Physics Book - User contributions [en]

Electric Potential Energy

2026-04-12T21:32:10Z

Kanishka Kislaya:

== '''Kanishka Kislaya - Spring 2026''' ==
__TOC__

== Main Idea ==
Electric Potential Energy (<math>U_e</math>) is the energy stored within a system of charged objects as a result of their relative positions and the electrostatic forces they exert on one another. Much like gravitational potential energy depends on the distance between masses, electric potential energy depends on the distance between charges. However, unlike gravity the electric force can be either attractive or repulsive. This means that the total <math>U_e</math> can be either positive or negative. The magnitude of this energy is directly proportional to the product of the charges and inversely proportional to the separation distance between them.

Conceptually, potential energy represents the "potential" for the system to do work. If you hold two positive charges close together and release them, the stored electric potential energy is translated into kinetic energy as they fly apart.

A key convention in electrostatics is the "Zero Reference Point." We define the electric potential energy of a system to be zero when the charges are infinitely far apart (<math>r = \infty</math>). This makes sense intuitively: if two charges are on opposite sides of the universe, they aren't interacting, so they have no stored energy. As they move closer, the work done to move them—either by the field or by an external force—changes that energy value. For attractive opposite charges, the energy becomes more negative as they get closer (an "energy well"). For repulsive like charges, the energy becomes more positive (an "energy hill").

== Mathematical Model ==

=== General Form for Electric Potential Energy ===
For two point charges <math>q_1</math> and <math>q_2</math> separated by a distance <math>r</math>:
<math>U_e = k \frac{q_1 q_2}{r} = \frac{1}{4\pi\epsilon_0} \frac{q_1 q_2}{r}</math>
* <math>U_e</math>: Total electric potential energy, measured in Joules (<math>J</math>).
* <math>q_1, q_2</math>: The values of the two charges in Coulombs (<math>C</math>). Include the positive or negative signs of the charges in this calculation.
* <math>r</math>: The distance between the centers of the two charges in meters (<math>m</math>).
* <math>k</math>: Coulomb's constant (<math>\approx 8.99 \times 10^9 \text{ N}\cdot\text{m}^2/\text{C}^2</math>).

=== Electric Potential Energy Near a Charged Surface (Uniform Field) ===
When a charge <math>q</math> is moving in a uniform electric field <math>E</math> (like the constant field between two capacitor plates), the formula simplifies:
<math>U_e = qEd</math>
* <math>E</math>: The electric field strength (<math>\text{N/C}</math> or <math>\text{V/m}</math>).
* <math>d</math>: The displacement of the charge parallel to the field lines (<math>m</math>).
* This is the electrical equivalent of the gravitational formula <math>U_g = mgh</math>.

=== Relation to Electric Force (Calculus) ===
The potential energy is the negative integral of the internal conservative force over a displacement. By integrating Coulomb’s Law from a reference point at infinity to a distance <math>r</math>:
<math>U_e = -\int_{\infty}^{r} \vec{F}_e \cdot d\vec{r} = -\int_{\infty}^{r} \frac{k q_1 q_2}{r^2} dr = \frac{k q_1 q_2}{r}</math>

== Computational Model ==
To understand <math>U_e</math> computationally, we often use energy graphs to plot <math>U_e</math>, <math>K</math> (Kinetic Energy), and <math>E_{total}</math> vs. distance.

=== VPython Example ===
This script models an electron being fired at a fixed negative "target" charge. As it slows down due to repulsion, you can see the <math>K</math> decrease and <math>U_e</math> increase on a graph.

<pre>
# Objects and Constants
k = 9e9
target = sphere(pos=vector(0,0,0), q=-1e-6, color=color.red)
electron = sphere(pos=vector(0.5,0,0), q=-1.6e-19, m=9.1e-31, color=color.blue)
electron.p = vector(-1e-23, 0, 0) # Initial momentum toward target

# Graphs
energy_graph = gdisplay(xtitle="Distance (m)", ytitle="Energy (J)")
U_plot = gcurve(color=color.blue, label="Ue")
K_plot = gcurve(color=color.yellow, label="K")
Total_plot = gcurve(color=color.green, label="Total E")

dt = 1e-15
while electron.pos.x > 0.01:
rate(1000)
# Physics Calculations
r_vec = electron.pos - target.pos
r_mag = mag(r_vec)
Force = (k * target.q * electron.q / r_mag**2) * norm(r_vec)

electron.p = electron.p + Force * dt
electron.pos = electron.pos + (electron.p / electron.m) * dt

# Energy Calculations
Ue = k * target.q * electron.q / r_mag
K = mag(electron.p)**2 / (2 * electron.m)

# Plotting
U_plot.plot(pos=(r_mag, Ue))
K_plot.plot(pos=(r_mag, K))
Total_plot.plot(pos=(r_mag, Ue + K))
</pre>

== Guide on Solving Problems ==
The principle of '''Conservation of Energy''' is the most effective way to solve <math>U_e</math> problems:
<center><math>K_i + U_{ei} + W_{ext} = K_f + U_{ef}</math></center>

# '''Draw a Diagram:''' Label the initial and final positions of all charges.
# '''Define the System:''' Usually, the system includes all interacting charges so that the internal work is accounted for as potential energy.
# '''Identify Energy Types:''' Determine if the charge is moving in a uniform field (<math>qEd</math>) or toward a point charge (<math>kqQ/r</math>).
# '''Solve for the Unknown:''' This is usually the final velocity (<math>v_f</math>) or the distance of closest approach (<math>r_{min}</math>).

== Examples ==

=== Simple ===
'''Question:''' How much work is required to bring a <math>+2 \mu C</math> point charge from very far away to a distance of <math>0.1 \text{ m}</math> from a fixed <math>+4 \mu C</math> charge?
* '''Solution:''' Since <math>W = \Delta U_e</math> and <math>U_{initial} = 0</math>:
: <math>U_e = \frac{(9 \times 10^9)(2 \times 10^{-6})(4 \times 10^{-6})}{0.1}</math>
: <math>U_e = 0.72 \text{ Joules}</math>.

