Physics Book - User contributions [en]

James Watt

2015-12-05T18:21:22Z

Jclark302:

[[File:James-watts-225.jpg|200px|thumb|right|James Watt (1736-1819)]]

James Watt (1736-1819) was an inventor, mechanical engineer, and chemist best known for his improvements to the steam engine, which spurred the Industrial Revolution in Europe and the United States, as well as for his creation of the term "horsepower." The [[SI unit]] for [[power]], the Watt, is named after James Watt in recognition of his contributions to the concept of power and how it is used today.

==Personal Life==

===Early Life===
Watt's father owned a prosperous shipbuilding business in Scotland. As a young teen, Watt worked with a wide variety of instruments and knew that he wanted to become an instrument maker (in modern terms, an engineer). After a large portion of his father's investments failed, Watt traveled to London to apprentice with a renowned instrument maker, John Morgan. After completing his apprenticeship, Watt was offered work at the University of Glasgow.

===Career and Later Life===
In 1763, Watt was given the task of repairing a malfunctioning steam engine by a professor at the University of Glasgow. While Watt found the flaw in the model engine, he realized that the most modern design, the Newcomen engine, which had remained largely unchanged for nearly 50 years, was hopelessly inefficient due to massive amounts of energy wasted. The current design, he demonstrated, converted nearly three-quarters of its energy to [[thermal energy]], rather than [[mechanical energy]].

Watt spent two years creating a new design and several more improving on the Newcomen steam engine, eventually acquiring a patent in 1769. Capital from John Roebuck and Matthew Boulton finally led to the manufacture of Watt's steam engine in 1776, 11 years after he first created his new design. In 1781, Watt made his next landmark improvement to the steam engine, creating an engine with a rotary output through the invention of the planetary gear. Other improvements, like the throttling valve and the engine governor, finally allowed steam engines, previously confined to mining, to be used to supply power to manufacturing industries as well as to canals and waterworks. By his retirement in 1800, Bolton and Watt had became the most important engineering firm in the country.

==Industrial Contributions==

[[File:James_Watt_Energy_02.jpg|200px|thumb|right|A steam engine showing many of Watt's innovations]]
Watt's major contributions to steam engine development are as follows:

* Separate Condenser - This is what separates the Watt and Newcomen engines. Both steam engines rely on the changing of pressure, where the steam would be heated to expand it, and later cooled to condense it. In a Newcomen engine, this steam cylinder would be heated and cooled constantly, wasting energy to reheat the steel in the cylinder. The Watt engine solved this by creating a separate condenser, which could be cool while the steam cylinder could be hot, eliminating Newcomen's issues with heating.
* Sun and Planetary Gear - This gear system works by having a non-rotating planetary gear travel around a rotating sun gear. This allowed the conversion of parallel, "up-and-down" motion to rotary motion, and gave the steam engine many more practical uses.
* Steam Throttling Valve - This regulated steam flow from the boiler into the cylinder.
* Engine Governor (and connector to the throttling valve) - This allowed the steam engine to run at a constant engine speed.
* Double-Acting Cylinders - Watt invented a mechanism to match the rocking motion created by the engine with the linear motion of the piston, allowing for a "double-acting" cylinder. These cylinders had valves on both sides of the piston, allowing for the engine to do work on both the upward and downward strokes, rather than on solely the upward stroke.
* Steam Locomotive - Though never built, Watt applied for the first steam locomotive patent, in 1784.

==Scientific Contributions==

In addition to his inventions, Watt had numerous scientific contributions. They include:

* Introduction of the term ''horsepower'' to describe power output. He described one horsepower to be 33,000 ft*lbs/min. The horsepower is still in use as a unit today, often used to describe modern engines used in transportation vehicles. One horsepower is now defined to be about 735 Watts.
* First to explicitly suggest that water was composed of hydrogen and oxygen, in 1783. Previously, many had thought water to be its own element. Other scientists found hydrogen and oxygen could be created from water; Watt was the first to actually propose that water was made of hydrogen and oxygen.
* Independently proved the existence of latent heat, previously discovered by Joseph Black in 1750. Latent heat is the energy absorbed or released during a change in state, where the substance remains at the same temperature.

==Interesting Facts==

* Watt also created the world's first copying machine, similar to a photocopier, in order to help him copy his designs.
* Was close friends with Adam Smith, founder of Economics and writer of ''The Wealth of Nations'', as well as with Joseph Black, who discovered latent heat and the element magnesium.
* Did lots of surveying work, and invented the micrometer, predecessor to the modern "rangefinder", in 1770-1771 to assist him in his surveying.
* Invented the flexible water main, first used in Glasgow, which is now common across the world in water delivery and sewage.
* Member of the Royal Society of Edinburgh, the Royal Society of London, and a Foreign Associate of the French Academy of Sciences.

== See also ==
[[Power (Mechanical)]]

[[SI Units]]

[[Josiah Willard Gibbs]]

===Further Reading===

Carnegie, Andrew. ''James Watt'' (1913)

Dickinson, H. W., Jenkins, Rhys. ''James Watt and the Steam Engine'' (1919)

Marshall, Thomas. ''James Watt'' (1925)

===External Links===

http://www.bbc.co.uk/history/historic_figures/watt_james.shtml

http://www.sciencemuseum.org.uk/watt

http://digital.nls.uk/scientists/biographies/james-watt/

http://www.engineeringhalloffame.org/profile-watt.html

==References==

http://www.egr.msu.edu/~lira/supp/steam/wattbio.html (Michigan State University)

http://www.egr.msu.edu/~lira/supp/steam/ (Michigan State University)

http://www.britannica.com/biography/James-Watt (Encyclopedia Brittanica)

https://www.asme.org/engineering-topics/articles/energy/james-watt (American Society of Mechanical Engineers)

http://www.theguardian.com/technology/2015/may/29/james-watt-sabbath-day-fossil-fuel-revolution-condenser (The Guardian)

http://www.rsc.org/chemistryworld/podcast/CIIEcompounds/transcripts/water.asp (Royal Society of Chemistry)

http://www.famousscientists.org/james-watt/ (Famous Scientists)

Author: Joseph Clark (jclark302)

[[Category: Notable Scientists]]

Mechanical energy

2015-12-05T18:18:30Z

Jclark302: Redirected page to Kinetic Energy

#REDIRECT [[Kinetic Energy]]

Thermal energy

2015-12-05T18:18:08Z

Jclark302: Redirected page to Thermal Energy

#REDIRECT [[Thermal Energy]]

James Watt

2015-12-05T18:17:42Z

Jclark302:

Page under construction - Joseph Clark (jclark302)

[[File:James-watts-225.jpg|200px|thumb|right|James Watt (1736-1819)]]

James Watt (1736-1819) was an inventor, mechanical engineer, and chemist best known for his improvements to the steam engine, which spurred the Industrial Revolution in Europe and the United States, as well as for his creation of the term "horsepower." The [[SI unit]] for [[power]], the Watt, is named after James Watt in recognition of his contributions to the concept of power and how it is used today.

==Personal Life==

===Early Life===
Watt's father owned a prosperous shipbuilding business in Scotland. As a young teen, Watt worked with a wide variety of instruments and knew that he wanted to become an instrument maker (in modern terms, an engineer). After a large portion of his father's investments failed, Watt traveled to London to apprentice with a renowned instrument maker, John Morgan. After completing his apprenticeship, Watt was offered work at the University of Glasgow.

===Career and Later Life===
In 1763, Watt was given the task of repairing a malfunctioning steam engine by a professor at the University of Glasgow. While Watt found the flaw in the model engine, he realized that the most modern design, the Newcomen engine, which had remained largely unchanged for nearly 50 years, was hopelessly inefficient due to massive amounts of energy wasted. The current design, he demonstrated, converted nearly three-quarters of its energy to [[thermal energy]], rather than [[mechanical energy]].

Watt spent two years creating a new design and several more improving on the Newcomen steam engine, eventually acquiring a patent in 1769. Capital from John Roebuck and Matthew Boulton finally led to the manufacture of Watt's steam engine in 1776, 11 years after he first created his new design. In 1781, Watt made his next landmark improvement to the steam engine, creating an engine with a rotary output through the invention of the planetary gear. Other improvements, like the throttling valve and the engine governor, finally allowed steam engines, previously confined to mining, to be used to supply power to manufacturing industries as well as to canals and waterworks. By his retirement in 1800, Bolton and Watt had became the most important engineering firm in the country.

