-in-chemistry-definition-examples-quiz.html

http://www.123rf.com/photo_9518153_close-up-of-aa-aluminum-foil-on-white-background-with-clipping-path.html

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Girder_bridge
[[Category:Properties of Matter]]

http://www.chemguide.co.uk/atoms/structures/metals.html

https://www.thebalance.com/malleability-2340002

http://www.tpub.com/steelworker1/2.htm

http://www.technologystudent.com/joints/conduct1.html

http://www.hardnesstesters.com/Applications/Rockwell-Hardness-Testing.aspx

Malleability

2016-11-27T20:45:08Z

Mmurrell6: /* Industrial Applications */

This page covers one of the intensive properties of matter: Malleability

'''Claimed by Marguerite Murrell (Fall 2016)
'''
==The Main Idea==

===A Property of Matter===
Properties of matter can be broken down into two distinct categories: physical and chemical. The physical category can also be broken down in a similar manner, consisting of intensive and extensive properties. A physical property is one that can be determined without changing the identity of the substance, and intensive properties can be determined regardless of the amount of matter of the substance present. Malleability is classified as a property of matter, along with ductility and conductivity.

===What is Malleability?===
Malleability is one such intensive property of matter. Malleability is the ability for something, generally metals, to be molded or deformed into another shape. Often considered to simply be the ability for a metal to be hammered into thin sheets, malleability is actually a material's ability to deform under pressure of a force pushing on it, in other words, a compressive force. Malleability certainly also has a close relationship with an object's hardness, which is defined as a material's resistance to being indented. Harder objects are considered less malleable. Knowing this aids in measuring malleability, as detailed below.

===How Does it Work?===
Malleability in metals is due to metallic bonds which are characterized by a mobile "electron sea". The electrons are able to move around and allow the metal atoms to adjust back and forth, past other atoms if a force is applied to them. The atoms in a metal are packed tightly, fitting as many as possible in the metal's respective space/volume, creating layers of atoms side by side, sometimes aligning. Areas where atoms align are called "crystal grains".

A metal is more likely to break at the grain boundaries (the point where crystal grains meet), so metals with a higher grain boundary count and larger grain boundaries is considered less malleable. The actual deformation of a metal occurs when pressure/stress are put on the object, causing the atoms to roll over one another and permanently settle in a different place.

The amount the atoms move is dependent upon two key factors: the temperature and the strength of the metallic bonds. Having weak metallic bonds means that there is less energy required to move the relative positions of the atoms and therefore means the material will have a higher malleability. Likewise, a metal or alloy with a stronger metallic bond needs more energy to change its atom's alignment. Temperature affects the malleability of a material by regulating the crystalline structure of the atoms. In most metals, the heat makes the structure of the atoms more regular which softens the metal and makes it more malleable.

===Malleability and Ductility===
It is important to keep in mind that malleability is not the same as ductility. These two physical properties of metals, although similar, have a few distinct differences. Ductility is the ability of a material to stretch under tensile stress, a force acting away from the object. Malleability, on the other hand, is a metal's ability to deform under compressive stress, a force acting towards the center of the object. The key difference here, is tensile versus compressive stress. Some exceptional materials, such as copper, have both good ductility and good malleability.

===Measuring Malleability===
Malleability is not typically or easily measured with quantitative values. We determine a metal's malleability by testing how much stress it can take before breaking, and additionally testing whether a metal can be rolled into a sheet (some metals can be flattened into thinner sheets than others). Both malleability and ductility can be tested at the same time by bending a rod of the material of discussion until it cracks at the place of bend. Cracks on the outside of the rod indicates how ductile the material is, because that area of the material is being stretched as the rod bends. Cracks on the inside of the bend indicate the material's malleability, because that area is being compressed as the rod is bent.

[[File:MalleabilityDuctilityTest.gif]]

Because there is no definitive method or unit for measuring malleability, oftentimes metals are simply compared to each other to create a scale of malleability, as detailed in the Examples section below. However, since malleability is so closely connected with a metal's hardness, material scientists look to hardness tests, such as the Rockwell Test, to predict a metal's malleability. See the section below on the Rockwell Test for additional information.

===Measuring Hardness with the Rockwell Test===
The Rockwell Test is debateably the most common test to measure how "hard" a material is - that is, how resistant to indentation it is. Since hardness is not a physical property of materials, just a characteristic, it is not formally used to determine a material's malleability or ductility. However, in the material science world, the Rockwell Test is a great indicator to whether or not a material could be malleable, since the act of indentation is a form of compressive stress. The Rockwell Test is conducted as follows:

First, a preload (preliminary test force) is applied to the sample metal using a diamond indenter, because diamonds are the hardest material we know of. This indentation is known as the reference position.
Second, the major load, or main load force, is applied to the metal. This force is made sure to be applied for a certain amount of time in case a certain metal is highly elastic and the indentation does not remain permanent (the Rockwell Test is testing for permanent indentation of a metal).
Lastly, the hardness level is obtained by calculating the difference in position of the preload and the major load, and then converting the number to a value on the Rockwell Scale.

The Rockwell Scale and final value that describes a material involves both numerical values and letters on a scale from A - G. The final hardness level generated by this test comes from a combination of information including the size of the force load, the material of the indenter (most commonly diamond or steel), and the depth of indentation. There are several other reliable hardness test methods, but the Rockwell Test is the most commonly used and praised for its reliability, speed, and preservation of the test material since the indentation area is typically very small.

==Examples==

===Scale of Malleability===
Since there is no universal quantitative way of measuring a material's malleability, it is determined based on comparison to other like materials. View the list below for a scale of malleability (from most malleable to least) among common alloys and metals:

[[File:PhysicalPropertyScales.jpg]]

===Products and Common Use===

While malleability can be considered to some extent with everything you see everyday, one of the most common everyday uses of malleability is with aluminum foil. Whether for a science project or for leftovers from dinner, the ability to crumple up or change the shape of aluminum foil is quite convenient. Pottery and horseshoes are also common examples of malleability put to work.

[[File:AluminumFoil.jpg|200px|thumb|center|Aluminum Foil]]

Additionally, materials with high malleability, such as gold, can be used for dental fillings, creating electronic components for computers and cell phones, jewelry, and decoration. Since gold is the most malleable material in existence and can be flattened into sheets as thin as a few atoms thick, gold leaf is commonly used for decoration of important monuments, statues, government buildings, and royal homes. Examples in history include much of the gold decor in King Louis XIV's Palace of Versailles, as well as the gold leaf dome on the Georgia State Capitol building.

[[File:Versailles_Queen%27s_Chamber.jpg|325px|thumb|left|The Queen's chamber in the Palace of Versailles, decorated heavily in gold leaf]][[File:Georgia-state-capitol.jpg|400px|thumb|center|Georgia State Capitol building]]

===Industrial Applications===

The property of malleability is utilized in industrial applications through processes such as forging, drop-stamping, and hot-rolling. These and many other processes allow different metals to be worked and formed into all sorts of useful items. Steel-girder bridges, one of the most common types of modern bridges used, are an interesting application of this property. The steel grid helps support the concrete deck that serves as the walkway or roadway surface. The supporting structure of the bridge consists mainly of the steel holding up the deck. Without malleability, the beams used for these types of bridges wouldn't be able to be forged and stamped, nor would they be able to withstand the compression that the load on the bridge itself causes.

[[File:GirderBridge3.jpg|300px|thumb|center|Girder Bridge]]

==History==

Derived from the Medieval Latin word, malleābilis (almost directly meaning "hammer-able"), malleability has been understood and utilized for centuries for a variety of things. Such uses range from the molding of clay for pottery to the forging of swords and armor in Medieval times, and even to the production of steel beams used in the construction of modern bridges. The modern era of chemistry and physics, however, has allowed a more controlled use of this intensive property of matter in industrial applications.

== See also ==
Ductility and Conductivity
===External links and Further Reading===

http://metals.about.com/od/metallurgy/a/Malleability.htm

http://www.boeingconsult.com/tafe/structures/struct1/Stress-strain/stress-strain.HTM
==References==

http://chemwiki.ucdavis.edu/Analytical_Chemistry/Chemical_Reactions/Properties_of_Matter

http://study.com/academy/lesson/malleability-in-chemistry-definition-examples-quiz.html

http://www.123rf.com/photo_9518153_close-up-of-aa-aluminum-foil-on-white-background-with-clipping-path.html

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Girder_bridge
[[Category:Properties of Matter]]

http://www.chemguide.co.uk/atoms/structures/metals.html

https://www.thebalance.com/malleability-2340002

http://www.tpub.com/steelworker1/2.htm

http://www.technologystudent.com/joints/conduct1.html

http://www.hardnesstesters.com/Applications/Rockwell-Hardness-Testing.aspx

Malleability

2016-11-27T20:44:42Z

Mmurrell6: /* Measuring Hardness with the Rockwell Test */

This page covers one of the intensive properties of matter: Malleability

'''Claimed by Marguerite Murrell (Fall 2016)
'''
==The Main Idea==

===A Property of Matter===
Properties of matter can be broken down into two distinct categories: physical and chemical. The physical category can also be broken down in a similar manner, consisting of intensive and extensive properties. A physical property is one that can be determined without changing the identity of the substance, and intensive properties can be determined regardless of the amount of matter of the substance present. Malleability is classified as a property of matter, along with ductility and conductivity.

===What is Malleability?===
Malleability is one such intensive property of matter. Malleability is the ability for something, generally metals, to be molded or deformed into another shape. Often considered to simply be the ability for a metal to be hammered into thin sheets, malleability is actually a material's ability to deform under pressure of a force pushing on it, in other words, a compressive force. Malleability certainly also has a close relationship with an object's hardness, which is defined as a material's resistance to being indented. Harder objects are considered less malleable. Knowing this aids in measuring malleability, as detailed below.

===How Does it Work?===
Malleability in metals is due to metallic bonds which are characterized by a mobile "electron sea". The electrons are able to move around and allow the metal atoms to adjust back and forth, past other atoms if a force is applied to them. The atoms in a metal are packed tightly, fitting as many as possible in the metal's respective space/volume, creating layers of atoms side by side, sometimes aligning. Areas where atoms align are called "crystal grains".

A metal is more likely to break at the grain boundaries (the point where crystal grains meet), so metals with a higher grain boundary count and larger grain boundaries is considered less malleable. The actual deformation of a metal occurs when pressure/stress are put on the object, causing the atoms to roll over one another and permanently settle in a different place.

The amount the atoms move is dependent upon two key factors: the temperature and the strength of the metallic bonds. Having weak metallic bonds means that there is less energy required to move the relative positions of the atoms and therefore means the material will have a higher malleability. Likewise, a metal or alloy with a stronger metallic bond needs more energy to change its atom's alignment. Temperature affects the malleability of a material by regulating the crystalline structure of the atoms. In most metals, the heat makes the structure of the atoms more regular which softens the metal and makes it more malleable.

===Malleability and Ductility===
It is important to keep in mind that malleability is not the same as ductility. These two physical properties of metals, although similar, have a few distinct differences. Ductility is the ability of a material to stretch under tensile stress, a force acting away from the object. Malleability, on the other hand, is a metal's ability to deform under compressive stress, a force acting towards the center of the object. The key difference here, is tensile versus compressive stress. Some exceptional materials, such as copper, have both good ductility and good malleability.

===Measuring Malleability===
Malleability is not typically or easily measured with quantitative values. We determine a metal's malleability by testing how much stress it can take before breaking, and additionally testing whether a metal can be rolled into a sheet (some metals can be flattened into thinner sheets than others). Both malleability and ductility can be tested at the same time by bending a rod of the material of discussion until it cracks at the place of bend. Cracks on the outside of the rod indicates how ductile the material is, because that area of the material is being stretched as the rod bends. Cracks on the inside of the bend indicate the material's malleability, because that area is being compressed as the rod is bent.

[[File:MalleabilityDuctilityTest.gif]]

Because there is no definitive method or unit for measuring malleability, oftentimes metals are simply compared to each other to create a scale of malleability, as detailed in the Examples section below. However, since malleability is so closely connected with a metal's hardness, material scientists look to hardness tests, such as the Rockwell Test, to predict a metal's malleability. See the section below on the Rockwell Test for additional information.

===Measuring Hardness with the Rockwell Test===
The Rockwell Test is debateably the most common test to measure how "hard" a material is - that is, how resistant to indentation it is. Since hardness is not a physical property of materials, just a characteristic, it is not formally used to determine a material's malleability or ductility. However, in the material science world, the Rockwell Test is a great indicator to whether or not a material could be malleable, since the act of indentation is a form of compressive stress. The Rockwell Test is conducted as follows:

First, a preload (preliminary test force) is applied to the sample metal using a diamond indenter, because diamonds are the hardest material we know of. This indentation is known as the reference position.
Second, the major load, or main load force, is applied to the metal. This force is made sure to be applied for a certain amount of time in case a certain metal is highly elastic and the indentation does not remain permanent (the Rockwell Test is testing for permanent indentation of a metal).
Lastly, the hardness level is obtained by calculating the difference in position of the preload and the major load, and then converting the number to a value on the Rockwell Scale.

The Rockwell Scale and final value that describes a material involves both numerical values and letters on a scale from A - G. The final hardness level generated by this test comes from a combination of information including the size of the force load, the material of the indenter (most commonly diamond or steel), and the depth of indentation. There are several other reliable hardness test methods, but the Rockwell Test is the most commonly used and praised for its reliability, speed, and preservation of the test material since the indentation area is typically very small.

==Examples==

===Scale of Malleability===
Since there is no universal quantitative way of measuring a material's malleability, it is determined based on comparison to other like materials. View the list below for a scale of malleability (from most malleable to least) among common alloys and metals:

[[File:PhysicalPropertyScales.jpg]]

===Products and Common Use===

While malleability can be considered to some extent with everything you see everyday, one of the most common everyday uses of malleability is with aluminum foil. Whether for a science project or for leftovers from dinner, the ability to crumple up or change the shape of aluminum foil is quite convenient. Pottery and horseshoes are also common examples of malleability put to work.

[[File:AluminumFoil.jpg|200px|thumb|center|Aluminum Foil]]

Additionally, materials with high malleability, such as gold, can be used for dental fillings, creating electronic components for computers and cell phones, jewelry, and decoration. Since gold is the most malleable material in existence and can be flattened into sheets as thin as a few atoms thick, gold leaf is commonly used for decoration of important monuments, statues, government buildings, and royal homes. Examples in history include much of the gold decor in King Louis XIV's Palace of Versailles, as well as the gold leaf dome on the Georgia State Capitol building.

[[File:Versailles_Queen%27s_Chamber.jpg|325px|thumb|left|The Queen's chamber in the Palace of Versailles, decorated heavily in gold leaf]][[File:Georgia-state-capitol.jpg|400px|thumb|center|Georgia State Capitol building]]

===Industrial Applications===

The property of malleability is utilized in industrial applications through processes such as forging, drop-stamping, and hot-rolling. These and many other processes allow different metals to be worked and formed into all sorts of useful items. Steel-girder bridges, one of the most common types of modern bridges used, are an interesting application of this property. The steel grid helps support the concrete deck that serves as the walkway or roadway surface. The supporting structure of the bridge consists mainly of the steel holding up the deck. Without malleability, the beams used for these types of bridges wouldn't be able to be forged and stamped, nor would they be able to withstand the compression that the load on the bridge itself causes.

[[File:GirderBridge3.jpg|200px|thumb|left|Girder Bridge]]

==History==

Derived from the Medieval Latin word, malleābilis (almost directly meaning "hammer-able"), malleability has been understood and utilized for centuries for a variety of things. Such uses range from the molding of clay for pottery to the forging of swords and armor in Medieval times, and even to the production of steel beams used in the construction of modern bridges. The modern era of chemistry and physics, however, has allowed a more controlled use of this intensive property of matter in industrial applications.