=== Medium ===
'''Question:''' A proton is released from rest at a distance of <math>1 \times 10^{-10} \text{ m}</math> from another fixed proton. What is the speed of the moving proton when it has reached a distance of <math>1 \times 10^{-9} \text{ m}</math>?
* '''Solution:''' Using <math>K_i + U_{ei} = K_f + U_{ef}</math>:
: <math>0 + \frac{k q^2}{r_i} = \frac{1}{2}m v^2 + \frac{k q^2}{r_f}</math>
: <math>v = \sqrt{\frac{2kq^2}{m} \left( \frac{1}{r_i} - \frac{1}{r_f} \right)}</math>
: Plugging in <math>q = 1.6 \times 10^{-19} \text{ C}</math> and <math>m = 1.67 \times 10^{-27} \text{ kg}</math> gives <math>v \approx 1.57 \times 10^5 \text{ m/s}</math>.

=== Hard ===
'''Question:''' An alpha particle (<math>q=2e, m=6.64 \times 10^{-27} \text{ kg}</math>) is fired with a velocity of <math>2 \times 10^7 \text{ m/s}</math> directly at a gold nucleus (<math>q=79e</math>). What is the distance of closest approach?
* '''Solution:''' At the closest point, <math>v_f = 0</math>, so all initial kinetic energy has become potential energy.
: <math>K_i + U_{ei} = U_{ef}</math> (Assume <math>U_{ei} \approx 0</math> if starting from far away)
: <math>\frac{1}{2}m v^2 = \frac{k(2e)(79e)}{r_{min}}</math>
: <math>r_{min} = \frac{2k(2e)(79e)}{mv^2} \approx 2.74 \times 10^{-14} \text{ m}</math>.

== Connectedness ==
In industrial engineering and chemistry, Electric Potential Energy is the primary driver of reaction kinetics. The "Activation Energy" required for a chemical reaction is often the energy needed to overcome the electric repulsion between electron clouds. In aerospace, <math>U_e</math> is critical for understanding the "plasma sheath" that forms around re-entry vehicles, which can block radio communications. Furthermore, every battery in your pocket stores energy in the form of electric potential energy, specifically by using chemical reactions to separate charges.

== History ==
The mathematical framework for potential energy was developed in the 18th and 19th centuries. While '''Charles-Augustin de Coulomb''' provided the force law in 1785, it was '''Siméon Denis Poisson''' who expanded this into potential theory in 1813. Later, '''James Clerk Maxwell''' unified these concepts into a set of equations that showed how energy is not just "between" charges, but stored within the electric field itself.

== See also ==
* [[Electric Potential]] — Often confused with <math>U_e</math>; this is energy per unit charge (<math>V</math>).
* [[Capacitors]] — Devices that store large amounts of <math>U_e</math> for rapid release.
* [[Equipotential Surfaces]] — Regions where <math>U_e</math> remains constant.

== Further reading ==
* ''Matter and Interactions'' by Chabay and Sherwood. This textbook provides a deep dive into the computational modeling of electric systems.
* [https://openstax.org/books/university-physics-volume-2/pages/7-2-electric-potential-energy OpenStax University Physics Vol 2] — Free resource for more derivations.

== External links ==
* [https://phet.colorado.edu/en/simulations/charges-and-fields PhET Simulation: Charges and Fields] — Interactive way to visualize potential and field lines.
* [http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=-Rb9guSEeVE Video: Visualizing Voltage with 3D Animations] — A high-quality visual guide to how energy is stored in fields.
* [http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=yy1jXkzKqkM Video: Electric Potential Energy Explained] — A clear breakdown of the work-energy relationship in electrostatics.
* [http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ZrMltpK6iAw Video: Voltage, Electric Energy, and Capacitors] — Crash Course Physics #27, connecting theory to real-world applications.

== References ==
* Chabay, R., & Sherwood, B. (2015). ''Matter and Interactions''. Wiley.
* Knight, R. D. (2016). ''Physics for Scientists and Engineers: A Strategic Approach''. Pearson.

Electric Potential Energy

2026-04-12T21:17:32Z

Kanishka Kislaya:

== '''Kanishka Kislaya - Spring 2026''' ==
__TOC__

== The Main Idea ==
'''Electric Potential Energy''' is the energy result of the arrangement of charges in an electric field. Just as a mass in a gravitational field has the "potential" to fall and gain kinetic energy, a charge in an electric field has the "potential" to move when released.

* '''Differences Between Gravitational and Electric Potential Energy'''

* '''Attractive vs. Repulsive:''' Unlike gravity, which is always attractive, Electric Potential Energy depends on charge signs.
** If you pull two '''opposite''' charges apart, you do work on the system (Electric Potential Energy increases).
** If you push two '''like''' charges together, you do work on the system (Electric Potential Energy increases).

== Mathematical Models ==

=== Point Charge Interactions ===
The fundamental equation for the potential energy between two point charges, $q_1$ and $q_2$, separated by a distance $r$:
<math>U_e = \frac{1}{4\pi\epsilon_0} \frac{q_1 q_2}{r}</math>

For a system containing multiple charges, the total potential energy is the sum of the interaction energies for every unique pair. For three charges:
<math>U_{total} = k \left( \frac{q_1 q_2}{r_{12}} + \frac{q_1 q_3}{r_{13}} + \frac{q_2 q_3}{r_{23}} \right)</math>

=== Uniform Electric Fields ===
Near a large charged plate or inside a capacitor where the field $E$ is constant, the potential energy of a charge $q$ at a distance $d$ (parallel to the field lines) is:
<math>U_e = qEd</math>
''This is the electrical equivalent of the gravitational formula $U_g = mgh$.''

=== Key Relationships ===
* '''Work and Energy:''' $\Delta U_e = -W_{field}$
* '''Potential Relationship:''' $U_e = qV$, where $V$ is the [[Electric Potential]].

== A Computational Model ==
In a computational environment like [[GlowScript 101|VPython]], we calculate the potential energy by iterating through pairs of charges.