==Industrial Contributions==

[[File:James_Watt_Energy_02.jpg|200px|thumb|right|A steam engine showing many of Watt's innovations]]
Watt's major contributions to steam engine development are as follows:

* Separate Condenser - This is what separates the Watt and Newcomen engines. Both steam engines rely on the changing of pressure, where the steam would be heated to expand it, and later cooled to condense it. In a Newcomen engine, this steam cylinder would be heated and cooled constantly, wasting energy to reheat the steel in the cylinder. The Watt engine solved this by creating a separate condenser, which could be cool while the steam cylinder could be hot, eliminating Newcomen's issues with heating.
* Sun and Planetary Gear - This gear system works by having a non-rotating planetary gear travel around a rotating sun gear. This allowed the conversion of parallel, "up-and-down" motion to rotary motion, and gave the steam engine many more practical uses.
* Steam Throttling Valve - This regulated steam flow from the boiler into the cylinder.
* Engine Governor (and connector to the throttling valve) - This allowed the steam engine to run at a constant engine speed.
* Double-Acting Cylinders - Watt invented a mechanism to match the rocking motion created by the engine with the linear motion of the piston, allowing for a "double-acting" cylinder. These cylinders had valves on both sides of the piston, allowing for the engine to do work on both the upward and downward strokes, rather than on solely the upward stroke.
* Steam Locomotive - Though never built, Watt applied for the first steam locomotive patent, in 1784.

==Scientific Contributions==

In addition to his inventions, Watt had numerous scientific contributions. They include:

* Introduction of the term ''horsepower'' to describe power output. He described one horsepower to be 33,000 ft*lbs/min. The horsepower is still in use as a unit today, often used to describe modern engines used in transportation vehicles. One horsepower is now defined to be about 735 Watts.
* First to explicitly suggest that water was composed of hydrogen and oxygen, in 1783. Previously, many had thought water to be its own element. Other scientists found hydrogen and oxygen could be created from water; Watt was the first to actually propose that water was made of hydrogen and oxygen.
* Independently proved the existence of latent heat, previously discovered by Joseph Black in 1750. Latent heat is the energy absorbed or released during a change in state, where the substance remains at the same temperature.

==Interesting Facts==

* Watt also created the world's first copying machine, similar to a photocopier, in order to help him copy his designs.
* Was close friends with Adam Smith, founder of Economics and writer of ''The Wealth of Nations'', as well as with Joseph Black, who discovered latent heat and the element magnesium.
* Did lots of surveying work, and invented the micrometer, predecessor to the modern "rangefinder", in 1770-1771 to assist him in his surveying.
* Invented the flexible water main, first used in Glasgow, which is now common across the world in water delivery and sewage.
* Member of the Royal Society of Edinburgh, the Royal Society of London, and a Foreign Associate of the French Academy of Sciences.

== See also ==
[[Power (Mechanical)]]

[[SI Units]]

[[Josiah Willard Gibbs]]

===Further Reading===

Carnegie, Andrew. ''James Watt'' (1913)

Dickinson, H. W., Jenkins, Rhys. ''James Watt and the Steam Engine'' (1919)

Marshall, Thomas. ''James Watt'' (1925)

===External Links===

http://www.bbc.co.uk/history/historic_figures/watt_james.shtml

http://www.sciencemuseum.org.uk/watt

http://digital.nls.uk/scientists/biographies/james-watt/

http://www.engineeringhalloffame.org/profile-watt.html

==References==

http://www.egr.msu.edu/~lira/supp/steam/wattbio.html (Michigan State University)

http://www.egr.msu.edu/~lira/supp/steam/ (Michigan State University)

http://www.britannica.com/biography/James-Watt (Encyclopedia Brittanica)

https://www.asme.org/engineering-topics/articles/energy/james-watt (American Society of Mechanical Engineers)

http://www.theguardian.com/technology/2015/may/29/james-watt-sabbath-day-fossil-fuel-revolution-condenser (The Guardian)

http://www.rsc.org/chemistryworld/podcast/CIIEcompounds/transcripts/water.asp (Royal Society of Chemistry)

http://www.famousscientists.org/james-watt/ (Famous Scientists)

SI unit

2015-12-05T18:16:50Z

Jclark302: Redirected page to SI Units

#REDIRECT [[SI Units]]

James Watt

2015-12-05T18:16:22Z

Jclark302:

Page under construction - Joseph Clark (jclark302)

[[File:James-watts-225.jpg|200px|thumb|right|James Watt (1736-1819)]]

James Watt (1736-1819) was an inventor, mechanical engineer, and chemist best known for his improvements to the steam engine, which spurred the Industrial Revolution in Europe and the United States, as well as for his creation of the term "horsepower." The [[SI unit]] for [[power]], the Watt, is named after James Watt in recognition of his contributions to the concept of power and how it is used today.

==Personal Life==

===Early Life===
Watt's father owned a prosperous shipbuilding business in Scotland. As a young teen, Watt worked with a wide variety of instruments and knew that he wanted to become an instrument maker (in modern terms, an engineer). After a large portion of his father's investments failed, Watt traveled to London to apprentice with a renowned instrument maker, John Morgan. After completing his apprenticeship, Watt was offered work at the University of Glasgow.

===Career and Later Life===
In 1763, Watt was given the task of repairing a malfunctioning steam engine by a professor at the University of Glasgow. While Watt found the flaw in the model engine, he realized that the most modern design, the Newcomen engine, which had remained largely unchanged for nearly 50 years, was hopelessly inefficient due to massive amounts of energy wasted. The current design, he demonstrated, converted nearly three-quarters of its energy to thermal energy, rather than mechanical energy.

Watt spent two years creating a new design and several more improving on the Newcomen steam engine, eventually acquiring a patent in 1769. Capital from John Roebuck and Matthew Boulton finally led to the manufacture of Watt's steam engine in 1776, 11 years after he first created his new design. In 1781, Watt made his next landmark improvement to the steam engine, creating an engine with a rotary output through the invention of the planetary gear. Other improvements, like the throttling valve and the engine governor, finally allowed steam engines, previously confined to mining, to be used to supply power to manufacturing industries as well as to canals and waterworks. By his retirement in 1800, Bolton and Watt had became the most important engineering firm in the country.

==Industrial Contributions==

[[File:James_Watt_Energy_02.jpg|200px|thumb|right|A steam engine showing many of Watt's innovations]]
Watt's major contributions to steam engine development are as follows:

* Separate Condenser - This is what separates the Watt and Newcomen engines. Both steam engines rely on the changing of pressure, where the steam would be heated to expand it, and later cooled to condense it. In a Newcomen engine, this steam cylinder would be heated and cooled constantly, wasting energy to reheat the steel in the cylinder. The Watt engine solved this by creating a separate condenser, which could be cool while the steam cylinder could be hot, eliminating Newcomen's issues with heating.
* Sun and Planetary Gear - This gear system works by having a non-rotating planetary gear travel around a rotating sun gear. This allowed the conversion of parallel, "up-and-down" motion to rotary motion, and gave the steam engine many more practical uses.
* Steam Throttling Valve - This regulated steam flow from the boiler into the cylinder.
* Engine Governor (and connector to the throttling valve) - This allowed the steam engine to run at a constant engine speed.
* Double-Acting Cylinders - Watt invented a mechanism to match the rocking motion created by the engine with the linear motion of the piston, allowing for a "double-acting" cylinder. These cylinders had valves on both sides of the piston, allowing for the engine to do work on both the upward and downward strokes, rather than on solely the upward stroke.
* Steam Locomotive - Though never built, Watt applied for the first steam locomotive patent, in 1784.

==Scientific Contributions==

In addition to his inventions, Watt had numerous scientific contributions. They include:

* Introduction of the term ''horsepower'' to describe power output. He described one horsepower to be 33,000 ft*lbs/min. The horsepower is still in use as a unit today, often used to describe modern engines used in transportation vehicles. One horsepower is now defined to be about 735 Watts.
* First to explicitly suggest that water was composed of hydrogen and oxygen, in 1783. Previously, many had thought water to be its own element. Other scientists found hydrogen and oxygen could be created from water; Watt was the first to actually propose that water was made of hydrogen and oxygen.
* Independently proved the existence of latent heat, previously discovered by Joseph Black in 1750. Latent heat is the energy absorbed or released during a change in state, where the substance remains at the same temperature.

==Interesting Facts==

* Watt also created the world's first copying machine, similar to a photocopier, in order to help him copy his designs.
* Was close friends with Adam Smith, founder of Economics and writer of ''The Wealth of Nations'', as well as with Joseph Black, who discovered latent heat and the element magnesium.
* Did lots of surveying work, and invented the micrometer, predecessor to the modern "rangefinder", in 1770-1771 to assist him in his surveying.
* Invented the flexible water main, first used in Glasgow, which is now common across the world in water delivery and sewage.
* Member of the Royal Society of Edinburgh, the Royal Society of London, and a Foreign Associate of the French Academy of Sciences.