== See also ==
Ductility and Conductivity
===External links and Further Reading===

http://metals.about.com/od/metallurgy/a/Malleability.htm

http://www.boeingconsult.com/tafe/structures/struct1/Stress-strain/stress-strain.HTM
==References==

http://chemwiki.ucdavis.edu/Analytical_Chemistry/Chemical_Reactions/Properties_of_Matter

http://study.com/academy/lesson/malleability-in-chemistry-definition-examples-quiz.html

http://www.123rf.com/photo_9518153_close-up-of-aa-aluminum-foil-on-white-background-with-clipping-path.html

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Girder_bridge
[[Category:Properties of Matter]]

http://www.chemguide.co.uk/atoms/structures/metals.html

https://www.thebalance.com/malleability-2340002

http://www.tpub.com/steelworker1/2.htm

http://www.technologystudent.com/joints/conduct1.html

http://www.hardnesstesters.com/Applications/Rockwell-Hardness-Testing.aspx

Malleability

2016-11-27T20:42:55Z

Mmurrell6: /* Measuring Hardness with the Rockwell Test */

This page covers one of the intensive properties of matter: Malleability

'''Claimed by Marguerite Murrell (Fall 2016)
'''
==The Main Idea==

===A Property of Matter===
Properties of matter can be broken down into two distinct categories: physical and chemical. The physical category can also be broken down in a similar manner, consisting of intensive and extensive properties. A physical property is one that can be determined without changing the identity of the substance, and intensive properties can be determined regardless of the amount of matter of the substance present. Malleability is classified as a property of matter, along with ductility and conductivity.

===What is Malleability?===
Malleability is one such intensive property of matter. Malleability is the ability for something, generally metals, to be molded or deformed into another shape. Often considered to simply be the ability for a metal to be hammered into thin sheets, malleability is actually a material's ability to deform under pressure of a force pushing on it, in other words, a compressive force. Malleability certainly also has a close relationship with an object's hardness, which is defined as a material's resistance to being indented. Harder objects are considered less malleable. Knowing this aids in measuring malleability, as detailed below.

===How Does it Work?===
Malleability in metals is due to metallic bonds which are characterized by a mobile "electron sea". The electrons are able to move around and allow the metal atoms to adjust back and forth, past other atoms if a force is applied to them. The atoms in a metal are packed tightly, fitting as many as possible in the metal's respective space/volume, creating layers of atoms side by side, sometimes aligning. Areas where atoms align are called "crystal grains".

A metal is more likely to break at the grain boundaries (the point where crystal grains meet), so metals with a higher grain boundary count and larger grain boundaries is considered less malleable. The actual deformation of a metal occurs when pressure/stress are put on the object, causing the atoms to roll over one another and permanently settle in a different place.

The amount the atoms move is dependent upon two key factors: the temperature and the strength of the metallic bonds. Having weak metallic bonds means that there is less energy required to move the relative positions of the atoms and therefore means the material will have a higher malleability. Likewise, a metal or alloy with a stronger metallic bond needs more energy to change its atom's alignment. Temperature affects the malleability of a material by regulating the crystalline structure of the atoms. In most metals, the heat makes the structure of the atoms more regular which softens the metal and makes it more malleable.

===Malleability and Ductility===
It is important to keep in mind that malleability is not the same as ductility. These two physical properties of metals, although similar, have a few distinct differences. Ductility is the ability of a material to stretch under tensile stress, a force acting away from the object. Malleability, on the other hand, is a metal's ability to deform under compressive stress, a force acting towards the center of the object. The key difference here, is tensile versus compressive stress. Some exceptional materials, such as copper, have both good ductility and good malleability.

===Measuring Malleability===
Malleability is not typically or easily measured with quantitative values. We determine a metal's malleability by testing how much stress it can take before breaking, and additionally testing whether a metal can be rolled into a sheet (some metals can be flattened into thinner sheets than others). Both malleability and ductility can be tested at the same time by bending a rod of the material of discussion until it cracks at the place of bend. Cracks on the outside of the rod indicates how ductile the material is, because that area of the material is being stretched as the rod bends. Cracks on the inside of the bend indicate the material's malleability, because that area is being compressed as the rod is bent.

[[File:MalleabilityDuctilityTest.gif]]

Because there is no definitive method or unit for measuring malleability, oftentimes metals are simply compared to each other to create a scale of malleability, as detailed in the Examples section below. However, since malleability is so closely connected with a metal's hardness, material scientists look to hardness tests, such as the Rockwell Test, to predict a metal's malleability. See the section below on the Rockwell Test for additional information.

===Measuring Hardness with the Rockwell Test===
The Rockwell Test is debateably the most common test to measure how "hard" a material is - that is, how resistant to indentation it is. Since hardness is not a physical property of materials, just a characteristic, it is not formally used to determine a material's malleability or ductility. However, in the material science world, the Rockwell Test is a great indicator to whether or not a material could be malleable, since the act of indentation is a form of compressive stress. The Rockwell Test is conducted as follows:

First, a preload (preliminary test force) is applied to the sample metal using a diamond indenter, because diamonds are the hardest material we know of. This indentation is known as the reference position.
Second, the major load, or main load force, is applied to the metal. This force is made sure to be applied for a certain amount of time in case a certain metal is highly elastic and the indentation does not remain permanent (the Rockwell Test is testing for permanent indentation of a metal).
Lastly, the hardness level is obtained by calculating the difference in position of the preload and the major load, and then converting the number to a value on the Rockwell Scale.

The Rockwell Scale and final value that describes a material involves both numerical values and letters on a scale from A - G. The final hardness level generated by this test comes from a combination of information including the size of the force load, the material of the indenter (most commonly diamond or steel), and the depth of indentation. The Rockwell Test is the most commonly used and praised for its reliability, speed, and preservation of the test material since the indentation area is typically very small.

==Examples==

===Scale of Malleability===
Since there is no universal quantitative way of measuring a material's malleability, it is determined based on comparison to other like materials. View the list below for a scale of malleability (from most malleable to least) among common alloys and metals:

[[File:PhysicalPropertyScales.jpg]]

===Products and Common Use===

While malleability can be considered to some extent with everything you see everyday, one of the most common everyday uses of malleability is with aluminum foil. Whether for a science project or for leftovers from dinner, the ability to crumple up or change the shape of aluminum foil is quite convenient. Pottery and horseshoes are also common examples of malleability put to work.

[[File:AluminumFoil.jpg|200px|thumb|center|Aluminum Foil]]

Additionally, materials with high malleability, such as gold, can be used for dental fillings, creating electronic components for computers and cell phones, jewelry, and decoration. Since gold is the most malleable material in existence and can be flattened into sheets as thin as a few atoms thick, gold leaf is commonly used for decoration of important monuments, statues, government buildings, and royal homes. Examples in history include much of the gold decor in King Louis XIV's Palace of Versailles, as well as the gold leaf dome on the Georgia State Capitol building.

[[File:Versailles_Queen%27s_Chamber.jpg|325px|thumb|left|The Queen's chamber in the Palace of Versailles, decorated heavily in gold leaf]][[File:Georgia-state-capitol.jpg|400px|thumb|center|Georgia State Capitol building]]

===Industrial Applications===

The property of malleability is utilized in industrial applications through processes such as forging, drop-stamping, and hot-rolling. These and many other processes allow different metals to be worked and formed into all sorts of useful items. Steel-girder bridges, one of the most common types of modern bridges used, are an interesting application of this property. The steel grid helps support the concrete deck that serves as the walkway or roadway surface. The supporting structure of the bridge consists mainly of the steel holding up the deck. Without malleability, the beams used for these types of bridges wouldn't be able to be forged and stamped, nor would they be able to withstand the compression that the load on the bridge itself causes.

[[File:GirderBridge3.jpg|200px|thumb|left|Girder Bridge]]

==History==

Derived from the Medieval Latin word, malleābilis (almost directly meaning "hammer-able"), malleability has been understood and utilized for centuries for a variety of things. Such uses range from the molding of clay for pottery to the forging of swords and armor in Medieval times, and even to the production of steel beams used in the construction of modern bridges. The modern era of chemistry and physics, however, has allowed a more controlled use of this intensive property of matter in industrial applications.

== See also ==
Ductility and Conductivity
===External links and Further Reading===

http://metals.about.com/od/metallurgy/a/Malleability.htm

http://www.boeingconsult.com/tafe/structures/struct1/Stress-strain/stress-strain.HTM
==References==

http://chemwiki.ucdavis.edu/Analytical_Chemistry/Chemical_Reactions/Properties_of_Matter

http://study.com/academy/lesson/malleability-in-chemistry-definition-examples-quiz.html

http://www.123rf.com/photo_9518153_close-up-of-aa-aluminum-foil-on-white-background-with-clipping-path.html

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Girder_bridge
[[Category:Properties of Matter]]

http://www.chemguide.co.uk/atoms/structures/metals.html

https://www.thebalance.com/malleability-2340002

http://www.tpub.com/steelworker1/2.htm

http://www.technologystudent.com/joints/conduct1.html

http://www.hardnesstesters.com/Applications/Rockwell-Hardness-Testing.aspx

Malleability

2016-11-27T20:36:32Z

Mmurrell6: /* Measuring Hardness with the Rockwell Test */

This page covers one of the intensive properties of matter: Malleability

'''Claimed by Marguerite Murrell (Fall 2016)
'''
==The Main Idea==

===A Property of Matter===
Properties of matter can be broken down into two distinct categories: physical and chemical. The physical category can also be broken down in a similar manner, consisting of intensive and extensive properties. A physical property is one that can be determined without changing the identity of the substance, and intensive properties can be determined regardless of the amount of matter of the substance present. Malleability is classified as a property of matter, along with ductility and conductivity.

===What is Malleability?===
Malleability is one such intensive property of matter. Malleability is the ability for something, generally metals, to be molded or deformed into another shape. Often considered to simply be the ability for a metal to be hammered into thin sheets, malleability is actually a material's ability to deform under pressure of a force pushing on it, in other words, a compressive force. Malleability certainly also has a close relationship with an object's hardness, which is defined as a material's resistance to being indented. Harder objects are considered less malleable. Knowing this aids in measuring malleability, as detailed below.

===How Does it Work?===
Malleability in metals is due to metallic bonds which are characterized by a mobile "electron sea". The electrons are able to move around and allow the metal atoms to adjust back and forth, past other atoms if a force is applied to them. The atoms in a metal are packed tightly, fitting as many as possible in the metal's respective space/volume, creating layers of atoms side by side, sometimes aligning. Areas where atoms align are called "crystal grains".

A metal is more likely to break at the grain boundaries (the point where crystal grains meet), so metals with a higher grain boundary count and larger grain boundaries is considered less malleable. The actual deformation of a metal occurs when pressure/stress are put on the object, causing the atoms to roll over one another and permanently settle in a different place.

The amount the atoms move is dependent upon two key factors: the temperature and the strength of the metallic bonds. Having weak metallic bonds means that there is less energy required to move the relative positions of the atoms and therefore means the material will have a higher malleability. Likewise, a metal or alloy with a stronger metallic bond needs more energy to change its atom's alignment. Temperature affects the malleability of a material by regulating the crystalline structure of the atoms. In most metals, the heat makes the structure of the atoms more regular which softens the metal and makes it more malleable.

===Malleability and Ductility===
It is important to keep in mind that malleability is not the same as ductility. These two physical properties of metals, although similar, have a few distinct differences. Ductility is the ability of a material to stretch under tensile stress, a force acting away from the object. Malleability, on the other hand, is a metal's ability to deform under compressive stress, a force acting towards the center of the object. The key difference here, is tensile versus compressive stress. Some exceptional materials, such as copper, have both good ductility and good malleability.

===Measuring Malleability===
Malleability is not typically or easily measured with quantitative values. We determine a metal's malleability by testing how much stress it can take before breaking, and additionally testing whether a metal can be rolled into a sheet (some metals can be flattened into thinner sheets than others). Both malleability and ductility can be tested at the same time by bending a rod of the material of discussion until it cracks at the place of bend. Cracks on the outside of the rod indicates how ductile the material is, because that area of the material is being stretched as the rod bends. Cracks on the inside of the bend indicate the material's malleability, because that area is being compressed as the rod is bent.

[[File:MalleabilityDuctilityTest.gif]]

Because there is no definitive method or unit for measuring malleability, oftentimes metals are simply compared to each other to create a scale of malleability, as detailed in the Examples section below. However, since malleability is so closely connected with a metal's hardness, material scientists look to hardness tests, such as the Rockwell Test, to predict a metal's malleability. See the section below on the Rockwell Test for additional information.

===Measuring Hardness with the Rockwell Test===
The Rockwell Test is debateably the most common test to measure how "hard" a material is - that is, how resistant to indentation it is. Since hardness is not a physical property of materials, just a characteristic, it is not formally used to determine a material's malleability or ductility. However, in the material science world, the Rockwell Test is a great indicator to whether or not a material could be malleable, since the act of indentation is a form of compressive stress. The Rockwell Test is conducted as follows:

First, a preload (preliminary test force) is applied to the sample metal using a diamond indenter, because diamonds are the hardest material we know of. This indentation is known as the reference position.
Second, the major load, or main load force, is applied to the metal. This force is made sure to be applied for a certain amount of time in case a certain metal is highly elastic and the indentation does not remain permanent (the Rockwell Test is testing for permanent indentation of a metal).
Lastly, the hardness level is obtained by calculating the difference in position of the preload and the major load, and then converting the number to a value on the Rockwell Scale.

==Examples==

===Scale of Malleability===
Since there is no universal quantitative way of measuring a material's malleability, it is determined based on comparison to other like materials. View the list below for a scale of malleability (from most malleable to least) among common alloys and metals:

[[File:PhysicalPropertyScales.jpg]]

===Products and Common Use===

While malleability can be considered to some extent with everything you see everyday, one of the most common everyday uses of malleability is with aluminum foil. Whether for a science project or for leftovers from dinner, the ability to crumple up or change the shape of aluminum foil is quite convenient. Pottery and horseshoes are also common examples of malleability put to work.

[[File:AluminumFoil.jpg|200px|thumb|center|Aluminum Foil]]

Additionally, materials with high malleability, such as gold, can be used for dental fillings, creating electronic components for computers and cell phones, jewelry, and decoration. Since gold is the most malleable material in existence and can be flattened into sheets as thin as a few atoms thick, gold leaf is commonly used for decoration of important monuments, statues, government buildings, and royal homes. Examples in history include much of the gold decor in King Louis XIV's Palace of Versailles, as well as the gold leaf dome on the Georgia State Capitol building.

[[File:Versailles_Queen%27s_Chamber.jpg|325px|thumb|left|The Queen's chamber in the Palace of Versailles, decorated heavily in gold leaf]][[File:Georgia-state-capitol.jpg|400px|thumb|center|Georgia State Capitol building]]

===Industrial Applications===

The property of malleability is utilized in industrial applications through processes such as forging, drop-stamping, and hot-rolling. These and many other processes allow different metals to be worked and formed into all sorts of useful items. Steel-girder bridges, one of the most common types of modern bridges used, are an interesting application of this property. The steel grid helps support the concrete deck that serves as the walkway or roadway surface. The supporting structure of the bridge consists mainly of the steel holding up the deck. Without malleability, the beams used for these types of bridges wouldn't be able to be forged and stamped, nor would they be able to withstand the compression that the load on the bridge itself causes.

[[File:GirderBridge3.jpg|200px|thumb|left|Girder Bridge]]

==History==

Derived from the Medieval Latin word, malleābilis (almost directly meaning "hammer-able"), malleability has been understood and utilized for centuries for a variety of things. Such uses range from the molding of clay for pottery to the forging of swords and armor in Medieval times, and even to the production of steel beams used in the construction of modern bridges. The modern era of chemistry and physics, however, has allowed a more controlled use of this intensive property of matter in industrial applications.

== See also ==
Ductility and Conductivity
===External links and Further Reading===

http://metals.about.com/od/metallurgy/a/Malleability.htm

http://www.boeingconsult.com/tafe/structures/struct1/Stress-strain/stress-strain.HTM
==References==

http://chemwiki.ucdavis.edu/Analytical_Chemistry/Chemical_Reactions/Properties_of_Matter

http://study.com/academy/lesson/malleability-in-chemistry-definition-examples-quiz.html

http://www.123rf.com/photo_9518153_close-up-of-aa-aluminum-foil-on-white-background-with-clipping-path.html

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Girder_bridge
[[Category:Properties of Matter]]

http://www.chemguide.co.uk/atoms/structures/metals.html

https://www.thebalance.com/malleability-2340002

http://www.tpub.com/steelworker1/2.htm

http://www.technologystudent.com/joints/conduct1.html

http://www.hardnesstesters.com/Applications/Rockwell-Hardness-Testing.aspx

Malleability

2016-11-27T20:35:37Z

Mmurrell6: /* Measuring Hardness with the Rockwell Test */

This page covers one of the intensive properties of matter: Malleability

'''Claimed by Marguerite Murrell (Fall 2016)
'''
==The Main Idea==

===A Property of Matter===
Properties of matter can be broken down into two distinct categories: physical and chemical. The physical category can also be broken down in a similar manner, consisting of intensive and extensive properties. A physical property is one that can be determined without changing the identity of the substance, and intensive properties can be determined regardless of the amount of matter of the substance present. Malleability is classified as a property of matter, along with ductility and conductivity.