<pre>
# Example snippet for two charges
k = 9e9
q1 = 1e-6
q2 = 2e-6
r = mag(particle2.pos - particle1.pos)
Ue = k * q1 * q2 / r
</pre>

== Conservation of Energy ==
In an isolated system, total energy ($E_{tot} = K + U_e$) is conserved. If a charge is released from rest in an electric field, its potential energy is converted into kinetic energy:
<math>K_i + U_{ei} = K_f + U_{ef}</math>

== Examples ==

=== Simple: Two Protons ===
Two protons ($q = 1.6 \times 10^{-19} \text{ C}$) are held $1 \times 10^{-10} \text{ m}$ apart. Calculate the potential energy.
* '''Solution:''' $U_e = (9 \times 10^9) \frac{(1.6 \times 10^{-19})^2}{1 \times 10^{-10}} = 2.3 \times 10^{-18} \text{ J}$.

=== Middling: Energy Conversion ===
An electron is released from rest in a uniform field of $500 \text{ N/C}$. After moving $0.2 \text{ m}$, what is its kinetic energy?
* '''Solution:''' $\Delta K = -\Delta U_e = -(qEd)$.
* $K_f = -(-1.6 \times 10^{-19} \text{ C})(500 \text{ N/C})(0.2 \text{ m}) = 1.6 \times 10^{-17} \text{ J}$.

== Real-World Applications ==
* '''Capacitors:''' These components store $U_e$ to be released quickly, like in a camera flash.
* '''Chemical Energy:''' The energy in food or fuel is actually $U_e$ stored in molecular bonds.
* '''Neurobiology:''' Nerve signals rely on the potential energy created by ion concentrations across cell membranes.

Electric Potential Energy

2026-04-12T21:04:34Z

Kanishka Kislaya:

== '''Kanishka Kislaya - Spring 2026''' ==
__TOC__

{| class="wikitable" style="width: 100%; background-color: #f9f9f9; border: 1px solid #aaa;"
| '''Learning Goals:'''
* Define Electric Potential Energy ($U_e$) as a scalar quantity.
* Calculate the work required to assemble a system of point charges.
* Apply the principle of conservation of energy to electrostatic systems.
* Differentiate between potential energy in point-charge systems and uniform fields.
|}

== The Main Idea ==
'''Electric Potential Energy''' ($U_e$) is the energy stored within a system of charges due to their relative positions. It represents the external work required to assemble a specific configuration of charges from an initial state where they are infinitely far apart.

Because the electrostatic force is **conservative**, this energy depends only on the final arrangement of the charges, not the path taken to put them there.

* **Attractive vs. Repulsive:** Unlike gravity, which is always attractive, $U_e$ depends on charge signs.
** If you pull two '''opposite''' charges apart, you do work on the system ($U_e$ increases).
** If you push two '''like''' charges together, you do work on the system ($U_e$ increases).
* **Zero Reference:** By convention, $U_e$ is defined as zero when charges are infinitely far apart ($r = \infty$).

== Mathematical Models ==

=== Point Charge Interactions ===
The fundamental equation for the potential energy between two point charges, $q_1$ and $q_2$, separated by a distance $r$:
<math>U_e = \frac{1}{4\pi\epsilon_0} \frac{q_1 q_2}{r}</math>

For a system containing multiple charges, the total potential energy is the sum of the interaction energies for every unique pair. For three charges:
<math>U_{total} = k \left( \frac{q_1 q_2}{r_{12}} + \frac{q_1 q_3}{r_{13}} + \frac{q_2 q_3}{r_{23}} \right)</math>

=== Uniform Electric Fields ===
Near a large charged plate or inside a capacitor where the field $E$ is constant, the potential energy of a charge $q$ at a distance $d$ (parallel to the field lines) is:
<math>U_e = qEd</math>
''This is the electrical equivalent of the gravitational formula $U_g = mgh$.''

=== Key Relationships ===
* '''Work and Energy:''' $\Delta U_e = -W_{field}$
* '''Potential Relationship:''' $U_e = qV$, where $V$ is the [[Electric Potential]].

== A Computational Model ==
In a computational environment like [[GlowScript 101|VPython]], we calculate the potential energy by iterating through pairs of charges.

<pre>
# Example snippet for two charges
k = 9e9
q1 = 1e-6
q2 = 2e-6
r = mag(particle2.pos - particle1.pos)
Ue = k * q1 * q2 / r
</pre>

== Conservation of Energy ==
In an isolated system, total energy ($E_{tot} = K + U_e$) is conserved. If a charge is released from rest in an electric field, its potential energy is converted into kinetic energy:
<math>K_i + U_{ei} = K_f + U_{ef}</math>

== Examples ==

=== Simple: Two Protons ===
Two protons ($q = 1.6 \times 10^{-19} \text{ C}$) are held $1 \times 10^{-10} \text{ m}$ apart. Calculate the potential energy.
* '''Solution:''' $U_e = (9 \times 10^9) \frac{(1.6 \times 10^{-19})^2}{1 \times 10^{-10}} = 2.3 \times 10^{-18} \text{ J}$.

=== Middling: Energy Conversion ===
An electron is released from rest in a uniform field of $500 \text{ N/C}$. After moving $0.2 \text{ m}$, what is its kinetic energy?
* '''Solution:''' $\Delta K = -\Delta U_e = -(qEd)$.
* $K_f = -(-1.6 \times 10^{-19} \text{ C})(500 \text{ N/C})(0.2 \text{ m}) = 1.6 \times 10^{-17} \text{ J}$.

== Real-World Applications ==
* '''Capacitors:''' These components store $U_e$ to be released quickly, like in a camera flash.
* '''Chemical Energy:''' The energy in food or fuel is actually $U_e$ stored in molecular bonds.
* '''Neurobiology:''' Nerve signals rely on the potential energy created by ion concentrations across cell membranes.

Electric Potential Energy

2026-04-12T21:00:36Z

Kanishka Kislaya:

Electric Potential Energy

2026-04-12T20:58:39Z

Kanishka Kislaya:

__TOC__

== The Main Idea ==
'''Electric Potential Energy''' ($U_e$) is the energy stored within a system of charges due to their relative positions. It represents the external work required to assemble a specific configuration of charges from an initial state where they are infinitely far apart. Because the electrostatic force is conservative, this energy depends only on the arrangement of the charges, not the path taken to put them there.