== See also ==
[[Power (Mechanical)]]

[[SI Units]]

[[Josiah Willard Gibbs]]

===Further Reading===

Carnegie, Andrew. ''James Watt'' (1913)

Dickinson, H. W., Jenkins, Rhys. ''James Watt and the Steam Engine'' (1919)

Marshall, Thomas. ''James Watt'' (1925)

===External Links===

http://www.bbc.co.uk/history/historic_figures/watt_james.shtml

http://www.sciencemuseum.org.uk/watt

http://digital.nls.uk/scientists/biographies/james-watt/

http://www.engineeringhalloffame.org/profile-watt.html

==References==

http://www.egr.msu.edu/~lira/supp/steam/wattbio.html (Michigan State University)

http://www.egr.msu.edu/~lira/supp/steam/ (Michigan State University)

http://www.britannica.com/biography/James-Watt (Encyclopedia Brittanica)

https://www.asme.org/engineering-topics/articles/energy/james-watt (American Society of Mechanical Engineers)

http://www.theguardian.com/technology/2015/may/29/james-watt-sabbath-day-fossil-fuel-revolution-condenser (The Guardian)

http://www.rsc.org/chemistryworld/podcast/CIIEcompounds/transcripts/water.asp (Royal Society of Chemistry)

http://www.famousscientists.org/james-watt/ (Famous Scientists)

James Watt

2015-12-05T18:15:00Z

Jclark302: /* See also */

Page under construction - Joseph Clark (jclark302)

[[File:James-watts-225.jpg|200px|thumb|right|James Watt (1736-1819)]]

James Watt (1736-1819) was an inventor, mechanical engineer, and chemist best known for his improvements to the steam engine, which spurred the Industrial Revolution in Europe and the United States, as well as for his creation of the term "horsepower." The SI unit for power, the Watt, is named after James Watt in recognition of his contributions to the concept of power and how it is used today.

==Personal Life==

===Early Life===
Watt's father owned a prosperous shipbuilding business in Scotland. As a young teen, Watt worked with a wide variety of instruments and knew that he wanted to become an instrument maker (in modern terms, an engineer). After a large portion of his father's investments failed, Watt traveled to London to apprentice with a renowned instrument maker, John Morgan. After completing his apprenticeship, Watt was offered work at the University of Glasgow.

===Career and Later Life===
In 1763, Watt was given the task of repairing a malfunctioning steam engine by a professor at the University of Glasgow. While Watt found the flaw in the model engine, he realized that the most modern design, the Newcomen engine, which had remained largely unchanged for nearly 50 years, was hopelessly inefficient due to massive amounts of energy wasted. The current design, he demonstrated, converted nearly three-quarters of its energy to thermal energy, rather than mechanical energy.

Watt spent two years creating a new design and several more improving on the Newcomen steam engine, eventually acquiring a patent in 1769. Capital from John Roebuck and Matthew Boulton finally led to the manufacture of Watt's steam engine in 1776, 11 years after he first created his new design. In 1781, Watt made his next landmark improvement to the steam engine, creating an engine with a rotary output through the invention of the planetary gear. Other improvements, like the throttling valve and the engine governor, finally allowed steam engines, previously confined to mining, to be used to supply power to manufacturing industries as well as to canals and waterworks. By his retirement in 1800, Bolton and Watt had became the most important engineering firm in the country.

==Industrial Contributions==

[[File:James_Watt_Energy_02.jpg|200px|thumb|right|A steam engine showing many of Watt's innovations]]
Watt's major contributions to steam engine development are as follows:

* Separate Condenser - This is what separates the Watt and Newcomen engines. Both steam engines rely on the changing of pressure, where the steam would be heated to expand it, and later cooled to condense it. In a Newcomen engine, this steam cylinder would be heated and cooled constantly, wasting energy to reheat the steel in the cylinder. The Watt engine solved this by creating a separate condenser, which could be cool while the steam cylinder could be hot, eliminating Newcomen's issues with heating.
* Sun and Planetary Gear - This gear system works by having a non-rotating planetary gear travel around a rotating sun gear. This allowed the conversion of parallel, "up-and-down" motion to rotary motion, and gave the steam engine many more practical uses.
* Steam Throttling Valve - This regulated steam flow from the boiler into the cylinder.
* Engine Governor (and connector to the throttling valve) - This allowed the steam engine to run at a constant engine speed.
* Double-Acting Cylinders - Watt invented a mechanism to match the rocking motion created by the engine with the linear motion of the piston, allowing for a "double-acting" cylinder. These cylinders had valves on both sides of the piston, allowing for the engine to do work on both the upward and downward strokes, rather than on solely the upward stroke.
* Steam Locomotive - Though never built, Watt applied for the first steam locomotive patent, in 1784.

==Scientific Contributions==

In addition to his inventions, Watt had numerous scientific contributions. They include:

* Introduction of the term ''horsepower'' to describe power output. He described one horsepower to be 33,000 ft*lbs/min. The horsepower is still in use as a unit today, often used to describe modern engines used in transportation vehicles. One horsepower is now defined to be about 735 Watts.
* First to explicitly suggest that water was composed of hydrogen and oxygen, in 1783. Previously, many had thought water to be its own element. Other scientists found hydrogen and oxygen could be created from water; Watt was the first to actually propose that water was made of hydrogen and oxygen.
* Independently proved the existence of latent heat, previously discovered by Joseph Black in 1750. Latent heat is the energy absorbed or released during a change in state, where the substance remains at the same temperature.

==Interesting Facts==

* Watt also created the world's first copying machine, similar to a photocopier, in order to help him copy his designs.
* Was close friends with Adam Smith, founder of Economics and writer of ''The Wealth of Nations'', as well as with Joseph Black, who discovered latent heat and the element magnesium.
* Did lots of surveying work, and invented the micrometer, predecessor to the modern "rangefinder", in 1770-1771 to assist him in his surveying.
* Invented the flexible water main, first used in Glasgow, which is now common across the world in water delivery and sewage.
* Member of the Royal Society of Edinburgh, the Royal Society of London, and a Foreign Associate of the French Academy of Sciences.

== See also ==
[[Power (Mechanical)]]

[[SI Units]]

[[Josiah Willard Gibbs]]

===Further Reading===

Carnegie, Andrew. ''James Watt'' (1913)

Dickinson, H. W., Jenkins, Rhys. ''James Watt and the Steam Engine'' (1919)

Marshall, Thomas. ''James Watt'' (1925)

===External Links===

http://www.bbc.co.uk/history/historic_figures/watt_james.shtml

http://www.sciencemuseum.org.uk/watt

http://digital.nls.uk/scientists/biographies/james-watt/

http://www.engineeringhalloffame.org/profile-watt.html

==References==

http://www.egr.msu.edu/~lira/supp/steam/wattbio.html (Michigan State University)

http://www.egr.msu.edu/~lira/supp/steam/ (Michigan State University)

http://www.britannica.com/biography/James-Watt (Encyclopedia Brittanica)

https://www.asme.org/engineering-topics/articles/energy/james-watt (American Society of Mechanical Engineers)

http://www.theguardian.com/technology/2015/may/29/james-watt-sabbath-day-fossil-fuel-revolution-condenser (The Guardian)

http://www.rsc.org/chemistryworld/podcast/CIIEcompounds/transcripts/water.asp (Royal Society of Chemistry)

http://www.famousscientists.org/james-watt/ (Famous Scientists)

James Watt

2015-12-05T18:14:51Z

Jclark302: /* See also */

Page under construction - Joseph Clark (jclark302)

[[File:James-watts-225.jpg|200px|thumb|right|James Watt (1736-1819)]]

James Watt (1736-1819) was an inventor, mechanical engineer, and chemist best known for his improvements to the steam engine, which spurred the Industrial Revolution in Europe and the United States, as well as for his creation of the term "horsepower." The SI unit for power, the Watt, is named after James Watt in recognition of his contributions to the concept of power and how it is used today.

==Personal Life==

===Early Life===
Watt's father owned a prosperous shipbuilding business in Scotland. As a young teen, Watt worked with a wide variety of instruments and knew that he wanted to become an instrument maker (in modern terms, an engineer). After a large portion of his father's investments failed, Watt traveled to London to apprentice with a renowned instrument maker, John Morgan. After completing his apprenticeship, Watt was offered work at the University of Glasgow.

===Career and Later Life===
In 1763, Watt was given the task of repairing a malfunctioning steam engine by a professor at the University of Glasgow. While Watt found the flaw in the model engine, he realized that the most modern design, the Newcomen engine, which had remained largely unchanged for nearly 50 years, was hopelessly inefficient due to massive amounts of energy wasted. The current design, he demonstrated, converted nearly three-quarters of its energy to thermal energy, rather than mechanical energy.

Watt spent two years creating a new design and several more improving on the Newcomen steam engine, eventually acquiring a patent in 1769. Capital from John Roebuck and Matthew Boulton finally led to the manufacture of Watt's steam engine in 1776, 11 years after he first created his new design. In 1781, Watt made his next landmark improvement to the steam engine, creating an engine with a rotary output through the invention of the planetary gear. Other improvements, like the throttling valve and the engine governor, finally allowed steam engines, previously confined to mining, to be used to supply power to manufacturing industries as well as to canals and waterworks. By his retirement in 1800, Bolton and Watt had became the most important engineering firm in the country.