===What is Malleability?===
Malleability is one such intensive property of matter. Malleability is the ability for something, generally metals, to be molded or deformed into another shape. Often considered to simply be the ability for a metal to be hammered into thin sheets, malleability is actually a material's ability to deform under pressure of a force pushing on it, in other words, a compressive force. Malleability certainly also has a close relationship with an object's hardness, which is defined as a material's resistance to being indented. Harder objects are considered less malleable. Knowing this aids in measuring malleability, as detailed below.

===How Does it Work?===
Malleability in metals is due to metallic bonds which are characterized by a mobile "electron sea". The electrons are able to move around and allow the metal atoms to adjust back and forth, past other atoms if a force is applied to them. The atoms in a metal are packed tightly, fitting as many as possible in the metal's respective space/volume, creating layers of atoms side by side, sometimes aligning. Areas where atoms align are called "crystal grains".

A metal is more likely to break at the grain boundaries (the point where crystal grains meet), so metals with a higher grain boundary count and larger grain boundaries is considered less malleable. The actual deformation of a metal occurs when pressure/stress are put on the object, causing the atoms to roll over one another and permanently settle in a different place.

The amount the atoms move is dependent upon two key factors: the temperature and the strength of the metallic bonds. Having weak metallic bonds means that there is less energy required to move the relative positions of the atoms and therefore means the material will have a higher malleability. Likewise, a metal or alloy with a stronger metallic bond needs more energy to change its atom's alignment. Temperature affects the malleability of a material by regulating the crystalline structure of the atoms. In most metals, the heat makes the structure of the atoms more regular which softens the metal and makes it more malleable.

===Malleability and Ductility===
It is important to keep in mind that malleability is not the same as ductility. These two physical properties of metals, although similar, have a few distinct differences. Ductility is the ability of a material to stretch under tensile stress, a force acting away from the object. Malleability, on the other hand, is a metal's ability to deform under compressive stress, a force acting towards the center of the object. The key difference here, is tensile versus compressive stress. Some exceptional materials, such as copper, have both good ductility and good malleability.

===Measuring Malleability===
Malleability is not typically or easily measured with quantitative values. We determine a metal's malleability by testing how much stress it can take before breaking, and additionally testing whether a metal can be rolled into a sheet (some metals can be flattened into thinner sheets than others). Both malleability and ductility can be tested at the same time by bending a rod of the material of discussion until it cracks at the place of bend. Cracks on the outside of the rod indicates how ductile the material is, because that area of the material is being stretched as the rod bends. Cracks on the inside of the bend indicate the material's malleability, because that area is being compressed as the rod is bent.

[[File:MalleabilityDuctilityTest.gif]]

Because there is no definitive method or unit for measuring malleability, oftentimes metals are simply compared to each other to create a scale of malleability, as detailed in the Examples section below. However, since malleability is so closely connected with a metal's hardness, material scientists look to hardness tests, such as the Rockwell Test, to predict a metal's malleability. See the section below on the Rockwell Test for additional information.

===Measuring Hardness with the Rockwell Test===
The Rockwell Test is debateably the most common test to measure how "hard" a material is - that is, how resistant to indentation it is. Since hardness is not a physical property of materials, just a characteristic, it is not formally used to determine a material's malleability or ductility. However, in the material science world, the Rockwell Test is a great indicator to whether or not a material could be malleable, since the act of indentation is a form of compressive stress. The Rockwell Test is conducted as follows:

1. A preload (preliminary test force) is applied to the sample metal using a diamond indenter, because diamonds are the hardest material we know of. This indentation is known as the reference position.
2. Then, the major load, or main load force, is applied to the metal. This force is made sure to be applied for a certain amount of time in case a certain metal is highly elastic and the indentation does not remain permanent (the Rockwell Test is testing for permanent indentation of a metal).
3. The hardness level is obtained by calculating the difference in position of the preload and the major load, and then converting the number to a value on the Rockwell Scale.

==Examples==

===Scale of Malleability===
Since there is no universal quantitative way of measuring a material's malleability, it is determined based on comparison to other like materials. View the list below for a scale of malleability (from most malleable to least) among common alloys and metals:

[[File:PhysicalPropertyScales.jpg]]

===Products and Common Use===

While malleability can be considered to some extent with everything you see everyday, one of the most common everyday uses of malleability is with aluminum foil. Whether for a science project or for leftovers from dinner, the ability to crumple up or change the shape of aluminum foil is quite convenient. Pottery and horseshoes are also common examples of malleability put to work.

[[File:AluminumFoil.jpg|200px|thumb|center|Aluminum Foil]]

Additionally, materials with high malleability, such as gold, can be used for dental fillings, creating electronic components for computers and cell phones, jewelry, and decoration. Since gold is the most malleable material in existence and can be flattened into sheets as thin as a few atoms thick, gold leaf is commonly used for decoration of important monuments, statues, government buildings, and royal homes. Examples in history include much of the gold decor in King Louis XIV's Palace of Versailles, as well as the gold leaf dome on the Georgia State Capitol building.

[[File:Versailles_Queen%27s_Chamber.jpg|325px|thumb|left|The Queen's chamber in the Palace of Versailles, decorated heavily in gold leaf]][[File:Georgia-state-capitol.jpg|400px|thumb|center|Georgia State Capitol building]]

===Industrial Applications===

The property of malleability is utilized in industrial applications through processes such as forging, drop-stamping, and hot-rolling. These and many other processes allow different metals to be worked and formed into all sorts of useful items. Steel-girder bridges, one of the most common types of modern bridges used, are an interesting application of this property. The steel grid helps support the concrete deck that serves as the walkway or roadway surface. The supporting structure of the bridge consists mainly of the steel holding up the deck. Without malleability, the beams used for these types of bridges wouldn't be able to be forged and stamped, nor would they be able to withstand the compression that the load on the bridge itself causes.

[[File:GirderBridge3.jpg|200px|thumb|left|Girder Bridge]]

==History==

Derived from the Medieval Latin word, malleābilis (almost directly meaning "hammer-able"), malleability has been understood and utilized for centuries for a variety of things. Such uses range from the molding of clay for pottery to the forging of swords and armor in Medieval times, and even to the production of steel beams used in the construction of modern bridges. The modern era of chemistry and physics, however, has allowed a more controlled use of this intensive property of matter in industrial applications.

== See also ==
Ductility and Conductivity
===External links and Further Reading===

http://metals.about.com/od/metallurgy/a/Malleability.htm

http://www.boeingconsult.com/tafe/structures/struct1/Stress-strain/stress-strain.HTM
==References==

http://chemwiki.ucdavis.edu/Analytical_Chemistry/Chemical_Reactions/Properties_of_Matter

http://study.com/academy/lesson/malleability-in-chemistry-definition-examples-quiz.html

http://www.123rf.com/photo_9518153_close-up-of-aa-aluminum-foil-on-white-background-with-clipping-path.html

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Girder_bridge
[[Category:Properties of Matter]]

http://www.chemguide.co.uk/atoms/structures/metals.html

https://www.thebalance.com/malleability-2340002

http://www.tpub.com/steelworker1/2.htm

http://www.technologystudent.com/joints/conduct1.html

http://www.hardnesstesters.com/Applications/Rockwell-Hardness-Testing.aspx

Malleability

2016-11-27T20:35:08Z

Mmurrell6: /* Measuring Hardness with the Rockwell Test */

This page covers one of the intensive properties of matter: Malleability

'''Claimed by Marguerite Murrell (Fall 2016)
'''
==The Main Idea==

===A Property of Matter===
Properties of matter can be broken down into two distinct categories: physical and chemical. The physical category can also be broken down in a similar manner, consisting of intensive and extensive properties. A physical property is one that can be determined without changing the identity of the substance, and intensive properties can be determined regardless of the amount of matter of the substance present. Malleability is classified as a property of matter, along with ductility and conductivity.

===What is Malleability?===
Malleability is one such intensive property of matter. Malleability is the ability for something, generally metals, to be molded or deformed into another shape. Often considered to simply be the ability for a metal to be hammered into thin sheets, malleability is actually a material's ability to deform under pressure of a force pushing on it, in other words, a compressive force. Malleability certainly also has a close relationship with an object's hardness, which is defined as a material's resistance to being indented. Harder objects are considered less malleable. Knowing this aids in measuring malleability, as detailed below.

===How Does it Work?===
Malleability in metals is due to metallic bonds which are characterized by a mobile "electron sea". The electrons are able to move around and allow the metal atoms to adjust back and forth, past other atoms if a force is applied to them. The atoms in a metal are packed tightly, fitting as many as possible in the metal's respective space/volume, creating layers of atoms side by side, sometimes aligning. Areas where atoms align are called "crystal grains".

A metal is more likely to break at the grain boundaries (the point where crystal grains meet), so metals with a higher grain boundary count and larger grain boundaries is considered less malleable. The actual deformation of a metal occurs when pressure/stress are put on the object, causing the atoms to roll over one another and permanently settle in a different place.

The amount the atoms move is dependent upon two key factors: the temperature and the strength of the metallic bonds. Having weak metallic bonds means that there is less energy required to move the relative positions of the atoms and therefore means the material will have a higher malleability. Likewise, a metal or alloy with a stronger metallic bond needs more energy to change its atom's alignment. Temperature affects the malleability of a material by regulating the crystalline structure of the atoms. In most metals, the heat makes the structure of the atoms more regular which softens the metal and makes it more malleable.

===Malleability and Ductility===
It is important to keep in mind that malleability is not the same as ductility. These two physical properties of metals, although similar, have a few distinct differences. Ductility is the ability of a material to stretch under tensile stress, a force acting away from the object. Malleability, on the other hand, is a metal's ability to deform under compressive stress, a force acting towards the center of the object. The key difference here, is tensile versus compressive stress. Some exceptional materials, such as copper, have both good ductility and good malleability.

===Measuring Malleability===
Malleability is not typically or easily measured with quantitative values. We determine a metal's malleability by testing how much stress it can take before breaking, and additionally testing whether a metal can be rolled into a sheet (some metals can be flattened into thinner sheets than others). Both malleability and ductility can be tested at the same time by bending a rod of the material of discussion until it cracks at the place of bend. Cracks on the outside of the rod indicates how ductile the material is, because that area of the material is being stretched as the rod bends. Cracks on the inside of the bend indicate the material's malleability, because that area is being compressed as the rod is bent.

[[File:MalleabilityDuctilityTest.gif]]

Because there is no definitive method or unit for measuring malleability, oftentimes metals are simply compared to each other to create a scale of malleability, as detailed in the Examples section below. However, since malleability is so closely connected with a metal's hardness, material scientists look to hardness tests, such as the Rockwell Test, to predict a metal's malleability. See the section below on the Rockwell Test for additional information.

===Measuring Hardness with the Rockwell Test===
The Rockwell Test is debateably the most common test to measure how "hard" a material is - that is, how resistant to indentation it is. Since hardness is not a physical property of materials, just a characteristic, it is not formally used to determine a material's malleability or ductility. However, in the material science world, the Rockwell Test is a great indicator to whether or not a material could be malleable, since the act of indentation is a form of compressive stress. The Rockwell Test is conducted as follows:

1. A preload (preliminary test force) is applied to the sample metal using a diamond indenter, because diamonds are the hardest material we know of. This indentation is known as the reference position.
2. Then, the major load, or main load force, is applied to the metal. This force is made sure to be applied for a certain amount of time in case a certain metal is highly elastic and the indentation does not remain permanent (the Rockwell Test is testing for permanent indentation of a metal).
3. The hardness level is obtained by calculating the difference in position of the preload and the major load, and then converting the number to a value on the Rockwell Scale.

==Examples==

===Scale of Malleability===
Since there is no universal quantitative way of measuring a material's malleability, it is determined based on comparison to other like materials. View the list below for a scale of malleability (from most malleable to least) among common alloys and metals:

[[File:PhysicalPropertyScales.jpg]]

===Products and Common Use===

While malleability can be considered to some extent with everything you see everyday, one of the most common everyday uses of malleability is with aluminum foil. Whether for a science project or for leftovers from dinner, the ability to crumple up or change the shape of aluminum foil is quite convenient. Pottery and horseshoes are also common examples of malleability put to work.

[[File:AluminumFoil.jpg|200px|thumb|center|Aluminum Foil]]

Additionally, materials with high malleability, such as gold, can be used for dental fillings, creating electronic components for computers and cell phones, jewelry, and decoration. Since gold is the most malleable material in existence and can be flattened into sheets as thin as a few atoms thick, gold leaf is commonly used for decoration of important monuments, statues, government buildings, and royal homes. Examples in history include much of the gold decor in King Louis XIV's Palace of Versailles, as well as the gold leaf dome on the Georgia State Capitol building.

[[File:Versailles_Queen%27s_Chamber.jpg|325px|thumb|left|The Queen's chamber in the Palace of Versailles, decorated heavily in gold leaf]][[File:Georgia-state-capitol.jpg|400px|thumb|center|Georgia State Capitol building]]

===Industrial Applications===

The property of malleability is utilized in industrial applications through processes such as forging, drop-stamping, and hot-rolling. These and many other processes allow different metals to be worked and formed into all sorts of useful items. Steel-girder bridges, one of the most common types of modern bridges used, are an interesting application of this property. The steel grid helps support the concrete deck that serves as the walkway or roadway surface. The supporting structure of the bridge consists mainly of the steel holding up the deck. Without malleability, the beams used for these types of bridges wouldn't be able to be forged and stamped, nor would they be able to withstand the compression that the load on the bridge itself causes.

[[File:GirderBridge3.jpg|200px|thumb|left|Girder Bridge]]

==History==

Derived from the Medieval Latin word, malleābilis (almost directly meaning "hammer-able"), malleability has been understood and utilized for centuries for a variety of things. Such uses range from the molding of clay for pottery to the forging of swords and armor in Medieval times, and even to the production of steel beams used in the construction of modern bridges. The modern era of chemistry and physics, however, has allowed a more controlled use of this intensive property of matter in industrial applications.

== See also ==
Ductility and Conductivity
===External links and Further Reading===

http://metals.about.com/od/metallurgy/a/Malleability.htm

http://www.boeingconsult.com/tafe/structures/struct1/Stress-strain/stress-strain.HTM
==References==

http://chemwiki.ucdavis.edu/Analytical_Chemistry/Chemical_Reactions/Properties_of_Matter

http://study.com/academy/lesson/malleability-in-chemistry-definition-examples-quiz.html

http://www.123rf.com/photo_9518153_close-up-of-aa-aluminum-foil-on-white-background-with-clipping-path.html

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Girder_bridge
[[Category:Properties of Matter]]

http://www.chemguide.co.uk/atoms/structures/metals.html

https://www.thebalance.com/malleability-2340002

http://www.tpub.com/steelworker1/2.htm

http://www.technologystudent.com/joints/conduct1.html

http://www.hardnesstesters.com/Applications/Rockwell-Hardness-Testing.aspx

Malleability

2016-11-27T20:34:26Z

Mmurrell6: /* The Main Idea */

This page covers one of the intensive properties of matter: Malleability

'''Claimed by Marguerite Murrell (Fall 2016)
'''
==The Main Idea==

===A Property of Matter===
Properties of matter can be broken down into two distinct categories: physical and chemical. The physical category can also be broken down in a similar manner, consisting of intensive and extensive properties. A physical property is one that can be determined without changing the identity of the substance, and intensive properties can be determined regardless of the amount of matter of the substance present. Malleability is classified as a property of matter, along with ductility and conductivity.