=== A Mathematical Model ===
The fundamental equation for the electric potential energy between two point charges, $q_1$ and $q_2$, separated by a distance $r$, is:

<math>U_e = \frac{1}{4\pi\epsilon_0} \frac{q_1 q_2}{r}</math>

For a system containing multiple charges, the total potential energy is the sum of the interaction energies for every unique pair in the system:

<math>U_{total} = \sum_{i < j} \frac{1}{4\pi\epsilon_0} \frac{q_i q_j}{r_{ij}}</math>

Key relationships:
* '''Work and Energy:''' $\Delta U_e = -W_{field}$
* '''Potential Relationship:''' $U_e = qV$, where $V$ is the [[Electric Potential]].

=== A Computational Model ===
In a computational environment like [[GlowScript 101|VPython]], we calculate the potential energy by iterating through pairs of charges.

<pre>
# Example snippet for two charges
k = 9e9
q1 = 1e-6
q2 = 2e-6
r = mag(particle2.pos - particle1.pos)
Ue = k * q1 * q2 / r
</pre>

== Examples ==

=== Simple ===
Two protons ($q = 1.6 \times 10^{-19} \text{ C}$) are held $1 \times 10^{-10} \text{ m}$ apart. Calculate the potential energy of the system.
* '''Solution:''' $U_e = (9 \times 10^9) \frac{(1.6 \times 10^{-19})^2}{1 \times 10^{-10}} = 2.3 \times 10^{-18} \text{ J}$.

=== Middling ===
Calculate the total work required to assemble three $1\mu\text{C}$ charges at the corners of an equilateral triangle with side lengths of $0.5 \text{ m}$.

=== Difficult ===
Determine the change in potential energy when an electron is moved from a distance $r_1$ to $r_2$ away from a fixed charged plate with a known surface charge density $\sigma$.

== Connectedness ==
1. '''Major Connection:''' Essential for Electrical Engineering in understanding capacitance and energy storage in circuits.
2. '''Industrial Application:''' Used in the design of particle accelerators and cathode ray tubes.

== History ==
The concept builds upon '''Charles-Augustin de Coulomb's''' 18th-century work on electrostatic forces. It was later refined through the development of potential theory by mathematicians like '''Carl Friedrich Gauss''' and '''Pierre-Simon Laplace'''.

== See also ==
* [[Electric Potential]]
* [[Conservation of Energy]]

=== External links ===
* [https://phet.colorado.edu/en/simulations/charges-and-fields PhET: Charges and Fields]

== References ==
* Knight, R. D. (2017). ''Physics for Scientists and Engineers''.
* [https://openstax.org/details/books/university-physics-volume-2 OpenStax University Physics Volume 2]

[[Category:Physics 2]]

Electric Potential Energy

2026-04-11T20:57:47Z

Kanishka Kislaya: Created page with "== Overview == '''Electric Potential Energy''' ($U_e$) is a scalar quantity representing the energy stored in a system of charges due to their positions relative to each other. It is a conservative form of energy, meaning the work done by the electric field depends only on the initial and final positions, not the path taken. == Mathematical Formula == For two point charges, $q_1$ and $q_2$, separated by a distance $r$, the energy is calculated using: <math>U_e = \frac{1..."

== Overview ==
'''Electric Potential Energy''' ($U_e$) is a scalar quantity representing the energy stored in a system of charges due to their positions relative to each other. It is a conservative form of energy, meaning the work done by the electric field depends only on the initial and final positions, not the path taken.

== Mathematical Formula ==
For two point charges, $q_1$ and $q_2$, separated by a distance $r$, the energy is calculated using:
<math>U_e = \frac{1}{4\pi\epsilon_0} \frac{q_1 q_2}{r}</math>

== Key Properties ==
* '''Units:''' Measured in Joules (J).
* '''Scalar Quantity:''' It has magnitude but no direction.
* '''Signage:'''
** Positive ($+$) for like charges (energy is required to push them together).
** Negative ($-$) for opposite charges (the system is naturally bound).
* '''Relationship to Work:''' The change in potential energy is the negative of the work done by the field: $\Delta U = -W_{field}$.

== To Be Added ==
* [ ] Diagram showing the distance between two charges.
* [ ] Example calculation.
* [ ] Embedded PhET simulation for "Charges and Fields".

Main Page

2026-04-11T03:52:01Z

Kanishka Kislaya: I want to add a Electric Potential energy page inside the Potenital energy chapter for gatech wiki page

__NOTOC__
= '''Georgia Tech Student Wiki for Introductory Physics.''' =

This resource was created so that students can contribute and curate content to help those with limited or no access to a textbook. When reading this website, please correct any errors you may come across. If you read something that isn't clear, please consider revising it for future students!

Looking to make a contribution?
#Pick one of the topics from intro physics listed below
#Add content to that topic or improve the quality of what is already there.
#Need to make a new topic? Edit this page and add it to the list under the appropriate category. Then copy and paste the default [[Template]] into your new page and start editing.

Please remember that this is not a textbook and you are not limited to expressing your ideas with only text and equations. Whenever possible embed: pictures, videos, diagrams, simulations, computational models (e.g. Glowscript), and whatever content you think makes learning physics easier for other students.

== Source Material ==
All of the content added to this resource must be in the public domain or similar free resource. If you are unsure about a source, contact the original author for permission. That said, there is a surprisingly large amount of introductory physics content scattered across the web. Here is an incomplete list of intro physics resources (please update as needed).
* A physics resource written by experts for an expert audience [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:Physics Physics Portal]
* A wiki written for students by a physics expert [http://p3server.pa.msu.edu/coursewiki/doku.php?id=183_notes MSU Physics Wiki]
* A wiki book on modern physics [https://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Modern_Physics Modern Physics Wiki]
* A collection of 26 volumes of lecture notes by Prof. Wheeler of Reed College [https://rdc.reed.edu/c/wheeler/home/]
* The MIT open courseware for intro physics [http://ocw.mit.edu/resources/res-8-002-a-wikitextbook-for-introductory-mechanics-fall-2009/index.htm MITOCW Wiki]
* An online concept map of intro physics [http://hyperphysics.phy-astr.gsu.edu/hbase/hph.html HyperPhysics]
* Interactive physics simulations [https://phet.colorado.edu/en/simulations/category/physics PhET]
* OpenStax intro physics textbooks: [https://openstax.org/details/books/university-physics-volume-1 Vol1], [https://openstax.org/details/books/university-physics-volume-2 Vol2], [https://openstax.org/details/books/university-physics-volume-3 Vol3]
* The Open Source Physics project is a collection of online physics resources [http://www.opensourcephysics.org/ OSP]
* A resource guide compiled by the [http://www.aapt.org/ AAPT] for educators [http://www.compadre.org/ ComPADRE]
* The Feynman lectures on physics are free to read [http://www.feynmanlectures.caltech.edu/ Feynman]
* Final Study Guide for Modern Physics II created by a lab TA [https://docs.google.com/document/d/1_6GktDPq5tiNFFYs_ZjgjxBAWVQYaXp_2Imha4_nSyc/edit?usp=sharing Modern Physics II Final Study Guide]