==Industrial Contributions==

[[File:James_Watt_Energy_02.jpg|200px|thumb|right|A steam engine showing many of Watt's innovations]]
Watt's major contributions to steam engine development are as follows:

* Separate Condenser - This is what separates the Watt and Newcomen engines. Both steam engines rely on the changing of pressure, where the steam would be heated to expand it, and later cooled to condense it. In a Newcomen engine, this steam cylinder would be heated and cooled constantly, wasting energy to reheat the steel in the cylinder. The Watt engine solved this by creating a separate condenser, which could be cool while the steam cylinder could be hot, eliminating Newcomen's issues with heating.
* Sun and Planetary Gear - This gear system works by having a non-rotating planetary gear travel around a rotating sun gear. This allowed the conversion of parallel, "up-and-down" motion to rotary motion, and gave the steam engine many more practical uses.
* Steam Throttling Valve - This regulated steam flow from the boiler into the cylinder.
* Engine Governor (and connector to the throttling valve) - This allowed the steam engine to run at a constant engine speed.
* Double-Acting Cylinders - Watt invented a mechanism to match the rocking motion created by the engine with the linear motion of the piston, allowing for a "double-acting" cylinder. These cylinders had valves on both sides of the piston, allowing for the engine to do work on both the upward and downward strokes, rather than on solely the upward stroke.
* Steam Locomotive - Though never built, Watt applied for the first steam locomotive patent, in 1784.

==Scientific Contributions==

In addition to his inventions, Watt had numerous scientific contributions. They include:

* Introduction of the term ''horsepower'' to describe power output. He described one horsepower to be 33,000 ft*lbs/min. The horsepower is still in use as a unit today, often used to describe modern engines used in transportation vehicles. One horsepower is now defined to be about 735 Watts.
* First to explicitly suggest that water was composed of hydrogen and oxygen, in 1783. Previously, many had thought water to be its own element. Other scientists found hydrogen and oxygen could be created from water; Watt was the first to actually propose that water was made of hydrogen and oxygen.
* Independently proved the existence of latent heat, previously discovered by Joseph Black in 1750. Latent heat is the energy absorbed or released during a change in state, where the substance remains at the same temperature.

==Interesting Facts==

* Watt also created the world's first copying machine, similar to a photocopier, in order to help him copy his designs.
* Was close friends with Adam Smith, founder of Economics and writer of ''The Wealth of Nations'', as well as with Joseph Black, who discovered latent heat and the element magnesium.
* Did lots of surveying work, and invented the micrometer, predecessor to the modern "rangefinder", in 1770-1771 to assist him in his surveying.
* Invented the flexible water main, first used in Glasgow, which is now common across the world in water delivery and sewage.
* Member of the Royal Society of Edinburgh, the Royal Society of London, and a Foreign Associate of the French Academy of Sciences.

== See also ==
[[Power (Mechanical)]]
[[SI Units]]
[[Josiah Willard Gibbs]]

===Further Reading===

Carnegie, Andrew. ''James Watt'' (1913)

Dickinson, H. W., Jenkins, Rhys. ''James Watt and the Steam Engine'' (1919)

Marshall, Thomas. ''James Watt'' (1925)

===External Links===

http://www.bbc.co.uk/history/historic_figures/watt_james.shtml

http://www.sciencemuseum.org.uk/watt

http://digital.nls.uk/scientists/biographies/james-watt/

http://www.engineeringhalloffame.org/profile-watt.html

==References==

http://www.egr.msu.edu/~lira/supp/steam/wattbio.html (Michigan State University)

http://www.egr.msu.edu/~lira/supp/steam/ (Michigan State University)

http://www.britannica.com/biography/James-Watt (Encyclopedia Brittanica)

https://www.asme.org/engineering-topics/articles/energy/james-watt (American Society of Mechanical Engineers)

http://www.theguardian.com/technology/2015/may/29/james-watt-sabbath-day-fossil-fuel-revolution-condenser (The Guardian)

http://www.rsc.org/chemistryworld/podcast/CIIEcompounds/transcripts/water.asp (Royal Society of Chemistry)

http://www.famousscientists.org/james-watt/ (Famous Scientists)

James Watt

2015-12-05T18:12:25Z

Jclark302: /* Scientific Contributions */

Page under construction - Joseph Clark (jclark302)

[[File:James-watts-225.jpg|200px|thumb|right|James Watt (1736-1819)]]

James Watt (1736-1819) was an inventor, mechanical engineer, and chemist best known for his improvements to the steam engine, which spurred the Industrial Revolution in Europe and the United States, as well as for his creation of the term "horsepower." The SI unit for power, the Watt, is named after James Watt in recognition of his contributions to the concept of power and how it is used today.

==Personal Life==

===Early Life===
Watt's father owned a prosperous shipbuilding business in Scotland. As a young teen, Watt worked with a wide variety of instruments and knew that he wanted to become an instrument maker (in modern terms, an engineer). After a large portion of his father's investments failed, Watt traveled to London to apprentice with a renowned instrument maker, John Morgan. After completing his apprenticeship, Watt was offered work at the University of Glasgow.

===Career and Later Life===
In 1763, Watt was given the task of repairing a malfunctioning steam engine by a professor at the University of Glasgow. While Watt found the flaw in the model engine, he realized that the most modern design, the Newcomen engine, which had remained largely unchanged for nearly 50 years, was hopelessly inefficient due to massive amounts of energy wasted. The current design, he demonstrated, converted nearly three-quarters of its energy to thermal energy, rather than mechanical energy.

Watt spent two years creating a new design and several more improving on the Newcomen steam engine, eventually acquiring a patent in 1769. Capital from John Roebuck and Matthew Boulton finally led to the manufacture of Watt's steam engine in 1776, 11 years after he first created his new design. In 1781, Watt made his next landmark improvement to the steam engine, creating an engine with a rotary output through the invention of the planetary gear. Other improvements, like the throttling valve and the engine governor, finally allowed steam engines, previously confined to mining, to be used to supply power to manufacturing industries as well as to canals and waterworks. By his retirement in 1800, Bolton and Watt had became the most important engineering firm in the country.

==Industrial Contributions==

[[File:James_Watt_Energy_02.jpg|200px|thumb|right|A steam engine showing many of Watt's innovations]]
Watt's major contributions to steam engine development are as follows:

* Separate Condenser - This is what separates the Watt and Newcomen engines. Both steam engines rely on the changing of pressure, where the steam would be heated to expand it, and later cooled to condense it. In a Newcomen engine, this steam cylinder would be heated and cooled constantly, wasting energy to reheat the steel in the cylinder. The Watt engine solved this by creating a separate condenser, which could be cool while the steam cylinder could be hot, eliminating Newcomen's issues with heating.
* Sun and Planetary Gear - This gear system works by having a non-rotating planetary gear travel around a rotating sun gear. This allowed the conversion of parallel, "up-and-down" motion to rotary motion, and gave the steam engine many more practical uses.
* Steam Throttling Valve - This regulated steam flow from the boiler into the cylinder.
* Engine Governor (and connector to the throttling valve) - This allowed the steam engine to run at a constant engine speed.
* Double-Acting Cylinders - Watt invented a mechanism to match the rocking motion created by the engine with the linear motion of the piston, allowing for a "double-acting" cylinder. These cylinders had valves on both sides of the piston, allowing for the engine to do work on both the upward and downward strokes, rather than on solely the upward stroke.
* Steam Locomotive - Though never built, Watt applied for the first steam locomotive patent, in 1784.

==Scientific Contributions==

In addition to his inventions, Watt had numerous scientific contributions. They include:

* Introduction of the term ''horsepower'' to describe power output. He described one horsepower to be 33,000 ft*lbs/min. The horsepower is still in use as a unit today, often used to describe modern engines used in transportation vehicles. One horsepower is now defined to be about 735 Watts.
* First to explicitly suggest that water was composed of hydrogen and oxygen, in 1783. Previously, many had thought water to be its own element. Other scientists found hydrogen and oxygen could be created from water; Watt was the first to actually propose that water was made of hydrogen and oxygen.
* Independently proved the existence of latent heat, previously discovered by Joseph Black in 1750. Latent heat is the energy absorbed or released during a change in state, where the substance remains at the same temperature.

==Interesting Facts==

* Watt also created the world's first copying machine, similar to a photocopier, in order to help him copy his designs.
* Was close friends with Adam Smith, founder of Economics and writer of ''The Wealth of Nations'', as well as with Joseph Black, who discovered latent heat and the element magnesium.
* Did lots of surveying work, and invented the micrometer, predecessor to the modern "rangefinder", in 1770-1771 to assist him in his surveying.
* Invented the flexible water main, first used in Glasgow, which is now common across the world in water delivery and sewage.
* Member of the Royal Society of Edinburgh, the Royal Society of London, and a Foreign Associate of the French Academy of Sciences.