===What is Malleability?===
Malleability is one such intensive property of matter. Malleability is the ability for something, generally metals, to be molded or deformed into another shape. Often considered to simply be the ability for a metal to be hammered into thin sheets, malleability is actually a material's ability to deform under pressure of a force pushing on it, in other words, a compressive force. Malleability certainly also has a close relationship with an object's hardness, which is defined as a material's resistance to being indented. Harder objects are considered less malleable. Knowing this aids in measuring malleability, as detailed below.

===How Does it Work?===
Malleability in metals is due to metallic bonds which are characterized by a mobile "electron sea". The electrons are able to move around and allow the metal atoms to adjust back and forth, past other atoms if a force is applied to them. The atoms in a metal are packed tightly, fitting as many as possible in the metal's respective space/volume, creating layers of atoms side by side, sometimes aligning. Areas where atoms align are called "crystal grains".

A metal is more likely to break at the grain boundaries (the point where crystal grains meet), so metals with a higher grain boundary count and larger grain boundaries is considered less malleable. The actual deformation of a metal occurs when pressure/stress are put on the object, causing the atoms to roll over one another and permanently settle in a different place.

The amount the atoms move is dependent upon two key factors: the temperature and the strength of the metallic bonds. Having weak metallic bonds means that there is less energy required to move the relative positions of the atoms and therefore means the material will have a higher malleability. Likewise, a metal or alloy with a stronger metallic bond needs more energy to change its atom's alignment. Temperature affects the malleability of a material by regulating the crystalline structure of the atoms. In most metals, the heat makes the structure of the atoms more regular which softens the metal and makes it more malleable.

===Malleability and Ductility===
It is important to keep in mind that malleability is not the same as ductility. These two physical properties of metals, although similar, have a few distinct differences. Ductility is the ability of a material to stretch under tensile stress, a force acting away from the object. Malleability, on the other hand, is a metal's ability to deform under compressive stress, a force acting towards the center of the object. The key difference here, is tensile versus compressive stress. Some exceptional materials, such as copper, have both good ductility and good malleability.

===Measuring Malleability===
Malleability is not typically or easily measured with quantitative values. We determine a metal's malleability by testing how much stress it can take before breaking, and additionally testing whether a metal can be rolled into a sheet (some metals can be flattened into thinner sheets than others). Both malleability and ductility can be tested at the same time by bending a rod of the material of discussion until it cracks at the place of bend. Cracks on the outside of the rod indicates how ductile the material is, because that area of the material is being stretched as the rod bends. Cracks on the inside of the bend indicate the material's malleability, because that area is being compressed as the rod is bent.

[[File:MalleabilityDuctilityTest.gif]]

Because there is no definitive method or unit for measuring malleability, oftentimes metals are simply compared to each other to create a scale of malleability, as detailed in the Examples section below. However, since malleability is so closely connected with a metal's hardness, material scientists look to hardness tests, such as the Rockwell Test, to predict a metal's malleability. See the section below on the Rockwell Test for additional information.

===Measuring Hardness with the Rockwell Test===
The Rockwell Test is debateably the most common test to measure how "hard" a material is - that is, how resistant to indentation it is. Since hardness is not a physical property of materials, just a characteristic, it is not formally used to determine a material's malleability or ductility. However, in the material science world, the Rockwell Test is a great indicator to whether or not a material could be malleable, since the act of indentation is a form of compressive stress. The Rockwell Test is conducted as follows:

1. A preload (preliminary test force) is applied to the sample metal using a diamond indenter, because diamonds are the hardest material we know of. This indentation is known as the reference position.

2. Then, the major load, or main load force, is applied to the metal. This force is made sure to be applied for a certain amount of time in case a certain metal is highly elastic and the indentation does not remain permanent (the Rockwell Test is testing for permanent indentation of a metal).

3. The hardness level is obtained by calculating the difference in position of the preload and the major load, and then converting the number to a value on the Rockwell Scale.

==Examples==

===Scale of Malleability===
Since there is no universal quantitative way of measuring a material's malleability, it is determined based on comparison to other like materials. View the list below for a scale of malleability (from most malleable to least) among common alloys and metals:

[[File:PhysicalPropertyScales.jpg]]

===Products and Common Use===

While malleability can be considered to some extent with everything you see everyday, one of the most common everyday uses of malleability is with aluminum foil. Whether for a science project or for leftovers from dinner, the ability to crumple up or change the shape of aluminum foil is quite convenient. Pottery and horseshoes are also common examples of malleability put to work.

[[File:AluminumFoil.jpg|200px|thumb|center|Aluminum Foil]]

Additionally, materials with high malleability, such as gold, can be used for dental fillings, creating electronic components for computers and cell phones, jewelry, and decoration. Since gold is the most malleable material in existence and can be flattened into sheets as thin as a few atoms thick, gold leaf is commonly used for decoration of important monuments, statues, government buildings, and royal homes. Examples in history include much of the gold decor in King Louis XIV's Palace of Versailles, as well as the gold leaf dome on the Georgia State Capitol building.

[[File:Versailles_Queen%27s_Chamber.jpg|325px|thumb|left|The Queen's chamber in the Palace of Versailles, decorated heavily in gold leaf]][[File:Georgia-state-capitol.jpg|400px|thumb|center|Georgia State Capitol building]]

===Industrial Applications===

The property of malleability is utilized in industrial applications through processes such as forging, drop-stamping, and hot-rolling. These and many other processes allow different metals to be worked and formed into all sorts of useful items. Steel-girder bridges, one of the most common types of modern bridges used, are an interesting application of this property. The steel grid helps support the concrete deck that serves as the walkway or roadway surface. The supporting structure of the bridge consists mainly of the steel holding up the deck. Without malleability, the beams used for these types of bridges wouldn't be able to be forged and stamped, nor would they be able to withstand the compression that the load on the bridge itself causes.

[[File:GirderBridge3.jpg|200px|thumb|left|Girder Bridge]]

==History==

Derived from the Medieval Latin word, malleābilis (almost directly meaning "hammer-able"), malleability has been understood and utilized for centuries for a variety of things. Such uses range from the molding of clay for pottery to the forging of swords and armor in Medieval times, and even to the production of steel beams used in the construction of modern bridges. The modern era of chemistry and physics, however, has allowed a more controlled use of this intensive property of matter in industrial applications.

== See also ==
Ductility and Conductivity
===External links and Further Reading===

http://metals.about.com/od/metallurgy/a/Malleability.htm

http://www.boeingconsult.com/tafe/structures/struct1/Stress-strain/stress-strain.HTM
==References==

http://chemwiki.ucdavis.edu/Analytical_Chemistry/Chemical_Reactions/Properties_of_Matter

http://study.com/academy/lesson/malleability-in-chemistry-definition-examples-quiz.html

http://www.123rf.com/photo_9518153_close-up-of-aa-aluminum-foil-on-white-background-with-clipping-path.html

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Girder_bridge
[[Category:Properties of Matter]]

http://www.chemguide.co.uk/atoms/structures/metals.html

https://www.thebalance.com/malleability-2340002

http://www.tpub.com/steelworker1/2.htm

http://www.technologystudent.com/joints/conduct1.html

http://www.hardnesstesters.com/Applications/Rockwell-Hardness-Testing.aspx

Malleability

2016-11-27T20:25:23Z

Mmurrell6: /* References */

This page covers one of the intensive properties of matter: Malleability

'''Claimed by Marguerite Murrell (Fall 2016)
'''
==The Main Idea==

===A Property of Matter===
Properties of matter can be broken down into two distinct categories: physical and chemical. The physical category can also be broken down in a similar manner, consisting of intensive and extensive properties. A physical property is one that can be determined without changing the identity of the substance, and intensive properties can be determined regardless of the amount of matter of the substance present. Malleability is classified as a property of matter, along with ductility and conductivity.

===What is Malleability?===
Malleability is one such intensive property of matter. Malleability is the ability for something, generally metals, to be molded or deformed into another shape. Often considered to simply be the ability for a metal to be hammered into thin sheets, malleability is actually a material's ability to deform under pressure of a force pushing on it, in other words, a compressive force. Malleability certainly also has a close relationship with an object's hardness, which is defined as a material's resistance to being indented. Harder objects are considered less malleable. Knowing this aids in measuring malleability, as detailed below.

===How Does it Work?===
Malleability in metals is due to metallic bonds which are characterized by a mobile "electron sea". The electrons are able to move around and allow the metal atoms to adjust back and forth, past other atoms if a force is applied to them. The atoms in a metal are packed tightly, fitting as many as possible in the metal's respective space/volume, creating layers of atoms side by side, sometimes aligning. Areas where atoms align are called "crystal grains".

A metal is more likely to break at the grain boundaries (the point where crystal grains meet), so metals with a higher grain boundary count and larger grain boundaries is considered less malleable. The actual deformation of a metal occurs when pressure/stress are put on the object, causing the atoms to roll over one another and permanently settle in a different place.

The amount the atoms move is dependent upon two key factors: the temperature and the strength of the metallic bonds. Having weak metallic bonds means that there is less energy required to move the relative positions of the atoms and therefore means the material will have a higher malleability. Likewise, a metal or alloy with a stronger metallic bond needs more energy to change its atom's alignment. Temperature affects the malleability of a material by regulating the crystalline structure of the atoms. In most metals, the heat makes the structure of the atoms more regular which softens the metal and makes it more malleable.

===Malleability and Ductility===
It is important to keep in mind that malleability is not the same as ductility. These two physical properties of metals, although similar, have a few distinct differences. Ductility is the ability of a material to stretch under tensile stress, a force acting away from the object. Malleability, on the other hand, is a metal's ability to deform under compressive stress, a force acting towards the center of the object. The key difference here, is tensile versus compressive stress. Some exceptional materials, such as copper, have both good ductility and good malleability.

===Measuring Malleability===
Malleability is not typically or easily measured with quantitative values. We determine a metal's malleability by testing how much stress it can take before breaking, and additionally testing whether a metal can be rolled into a sheet (some metals can be flattened into thinner sheets than others). Both malleability and ductility can be tested at the same time by bending a rod of the material of discussion until it cracks at the place of bend. Cracks on the outside of the rod indicates how ductile the material is, because that area of the material is being stretched as the rod bends. Cracks on the inside of the bend indicate the material's malleability, because that area is being compressed as the rod is bent.

[[File:MalleabilityDuctilityTest.gif]]

Because there is no definitive method or unit for measuring malleability, oftentimes metals are simply compared to each other to create a scale of malleability, as detailed in the Examples section below. However, since malleability is so closely connected with a metal's hardness, material scientists look to hardness tests, such as the Rockwell Test, to predict a metal's malleability. See the section below on the Rockwell Test for additional information.

==Examples==

===Scale of Malleability===
Since there is no universal quantitative way of measuring a material's malleability, it is determined based on comparison to other like materials. View the list below for a scale of malleability (from most malleable to least) among common alloys and metals:

[[File:PhysicalPropertyScales.jpg]]

===Products and Common Use===

While malleability can be considered to some extent with everything you see everyday, one of the most common everyday uses of malleability is with aluminum foil. Whether for a science project or for leftovers from dinner, the ability to crumple up or change the shape of aluminum foil is quite convenient. Pottery and horseshoes are also common examples of malleability put to work.

[[File:AluminumFoil.jpg|200px|thumb|center|Aluminum Foil]]

Additionally, materials with high malleability, such as gold, can be used for dental fillings, creating electronic components for computers and cell phones, jewelry, and decoration. Since gold is the most malleable material in existence and can be flattened into sheets as thin as a few atoms thick, gold leaf is commonly used for decoration of important monuments, statues, government buildings, and royal homes. Examples in history include much of the gold decor in King Louis XIV's Palace of Versailles, as well as the gold leaf dome on the Georgia State Capitol building.

[[File:Versailles_Queen%27s_Chamber.jpg|325px|thumb|left|The Queen's chamber in the Palace of Versailles, decorated heavily in gold leaf]][[File:Georgia-state-capitol.jpg|400px|thumb|center|Georgia State Capitol building]]

===Industrial Applications===

The property of malleability is utilized in industrial applications through processes such as forging, drop-stamping, and hot-rolling. These and many other processes allow different metals to be worked and formed into all sorts of useful items. Steel-girder bridges, one of the most common types of modern bridges used, are an interesting application of this property. The steel grid helps support the concrete deck that serves as the walkway or roadway surface. The supporting structure of the bridge consists mainly of the steel holding up the deck. Without malleability, the beams used for these types of bridges wouldn't be able to be forged and stamped, nor would they be able to withstand the compression that the load on the bridge itself causes.

[[File:GirderBridge3.jpg|200px|thumb|left|Girder Bridge]]

==History==

Derived from the Medieval Latin word, malleābilis (almost directly meaning "hammer-able"), malleability has been understood and utilized for centuries for a variety of things. Such uses range from the molding of clay for pottery to the forging of swords and armor in Medieval times, and even to the production of steel beams used in the construction of modern bridges. The modern era of chemistry and physics, however, has allowed a more controlled use of this intensive property of matter in industrial applications.

== See also ==
Ductility and Conductivity
===External links and Further Reading===

http://metals.about.com/od/metallurgy/a/Malleability.htm

http://www.boeingconsult.com/tafe/structures/struct1/Stress-strain/stress-strain.HTM
==References==

http://chemwiki.ucdavis.edu/Analytical_Chemistry/Chemical_Reactions/Properties_of_Matter

http://study.com/academy/lesson/malleability-in-chemistry-definition-examples-quiz.html

http://www.123rf.com/photo_9518153_close-up-of-aa-aluminum-foil-on-white-background-with-clipping-path.html

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Girder_bridge
[[Category:Properties of Matter]]

http://www.chemguide.co.uk/atoms/structures/metals.html

https://www.thebalance.com/malleability-2340002

http://www.tpub.com/steelworker1/2.htm

http://www.technologystudent.com/joints/conduct1.html

http://www.hardnesstesters.com/Applications/Rockwell-Hardness-Testing.aspx

Malleability

2016-11-27T20:24:43Z

Mmurrell6: /* References */

This page covers one of the intensive properties of matter: Malleability

'''Claimed by Marguerite Murrell (Fall 2016)
'''
==The Main Idea==

===A Property of Matter===
Properties of matter can be broken down into two distinct categories: physical and chemical. The physical category can also be broken down in a similar manner, consisting of intensive and extensive properties. A physical property is one that can be determined without changing the identity of the substance, and intensive properties can be determined regardless of the amount of matter of the substance present. Malleability is classified as a property of matter, along with ductility and conductivity.

===What is Malleability?===
Malleability is one such intensive property of matter. Malleability is the ability for something, generally metals, to be molded or deformed into another shape. Often considered to simply be the ability for a metal to be hammered into thin sheets, malleability is actually a material's ability to deform under pressure of a force pushing on it, in other words, a compressive force. Malleability certainly also has a close relationship with an object's hardness, which is defined as a material's resistance to being indented. Harder objects are considered less malleable. Knowing this aids in measuring malleability, as detailed below.

===How Does it Work?===
Malleability in metals is due to metallic bonds which are characterized by a mobile "electron sea". The electrons are able to move around and allow the metal atoms to adjust back and forth, past other atoms if a force is applied to them. The atoms in a metal are packed tightly, fitting as many as possible in the metal's respective space/volume, creating layers of atoms side by side, sometimes aligning. Areas where atoms align are called "crystal grains".

A metal is more likely to break at the grain boundaries (the point where crystal grains meet), so metals with a higher grain boundary count and larger grain boundaries is considered less malleable. The actual deformation of a metal occurs when pressure/stress are put on the object, causing the atoms to roll over one another and permanently settle in a different place.

The amount the atoms move is dependent upon two key factors: the temperature and the strength of the metallic bonds. Having weak metallic bonds means that there is less energy required to move the relative positions of the atoms and therefore means the material will have a higher malleability. Likewise, a metal or alloy with a stronger metallic bond needs more energy to change its atom's alignment. Temperature affects the malleability of a material by regulating the crystalline structure of the atoms. In most metals, the heat makes the structure of the atoms more regular which softens the metal and makes it more malleable.