== Resources ==
* Commonly used wiki commands [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:Cheatsheet Wiki Cheatsheet]
* A guide to representing equations in math mode [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:Displaying_a_formula Wiki Math Mode]
* A page to keep track of all the physics [[Constants]]
* A listing of [[Notable Scientist]] with links to their individual pages
<div style="float:left; width:30%; padding:1%;">

==Physics 1==
===Week 1===
<div class="toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">
====GlowScript 101====
<div class="mw-collapsible-content">
*[[Python Syntax]]
*[[GlowScript]]
</div>
</div>

<div class="toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">

====VPython====

<div class="mw-collapsible-content">
*[[VPython]]
*[[VPython basics]]
*[[VPython Common Errors and Troubleshooting]]
*[[VPython Functions]]
*[[VPython Lists]]
*[[VPython Loops]]
*[[VPython Multithreading]]
*[[VPython Animation]]
*[[VPython Objects]]
*[[VPython 3D Objects]]
*[[VPython Reference]]
*[[VPython MapReduceFilter]]
*[[VPython GUIs]]
</div>
</div>

<div class="toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">

====Vectors and Units====
<div class="mw-collapsible-content">
*[[Vectors]]
*[[SI Units]]
</div>
</div>

<div class="toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">

====Interactions====
<div class="mw-collapsible-content">
*[[Types of Interactions and How to Detect Them]]
</div>
</div>

<div class="toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">
====Velocity and Momentum====
<div class="mw-collapsible-content">
*[[Newton's First Law of Motion]]
*[[Mass]]
*[[Velocity]]
*[[Speed]]
*[[Speed vs Velocity]]
*[[Relative Velocity]]
*[[Derivation of Average Velocity]]
*[[2-Dimensional Motion]]
*[[3-Dimensional Position and Motion]]
</div>
</div>

===Week 2===
<div class="toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">
====Momentum and the Momentum Principle====
<div class="mw-collapsible-content">
*[[Linear Momentum]]
*[[Newton's Second Law: the Momentum Principle]]
*[[Impulse and Momentum]]
*[[Net Force]]
*[[Inertia]]
*[[Acceleration]]
*[[Relativistic Momentum]]

</div>
</div>

<div class="toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">

====Iterative Prediction with a Constant Force====
<div class="mw-collapsible-content">
*[[Iterative Prediction]]
</div>
</div>

===Week 3===
<div class="toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">

====Analytic Prediction with a Constant Force====
<div class="mw-collapsible-content">

*[[Kinematics]]
*[[Projectile Motion]]
</div>
</div>

<div class="toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">

====Iterative Prediction with a Varying Force====
<div class="mw-collapsible-content">
*[[Fundamentals of Iterative Prediction with Varying Force]]
*[[Spring_Force]]
*[[Simple Harmonic Motion]]


*[[Iterative Prediction of Spring-Mass System]]
*[[Terminal Speed]]
*[[Predicting Change in multiple dimensions]]
*[[Two Dimensional Harmonic Motion]]
*[[Determinism]]
</div>
</div>

===Week 4===
<div class="toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">
====Fundamental Interactions====
<div class="mw-collapsible-content">
*[[Gravitational Force]]
*[[Gravitational Force Near Earth]]
*[[Gravitational Force in Space and Other Applications]]
*[[3 or More Body Interactions]]

*[[Electric Force]]
*[[Introduction to Magnetic Force]]
*[[Strong and Weak Force]]
*[[Reciprocity]]
*[[Conservation of Momentum]]
</div>
</div>

===Week 5===
<div class="toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">
====Properties of Matter====
<div class="mw-collapsible-content">
*[[Kinds of Matter]]
*[[Ball and Spring Model of Matter]]
*[[Density]]
*[[Length and Stiffness of an Interatomic Bond]]
*[[Young's Modulus]]
*[[Speed of Sound in Solids]]
*[[Malleability]]
*[[Ductility]]
*[[Weight]]
*[[Hardness]]
*[[Boiling Point]]
*[[Melting Point]]
*[[Change of State]]
</div>
</div>

===Week 6===
<div class="toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">
====Identifying Forces====
<div class="mw-collapsible-content">
*[[Free Body Diagram]]
*[[Inclined Plane]]
*[[Compression or Normal Force]]
*[[Tension]]
</div>
</div>
<div class="toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">

====Curving Motion====
<div class="mw-collapsible-content">
*[[Curving Motion]]
*[[Centripetal Force and Curving Motion]]
*[[Perpetual Freefall (Orbit)]]
</div>
</div>

===Week 7===
<div class="toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">
====Identifying Forces====
<div class="mw-collapsible-content">
*[[Kinetic Energy]]
*[[Work/Energy]]
*[[The Energy Principle]]
*[[Conservation of Energy]]

</div>
</div>

===Week 8===
<div class="toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">
====Work by Non-Constant Forces====
<div class="mw-collapsible-content">
*[[Work Done By A Nonconstant Force]]
</div>
</div>
<div class="toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">
====Potential Energy====
<div class="mw-collapsible-content">
*[[Potential Energy]]
*[[Potential Energy of Macroscopic Springs]]
*[[Spring Potential Energy]]
*[[Ball and Spring Model]]
*[[Gravitational Potential Energy]]
**[[Electric Potential Energy]]
*[[Energy Graphs]]
*[[Escape Velocity]]
</div>
</div>