== See also ==

===Further Reading===

Carnegie, Andrew. ''James Watt'' (1913)

Dickinson, H. W., Jenkins, Rhys. ''James Watt and the Steam Engine'' (1919)

Marshall, Thomas. ''James Watt'' (1925)

===External Links===

http://www.bbc.co.uk/history/historic_figures/watt_james.shtml

http://www.sciencemuseum.org.uk/watt

http://digital.nls.uk/scientists/biographies/james-watt/

http://www.engineeringhalloffame.org/profile-watt.html

==References==

http://www.egr.msu.edu/~lira/supp/steam/wattbio.html (Michigan State University)

http://www.egr.msu.edu/~lira/supp/steam/ (Michigan State University)

http://www.britannica.com/biography/James-Watt (Encyclopedia Brittanica)

https://www.asme.org/engineering-topics/articles/energy/james-watt (American Society of Mechanical Engineers)

http://www.theguardian.com/technology/2015/may/29/james-watt-sabbath-day-fossil-fuel-revolution-condenser (The Guardian)

http://www.rsc.org/chemistryworld/podcast/CIIEcompounds/transcripts/water.asp (Royal Society of Chemistry)

http://www.famousscientists.org/james-watt/ (Famous Scientists)

James Watt

2015-12-05T18:12:10Z

Jclark302:

Page under construction - Joseph Clark (jclark302)

[[File:James-watts-225.jpg|200px|thumb|right|James Watt (1736-1819)]]

James Watt (1736-1819) was an inventor, mechanical engineer, and chemist best known for his improvements to the steam engine, which spurred the Industrial Revolution in Europe and the United States, as well as for his creation of the term "horsepower." The SI unit for power, the Watt, is named after James Watt in recognition of his contributions to the concept of power and how it is used today.

==Personal Life==

===Early Life===
Watt's father owned a prosperous shipbuilding business in Scotland. As a young teen, Watt worked with a wide variety of instruments and knew that he wanted to become an instrument maker (in modern terms, an engineer). After a large portion of his father's investments failed, Watt traveled to London to apprentice with a renowned instrument maker, John Morgan. After completing his apprenticeship, Watt was offered work at the University of Glasgow.

===Career and Later Life===
In 1763, Watt was given the task of repairing a malfunctioning steam engine by a professor at the University of Glasgow. While Watt found the flaw in the model engine, he realized that the most modern design, the Newcomen engine, which had remained largely unchanged for nearly 50 years, was hopelessly inefficient due to massive amounts of energy wasted. The current design, he demonstrated, converted nearly three-quarters of its energy to thermal energy, rather than mechanical energy.

Watt spent two years creating a new design and several more improving on the Newcomen steam engine, eventually acquiring a patent in 1769. Capital from John Roebuck and Matthew Boulton finally led to the manufacture of Watt's steam engine in 1776, 11 years after he first created his new design. In 1781, Watt made his next landmark improvement to the steam engine, creating an engine with a rotary output through the invention of the planetary gear. Other improvements, like the throttling valve and the engine governor, finally allowed steam engines, previously confined to mining, to be used to supply power to manufacturing industries as well as to canals and waterworks. By his retirement in 1800, Bolton and Watt had became the most important engineering firm in the country.

==Industrial Contributions==

[[File:James_Watt_Energy_02.jpg|200px|thumb|right|A steam engine showing many of Watt's innovations]]
Watt's major contributions to steam engine development are as follows:

* Separate Condenser - This is what separates the Watt and Newcomen engines. Both steam engines rely on the changing of pressure, where the steam would be heated to expand it, and later cooled to condense it. In a Newcomen engine, this steam cylinder would be heated and cooled constantly, wasting energy to reheat the steel in the cylinder. The Watt engine solved this by creating a separate condenser, which could be cool while the steam cylinder could be hot, eliminating Newcomen's issues with heating.
* Sun and Planetary Gear - This gear system works by having a non-rotating planetary gear travel around a rotating sun gear. This allowed the conversion of parallel, "up-and-down" motion to rotary motion, and gave the steam engine many more practical uses.
* Steam Throttling Valve - This regulated steam flow from the boiler into the cylinder.
* Engine Governor (and connector to the throttling valve) - This allowed the steam engine to run at a constant engine speed.
* Double-Acting Cylinders - Watt invented a mechanism to match the rocking motion created by the engine with the linear motion of the piston, allowing for a "double-acting" cylinder. These cylinders had valves on both sides of the piston, allowing for the engine to do work on both the upward and downward strokes, rather than on solely the upward stroke.
* Steam Locomotive - Though never built, Watt applied for the first steam locomotive patent, in 1784.

==Scientific Contributions==

In addition to his inventions, Watt had numerous scientific contributions. They are as follows:

* Introduction of the term ''horsepower'' to describe power output. He described one horsepower to be 33,000 ft*lbs/min. The horsepower is still in use as a unit today, often used to describe modern engines used in transportation vehicles. One horsepower is now defined to be about 735 Watts.
* First to explicitly suggest that water was composed of hydrogen and oxygen, in 1783. Previously, many had thought water to be its own element. Other scientists found hydrogen and oxygen could be created from water; Watt was the first to actually propose that water was made of hydrogen and oxygen.
* Independently proved the existence of latent heat, previously discovered by Joseph Black in 1750. Latent heat is the energy absorbed or released during a change in state, where the substance remains at the same temperature.
*

==Interesting Facts==

* Watt also created the world's first copying machine, similar to a photocopier, in order to help him copy his designs.
* Was close friends with Adam Smith, founder of Economics and writer of ''The Wealth of Nations'', as well as with Joseph Black, who discovered latent heat and the element magnesium.
* Did lots of surveying work, and invented the micrometer, predecessor to the modern "rangefinder", in 1770-1771 to assist him in his surveying.
* Invented the flexible water main, first used in Glasgow, which is now common across the world in water delivery and sewage.
* Member of the Royal Society of Edinburgh, the Royal Society of London, and a Foreign Associate of the French Academy of Sciences.

== See also ==

===Further Reading===

Carnegie, Andrew. ''James Watt'' (1913)

Dickinson, H. W., Jenkins, Rhys. ''James Watt and the Steam Engine'' (1919)

Marshall, Thomas. ''James Watt'' (1925)

===External Links===

http://www.bbc.co.uk/history/historic_figures/watt_james.shtml

http://www.sciencemuseum.org.uk/watt

http://digital.nls.uk/scientists/biographies/james-watt/

http://www.engineeringhalloffame.org/profile-watt.html

==References==

http://www.egr.msu.edu/~lira/supp/steam/wattbio.html (Michigan State University)

http://www.egr.msu.edu/~lira/supp/steam/ (Michigan State University)

http://www.britannica.com/biography/James-Watt (Encyclopedia Brittanica)

https://www.asme.org/engineering-topics/articles/energy/james-watt (American Society of Mechanical Engineers)

http://www.theguardian.com/technology/2015/may/29/james-watt-sabbath-day-fossil-fuel-revolution-condenser (The Guardian)

http://www.rsc.org/chemistryworld/podcast/CIIEcompounds/transcripts/water.asp (Royal Society of Chemistry)

http://www.famousscientists.org/james-watt/ (Famous Scientists)

James Watt

2015-12-05T17:54:54Z

Jclark302: /* Scientific Contributions */

Page under construction - Joseph Clark (jclark302)

[[File:James-watts-225.jpg|200px|thumb|right|James Watt (1736-1819)]]

James Watt (1736-1819) was an inventor, mechanical engineer, and chemist best known for his improvements to the steam engine, which spurred the Industrial Revolution in Europe and the United States, as well as for his creation of the term "horsepower." The SI unit for power, the Watt, is named after James Watt in recognition of his contributions to the concept of power and how it is used today.

==Personal Life==

===Early Life===
Watt's father owned a prosperous shipbuilding business in Scotland. As a young teen, Watt worked with a wide variety of instruments and knew that he wanted to become an instrument maker (in modern terms, an engineer). After a large portion of his father's investments failed, Watt traveled to London to apprentice with a renowned instrument maker, John Morgan. After completing his apprenticeship, Watt was offered work at the University of Glasgow.

===Career and Later Life===
In 1763, Watt was given the task of repairing a malfunctioning steam engine by a professor at the University of Glasgow. While Watt found the flaw in the model engine, he realized that the most modern design, the Newcomen engine, which had remained largely unchanged for nearly 50 years, was hopelessly inefficient due to massive amounts of energy wasted. The current design, he demonstrated, converted nearly three-quarters of its energy to thermal energy, rather than mechanical energy.

Watt spent two years creating a new design and several more improving on the Newcomen steam engine, eventually acquiring a patent in 1769. Capital from John Roebuck and Matthew Boulton finally led to the manufacture of Watt's steam engine in 1776, 11 years after he first created his new design. In 1781, Watt made his next landmark improvement to the steam engine, creating an engine with a rotary output through the invention of the planetary gear. Other improvements, like the throttling valve and the engine governor, finally allowed steam engines, previously confined to mining, to be used to supply power to manufacturing industries as well as to canals and waterworks. By his retirement in 1800, Bolton and Watt had became the most important engineering firm in the country.