===Malleability and Ductility===
It is important to keep in mind that malleability is not the same as ductility. These two physical properties of metals, although similar, have a few distinct differences. Ductility is the ability of a material to stretch under tensile stress, a force acting away from the object. Malleability, on the other hand, is a metal's ability to deform under compressive stress, a force acting towards the center of the object. The key difference here, is tensile versus compressive stress. Some exceptional materials, such as copper, have both good ductility and good malleability.

===Measuring Malleability===
Malleability is not typically or easily measured with quantitative values. We determine a metal's malleability by testing how much stress it can take before breaking, and additionally testing whether a metal can be rolled into a sheet (some metals can be flattened into thinner sheets than others). Both malleability and ductility can be tested at the same time by bending a rod of the material of discussion until it cracks at the place of bend. Cracks on the outside of the rod indicates how ductile the material is, because that area of the material is being stretched as the rod bends. Cracks on the inside of the bend indicate the material's malleability, because that area is being compressed as the rod is bent.

[[File:MalleabilityDuctilityTest.gif]]

Because there is no definitive method or unit for measuring malleability, oftentimes metals are simply compared to each other to create a scale of malleability, as detailed in the Examples section below. However, since malleability is so closely connected with a metal's hardness, material scientists look to hardness tests, such as the Rockwell Test, to predict a metal's malleability. See the section below on the Rockwell Test for additional information.

==Examples==

===Scale of Malleability===
Since there is no universal quantitative way of measuring a material's malleability, it is determined based on comparison to other like materials. View the list below for a scale of malleability (from most malleable to least) among common alloys and metals:

[[File:PhysicalPropertyScales.jpg]]

===Products and Common Use===

While malleability can be considered to some extent with everything you see everyday, one of the most common everyday uses of malleability is with aluminum foil. Whether for a science project or for leftovers from dinner, the ability to crumple up or change the shape of aluminum foil is quite convenient. Pottery and horseshoes are also common examples of malleability put to work.

[[File:AluminumFoil.jpg|200px|thumb|center|Aluminum Foil]]

Additionally, materials with high malleability, such as gold, can be used for dental fillings, creating electronic components for computers and cell phones, jewelry, and decoration. Since gold is the most malleable material in existence and can be flattened into sheets as thin as a few atoms thick, gold leaf is commonly used for decoration of important monuments, statues, government buildings, and royal homes. Examples in history include much of the gold decor in King Louis XIV's Palace of Versailles, as well as the gold leaf dome on the Georgia State Capitol building.

[[File:Versailles_Queen%27s_Chamber.jpg|325px|thumb|left|The Queen's chamber in the Palace of Versailles, decorated heavily in gold leaf]][[File:Georgia-state-capitol.jpg|400px|thumb|center|Georgia State Capitol building]]

===Industrial Applications===

The property of malleability is utilized in industrial applications through processes such as forging, drop-stamping, and hot-rolling. These and many other processes allow different metals to be worked and formed into all sorts of useful items. Steel-girder bridges, one of the most common types of modern bridges used, are an interesting application of this property. The steel grid helps support the concrete deck that serves as the walkway or roadway surface. The supporting structure of the bridge consists mainly of the steel holding up the deck. Without malleability, the beams used for these types of bridges wouldn't be able to be forged and stamped, nor would they be able to withstand the compression that the load on the bridge itself causes.

[[File:GirderBridge3.jpg|200px|thumb|left|Girder Bridge]]

==History==

Derived from the Medieval Latin word, malleābilis (almost directly meaning "hammer-able"), malleability has been understood and utilized for centuries for a variety of things. Such uses range from the molding of clay for pottery to the forging of swords and armor in Medieval times, and even to the production of steel beams used in the construction of modern bridges. The modern era of chemistry and physics, however, has allowed a more controlled use of this intensive property of matter in industrial applications.

== See also ==
Ductility and Conductivity
===External links and Further Reading===

http://metals.about.com/od/metallurgy/a/Malleability.htm

http://www.boeingconsult.com/tafe/structures/struct1/Stress-strain/stress-strain.HTM
==References==

http://chemwiki.ucdavis.edu/Analytical_Chemistry/Chemical_Reactions/Properties_of_Matter

http://study.com/academy/lesson/malleability-in-chemistry-definition-examples-quiz.html

http://www.123rf.com/photo_9518153_close-up-of-aa-aluminum-foil-on-white-background-with-clipping-path.html

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Girder_bridge
[[Category:Properties of Matter]]

http://www.chemguide.co.uk/atoms/structures/metals.html

https://www.thebalance.com/malleability-2340002

http://www.tpub.com/steelworker1/2.htm

http://www.technologystudent.com/joints/conduct1.html

Malleability

2016-11-27T20:24:03Z

Mmurrell6: /* Measuring Malleability */

This page covers one of the intensive properties of matter: Malleability

'''Claimed by Marguerite Murrell (Fall 2016)
'''
==The Main Idea==

===A Property of Matter===
Properties of matter can be broken down into two distinct categories: physical and chemical. The physical category can also be broken down in a similar manner, consisting of intensive and extensive properties. A physical property is one that can be determined without changing the identity of the substance, and intensive properties can be determined regardless of the amount of matter of the substance present. Malleability is classified as a property of matter, along with ductility and conductivity.

===What is Malleability?===
Malleability is one such intensive property of matter. Malleability is the ability for something, generally metals, to be molded or deformed into another shape. Often considered to simply be the ability for a metal to be hammered into thin sheets, malleability is actually a material's ability to deform under pressure of a force pushing on it, in other words, a compressive force. Malleability certainly also has a close relationship with an object's hardness, which is defined as a material's resistance to being indented. Harder objects are considered less malleable. Knowing this aids in measuring malleability, as detailed below.

===How Does it Work?===
Malleability in metals is due to metallic bonds which are characterized by a mobile "electron sea". The electrons are able to move around and allow the metal atoms to adjust back and forth, past other atoms if a force is applied to them. The atoms in a metal are packed tightly, fitting as many as possible in the metal's respective space/volume, creating layers of atoms side by side, sometimes aligning. Areas where atoms align are called "crystal grains".

A metal is more likely to break at the grain boundaries (the point where crystal grains meet), so metals with a higher grain boundary count and larger grain boundaries is considered less malleable. The actual deformation of a metal occurs when pressure/stress are put on the object, causing the atoms to roll over one another and permanently settle in a different place.

The amount the atoms move is dependent upon two key factors: the temperature and the strength of the metallic bonds. Having weak metallic bonds means that there is less energy required to move the relative positions of the atoms and therefore means the material will have a higher malleability. Likewise, a metal or alloy with a stronger metallic bond needs more energy to change its atom's alignment. Temperature affects the malleability of a material by regulating the crystalline structure of the atoms. In most metals, the heat makes the structure of the atoms more regular which softens the metal and makes it more malleable.

===Malleability and Ductility===
It is important to keep in mind that malleability is not the same as ductility. These two physical properties of metals, although similar, have a few distinct differences. Ductility is the ability of a material to stretch under tensile stress, a force acting away from the object. Malleability, on the other hand, is a metal's ability to deform under compressive stress, a force acting towards the center of the object. The key difference here, is tensile versus compressive stress. Some exceptional materials, such as copper, have both good ductility and good malleability.

===Measuring Malleability===
Malleability is not typically or easily measured with quantitative values. We determine a metal's malleability by testing how much stress it can take before breaking, and additionally testing whether a metal can be rolled into a sheet (some metals can be flattened into thinner sheets than others). Both malleability and ductility can be tested at the same time by bending a rod of the material of discussion until it cracks at the place of bend. Cracks on the outside of the rod indicates how ductile the material is, because that area of the material is being stretched as the rod bends. Cracks on the inside of the bend indicate the material's malleability, because that area is being compressed as the rod is bent.

[[File:MalleabilityDuctilityTest.gif]]

Because there is no definitive method or unit for measuring malleability, oftentimes metals are simply compared to each other to create a scale of malleability, as detailed in the Examples section below. However, since malleability is so closely connected with a metal's hardness, material scientists look to hardness tests, such as the Rockwell Test, to predict a metal's malleability. See the section below on the Rockwell Test for additional information.

==Examples==

===Scale of Malleability===
Since there is no universal quantitative way of measuring a material's malleability, it is determined based on comparison to other like materials. View the list below for a scale of malleability (from most malleable to least) among common alloys and metals:

[[File:PhysicalPropertyScales.jpg]]

===Products and Common Use===

While malleability can be considered to some extent with everything you see everyday, one of the most common everyday uses of malleability is with aluminum foil. Whether for a science project or for leftovers from dinner, the ability to crumple up or change the shape of aluminum foil is quite convenient. Pottery and horseshoes are also common examples of malleability put to work.

[[File:AluminumFoil.jpg|200px|thumb|center|Aluminum Foil]]

Additionally, materials with high malleability, such as gold, can be used for dental fillings, creating electronic components for computers and cell phones, jewelry, and decoration. Since gold is the most malleable material in existence and can be flattened into sheets as thin as a few atoms thick, gold leaf is commonly used for decoration of important monuments, statues, government buildings, and royal homes. Examples in history include much of the gold decor in King Louis XIV's Palace of Versailles, as well as the gold leaf dome on the Georgia State Capitol building.

[[File:Versailles_Queen%27s_Chamber.jpg|325px|thumb|left|The Queen's chamber in the Palace of Versailles, decorated heavily in gold leaf]][[File:Georgia-state-capitol.jpg|400px|thumb|center|Georgia State Capitol building]]

===Industrial Applications===

The property of malleability is utilized in industrial applications through processes such as forging, drop-stamping, and hot-rolling. These and many other processes allow different metals to be worked and formed into all sorts of useful items. Steel-girder bridges, one of the most common types of modern bridges used, are an interesting application of this property. The steel grid helps support the concrete deck that serves as the walkway or roadway surface. The supporting structure of the bridge consists mainly of the steel holding up the deck. Without malleability, the beams used for these types of bridges wouldn't be able to be forged and stamped, nor would they be able to withstand the compression that the load on the bridge itself causes.

[[File:GirderBridge3.jpg|200px|thumb|left|Girder Bridge]]

==History==

Derived from the Medieval Latin word, malleābilis (almost directly meaning "hammer-able"), malleability has been understood and utilized for centuries for a variety of things. Such uses range from the molding of clay for pottery to the forging of swords and armor in Medieval times, and even to the production of steel beams used in the construction of modern bridges. The modern era of chemistry and physics, however, has allowed a more controlled use of this intensive property of matter in industrial applications.

== See also ==
Ductility and Conductivity
===External links and Further Reading===

http://metals.about.com/od/metallurgy/a/Malleability.htm

http://www.boeingconsult.com/tafe/structures/struct1/Stress-strain/stress-strain.HTM
==References==

http://chemwiki.ucdavis.edu/Analytical_Chemistry/Chemical_Reactions/Properties_of_Matter

http://study.com/academy/lesson/malleability-in-chemistry-definition-examples-quiz.html

http://www.123rf.com/photo_9518153_close-up-of-aa-aluminum-foil-on-white-background-with-clipping-path.html

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Girder_bridge
[[Category:Properties of Matter]]

http://www.chemguide.co.uk/atoms/structures/metals.html

https://www.thebalance.com/malleability-2340002

http://www.tpub.com/steelworker1/2.htm

Malleability

2016-11-27T20:16:30Z

Mmurrell6: /* References */

This page covers one of the intensive properties of matter: Malleability

'''Claimed by Marguerite Murrell (Fall 2016)
'''
==The Main Idea==

===A Property of Matter===
Properties of matter can be broken down into two distinct categories: physical and chemical. The physical category can also be broken down in a similar manner, consisting of intensive and extensive properties. A physical property is one that can be determined without changing the identity of the substance, and intensive properties can be determined regardless of the amount of matter of the substance present. Malleability is classified as a property of matter, along with ductility and conductivity.

===What is Malleability?===
Malleability is one such intensive property of matter. Malleability is the ability for something, generally metals, to be molded or deformed into another shape. Often considered to simply be the ability for a metal to be hammered into thin sheets, malleability is actually a material's ability to deform under pressure of a force pushing on it, in other words, a compressive force. Malleability certainly also has a close relationship with an object's hardness, which is defined as a material's resistance to being indented. Harder objects are considered less malleable. Knowing this aids in measuring malleability, as detailed below.

===How Does it Work?===
Malleability in metals is due to metallic bonds which are characterized by a mobile "electron sea". The electrons are able to move around and allow the metal atoms to adjust back and forth, past other atoms if a force is applied to them. The atoms in a metal are packed tightly, fitting as many as possible in the metal's respective space/volume, creating layers of atoms side by side, sometimes aligning. Areas where atoms align are called "crystal grains".

A metal is more likely to break at the grain boundaries (the point where crystal grains meet), so metals with a higher grain boundary count and larger grain boundaries is considered less malleable. The actual deformation of a metal occurs when pressure/stress are put on the object, causing the atoms to roll over one another and permanently settle in a different place.

The amount the atoms move is dependent upon two key factors: the temperature and the strength of the metallic bonds. Having weak metallic bonds means that there is less energy required to move the relative positions of the atoms and therefore means the material will have a higher malleability. Likewise, a metal or alloy with a stronger metallic bond needs more energy to change its atom's alignment. Temperature affects the malleability of a material by regulating the crystalline structure of the atoms. In most metals, the heat makes the structure of the atoms more regular which softens the metal and makes it more malleable.

===Malleability and Ductility===
It is important to keep in mind that malleability is not the same as ductility. These two physical properties of metals, although similar, have a few distinct differences. Ductility is the ability of a material to stretch under tensile stress, a force acting away from the object. Malleability, on the other hand, is a metal's ability to deform under compressive stress, a force acting towards the center of the object. The key difference here, is tensile versus compressive stress. Some exceptional materials, such as copper, have both good ductility and good malleability.

===Measuring Malleability===
Malleability is not typically or easily measured with quantitative values. We determine a metal's malleability by testing how much stress it can take before breaking, and additionally testing whether a metal can be rolled into a sheet (some metals can be flattened into thinner sheets than others). Both malleability and ductility can be tested at the same time by bending a rod of the material of discussion until it cracks at the place of bend. Cracks on the outside of the rod indicates how ductile the material is, because that area of the material is being stretched as the rod bends. Cracks on the inside of the bend indicate the material's malleability, because that area is being compressed as the rod is bent.

[[File:MalleabilityDuctilityTest.gif]]

Because there is no definitive method or unit for measuring malleability, oftentimes metals are simply compared to each other to create a scale of malleability, as detailed in the Examples section.

Since malleability is so closely connected with a metal's hardness, material scientists look to hardness tests, such as the Rockwell Test, to predict a metal's malleability. See the section below on the Rockwell Test for additional information.

==Examples==

===Scale of Malleability===
Since there is no universal quantitative way of measuring a material's malleability, it is determined based on comparison to other like materials. View the list below for a scale of malleability (from most malleable to least) among common alloys and metals:

[[File:PhysicalPropertyScales.jpg]]

===Products and Common Use===

While malleability can be considered to some extent with everything you see everyday, one of the most common everyday uses of malleability is with aluminum foil. Whether for a science project or for leftovers from dinner, the ability to crumple up or change the shape of aluminum foil is quite convenient. Pottery and horseshoes are also common examples of malleability put to work.

[[File:AluminumFoil.jpg|200px|thumb|center|Aluminum Foil]]

Additionally, materials with high malleability, such as gold, can be used for dental fillings, creating electronic components for computers and cell phones, jewelry, and decoration. Since gold is the most malleable material in existence and can be flattened into sheets as thin as a few atoms thick, gold leaf is commonly used for decoration of important monuments, statues, government buildings, and royal homes. Examples in history include much of the gold decor in King Louis XIV's Palace of Versailles, as well as the gold leaf dome on the Georgia State Capitol building.

[[File:Versailles_Queen%27s_Chamber.jpg|325px|thumb|left|The Queen's chamber in the Palace of Versailles, decorated heavily in gold leaf]][[File:Georgia-state-capitol.jpg|400px|thumb|center|Georgia State Capitol building]]

===Industrial Applications===

The property of malleability is utilized in industrial applications through processes such as forging, drop-stamping, and hot-rolling. These and many other processes allow different metals to be worked and formed into all sorts of useful items. Steel-girder bridges, one of the most common types of modern bridges used, are an interesting application of this property. The steel grid helps support the concrete deck that serves as the walkway or roadway surface. The supporting structure of the bridge consists mainly of the steel holding up the deck. Without malleability, the beams used for these types of bridges wouldn't be able to be forged and stamped, nor would they be able to withstand the compression that the load on the bridge itself causes.