===Week 9===
<div class="toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">
====Multiparticle Systems====
<div class="mw-collapsible-content">
*[[Center of Mass]]
*[[Multi-particle analysis of Momentum]]
*[[Potential Energy of a Multiparticle System]]
*[[Work and Energy for an Extended System]]
*[[Internal Energy]]
**[[Potential Energy of a Pair of Neutral Atoms]]
</div>
</div>

===Week 10===
<div class="toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">
====Choice of System====
<div class="mw-collapsible-content">
*[[System & Surroundings]]
</div>
</div>
<div class="toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">
====Thermal Energy, Dissipation, and Transfer of Energy====
<div class="mw-collapsible-content">
*[[Thermal Energy]]
*[[Specific Heat]]
*[[Calorific Value(Heat of combustion)]]
*[[First Law of Thermodynamics]]
*[[Second Law of Thermodynamics and Entropy]]
*[[Temperature]]
*[[Transformation of Energy]]
*[[The Maxwell-Boltzmann Distribution]]
*[[Air Resistance]]
*[[The Third Law of Thermodynamics]]
</div>
</div>
<div class="toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">

====Rotational and Vibrational Energy====
<div class="mw-collapsible-content">
*[[Translational, Rotational and Vibrational Energy]]
*[[Rolling Motion]]
</div>
</div>

===Week 11===
<div class="toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">
====Different Models of a System====
<div class="mw-collapsible-content">
*[[Point Particle Systems]]
*[[Real Systems]]
</div>
</div>
<div class="toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">
====Friction====
<div class="mw-collapsible-content">
*[[Friction]]
*[[Static Friction]]
*[[Kinetic Friction]]
</div>
</div>

===Week 12===
<div class="toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">
====Conservation of Momentum====
<div class="mw-collapsible-content">
*[[Conservation of Momentum]]
</div>
</div>
<div class="toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">
====Collisions====
<div class="mw-collapsible-content">
*[[Newton's Third Law of Motion]]
*[[Collisions]]
*[[Elastic Collisions]]
*[[Inelastic Collisions]]
*[[Maximally Inelastic Collision]]
*[[Head-on Collision of Equal Masses]]
*[[Head-on Collision of Unequal Masses]]
*[[Scattering: Collisions in 2D and 3D]]
*[[Rutherford Experiment and Atomic Collisions]]
*[[Coefficient of Restitution]]
</div>
</div>

===Week 13===
<div class="toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">
====Rotations====
<div class="mw-collapsible-content">
*[[Rotational Kinematics]]
*[[Eulerian Angles]]
</div>
</div>
<div class="toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">

====Angular Momentum====
<div class="mw-collapsible-content">
*[[Total Angular Momentum]]
*[[Translational Angular Momentum]]
*[[Rotational Angular Momentum]]
*[[The Angular Momentum Principle]]
*[[Angular Impulse]]
*[[Predicting the Position of a Rotating System]]
*[[The Moments of Inertia]]
*[[Parallel axis theorem]]
*[[Right Hand Rule]]
</div>
</div>

===Week 14===
<div class="toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">
====Analyzing Motion with and without Torque====
<div class="mw-collapsible-content">
*[[Torque]]
*[[Torque 2]]
*[[Systems with Zero Torque]]
*[[Systems with Nonzero Torque]]
*[[Torque vs Work]]
*[[Gyroscopes]]
</div>
</div>

===Week 15===
<div class="toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">
====Introduction to Quantum Concepts====
<div class="mw-collapsible-content">
*[[Bohr Model]]
*[[Energy graphs and the Bohr model]]
*[[Quantized energy levels]]
*[[Electron transitions]]
*[[Entropy]]
</div>
</div>
</div>

<div style="float:left; width:30%; padding:1%;">

==Physics 2==
===Week 1===
<div class="toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">
====3D Vectors====

<div class="mw-collapsible-content">
*[[Vectors]]
*[[Right-Hand Rule]]
*[[Right Hand Rule]]
</div>
</div>

<div class="toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">

====Electric field====
<div class="mw-collapsible-content">
*[[Electric Field]]
*[[Electric Field and Electric Potential]]
</div>
</div>

<div class="toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">

====Electric field of a point particle====
<div class="mw-collapsible-content">
*[[Point Charge]]
</div>
</div>

<div class="toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">

====Superposition====
<div class="mw-collapsible-content">
*[[Superposition Principle]]
*[[Superposition principle]]
</div>
</div>

<div class="toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">

====Dipoles====
<div class="mw-collapsible-content">
*[[Electric Dipole]]
*[[Magnetic Dipole]]
</div>
</div>

===Week 2===
<div class="toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">
====Interactions of charged objects====
<div class="mw-collapsible-content">
*[[Electric Field]]
*[[Electric Potential]]
*[[Electric Force]]
*[[Lorentz Force]]
</div>
</div>

<div class="toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">
====Tape experiments====
<div class="mw-collapsible-content">
*[[Polarization]]
*[[Electric Polarization]]
</div>
</div>

<div class="toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">
====Polarization====
<div class="mw-collapsible-content">
*[[Polarization]]
*[[Electric Polarization]]
*[[Polarization of an Atom]]
</div>
</div>

===Week 3===
<div class="toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">
====Conductors and Insulators====
<div class="mw-collapsible-content">
*[[Conductivity and Resistivity]]
*[[Insulators]]
*[[Potential Difference in an Insulator]]
*[[Conductors]]
*[[Polarization of a conductor]]
</div>
</div>

<div class="toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">

====Charging and Discharging====
<div class="mw-collapsible-content">
*[[Charge Transfer]]
*[[Electrostatic Discharge]]
*[[Charged Conductor and Charged Insulator]]
</div>
</div>

===Week 4===
<div class="toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">
====Field of a charged rod====
<div class="mw-collapsible-content">
*[[Field of a Charged Rod|Charged Rod]]
</div>
</div>

<div class="toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">

====Field of a charged ring/disk/capacitor====
<div class="mw-collapsible-content">
*[[Charged Ring]]
*[[Charged Disk]]
*[[Charged Capacitor]]
</div>
</div>

<div class="toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">
====Field of a charged sphere====
<div class="mw-collapsible-content">
*[[Charged Spherical Shell]]
*[[Field of a Charged Ball]]
</div>
</div>

===Week 5===
<div class="toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">
====Potential energy====
<div class="mw-collapsible-content">
*[[Potential Energy]]
</div>
</div>