==Industrial Contributions==

[[File:James_Watt_Energy_02.jpg|200px|thumb|right|A steam engine showing many of Watt's innovations]]
Watt's major contributions to steam engine development are as follows:

* Separate Condenser - This is what separates the Watt and Newcomen engines. Both steam engines rely on the changing of pressure, where the steam would be heated to expand it, and later cooled to condense it. In a Newcomen engine, this steam cylinder would be heated and cooled constantly, wasting energy to reheat the steel in the cylinder. The Watt engine solved this by creating a separate condenser, which could be cool while the steam cylinder could be hot, eliminating Newcomen's issues with heating.
* Sun and Planetary Gear - This gear system works by having a non-rotating planetary gear travel around a rotating sun gear. This allowed the conversion of parallel, "up-and-down" motion to rotary motion, and gave the steam engine many more practical uses.
* Steam Throttling Valve - This regulated steam flow from the boiler into the cylinder.
* Engine Governor (and connector to the throttling valve) - This allowed the steam engine to run at a constant engine speed.
* Double-Acting Cylinders - Watt invented a mechanism to match the rocking motion created by the engine with the linear motion of the piston, allowing for a "double-acting" cylinder. These cylinders had valves on both sides of the piston, allowing for the engine to do work on both the upward and downward strokes, rather than on solely the upward stroke.
* Steam Locomotive - Though never built, Watt applied for the first steam locomotive patent, in 1784.

==Scientific Contributions==

In addition to his inventions, Watt had several scientific

==Interesting Facts==

== See also ==

===Further Reading===

Carnegie, Andrew. ''James Watt'' (1913)

Dickinson, H. W., Jenkins, Rhys. ''James Watt and the Steam Engine'' (1919)

Marshall, Thomas. ''James Watt'' (1925)

===External Links===

http://www.bbc.co.uk/history/historic_figures/watt_james.shtml

http://www.sciencemuseum.org.uk/watt

http://digital.nls.uk/scientists/biographies/james-watt/

http://www.engineeringhalloffame.org/profile-watt.html

==References==

http://www.egr.msu.edu/~lira/supp/steam/wattbio.html (Michigan State University)

http://www.egr.msu.edu/~lira/supp/steam/ (Michigan State University)

http://www.britannica.com/biography/James-Watt (Encyclopedia Brittanica)

https://www.asme.org/engineering-topics/articles/energy/james-watt (American Society of Mechanical Engineers)

http://www.theguardian.com/technology/2015/may/29/james-watt-sabbath-day-fossil-fuel-revolution-condenser (The Guardian)

James Watt

2015-12-05T17:53:46Z

Jclark302: /* See also */

Page under construction - Joseph Clark (jclark302)

[[File:James-watts-225.jpg|200px|thumb|right|James Watt (1736-1819)]]

James Watt (1736-1819) was an inventor, mechanical engineer, and chemist best known for his improvements to the steam engine, which spurred the Industrial Revolution in Europe and the United States, as well as for his creation of the term "horsepower." The SI unit for power, the Watt, is named after James Watt in recognition of his contributions to the concept of power and how it is used today.

==Personal Life==

===Early Life===
Watt's father owned a prosperous shipbuilding business in Scotland. As a young teen, Watt worked with a wide variety of instruments and knew that he wanted to become an instrument maker (in modern terms, an engineer). After a large portion of his father's investments failed, Watt traveled to London to apprentice with a renowned instrument maker, John Morgan. After completing his apprenticeship, Watt was offered work at the University of Glasgow.

===Career and Later Life===
In 1763, Watt was given the task of repairing a malfunctioning steam engine by a professor at the University of Glasgow. While Watt found the flaw in the model engine, he realized that the most modern design, the Newcomen engine, which had remained largely unchanged for nearly 50 years, was hopelessly inefficient due to massive amounts of energy wasted. The current design, he demonstrated, converted nearly three-quarters of its energy to thermal energy, rather than mechanical energy.

Watt spent two years creating a new design and several more improving on the Newcomen steam engine, eventually acquiring a patent in 1769. Capital from John Roebuck and Matthew Boulton finally led to the manufacture of Watt's steam engine in 1776, 11 years after he first created his new design. In 1781, Watt made his next landmark improvement to the steam engine, creating an engine with a rotary output through the invention of the planetary gear. Other improvements, like the throttling valve and the engine governor, finally allowed steam engines, previously confined to mining, to be used to supply power to manufacturing industries as well as to canals and waterworks. By his retirement in 1800, Bolton and Watt had became the most important engineering firm in the country.

==Industrial Contributions==

[[File:James_Watt_Energy_02.jpg|200px|thumb|right|A steam engine showing many of Watt's innovations]]
Watt's major contributions to steam engine development are as follows:

* Separate Condenser - This is what separates the Watt and Newcomen engines. Both steam engines rely on the changing of pressure, where the steam would be heated to expand it, and later cooled to condense it. In a Newcomen engine, this steam cylinder would be heated and cooled constantly, wasting energy to reheat the steel in the cylinder. The Watt engine solved this by creating a separate condenser, which could be cool while the steam cylinder could be hot, eliminating Newcomen's issues with heating.
* Sun and Planetary Gear - This gear system works by having a non-rotating planetary gear travel around a rotating sun gear. This allowed the conversion of parallel, "up-and-down" motion to rotary motion, and gave the steam engine many more practical uses.
* Steam Throttling Valve - This regulated steam flow from the boiler into the cylinder.
* Engine Governor (and connector to the throttling valve) - This allowed the steam engine to run at a constant engine speed.
* Double-Acting Cylinders - Watt invented a mechanism to match the rocking motion created by the engine with the linear motion of the piston, allowing for a "double-acting" cylinder. These cylinders had valves on both sides of the piston, allowing for the engine to do work on both the upward and downward strokes, rather than on solely the upward stroke.
* Steam Locomotive - Though never built, Watt applied for the first steam locomotive patent, in 1784.

==Scientific Contributions==

===Coulomb’s Law===

==Interesting Facts==

== See also ==

===Further Reading===

Carnegie, Andrew. ''James Watt'' (1913)

Dickinson, H. W., Jenkins, Rhys. ''James Watt and the Steam Engine'' (1919)

Marshall, Thomas. ''James Watt'' (1925)

===External Links===

http://www.bbc.co.uk/history/historic_figures/watt_james.shtml

http://www.sciencemuseum.org.uk/watt

http://digital.nls.uk/scientists/biographies/james-watt/

http://www.engineeringhalloffame.org/profile-watt.html

==References==

http://www.egr.msu.edu/~lira/supp/steam/wattbio.html (Michigan State University)

http://www.egr.msu.edu/~lira/supp/steam/ (Michigan State University)

http://www.britannica.com/biography/James-Watt (Encyclopedia Brittanica)

https://www.asme.org/engineering-topics/articles/energy/james-watt (American Society of Mechanical Engineers)

http://www.theguardian.com/technology/2015/may/29/james-watt-sabbath-day-fossil-fuel-revolution-condenser (The Guardian)

James Watt

2015-12-05T17:53:37Z

Jclark302:

Page under construction - Joseph Clark (jclark302)

[[File:James-watts-225.jpg|200px|thumb|right|James Watt (1736-1819)]]

James Watt (1736-1819) was an inventor, mechanical engineer, and chemist best known for his improvements to the steam engine, which spurred the Industrial Revolution in Europe and the United States, as well as for his creation of the term "horsepower." The SI unit for power, the Watt, is named after James Watt in recognition of his contributions to the concept of power and how it is used today.

==Personal Life==

===Early Life===
Watt's father owned a prosperous shipbuilding business in Scotland. As a young teen, Watt worked with a wide variety of instruments and knew that he wanted to become an instrument maker (in modern terms, an engineer). After a large portion of his father's investments failed, Watt traveled to London to apprentice with a renowned instrument maker, John Morgan. After completing his apprenticeship, Watt was offered work at the University of Glasgow.

===Career and Later Life===
In 1763, Watt was given the task of repairing a malfunctioning steam engine by a professor at the University of Glasgow. While Watt found the flaw in the model engine, he realized that the most modern design, the Newcomen engine, which had remained largely unchanged for nearly 50 years, was hopelessly inefficient due to massive amounts of energy wasted. The current design, he demonstrated, converted nearly three-quarters of its energy to thermal energy, rather than mechanical energy.

Watt spent two years creating a new design and several more improving on the Newcomen steam engine, eventually acquiring a patent in 1769. Capital from John Roebuck and Matthew Boulton finally led to the manufacture of Watt's steam engine in 1776, 11 years after he first created his new design. In 1781, Watt made his next landmark improvement to the steam engine, creating an engine with a rotary output through the invention of the planetary gear. Other improvements, like the throttling valve and the engine governor, finally allowed steam engines, previously confined to mining, to be used to supply power to manufacturing industries as well as to canals and waterworks. By his retirement in 1800, Bolton and Watt had became the most important engineering firm in the country.