[[File:GirderBridge3.jpg|200px|thumb|left|Girder Bridge]]

==History==

Derived from the Medieval Latin word, malleābilis (almost directly meaning "hammer-able"), malleability has been understood and utilized for centuries for a variety of things. Such uses range from the molding of clay for pottery to the forging of swords and armor in Medieval times, and even to the production of steel beams used in the construction of modern bridges. The modern era of chemistry and physics, however, has allowed a more controlled use of this intensive property of matter in industrial applications.

== See also ==
Ductility and Conductivity
===External links and Further Reading===

http://metals.about.com/od/metallurgy/a/Malleability.htm

http://www.boeingconsult.com/tafe/structures/struct1/Stress-strain/stress-strain.HTM
==References==

http://chemwiki.ucdavis.edu/Analytical_Chemistry/Chemical_Reactions/Properties_of_Matter

http://study.com/academy/lesson/malleability-in-chemistry-definition-examples-quiz.html

http://www.123rf.com/photo_9518153_close-up-of-aa-aluminum-foil-on-white-background-with-clipping-path.html

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Girder_bridge
[[Category:Properties of Matter]]

http://www.chemguide.co.uk/atoms/structures/metals.html

https://www.thebalance.com/malleability-2340002

http://www.tpub.com/steelworker1/2.htm

Malleability

2016-11-27T20:14:01Z

Mmurrell6: /* Measuring Malleability */

This page covers one of the intensive properties of matter: Malleability

'''Claimed by Marguerite Murrell (Fall 2016)
'''
==The Main Idea==

===A Property of Matter===
Properties of matter can be broken down into two distinct categories: physical and chemical. The physical category can also be broken down in a similar manner, consisting of intensive and extensive properties. A physical property is one that can be determined without changing the identity of the substance, and intensive properties can be determined regardless of the amount of matter of the substance present. Malleability is classified as a property of matter, along with ductility and conductivity.

===What is Malleability?===
Malleability is one such intensive property of matter. Malleability is the ability for something, generally metals, to be molded or deformed into another shape. Often considered to simply be the ability for a metal to be hammered into thin sheets, malleability is actually a material's ability to deform under pressure of a force pushing on it, in other words, a compressive force. Malleability certainly also has a close relationship with an object's hardness, which is defined as a material's resistance to being indented. Harder objects are considered less malleable. Knowing this aids in measuring malleability, as detailed below.

===How Does it Work?===
Malleability in metals is due to metallic bonds which are characterized by a mobile "electron sea". The electrons are able to move around and allow the metal atoms to adjust back and forth, past other atoms if a force is applied to them. The atoms in a metal are packed tightly, fitting as many as possible in the metal's respective space/volume, creating layers of atoms side by side, sometimes aligning. Areas where atoms align are called "crystal grains".

A metal is more likely to break at the grain boundaries (the point where crystal grains meet), so metals with a higher grain boundary count and larger grain boundaries is considered less malleable. The actual deformation of a metal occurs when pressure/stress are put on the object, causing the atoms to roll over one another and permanently settle in a different place.

The amount the atoms move is dependent upon two key factors: the temperature and the strength of the metallic bonds. Having weak metallic bonds means that there is less energy required to move the relative positions of the atoms and therefore means the material will have a higher malleability. Likewise, a metal or alloy with a stronger metallic bond needs more energy to change its atom's alignment. Temperature affects the malleability of a material by regulating the crystalline structure of the atoms. In most metals, the heat makes the structure of the atoms more regular which softens the metal and makes it more malleable.

===Malleability and Ductility===
It is important to keep in mind that malleability is not the same as ductility. These two physical properties of metals, although similar, have a few distinct differences. Ductility is the ability of a material to stretch under tensile stress, a force acting away from the object. Malleability, on the other hand, is a metal's ability to deform under compressive stress, a force acting towards the center of the object. The key difference here, is tensile versus compressive stress. Some exceptional materials, such as copper, have both good ductility and good malleability.

===Measuring Malleability===
Malleability is not typically or easily measured with quantitative values. We determine a metal's malleability by testing how much stress it can take before breaking, and additionally testing whether a metal can be rolled into a sheet (some metals can be flattened into thinner sheets than others). Both malleability and ductility can be tested at the same time by bending a rod of the material of discussion until it cracks at the place of bend. Cracks on the outside of the rod indicates how ductile the material is, because that area of the material is being stretched as the rod bends. Cracks on the inside of the bend indicate the material's malleability, because that area is being compressed as the rod is bent.

[[File:MalleabilityDuctilityTest.gif]]

Because there is no definitive method or unit for measuring malleability, oftentimes metals are simply compared to each other to create a scale of malleability, as detailed in the Examples section.

Since malleability is so closely connected with a metal's hardness, material scientists look to hardness tests, such as the Rockwell Test, to predict a metal's malleability. See the section below on the Rockwell Test for additional information.

==Examples==

===Scale of Malleability===
Since there is no universal quantitative way of measuring a material's malleability, it is determined based on comparison to other like materials. View the list below for a scale of malleability (from most malleable to least) among common alloys and metals:

[[File:PhysicalPropertyScales.jpg]]

===Products and Common Use===

While malleability can be considered to some extent with everything you see everyday, one of the most common everyday uses of malleability is with aluminum foil. Whether for a science project or for leftovers from dinner, the ability to crumple up or change the shape of aluminum foil is quite convenient. Pottery and horseshoes are also common examples of malleability put to work.

[[File:AluminumFoil.jpg|200px|thumb|center|Aluminum Foil]]

Additionally, materials with high malleability, such as gold, can be used for dental fillings, creating electronic components for computers and cell phones, jewelry, and decoration. Since gold is the most malleable material in existence and can be flattened into sheets as thin as a few atoms thick, gold leaf is commonly used for decoration of important monuments, statues, government buildings, and royal homes. Examples in history include much of the gold decor in King Louis XIV's Palace of Versailles, as well as the gold leaf dome on the Georgia State Capitol building.

[[File:Versailles_Queen%27s_Chamber.jpg|325px|thumb|left|The Queen's chamber in the Palace of Versailles, decorated heavily in gold leaf]][[File:Georgia-state-capitol.jpg|400px|thumb|center|Georgia State Capitol building]]

===Industrial Applications===

The property of malleability is utilized in industrial applications through processes such as forging, drop-stamping, and hot-rolling. These and many other processes allow different metals to be worked and formed into all sorts of useful items. Steel-girder bridges, one of the most common types of modern bridges used, are an interesting application of this property. The steel grid helps support the concrete deck that serves as the walkway or roadway surface. The supporting structure of the bridge consists mainly of the steel holding up the deck. Without malleability, the beams used for these types of bridges wouldn't be able to be forged and stamped, nor would they be able to withstand the compression that the load on the bridge itself causes.

[[File:GirderBridge3.jpg|200px|thumb|left|Girder Bridge]]

==History==

Derived from the Medieval Latin word, malleābilis (almost directly meaning "hammer-able"), malleability has been understood and utilized for centuries for a variety of things. Such uses range from the molding of clay for pottery to the forging of swords and armor in Medieval times, and even to the production of steel beams used in the construction of modern bridges. The modern era of chemistry and physics, however, has allowed a more controlled use of this intensive property of matter in industrial applications.

== See also ==
Ductility and Conductivity
===External links and Further Reading===

http://metals.about.com/od/metallurgy/a/Malleability.htm

http://www.boeingconsult.com/tafe/structures/struct1/Stress-strain/stress-strain.HTM
==References==

http://chemwiki.ucdavis.edu/Analytical_Chemistry/Chemical_Reactions/Properties_of_Matter

http://study.com/academy/lesson/malleability-in-chemistry-definition-examples-quiz.html

http://www.123rf.com/photo_9518153_close-up-of-aa-aluminum-foil-on-white-background-with-clipping-path.html

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Girder_bridge
[[Category:Properties of Matter]]

http://www.chemguide.co.uk/atoms/structures/metals.html

https://www.thebalance.com/malleability-2340002

Malleability

2016-11-27T20:12:43Z

Mmurrell6: /* Scale of Malleability */

This page covers one of the intensive properties of matter: Malleability

'''Claimed by Marguerite Murrell (Fall 2016)
'''
==The Main Idea==

===A Property of Matter===
Properties of matter can be broken down into two distinct categories: physical and chemical. The physical category can also be broken down in a similar manner, consisting of intensive and extensive properties. A physical property is one that can be determined without changing the identity of the substance, and intensive properties can be determined regardless of the amount of matter of the substance present. Malleability is classified as a property of matter, along with ductility and conductivity.

===What is Malleability?===
Malleability is one such intensive property of matter. Malleability is the ability for something, generally metals, to be molded or deformed into another shape. Often considered to simply be the ability for a metal to be hammered into thin sheets, malleability is actually a material's ability to deform under pressure of a force pushing on it, in other words, a compressive force. Malleability certainly also has a close relationship with an object's hardness, which is defined as a material's resistance to being indented. Harder objects are considered less malleable. Knowing this aids in measuring malleability, as detailed below.

===How Does it Work?===
Malleability in metals is due to metallic bonds which are characterized by a mobile "electron sea". The electrons are able to move around and allow the metal atoms to adjust back and forth, past other atoms if a force is applied to them. The atoms in a metal are packed tightly, fitting as many as possible in the metal's respective space/volume, creating layers of atoms side by side, sometimes aligning. Areas where atoms align are called "crystal grains".

A metal is more likely to break at the grain boundaries (the point where crystal grains meet), so metals with a higher grain boundary count and larger grain boundaries is considered less malleable. The actual deformation of a metal occurs when pressure/stress are put on the object, causing the atoms to roll over one another and permanently settle in a different place.

The amount the atoms move is dependent upon two key factors: the temperature and the strength of the metallic bonds. Having weak metallic bonds means that there is less energy required to move the relative positions of the atoms and therefore means the material will have a higher malleability. Likewise, a metal or alloy with a stronger metallic bond needs more energy to change its atom's alignment. Temperature affects the malleability of a material by regulating the crystalline structure of the atoms. In most metals, the heat makes the structure of the atoms more regular which softens the metal and makes it more malleable.

===Malleability and Ductility===
It is important to keep in mind that malleability is not the same as ductility. These two physical properties of metals, although similar, have a few distinct differences. Ductility is the ability of a material to stretch under tensile stress, a force acting away from the object. Malleability, on the other hand, is a metal's ability to deform under compressive stress, a force acting towards the center of the object. The key difference here, is tensile versus compressive stress. Some exceptional materials, such as copper, have both good ductility and good malleability.

===Measuring Malleability===
Malleability is not typically or easily measured with quantitative values. We determine a metal's malleability by testing how much stress it can take before breaking, and additionally testing whether a metal can be rolled into a sheet (some metals can be flattened into thinner sheets than others). Both malleability and ductility can be tested at the same time by bending a rod of the material of discussion until it cracks at the place of bend. Cracks on the outside of the rod indicates how ductile the material is, because that area of the material is being stretched as the rod bends. Cracks on the inside of the bend indicate the material's malleability, because that area is being compressed as the rod is bent.

Because there is no definitive method or unit for measuring malleability, oftentimes metals are simply compared to each other to create a scale of malleability, as detailed below.

Since malleability is so closely connected with a metal's hardness, material scientists look to hardness tests, such as the Rockwell Test, to predict a metal's malleability. See the section below on the Rockwell Test for additional information.

==Examples==

===Scale of Malleability===
Since there is no universal quantitative way of measuring a material's malleability, it is determined based on comparison to other like materials. View the list below for a scale of malleability (from most malleable to least) among common alloys and metals:

[[File:PhysicalPropertyScales.jpg]]

===Products and Common Use===

While malleability can be considered to some extent with everything you see everyday, one of the most common everyday uses of malleability is with aluminum foil. Whether for a science project or for leftovers from dinner, the ability to crumple up or change the shape of aluminum foil is quite convenient. Pottery and horseshoes are also common examples of malleability put to work.

[[File:AluminumFoil.jpg|200px|thumb|center|Aluminum Foil]]

Additionally, materials with high malleability, such as gold, can be used for dental fillings, creating electronic components for computers and cell phones, jewelry, and decoration. Since gold is the most malleable material in existence and can be flattened into sheets as thin as a few atoms thick, gold leaf is commonly used for decoration of important monuments, statues, government buildings, and royal homes. Examples in history include much of the gold decor in King Louis XIV's Palace of Versailles, as well as the gold leaf dome on the Georgia State Capitol building.

[[File:Versailles_Queen%27s_Chamber.jpg|325px|thumb|left|The Queen's chamber in the Palace of Versailles, decorated heavily in gold leaf]][[File:Georgia-state-capitol.jpg|400px|thumb|center|Georgia State Capitol building]]

===Industrial Applications===

The property of malleability is utilized in industrial applications through processes such as forging, drop-stamping, and hot-rolling. These and many other processes allow different metals to be worked and formed into all sorts of useful items. Steel-girder bridges, one of the most common types of modern bridges used, are an interesting application of this property. The steel grid helps support the concrete deck that serves as the walkway or roadway surface. The supporting structure of the bridge consists mainly of the steel holding up the deck. Without malleability, the beams used for these types of bridges wouldn't be able to be forged and stamped, nor would they be able to withstand the compression that the load on the bridge itself causes.

[[File:GirderBridge3.jpg|200px|thumb|left|Girder Bridge]]

==History==

Derived from the Medieval Latin word, malleābilis (almost directly meaning "hammer-able"), malleability has been understood and utilized for centuries for a variety of things. Such uses range from the molding of clay for pottery to the forging of swords and armor in Medieval times, and even to the production of steel beams used in the construction of modern bridges. The modern era of chemistry and physics, however, has allowed a more controlled use of this intensive property of matter in industrial applications.

== See also ==
Ductility and Conductivity
===External links and Further Reading===

http://metals.about.com/od/metallurgy/a/Malleability.htm

http://www.boeingconsult.com/tafe/structures/struct1/Stress-strain/stress-strain.HTM
==References==

http://chemwiki.ucdavis.edu/Analytical_Chemistry/Chemical_Reactions/Properties_of_Matter

http://study.com/academy/lesson/malleability-in-chemistry-definition-examples-quiz.html

http://www.123rf.com/photo_9518153_close-up-of-aa-aluminum-foil-on-white-background-with-clipping-path.html

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Girder_bridge
[[Category:Properties of Matter]]

http://www.chemguide.co.uk/atoms/structures/metals.html

https://www.thebalance.com/malleability-2340002

Malleability

2016-11-27T20:12:24Z

Mmurrell6: /* Scale of Malleability */

This page covers one of the intensive properties of matter: Malleability

'''Claimed by Marguerite Murrell (Fall 2016)
'''
==The Main Idea==

===A Property of Matter===
Properties of matter can be broken down into two distinct categories: physical and chemical. The physical category can also be broken down in a similar manner, consisting of intensive and extensive properties. A physical property is one that can be determined without changing the identity of the substance, and intensive properties can be determined regardless of the amount of matter of the substance present. Malleability is classified as a property of matter, along with ductility and conductivity.

===What is Malleability?===
Malleability is one such intensive property of matter. Malleability is the ability for something, generally metals, to be molded or deformed into another shape. Often considered to simply be the ability for a metal to be hammered into thin sheets, malleability is actually a material's ability to deform under pressure of a force pushing on it, in other words, a compressive force. Malleability certainly also has a close relationship with an object's hardness, which is defined as a material's resistance to being indented. Harder objects are considered less malleable. Knowing this aids in measuring malleability, as detailed below.

===How Does it Work?===
Malleability in metals is due to metallic bonds which are characterized by a mobile "electron sea". The electrons are able to move around and allow the metal atoms to adjust back and forth, past other atoms if a force is applied to them. The atoms in a metal are packed tightly, fitting as many as possible in the metal's respective space/volume, creating layers of atoms side by side, sometimes aligning. Areas where atoms align are called "crystal grains".

A metal is more likely to break at the grain boundaries (the point where crystal grains meet), so metals with a higher grain boundary count and larger grain boundaries is considered less malleable. The actual deformation of a metal occurs when pressure/stress are put on the object, causing the atoms to roll over one another and permanently settle in a different place.