<div class="toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">

====Electric potential====
<div class="mw-collapsible-content">
*[[Electric Potential]]
*[[Path Independence of Electric Potential]]
*[[Potential Difference Path Independence]]
*[[Potential Difference in a Uniform Field]]
*[[Potential Difference of Point Charge in a Non-Uniform Field]]
</div>
</div>
<div class="toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">

====Sign of a potential difference====
<div class="mw-collapsible-content">
*[[Sign of a Potential Difference]]
</div>
</div>
<div class="toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">
====Potential at a single location====
<div class="mw-collapsible-content">
*[[Electric Potential]]
*[[Potential Difference at One Location]]
</div>
</div>

<div class="toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">

====Path independence and round trip potential====
<div class="mw-collapsible-content">
*[[Path Independence of Electric Potential]]
*[[Potential Difference Path Independence, claimed by Aditya Mohile]]
</div>
</div>

===Week 6===
<div class="toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">
====Electric field and potential in an insulator====
<div class="mw-collapsible-content">
*[[Potential Difference in an Insulator]]
*[[Electric Field in an Insulator]]
</div>
</div>
<div class="toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">
====Moving charges in a magnetic field====
<div class="mw-collapsible-content">
*[[Magnetic Field]]
*[[Magnetic Force]]
*[[Lorentz Force]]
</div>
</div>
<div class="toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">
====Biot-Savart Law====
<div class="mw-collapsible-content">
*[[Biot-Savart Law]]
*[[Biot-Savart Law for Currents]]
</div>
</div>
<div class="toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">

====Moving charges, electron current, and conventional current====

<div class="mw-collapsible-content">
*[[Moving Point Charge]]
*[[Current]]
</div>
</div>

===Week 7===
<div class="toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">
====Magnetic field of a wire====
<div class="mw-collapsible-content">
*[[Magnetic Field of a Long Straight Wire]]
*[[Magnetic Field of a Curved Wire]]
</div>
</div>

<div class="toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">

====Magnetic field of a current-carrying loop====
<div class="mw-collapsible-content">
*[[Magnetic Field of a Loop]]
</div>
</div>

<div class="toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">
====Magnetic field of a Charged Disk====
<div class="mw-collapsible-content">
*[[Magnetic Field of a Disk]]
</div>
</div>

<div class="toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">
====Magnetic dipoles====
<div class="mw-collapsible-content">
*[[Magnetic Dipole Moment]]
*[[Bar Magnet]]
</div>
</div>

<div class="toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">
====Atomic structure of magnets====
<div class="mw-collapsible-content">
*[[Atomic Structure of Magnets]]
</div>
</div>

===Week 8===
<div class="toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">

====Circuitry Basics====
<div class="mw-collapsible-content">
*[[Understanding Fundamentals of Current, Voltage, and Resistance]]
</div>
</div>

<div class="toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">

====Steady state current====
<div class="mw-collapsible-content">
*[[Steady State]]
*[[Non Steady State]]
</div>
</div>

<div class="toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">
====Kirchoff's Laws====
<div class="mw-collapsible-content">
*[[Loop Rule]]
*[[Node Rule]]
*[[Kirchoff's_Laws]]
</div>
</div>

<div class="toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">

====Electric fields and energy in circuits====
<div class="mw-collapsible-content">
*[[Electric Potential Difference]]
</div>
</div>

<div class="toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">

====Macroscopic analysis of circuits====
<div class="mw-collapsible-content">
*[[Series Circuits]]
*[[Parallel Circuits]]
*[[Parallel Circuits vs. Series Circuits*]]
*[[Loop Rule]]
*[[Node Rule]]
*[[Fundamentals of Resistance]]
*[[Problem Solving]]
</div>
</div>

===Week 9===
<div class="toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">
====Electric field and potential in circuits with capacitors====
<div class="mw-collapsible-content">
*[[Charging and Discharging a Capacitor]]
*[[RC Circuit]]
*[[R Circuit]]
*[[AC and DC]]
</div>
</div>

<div class="toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">
====Magnetic forces on charges and currents====
<div class="mw-collapsible-content">
*[[Magnetic Force]]
*[[Lorentz Force]]
*[[Motors and Generators]]
*[[Applying Magnetic Force to Currents]]
*[[Magnetic Force in a Moving Reference Frame]]
*[[Right-Hand Rule]]
*[[Analysis of Railgun vs Coil gun technologies]]
</div>
</div>

<div class="toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">

====Electric and magnetic forces====
<div class="mw-collapsible-content">
*[[Electric Force]]
*[[Magnetic Force]]
*[[Lorentz Force]]
*[[VPython Modelling of Electric and Magnetic Forces]]
</div>
</div>

<div class="toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">

====Velocity selector====
<div class="mw-collapsible-content">
*[[Lorentz Force]]
*[[Combining Electric and Magnetic Forces]]
</div>
</div>

===Week 10===
<div class="toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">

====Hall Effect====
<div class="mw-collapsible-content">
*[[Hall Effect]]
*[[Right-Hand Rule]]
*[[Motional Emf]]
*[[Magnetic Force]]
*[[Magnetic Torque]]
</div>

====Magnetic force====
<div class="mw-collapsible-content">
*[[Magnetic Force]]
*[[Lorentz Force]]
</div>
</div>

<div class="toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">
====Magnetic torque====
<div class="mw-collapsible-content">
*[[Magnetic Torque]]
*[[Right-Hand Rule]]
</div>
</div>

===Week 12===

<div class="toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">
====Gauss's Law====
<div class="mw-collapsible-content">
*[[Gauss's Flux Theorem]]
*[[Gauss's Law]]
*[[Magnetic Flux]]
</div>
</div>

<div class="toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">
====Ampere's Law====
<div class="mw-collapsible-content">
*[[Ampere's Law]]
*[[Ampere-Maxwell Law]]
*[[Magnetic Field of Coaxial Cable Using Ampere's Law]]
*[[Magnetic Field of a Long Thick Wire Using Ampere's Law]]
*[[Magnetic Field of a Toroid Using Ampere's Law]]
*[[Magnetic Field of a Solenoid Using Ampere's Law]]
*[[The Differential Form of Ampere's Law]]
</div>
</div>