==Industrial Contributions==

[[File:James_Watt_Energy_02.jpg|200px|thumb|right|A steam engine showing many of Watt's innovations]]
Watt's major contributions to steam engine development are as follows:

* Separate Condenser - This is what separates the Watt and Newcomen engines. Both steam engines rely on the changing of pressure, where the steam would be heated to expand it, and later cooled to condense it. In a Newcomen engine, this steam cylinder would be heated and cooled constantly, wasting energy to reheat the steel in the cylinder. The Watt engine solved this by creating a separate condenser, which could be cool while the steam cylinder could be hot, eliminating Newcomen's issues with heating.
* Sun and Planetary Gear - This gear system works by having a non-rotating planetary gear travel around a rotating sun gear. This allowed the conversion of parallel, "up-and-down" motion to rotary motion, and gave the steam engine many more practical uses.
* Steam Throttling Valve - This regulated steam flow from the boiler into the cylinder.
* Engine Governor (and connector to the throttling valve) - This allowed the steam engine to run at a constant engine speed.
* Double-Acting Cylinders - Watt invented a mechanism to match the rocking motion created by the engine with the linear motion of the piston, allowing for a "double-acting" cylinder. These cylinders had valves on both sides of the piston, allowing for the engine to do work on both the upward and downward strokes, rather than on solely the upward stroke.
* Steam Locomotive - Though never built, Watt applied for the first steam locomotive patent, in 1784.

==Scientific Contributions==

===Coulomb’s Law===

==Interesting Facts==

== See also ==

===Further Reading===

Carnegie, Andrew. ''James Watt'' (1913)

Dickinson, H. W., Jenkins, Rhys. ''James Watt and the Steam Engine'' (1919)

Marshall, Thomas. ''James Watt'' (1925)

===External Links===

http://www.bbc.co.uk/history/historic_figures/watt_james.shtml

http://www.sciencemuseum.org.uk/watt

http://digital.nls.uk/scientists/biographies/james-watt/

http://www.engineeringhalloffame.org/profile-watt.html

==References==

http://www.egr.msu.edu/~lira/supp/steam/wattbio.html (Michigan State University)

http://www.egr.msu.edu/~lira/supp/steam/ (Michigan State University)

http://www.britannica.com/biography/James-Watt (Encyclopedia Brittanica)

https://www.asme.org/engineering-topics/articles/energy/james-watt (American Society of Mechanical Engineers)

http://www.theguardian.com/technology/2015/may/29/james-watt-sabbath-day-fossil-fuel-revolution-condenser (The Guardian)

James Watt

2015-12-05T17:44:52Z

Jclark302: /* References */

James Watt

2015-12-05T17:42:13Z

Jclark302:

File:James Watt Energy 02.jpg

2015-12-05T17:41:25Z

Jclark302:

James Watt

2015-12-05T17:39:52Z

Jclark302:

James Watt

2015-12-05T17:39:39Z

Jclark302:

Page under construction - Joseph Clark (jclark302)

James Watt (1736-1819) was an inventor, mechanical engineer, and chemist best known for his improvements to the steam engine, which spurred the Industrial Revolution in Europe and the United States, as well as for his creation of the term "horsepower." The SI unit for power, the Watt, is named after James Watt in recognition of his contributions to the concept of power and how it is used today.

[[File:James-watts-225.jpg|200px|thumb|right|James Watt (1736-1819)]]

==Personal Life==

===Early Life===
Watt's father owned a prosperous shipbuilding business in Scotland. As a young teen, Watt worked with a wide variety of instruments and knew that he wanted to become an instrument maker (in modern terms, an engineer). After a large portion of his father's investments failed, Watt traveled to London to apprentice with a renowned instrument maker, John Morgan. After completing his apprenticeship, Watt was offered work at the University of Glasgow.

===Career and Later Life===
In 1763, Watt was given the task of repairing a malfunctioning steam engine by a professor at the University of Glasgow. While Watt found the flaw in the model engine, he realized that the most modern design, the Newcomen engine, which had remained largely unchanged for nearly 50 years, was hopelessly inefficient due to massive amounts of energy wasted. The current design, he demonstrated, converted nearly three-quarters of its energy to thermal energy, rather than mechanical energy.

Watt spent two years creating a new design and several more improving on the Newcomen steam engine, eventually acquiring a patent in 1769. Capital from John Roebuck and Matthew Boulton finally led to the manufacture of Watt's steam engine in 1776, 11 years after he first created his new design. In 1781, Watt made his next landmark improvement to the steam engine, creating an engine with a rotary output through the invention of the planetary gear. Other improvements, like the throttling valve and the engine governor, finally allowed steam engines, previously confined to mining, to be used to supply power to manufacturing industries as well as to canals and waterworks. By his retirement in 1800, Bolton and Watt had became the most important engineering firm in the country.

==Industrial Contributions==

Watt's major contributions to steam engine development are as follows:

* Separate Condenser - This is what separates the Watt and Newcomen engines. Both steam engines rely on the changing of pressure, where the steam would be heated to expand it, and later cooled to condense it. In a Newcomen engine, this steam cylinder would be heated and cooled constantly, wasting energy to reheat the steel in the cylinder. The Watt engine solved this by creating a separate condenser, which could be cool while the steam cylinder could be hot, eliminating Newcomen's issues with heating.
* Sun and Planetary Gear - This gear system works by having a non-rotating planetary gear travel around a rotating sun gear. This allowed the conversion of parallel, "up-and-down" motion to rotary motion, and gave the steam engine many more practical uses.
* Steam Throttling Valve - This regulated steam flow from the boiler into the cylinder.
* Engine Governor (and connector to the throttling valve) - This allowed the steam engine to run at a constant engine speed.
* Double-Acting Cylinders - Watt invented a mechanism to match the rocking motion created by the engine with the linear motion of the piston, allowing for a "double-acting" cylinder. These cylinders had valves on both sides of the piston, allowing for the engine to do work on both the upward and downward strokes, rather than on solely the upward stroke.
* Steam Locomotive - Though never built, Watt applied for the first steam locomotive patent, in 1784.

==Scientific Contributions==

===Coulomb’s Law===

==Interesting Facts==

== See also ==

==References==

http://www.egr.msu.edu/~lira/supp/steam/wattbio.html

http://www.egr.msu.edu/~lira/supp/steam/

http://www.britannica.com/biography/James-Watt

===External links===

James Watt

2015-12-05T17:39:32Z

Jclark302: Undo revision 14442 by Jclark302 (talk)

Page under construction - Joseph Clark (jclark302)

James Watt (1736-1819) was an inventor, mechanical engineer, and chemist best known for his improvements to the steam engine, which spurred the Industrial Revolution in Europe and the United States, as well as for his creation of the term "horsepower." The SI unit for power, the Watt, is named after James Watt in recognition of his contributions to the concept of power and how it is used today.

[[James-watts-225.jpg|200px|thumb|right|James Watt (1736-1819)]]

==Personal Life==

===Early Life===
Watt's father owned a prosperous shipbuilding business in Scotland. As a young teen, Watt worked with a wide variety of instruments and knew that he wanted to become an instrument maker (in modern terms, an engineer). After a large portion of his father's investments failed, Watt traveled to London to apprentice with a renowned instrument maker, John Morgan. After completing his apprenticeship, Watt was offered work at the University of Glasgow.

===Career and Later Life===
In 1763, Watt was given the task of repairing a malfunctioning steam engine by a professor at the University of Glasgow. While Watt found the flaw in the model engine, he realized that the most modern design, the Newcomen engine, which had remained largely unchanged for nearly 50 years, was hopelessly inefficient due to massive amounts of energy wasted. The current design, he demonstrated, converted nearly three-quarters of its energy to thermal energy, rather than mechanical energy.

Watt spent two years creating a new design and several more improving on the Newcomen steam engine, eventually acquiring a patent in 1769. Capital from John Roebuck and Matthew Boulton finally led to the manufacture of Watt's steam engine in 1776, 11 years after he first created his new design. In 1781, Watt made his next landmark improvement to the steam engine, creating an engine with a rotary output through the invention of the planetary gear. Other improvements, like the throttling valve and the engine governor, finally allowed steam engines, previously confined to mining, to be used to supply power to manufacturing industries as well as to canals and waterworks. By his retirement in 1800, Bolton and Watt had became the most important engineering firm in the country.

==Industrial Contributions==

Watt's major contributions to steam engine development are as follows:

* Separate Condenser - This is what separates the Watt and Newcomen engines. Both steam engines rely on the changing of pressure, where the steam would be heated to expand it, and later cooled to condense it. In a Newcomen engine, this steam cylinder would be heated and cooled constantly, wasting energy to reheat the steel in the cylinder. The Watt engine solved this by creating a separate condenser, which could be cool while the steam cylinder could be hot, eliminating Newcomen's issues with heating.
* Sun and Planetary Gear - This gear system works by having a non-rotating planetary gear travel around a rotating sun gear. This allowed the conversion of parallel, "up-and-down" motion to rotary motion, and gave the steam engine many more practical uses.
* Steam Throttling Valve - This regulated steam flow from the boiler into the cylinder.
* Engine Governor (and connector to the throttling valve) - This allowed the steam engine to run at a constant engine speed.
* Double-Acting Cylinders - Watt invented a mechanism to match the rocking motion created by the engine with the linear motion of the piston, allowing for a "double-acting" cylinder. These cylinders had valves on both sides of the piston, allowing for the engine to do work on both the upward and downward strokes, rather than on solely the upward stroke.
* Steam Locomotive - Though never built, Watt applied for the first steam locomotive patent, in 1784.