The amount the atoms move is dependent upon two key factors: the temperature and the strength of the metallic bonds. Having weak metallic bonds means that there is less energy required to move the relative positions of the atoms and therefore means the material will have a higher malleability. Likewise, a metal or alloy with a stronger metallic bond needs more energy to change its atom's alignment. Temperature affects the malleability of a material by regulating the crystalline structure of the atoms. In most metals, the heat makes the structure of the atoms more regular which softens the metal and makes it more malleable.

===Malleability and Ductility===
It is important to keep in mind that malleability is not the same as ductility. These two physical properties of metals, although similar, have a few distinct differences. Ductility is the ability of a material to stretch under tensile stress, a force acting away from the object. Malleability, on the other hand, is a metal's ability to deform under compressive stress, a force acting towards the center of the object. The key difference here, is tensile versus compressive stress. Some exceptional materials, such as copper, have both good ductility and good malleability.

===Measuring Malleability===
Malleability is not typically or easily measured with quantitative values. We determine a metal's malleability by testing how much stress it can take before breaking, and additionally testing whether a metal can be rolled into a sheet (some metals can be flattened into thinner sheets than others). Both malleability and ductility can be tested at the same time by bending a rod of the material of discussion until it cracks at the place of bend. Cracks on the outside of the rod indicates how ductile the material is, because that area of the material is being stretched as the rod bends. Cracks on the inside of the bend indicate the material's malleability, because that area is being compressed as the rod is bent.

Because there is no definitive method or unit for measuring malleability, oftentimes metals are simply compared to each other to create a scale of malleability, as detailed below.

Since malleability is so closely connected with a metal's hardness, material scientists look to hardness tests, such as the Rockwell Test, to predict a metal's malleability. See the section below on the Rockwell Test for additional information.

==Examples==

===Scale of Malleability===
Since there is no universal quantitative way of measuring a material's malleability, it is determined based on comparison to other like materials. View the list below for a scale of malleability (from most malleable to least) among common alloys and metals:

Gold
Silver
Aluminum
Copper
Tin
Lead
Zinc
Iron

[[File:PhysicalPropertyScales.jpg]]

===Products and Common Use===

While malleability can be considered to some extent with everything you see everyday, one of the most common everyday uses of malleability is with aluminum foil. Whether for a science project or for leftovers from dinner, the ability to crumple up or change the shape of aluminum foil is quite convenient. Pottery and horseshoes are also common examples of malleability put to work.

[[File:AluminumFoil.jpg|200px|thumb|center|Aluminum Foil]]

Additionally, materials with high malleability, such as gold, can be used for dental fillings, creating electronic components for computers and cell phones, jewelry, and decoration. Since gold is the most malleable material in existence and can be flattened into sheets as thin as a few atoms thick, gold leaf is commonly used for decoration of important monuments, statues, government buildings, and royal homes. Examples in history include much of the gold decor in King Louis XIV's Palace of Versailles, as well as the gold leaf dome on the Georgia State Capitol building.

[[File:Versailles_Queen%27s_Chamber.jpg|325px|thumb|left|The Queen's chamber in the Palace of Versailles, decorated heavily in gold leaf]][[File:Georgia-state-capitol.jpg|400px|thumb|center|Georgia State Capitol building]]

===Industrial Applications===

The property of malleability is utilized in industrial applications through processes such as forging, drop-stamping, and hot-rolling. These and many other processes allow different metals to be worked and formed into all sorts of useful items. Steel-girder bridges, one of the most common types of modern bridges used, are an interesting application of this property. The steel grid helps support the concrete deck that serves as the walkway or roadway surface. The supporting structure of the bridge consists mainly of the steel holding up the deck. Without malleability, the beams used for these types of bridges wouldn't be able to be forged and stamped, nor would they be able to withstand the compression that the load on the bridge itself causes.

[[File:GirderBridge3.jpg|200px|thumb|left|Girder Bridge]]

==History==

Derived from the Medieval Latin word, malleābilis (almost directly meaning "hammer-able"), malleability has been understood and utilized for centuries for a variety of things. Such uses range from the molding of clay for pottery to the forging of swords and armor in Medieval times, and even to the production of steel beams used in the construction of modern bridges. The modern era of chemistry and physics, however, has allowed a more controlled use of this intensive property of matter in industrial applications.

== See also ==
Ductility and Conductivity
===External links and Further Reading===

http://metals.about.com/od/metallurgy/a/Malleability.htm

http://www.boeingconsult.com/tafe/structures/struct1/Stress-strain/stress-strain.HTM
==References==

http://chemwiki.ucdavis.edu/Analytical_Chemistry/Chemical_Reactions/Properties_of_Matter

http://study.com/academy/lesson/malleability-in-chemistry-definition-examples-quiz.html

http://www.123rf.com/photo_9518153_close-up-of-aa-aluminum-foil-on-white-background-with-clipping-path.html

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Girder_bridge
[[Category:Properties of Matter]]

http://www.chemguide.co.uk/atoms/structures/metals.html

https://www.thebalance.com/malleability-2340002

File:PhysicalPropertyScales.jpg

2016-11-27T20:11:13Z

Mmurrell6: Scale of multiple physical properties of materials (mostly metals)

Scale of multiple physical properties of materials (mostly metals)

Malleability

2016-11-27T20:08:41Z

Mmurrell6: /* Examples */

This page covers one of the intensive properties of matter: Malleability

'''Claimed by Marguerite Murrell (Fall 2016)
'''
==The Main Idea==

===A Property of Matter===
Properties of matter can be broken down into two distinct categories: physical and chemical. The physical category can also be broken down in a similar manner, consisting of intensive and extensive properties. A physical property is one that can be determined without changing the identity of the substance, and intensive properties can be determined regardless of the amount of matter of the substance present. Malleability is classified as a property of matter, along with ductility and conductivity.

===What is Malleability?===
Malleability is one such intensive property of matter. Malleability is the ability for something, generally metals, to be molded or deformed into another shape. Often considered to simply be the ability for a metal to be hammered into thin sheets, malleability is actually a material's ability to deform under pressure of a force pushing on it, in other words, a compressive force. Malleability certainly also has a close relationship with an object's hardness, which is defined as a material's resistance to being indented. Harder objects are considered less malleable. Knowing this aids in measuring malleability, as detailed below.

===How Does it Work?===
Malleability in metals is due to metallic bonds which are characterized by a mobile "electron sea". The electrons are able to move around and allow the metal atoms to adjust back and forth, past other atoms if a force is applied to them. The atoms in a metal are packed tightly, fitting as many as possible in the metal's respective space/volume, creating layers of atoms side by side, sometimes aligning. Areas where atoms align are called "crystal grains".

A metal is more likely to break at the grain boundaries (the point where crystal grains meet), so metals with a higher grain boundary count and larger grain boundaries is considered less malleable. The actual deformation of a metal occurs when pressure/stress are put on the object, causing the atoms to roll over one another and permanently settle in a different place.

The amount the atoms move is dependent upon two key factors: the temperature and the strength of the metallic bonds. Having weak metallic bonds means that there is less energy required to move the relative positions of the atoms and therefore means the material will have a higher malleability. Likewise, a metal or alloy with a stronger metallic bond needs more energy to change its atom's alignment. Temperature affects the malleability of a material by regulating the crystalline structure of the atoms. In most metals, the heat makes the structure of the atoms more regular which softens the metal and makes it more malleable.

===Malleability and Ductility===
It is important to keep in mind that malleability is not the same as ductility. These two physical properties of metals, although similar, have a few distinct differences. Ductility is the ability of a material to stretch under tensile stress, a force acting away from the object. Malleability, on the other hand, is a metal's ability to deform under compressive stress, a force acting towards the center of the object. The key difference here, is tensile versus compressive stress. Some exceptional materials, such as copper, have both good ductility and good malleability.

===Measuring Malleability===
Malleability is not typically or easily measured with quantitative values. We determine a metal's malleability by testing how much stress it can take before breaking, and additionally testing whether a metal can be rolled into a sheet (some metals can be flattened into thinner sheets than others). Both malleability and ductility can be tested at the same time by bending a rod of the material of discussion until it cracks at the place of bend. Cracks on the outside of the rod indicates how ductile the material is, because that area of the material is being stretched as the rod bends. Cracks on the inside of the bend indicate the material's malleability, because that area is being compressed as the rod is bent.

Because there is no definitive method or unit for measuring malleability, oftentimes metals are simply compared to each other to create a scale of malleability, as detailed below.

Since malleability is so closely connected with a metal's hardness, material scientists look to hardness tests, such as the Rockwell Test, to predict a metal's malleability. See the section below on the Rockwell Test for additional information.

==Examples==

===Scale of Malleability===
Since there is no universal quantitative way of measuring a material's malleability, it is determined based on comparison to other like materials. View the list below for a scale of malleability among common alloys and metals:

[[File:PhysicalPropertyScales.jpg]]

===Products and Common Use===

While malleability can be considered to some extent with everything you see everyday, one of the most common everyday uses of malleability is with aluminum foil. Whether for a science project or for leftovers from dinner, the ability to crumple up or change the shape of aluminum foil is quite convenient. Pottery and horseshoes are also common examples of malleability put to work.

[[File:AluminumFoil.jpg|200px|thumb|center|Aluminum Foil]]

Additionally, materials with high malleability, such as gold, can be used for dental fillings, creating electronic components for computers and cell phones, jewelry, and decoration. Since gold is the most malleable material in existence and can be flattened into sheets as thin as a few atoms thick, gold leaf is commonly used for decoration of important monuments, statues, government buildings, and royal homes. Examples in history include much of the gold decor in King Louis XIV's Palace of Versailles, as well as the gold leaf dome on the Georgia State Capitol building.

[[File:Versailles_Queen%27s_Chamber.jpg|325px|thumb|left|The Queen's chamber in the Palace of Versailles, decorated heavily in gold leaf]][[File:Georgia-state-capitol.jpg|400px|thumb|center|Georgia State Capitol building]]

===Industrial Applications===

The property of malleability is utilized in industrial applications through processes such as forging, drop-stamping, and hot-rolling. These and many other processes allow different metals to be worked and formed into all sorts of useful items. Steel-girder bridges, one of the most common types of modern bridges used, are an interesting application of this property. The steel grid helps support the concrete deck that serves as the walkway or roadway surface. The supporting structure of the bridge consists mainly of the steel holding up the deck. Without malleability, the beams used for these types of bridges wouldn't be able to be forged and stamped, nor would they be able to withstand the compression that the load on the bridge itself causes.

[[File:GirderBridge3.jpg|200px|thumb|left|Girder Bridge]]

==History==

Derived from the Medieval Latin word, malleābilis (almost directly meaning "hammer-able"), malleability has been understood and utilized for centuries for a variety of things. Such uses range from the molding of clay for pottery to the forging of swords and armor in Medieval times, and even to the production of steel beams used in the construction of modern bridges. The modern era of chemistry and physics, however, has allowed a more controlled use of this intensive property of matter in industrial applications.

== See also ==
Ductility and Conductivity
===External links and Further Reading===

http://metals.about.com/od/metallurgy/a/Malleability.htm

http://www.boeingconsult.com/tafe/structures/struct1/Stress-strain/stress-strain.HTM
==References==

http://chemwiki.ucdavis.edu/Analytical_Chemistry/Chemical_Reactions/Properties_of_Matter

http://study.com/academy/lesson/malleability-in-chemistry-definition-examples-quiz.html

http://www.123rf.com/photo_9518153_close-up-of-aa-aluminum-foil-on-white-background-with-clipping-path.html

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Girder_bridge
[[Category:Properties of Matter]]

http://www.chemguide.co.uk/atoms/structures/metals.html

https://www.thebalance.com/malleability-2340002

Malleability

2016-11-27T20:02:48Z

Mmurrell6: /* Examples */

This page covers one of the intensive properties of matter: Malleability

'''Claimed by Marguerite Murrell (Fall 2016)
'''
==The Main Idea==

===A Property of Matter===
Properties of matter can be broken down into two distinct categories: physical and chemical. The physical category can also be broken down in a similar manner, consisting of intensive and extensive properties. A physical property is one that can be determined without changing the identity of the substance, and intensive properties can be determined regardless of the amount of matter of the substance present. Malleability is classified as a property of matter, along with ductility and conductivity.

===What is Malleability?===
Malleability is one such intensive property of matter. Malleability is the ability for something, generally metals, to be molded or deformed into another shape. Often considered to simply be the ability for a metal to be hammered into thin sheets, malleability is actually a material's ability to deform under pressure of a force pushing on it, in other words, a compressive force. Malleability certainly also has a close relationship with an object's hardness, which is defined as a material's resistance to being indented. Harder objects are considered less malleable. Knowing this aids in measuring malleability, as detailed below.

===How Does it Work?===
Malleability in metals is due to metallic bonds which are characterized by a mobile "electron sea". The electrons are able to move around and allow the metal atoms to adjust back and forth, past other atoms if a force is applied to them. The atoms in a metal are packed tightly, fitting as many as possible in the metal's respective space/volume, creating layers of atoms side by side, sometimes aligning. Areas where atoms align are called "crystal grains".

A metal is more likely to break at the grain boundaries (the point where crystal grains meet), so metals with a higher grain boundary count and larger grain boundaries is considered less malleable. The actual deformation of a metal occurs when pressure/stress are put on the object, causing the atoms to roll over one another and permanently settle in a different place.

The amount the atoms move is dependent upon two key factors: the temperature and the strength of the metallic bonds. Having weak metallic bonds means that there is less energy required to move the relative positions of the atoms and therefore means the material will have a higher malleability. Likewise, a metal or alloy with a stronger metallic bond needs more energy to change its atom's alignment. Temperature affects the malleability of a material by regulating the crystalline structure of the atoms. In most metals, the heat makes the structure of the atoms more regular which softens the metal and makes it more malleable.

===Malleability and Ductility===
It is important to keep in mind that malleability is not the same as ductility. These two physical properties of metals, although similar, have a few distinct differences. Ductility is the ability of a material to stretch under tensile stress, a force acting away from the object. Malleability, on the other hand, is a metal's ability to deform under compressive stress, a force acting towards the center of the object. The key difference here, is tensile versus compressive stress. Some exceptional materials, such as copper, have both good ductility and good malleability.

===Measuring Malleability===
Malleability is not typically or easily measured with quantitative values. We determine a metal's malleability by testing how much stress it can take before breaking, and additionally testing whether a metal can be rolled into a sheet (some metals can be flattened into thinner sheets than others). Both malleability and ductility can be tested at the same time by bending a rod of the material of discussion until it cracks at the place of bend. Cracks on the outside of the rod indicates how ductile the material is, because that area of the material is being stretched as the rod bends. Cracks on the inside of the bend indicate the material's malleability, because that area is being compressed as the rod is bent.

Because there is no definitive method or unit for measuring malleability, oftentimes metals are simply compared to each other to create a scale of malleability, as detailed below.

Since malleability is so closely connected with a metal's hardness, material scientists look to hardness tests, such as the Rockwell Test, to predict a metal's malleability. See the section below on the Rockwell Test for additional information.

==Examples==

===Scale of Malleability===
Since there is no universal quantitative way of measuring a material's malleability, it is determined based on comparison to other like materials. View the list below for a scale of malleability among common alloys and metals:

[[File:PhysicalPropertyScales.jpg]]

===Products and Common Use===

While malleability can be considered to some extent with everything you see everyday, one of the most common everyday uses of malleability is with aluminum foil. Whether for a science project or for leftovers from dinner, the ability to crumple up or change the shape of aluminum foil is quite convenient. Pottery and horseshoes are also common examples of malleability put to work.

[[File:AluminumFoil.jpg|200px|thumb|left|Aluminum Foil]]

Additionally, materials with high malleability, such as gold, can be used for dental fillings, creating electronic components for computers and cell phones, jewelry, and decoration. Since gold is the most malleable material in existence and can be flattened into sheets as thin as a few atoms thick, gold leaf is commonly used for decoration of important monuments, statues, government buildings, and royal homes. Examples in history include much of the gold decor in King Louis XIV's Palace of Versailles, as well as the gold leaf dome on the Georgia State Capitol building.