===Week 13===
<div class="toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">
====Semiconductors====
<div class="mw-collapsible-content">
*[[Semiconductor Devices]]
</div>
</div>

<div class="toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">
====Faraday's Law====
<div class="mw-collapsible-content">
*[[Faraday's Law]]
*[[Motional Emf using Faraday's Law]]
*[[Lenz's Law]]

</div>
</div>

<div class="toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">

====Maxwell's equations====
<div class="mw-collapsible-content">
*[[Gauss's Law]]
*[[Magnetic Flux]]
*[[Ampere's Law]]
*[[Faraday's Law]]
*[[Maxwell's Electromagnetic Theory]]
</div>
</div>

===Week 14===
<div class="toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">
====Circuits revisited====
<div class="mw-collapsible-content">

</div>
</div>

<div class="toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">

====Inductors====
<div class="mw-collapsible-content">
*[[Inductors]]
*[[Current in an LC Circuit]]
*[[Current in an RL Circuit]]
</div>
</div>

===Week 15===
<div class="toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">
==== Electromagnetic Radiation ====
<div class="mw-collapsible-content">
*[[Electromagnetic Radiation]]
</div>
</div>

<div class="toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">
====Sparks in the air====
<div class="mw-collapsible-content">
*[[Sparks in Air]]
*[[Spark Plugs]]
</div>
</div>

<div class="toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">
====Superconductors====
<div class="mw-collapsible-content">
*[[Superconducters]]
*[[Superconductors]]
*[[Meissner effect]]
</div>
</div>
</div>

<div style="float:left; width:30%; padding:1%;">

==Physics 3==

===Week 1===
<div class="toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">
====Classical Physics====
<div class="mw-collapsible-content">
*[[Classical Physics]]
</div>
</div>

[[Category:Which Category did you place this in?]]

===Weeks 2 and 3===
<div class="toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">
====Special Relativity and the Lorentz Transformation====
<div class="mw-collapsible-content">
*[[Frame of Reference]]

*[[Einstein's Theory of Special Relativity]]
*[[Time Dilation]]
*[[Twin Paradox]]
*[[Lorentz Transformations]]
*[[Relativistic Doppler Effect]]
*[[Einstein's Theory of General Relativity]]
*[[Albert A. Micheleson & Edward W. Morley]]
*[[Magnetic Force in a Moving Reference Frame]]
</div>
</div>

===Week 4===
<div class="toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">
====Photons and the Photoelectric Effect====
<div class="mw-collapsible-content">
*[[Spontaneous Photon Emission]]
*[[Light Scattering]]
*[[Lasers]]
*[[Electronic Energy Levels and Photons]]
*[[Quantum Properties of Light]]
*[[The Photoelectric Effect]]
</div>
</div>

===Weeks 5 and 6===
<div class="toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">
====Matter Waves and Wave-Particle Duality====
<div class="mw-collapsible-content">
*[[Wave-Particle Duality]]
*[[Particle in a 1-Dimensional box]]
*[[Heisenberg Uncertainty Principle]]
</div>
</div>

===Week 7===
<div class="toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">
====Wave Mechanics====
<div class="mw-collapsible-content">
*[[Standing Waves]]
*[[Wavelength]]
*[[Wavelength and Frequency]]
*[[Mechanical Waves]]
*[[Transverse and Longitudinal Waves]]
*[[Fourier Series and Transform]]
</div>
</div>

===Week 8===
<div class="toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">
====Schrödinger Equation====
<div class="mw-collapsible-content">
*[[The Born Rule]]
*[[Solution for a Single Free Particle]]
*[[Solution for a Single Particle in an Infinite Quantum Well - Darin]]
*[[Solution for a Single Particle in a Semi-Infinite Quantum Well]]
*[[Quantum Harmonic Oscillator]]
*[[Solution for Simple Harmonic Oscillator]]
</div>
</div>

===Week 9===
<div class="toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">
====Quantum Mechanics====
<div class="mw-collapsible-content">
*[[Quantum Tunneling through Potential Barriers]]
</div>
</div>

<div class="toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">
====The Hydrogen Atom====
<div class="mw-collapsible-content">
*[[Quantum Theory]]
*[[Atomic Theory]]
</div>
</div>

===Week 10===
<div class="toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">
====Rutherford-Bohr Model====
<div class="mw-collapsible-content">
*[[Rutherford Experiment and Atomic Collisions]]
*[[Bohr Model]]
*[[Quantized energy levels]]
*[[Energy graphs and the Bohr model]]
</div>
</div>

===Week 11===
<div class="toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">
====Many-Electron Atoms====
<div class="mw-collapsible-content">
*[[Quantum Theory]]
*[[Atomic Theory]]
*[[Pauli exclusion principle]]
</div>
</div>

===Week 12===
<div class="toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">
====The Nucleus====
<div class="mw-collapsible-content">
*[[Nucleus]]
</div>
</div>

===Week 13===
<div class="toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">
====Molecules====
<div class="mw-collapsible-content">
*[[Molecules]]
*[[Covalent Bonds]]
</div>
</div>

===Week 14===
<div class="toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">
====Statistical Physics====
<div class="mw-collapsible-content">
*[[Application of Statistics in Physics]]
</div>
</div>

===Week 15===
<div class="toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">
====Statistical Physics====
<div class="mw-collapsible-content">
*[[Temperature & Entropy]]
</div>
</div>

===Additional Topics===
<div class="toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">
====Thermodynamics====
<div class="mw-collapsible-content">
*[[Maxwell Relations]]
*[[Brownian Motion]]
</div>
</div>
<div class="toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">

====Nuclear Physics====
<div class="mw-collapsible-content">
*[[Nuclear Fission]]
*[[Nuclear Energy from Fission and Fusion]]
*[[Radioactive Decay Processes]]
</div>
</div>
<div class="toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">
====Particle Physics====
<div class="mw-collapsible-content">
*[[Elementary Particles and Particle Physics Theory]]
*[[String Theory]]
</div>
</div>
<div class="toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">
====Solid-State/Condensed Matter Physics====
<div class="mw-collapsible-content">
*[[What is Condensed Matter]]
*[[Crystalline Structures]]
*[[Electric-Band Structure]]
</div>
</div>