[[File:Versailles_Queen%27s_Chamber.jpg|200px|thumb|left|The Queen's chamber in the Palace of Versailles, decorated heavily in gold leaf]]
[[File:Georgia-state-capitol.jpg|200px|thumb|right|Georgia State Capitol building]]

===Industrial Applications===

The property of malleability is utilized in industrial applications through processes such as forging, drop-stamping, and hot-rolling. These and many other processes allow different metals to be worked and formed into all sorts of useful items. Steel-girder bridges, one of the most common types of modern bridges used, are an interesting application of this property. The steel grid helps support the concrete deck that serves as the walkway or roadway surface. The supporting structure of the bridge consists mainly of the steel holding up the deck. Without malleability, the beams used for these types of bridges wouldn't be able to be forged and stamped, nor would they be able to withstand the compression that the load on the bridge itself causes.

[[File:GirderBridge3.jpg|200px|thumb|left|Girder Bridge]]

==History==

Derived from the Medieval Latin word, malleābilis (almost directly meaning "hammer-able"), malleability has been understood and utilized for centuries for a variety of things. Such uses range from the molding of clay for pottery to the forging of swords and armor in Medieval times, and even to the production of steel beams used in the construction of modern bridges. The modern era of chemistry and physics, however, has allowed a more controlled use of this intensive property of matter in industrial applications.

== See also ==
Ductility and Conductivity
===External links and Further Reading===

http://metals.about.com/od/metallurgy/a/Malleability.htm

http://www.boeingconsult.com/tafe/structures/struct1/Stress-strain/stress-strain.HTM
==References==

http://chemwiki.ucdavis.edu/Analytical_Chemistry/Chemical_Reactions/Properties_of_Matter

http://study.com/academy/lesson/malleability-in-chemistry-definition-examples-quiz.html

http://www.123rf.com/photo_9518153_close-up-of-aa-aluminum-foil-on-white-background-with-clipping-path.html

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Girder_bridge
[[Category:Properties of Matter]]

http://www.chemguide.co.uk/atoms/structures/metals.html

https://www.thebalance.com/malleability-2340002

Malleability

2016-11-27T19:49:55Z

Mmurrell6: /* Examples */

Malleability

2016-11-27T19:49:29Z

Mmurrell6: /* Common Uses */

Malleability

2016-11-27T19:35:16Z

Mmurrell6: /* Industrial Applications */

File:MalleabilityDuctilityTest.gif

2016-11-27T19:31:47Z

Mmurrell6: The bending of a rod to test breakage of a material, and subsequentley, its malleability and ductility.

The bending of a rod to test breakage of a material, and subsequentley, its malleability and ductility.

Malleability

2016-11-27T19:27:08Z

Mmurrell6: /* References */

Malleability

2016-11-27T19:25:19Z

Mmurrell6: /* The Main Idea */

File:CrystalGrain.gif

2016-11-27T18:51:27Z

Mmurrell6: Taken from http://www.chemguide.co.uk/atoms/structures/metals.html . An digital rendition of a crystal grain alignment of atoms in metal objects.

Taken from http://www.chemguide.co.uk/atoms/structures/metals.html .
An digital rendition of a crystal grain alignment of atoms in metal objects.

Malleability

2016-11-27T18:49:52Z

Mmurrell6: /* How Does it Work? */

Malleability

2016-11-27T18:40:28Z

Mmurrell6: /* The Main Idea */

Malleability

2016-11-27T18:15:48Z

Mmurrell6: /* How Does it Work? */

Malleability

2016-11-27T17:59:31Z

Mmurrell6:

VPython Animation

2016-11-27T17:58:40Z

Mmurrell6:

This page is established to aid students in understanding how their coding in VPython affects the animation, and how they can make changes to their codes to reflect what they want in VPython.

==The Basic Concept Behind VPython Animation==
What greatly differs VPython from ordinary Python is that through IDLE, the interactive development environment, and the use of "visual," one can animate any 3D object in real time. The key aspect to using animation in VPython is within the first two lines of starting code:

<code>
:from __future__ import division
:from visual import*
</code>

===Uses of Animation===
Through VPython animation, one can accomplish various goals. Whether it's modeling a 3D structure to observe how it would react in the real world under specific circumstances, or modeling concepts that are too small to see or reactions not visible to the naked eye - such as the reaction between 2 wires or a ball in a magnetic field.

==Methods to Changing Your Animation==

===Loops===
The most effective way to change your animation is through loops. Arrows, balls, squares, and other objects are all subject to animation within VPython. The easiest way to do so - updating the position within the while loop. By updating variables in loops - the position, direction, speed, acceleration, and many other variables can be updated - one can cause the appearance of movement.

By updating the position of the object, the animation begins. However, in order to update position to a more accurate degree, the position must account for any forces acting on the object - such as gravity, magnetic fields, friction, etc.

The following code is a section taken from PHYS 2212 Lab 6 where animation occurs
<code>
:while proton.x<5e-10:
::rate(100)

::r1=barrow1.pos-proton.pos
::rmag1=mag(r1)
::rhat1 = r1/rmag1

::r2=barrow2.pos-proton.pos
::rmag2=mag(r2)
::rhat2 = r2/rmag2

::r3=barrow3.pos-proton.pos
::rmag3=mag(r3)
::rhat3 = r3/rmag3

::r4=barrow4.pos-proton.pos
::rmag4=mag(r4)
::rhat4 = r4/rmag4

::B1=C*cross(velocity,rhat1)*q/(rmag1**2)
::B2=C*cross(velocity,rhat2)*q/(rmag2**2)
::B3=C*cross(velocity,rhat3)*q/(rmag3**2)
::B4=C*cross(velocity,rhat4)*q/(rmag4**2)

::barrow1.axis = B1*scalefactor
::barrow2.axis = B2*scalefactor
::barrow3.axis = B3*scalefactor
::barrow4.axis = B4*scalefactor
::proton.pos = proton.pos+velocity*deltat
</code>

Animation of antiproton in a Magnetic Field
[[File:Lab6_Arrows.gif|Animation of antiproton in a Magnetic Field]]

===Changing Rate===
Within any loop, one may establish a rate. This rate serves as the speed at which the animation is performed within VPython. The rate value indicates that the computer will calculate X times in one second. By increasing the rate, the animation appears to move faster. On the other hand, decreasing the rate makes the animation appear to move much slower. Sometimes, by changing the rate, you can look for specific reactions or movements in the animation.

===Example===
A particle moving through a magnetic field, taken from PHYS 2212 - Lab 9 Magnetic Force. By updating the rate, the animation can appear to be faster - while other aspects like the max time or updating velocity and position serve to move the ball within the magnetic field.

<code>
:from __future__ import division
:from visual import *
:
:B0 = vector(0,0.2,0)
:
:xmax = .4
:dx = .1
:yg = -.1
:
:for x in arange(-xmax, xmax+dx, dx):
::curve(pos=[(x,yg,-xmax),(x,yg,xmax)], color=(.7,.7,.7))
:for z in arange(-xmax, xmax+dx, dx):
::curve(pos=[(-xmax,yg,z),(xmax,yg,z)],color=(.7,.7,.7))
:bscale = 1
:for x in arange(-xmax, xmax+dx, 2*dx):
::for z in arange(-xmax, xmax+dx, 2*dx):
:::arrow(pos=(x,yg,z), axis=B0*bscale, color=(0,.8,.8))
:
:deltat = 1e-11
:t = 0
:particle = sphere(pos = vector(0,.15,.3), radius = 1e-6, color=color.cyan)
:velocity = vector(-2e6,2e4,0)
:q = -1.6e-19
:mass = 1.7e-27
:p = mass*velocity
:trail = curve(color = particle.color)
:while t<1.67e-6:
::rate(3000)
::x = q*velocity
::Fb = cross(x,B0)
::p = p + Fb*deltat
::velocity = p/mass
::particle.pos = particle.pos + velocity*deltat
::trail.append(pos=particle.pos)
::if particle.pos.x == 0:
::print (t)
::t=t+deltat
</code>

#Rate at (400)
[[File:MagField_Rate400.gif|2. Particle moving through a magnetic field, rate (400)]]
#Rate at (4000)
[[File:MagField_4000.gif|1. Particle moving through a magnetic field, rate (4000)]]
#Rate at (4000), Increased Y velocity
[[File:MagField_IncY.gif|3. Particle moving through a magnetic field, rate (4000), Y velocity increased]]

==Connectedness==
#How is this topic connected to something that you are interested in?
:: VPython itself is a very interesting language to work with coding wise. I originally learned coding through Java, and become more proficient through Matlab. Having done an animation project in Matlab, I was already intrigued by the different ways you can code something to perform to your desires. However, in Matlab, animation wasn't always the easiest goal to achieve. Thus, when we started using VPython, and the animation was very straight-forward and smooth, I immediately enjoyed experimenting with it.
#How is it connected to your major?
::I myself am a Materials Science and Engineering major, so there isn't much coding to be seen. However, if you are trying to see how a material will fail or the way it acts in certain situations, VPython is a good method to model what you are doing in 3D and to be actually be able to visualize your material.
#Is there an interesting industrial application?
::An interesting industrial application is the 3D modeling aspect. While yes, there are more advanced programs to aid in 3D modeling, VPython works as a basic understanding and would be more useful in classroom settings (such as PHYS 2211/2212) and for basic demonstrations.

==History==

Ever since VPython was first established animation has been a key aspect. However, over the past few decades, improvements have been made - ranging from higher efficiency through "shortcuts" and new commands to new objects and bug fixes. Over time, VPython has become easier to use and is seen more within schools and classes as a great learning program.

== See also ==
[http://www.physicsbook.gatech.edu/VPython VPython Intro]

[http://www.physicsbook.gatech.edu/VPython_basics VPython Basics]

==Further Reading==

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=cNdPqgNFeVk

==References==

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=cNdPqgNFeVk
http://vpython.org/contents/docs/

[[Category:VPython]]

VPython Animation

2016-11-21T17:42:39Z

Mmurrell6:

Claimed by Marguerite Murrell (Fall 2016)

This page is established to aid students in understanding how their coding in VPython affects the animation, and how they can make changes to their codes to reflect what they want in VPython.

==The Basic Concept Behind VPython Animation==
What greatly differs VPython from ordinary Python is that through IDLE, the interactive development environment, and the use of "visual," one can animate any 3D object in real time. The key aspect to using animation in VPython is within the first two lines of starting code:

<code>
:from __future__ import division
:from visual import*
</code>

===Uses of Animation===
Through VPython animation, one can accomplish various goals. Whether it's modeling a 3D structure to observe how it would react in the real world under specific circumstances, or modeling concepts that are too small to see or reactions not visible to the naked eye - such as the reaction between 2 wires or a ball in a magnetic field.

==Methods to Changing Your Animation==

===Loops===
The most effective way to change your animation is through loops. Arrows, balls, squares, and other objects are all subject to animation within VPython. The easiest way to do so - updating the position within the while loop. By updating variables in loops - the position, direction, speed, acceleration, and many other variables can be updated - one can cause the appearance of movement.

By updating the position of the object, the animation begins. However, in order to update position to a more accurate degree, the position must account for any forces acting on the object - such as gravity, magnetic fields, friction, etc.

The following code is a section taken from PHYS 2212 Lab 6 where animation occurs
<code>
:while proton.x<5e-10:
::rate(100)

::r1=barrow1.pos-proton.pos
::rmag1=mag(r1)
::rhat1 = r1/rmag1

::r2=barrow2.pos-proton.pos
::rmag2=mag(r2)
::rhat2 = r2/rmag2

::r3=barrow3.pos-proton.pos
::rmag3=mag(r3)
::rhat3 = r3/rmag3

::r4=barrow4.pos-proton.pos
::rmag4=mag(r4)
::rhat4 = r4/rmag4

::B1=C*cross(velocity,rhat1)*q/(rmag1**2)
::B2=C*cross(velocity,rhat2)*q/(rmag2**2)
::B3=C*cross(velocity,rhat3)*q/(rmag3**2)
::B4=C*cross(velocity,rhat4)*q/(rmag4**2)

::barrow1.axis = B1*scalefactor
::barrow2.axis = B2*scalefactor
::barrow3.axis = B3*scalefactor
::barrow4.axis = B4*scalefactor
::proton.pos = proton.pos+velocity*deltat
</code>

Animation of antiproton in a Magnetic Field
[[File:Lab6_Arrows.gif|Animation of antiproton in a Magnetic Field]]

===Changing Rate===
Within any loop, one may establish a rate. This rate serves as the speed at which the animation is performed within VPython. The rate value indicates that the computer will calculate X times in one second. By increasing the rate, the animation appears to move faster. On the other hand, decreasing the rate makes the animation appear to move much slower. Sometimes, by changing the rate, you can look for specific reactions or movements in the animation.

===Example===
A particle moving through a magnetic field, taken from PHYS 2212 - Lab 9 Magnetic Force. By updating the rate, the animation can appear to be faster - while other aspects like the max time or updating velocity and position serve to move the ball within the magnetic field.

<code>
:from __future__ import division
:from visual import *
:
:B0 = vector(0,0.2,0)
:
:xmax = .4
:dx = .1
:yg = -.1
:
:for x in arange(-xmax, xmax+dx, dx):
::curve(pos=[(x,yg,-xmax),(x,yg,xmax)], color=(.7,.7,.7))
:for z in arange(-xmax, xmax+dx, dx):
::curve(pos=[(-xmax,yg,z),(xmax,yg,z)],color=(.7,.7,.7))
:bscale = 1
:for x in arange(-xmax, xmax+dx, 2*dx):
::for z in arange(-xmax, xmax+dx, 2*dx):
:::arrow(pos=(x,yg,z), axis=B0*bscale, color=(0,.8,.8))
:
:deltat = 1e-11
:t = 0
:particle = sphere(pos = vector(0,.15,.3), radius = 1e-6, color=color.cyan)
:velocity = vector(-2e6,2e4,0)
:q = -1.6e-19
:mass = 1.7e-27
:p = mass*velocity
:trail = curve(color = particle.color)
:while t<1.67e-6:
::rate(3000)
::x = q*velocity
::Fb = cross(x,B0)
::p = p + Fb*deltat
::velocity = p/mass
::particle.pos = particle.pos + velocity*deltat
::trail.append(pos=particle.pos)
::if particle.pos.x == 0:
::print (t)
::t=t+deltat
</code>

#Rate at (400)
[[File:MagField_Rate400.gif|2. Particle moving through a magnetic field, rate (400)]]
#Rate at (4000)
[[File:MagField_4000.gif|1. Particle moving through a magnetic field, rate (4000)]]
#Rate at (4000), Increased Y velocity
[[File:MagField_IncY.gif|3. Particle moving through a magnetic field, rate (4000), Y velocity increased]]

==Connectedness==
#How is this topic connected to something that you are interested in?
:: VPython itself is a very interesting language to work with coding wise. I originally learned coding through Java, and become more proficient through Matlab. Having done an animation project in Matlab, I was already intrigued by the different ways you can code something to perform to your desires. However, in Matlab, animation wasn't always the easiest goal to achieve. Thus, when we started using VPython, and the animation was very straight-forward and smooth, I immediately enjoyed experimenting with it.
#How is it connected to your major?
::I myself am a Materials Science and Engineering major, so there isn't much coding to be seen. However, if you are trying to see how a material will fail or the way it acts in certain situations, VPython is a good method to model what you are doing in 3D and to be actually be able to visualize your material.
#Is there an interesting industrial application?
::An interesting industrial application is the 3D modeling aspect. While yes, there are more advanced programs to aid in 3D modeling, VPython works as a basic understanding and would be more useful in classroom settings (such as PHYS 2211/2212) and for basic demonstrations.

==History==

Ever since VPython was first established animation has been a key aspect. However, over the past few decades, improvements have been made - ranging from higher efficiency through "shortcuts" and new commands to new objects and bug fixes. Over time, VPython has become easier to use and is seen more within schools and classes as a great learning program.

== See also ==
[http://www.physicsbook.gatech.edu/VPython VPython Intro]

[http://www.physicsbook.gatech.edu/VPython_basics VPython Basics]

==Further Reading==

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=cNdPqgNFeVk

==References==

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=cNdPqgNFeVk
http://vpython.org/contents/docs/

[[Category:VPython]]