==Scientific Contributions==

===Coulomb’s Law===

==Interesting Facts==

== See also ==

==References==

http://www.egr.msu.edu/~lira/supp/steam/wattbio.html

http://www.egr.msu.edu/~lira/supp/steam/

http://www.britannica.com/biography/James-Watt

===External links===

James Watt

2015-12-05T17:38:55Z

Jclark302:

Page under construction - Joseph Clark (jclark302)

James Watt (1736-1819) was an inventor, mechanical engineer, and chemist best known for his improvements to the steam engine, which spurred the Industrial Revolution in Europe and the United States, as well as for his creation of the term "horsepower." The SI unit for power, the Watt, is named after James Watt in recognition of his contributions to the concept of power and how it is used today.

[[James-watts-225.jpg|thumb|right|James Watt (1736-1819)]]

==Personal Life==

===Early Life===
Watt's father owned a prosperous shipbuilding business in Scotland. As a young teen, Watt worked with a wide variety of instruments and knew that he wanted to become an instrument maker (in modern terms, an engineer). After a large portion of his father's investments failed, Watt traveled to London to apprentice with a renowned instrument maker, John Morgan. After completing his apprenticeship, Watt was offered work at the University of Glasgow.

===Career and Later Life===
In 1763, Watt was given the task of repairing a malfunctioning steam engine by a professor at the University of Glasgow. While Watt found the flaw in the model engine, he realized that the most modern design, the Newcomen engine, which had remained largely unchanged for nearly 50 years, was hopelessly inefficient due to massive amounts of energy wasted. The current design, he demonstrated, converted nearly three-quarters of its energy to thermal energy, rather than mechanical energy.

Watt spent two years creating a new design and several more improving on the Newcomen steam engine, eventually acquiring a patent in 1769. Capital from John Roebuck and Matthew Boulton finally led to the manufacture of Watt's steam engine in 1776, 11 years after he first created his new design. In 1781, Watt made his next landmark improvement to the steam engine, creating an engine with a rotary output through the invention of the planetary gear. Other improvements, like the throttling valve and the engine governor, finally allowed steam engines, previously confined to mining, to be used to supply power to manufacturing industries as well as to canals and waterworks. By his retirement in 1800, Bolton and Watt had became the most important engineering firm in the country.

==Industrial Contributions==

Watt's major contributions to steam engine development are as follows:

* Separate Condenser - This is what separates the Watt and Newcomen engines. Both steam engines rely on the changing of pressure, where the steam would be heated to expand it, and later cooled to condense it. In a Newcomen engine, this steam cylinder would be heated and cooled constantly, wasting energy to reheat the steel in the cylinder. The Watt engine solved this by creating a separate condenser, which could be cool while the steam cylinder could be hot, eliminating Newcomen's issues with heating.
* Sun and Planetary Gear - This gear system works by having a non-rotating planetary gear travel around a rotating sun gear. This allowed the conversion of parallel, "up-and-down" motion to rotary motion, and gave the steam engine many more practical uses.
* Steam Throttling Valve - This regulated steam flow from the boiler into the cylinder.
* Engine Governor (and connector to the throttling valve) - This allowed the steam engine to run at a constant engine speed.
* Double-Acting Cylinders - Watt invented a mechanism to match the rocking motion created by the engine with the linear motion of the piston, allowing for a "double-acting" cylinder. These cylinders had valves on both sides of the piston, allowing for the engine to do work on both the upward and downward strokes, rather than on solely the upward stroke.
* Steam Locomotive - Though never built, Watt applied for the first steam locomotive patent, in 1784.

==Scientific Contributions==

===Coulomb’s Law===

==Interesting Facts==

== See also ==

==References==

http://www.egr.msu.edu/~lira/supp/steam/wattbio.html

http://www.egr.msu.edu/~lira/supp/steam/

http://www.britannica.com/biography/James-Watt

===External links===

James Watt

2015-12-05T17:38:31Z

Jclark302:

Page under construction - Joseph Clark (jclark302)

James Watt (1736-1819) was an inventor, mechanical engineer, and chemist best known for his improvements to the steam engine, which spurred the Industrial Revolution in Europe and the United States, as well as for his creation of the term "horsepower." The SI unit for power, the Watt, is named after James Watt in recognition of his contributions to the concept of power and how it is used today.

[[James-watts-225.jpg|200px|thumb|right|James Watt (1736-1819)]]

==Personal Life==

===Early Life===
Watt's father owned a prosperous shipbuilding business in Scotland. As a young teen, Watt worked with a wide variety of instruments and knew that he wanted to become an instrument maker (in modern terms, an engineer). After a large portion of his father's investments failed, Watt traveled to London to apprentice with a renowned instrument maker, John Morgan. After completing his apprenticeship, Watt was offered work at the University of Glasgow.

===Career and Later Life===
In 1763, Watt was given the task of repairing a malfunctioning steam engine by a professor at the University of Glasgow. While Watt found the flaw in the model engine, he realized that the most modern design, the Newcomen engine, which had remained largely unchanged for nearly 50 years, was hopelessly inefficient due to massive amounts of energy wasted. The current design, he demonstrated, converted nearly three-quarters of its energy to thermal energy, rather than mechanical energy.

Watt spent two years creating a new design and several more improving on the Newcomen steam engine, eventually acquiring a patent in 1769. Capital from John Roebuck and Matthew Boulton finally led to the manufacture of Watt's steam engine in 1776, 11 years after he first created his new design. In 1781, Watt made his next landmark improvement to the steam engine, creating an engine with a rotary output through the invention of the planetary gear. Other improvements, like the throttling valve and the engine governor, finally allowed steam engines, previously confined to mining, to be used to supply power to manufacturing industries as well as to canals and waterworks. By his retirement in 1800, Bolton and Watt had became the most important engineering firm in the country.

==Industrial Contributions==

Watt's major contributions to steam engine development are as follows:

* Separate Condenser - This is what separates the Watt and Newcomen engines. Both steam engines rely on the changing of pressure, where the steam would be heated to expand it, and later cooled to condense it. In a Newcomen engine, this steam cylinder would be heated and cooled constantly, wasting energy to reheat the steel in the cylinder. The Watt engine solved this by creating a separate condenser, which could be cool while the steam cylinder could be hot, eliminating Newcomen's issues with heating.
* Sun and Planetary Gear - This gear system works by having a non-rotating planetary gear travel around a rotating sun gear. This allowed the conversion of parallel, "up-and-down" motion to rotary motion, and gave the steam engine many more practical uses.
* Steam Throttling Valve - This regulated steam flow from the boiler into the cylinder.
* Engine Governor (and connector to the throttling valve) - This allowed the steam engine to run at a constant engine speed.
* Double-Acting Cylinders - Watt invented a mechanism to match the rocking motion created by the engine with the linear motion of the piston, allowing for a "double-acting" cylinder. These cylinders had valves on both sides of the piston, allowing for the engine to do work on both the upward and downward strokes, rather than on solely the upward stroke.
* Steam Locomotive - Though never built, Watt applied for the first steam locomotive patent, in 1784.

==Scientific Contributions==

===Coulomb’s Law===

==Interesting Facts==

== See also ==

==References==

http://www.egr.msu.edu/~lira/supp/steam/wattbio.html

http://www.egr.msu.edu/~lira/supp/steam/

http://www.britannica.com/biography/James-Watt

===External links===

File:James-watts-225.jpg

2015-12-05T17:38:00Z

Jclark302:

James Watt

2015-12-03T08:15:33Z

Jclark302:

Page under construction - Joseph Clark (jclark302)

James Watt (1736-1819) was an inventor, mechanical engineer, and chemist best known for his improvements to the steam engine, which spurred the Industrial Revolution in Europe and the United States, as well as for his creation of the term "horsepower." The SI unit for power, the Watt, is named after James Watt in recognition of his contributions to the concept of power and how it is used today.

[[File:charles_de_coulomb.jpg|200px|thumb|right|Charles-Augustin de Coulomb]]

==Personal Life==

===Early Life===
Watt's father owned a prosperous shipbuilding business in Scotland. As a young teen, Watt worked with a wide variety of instruments and knew that he wanted to become an instrument maker (in modern terms, an engineer). After a large portion of his father's investments failed, Watt traveled to London to apprentice with a renowned instrument maker, John Morgan. After completing his apprenticeship, Watt was offered work at the University of Glasgow.

===Career and Later Life===
In 1763, Watt was given the task of repairing a malfunctioning steam engine by a professor at the University of Glasgow. While Watt found the flaw in the model engine, he realized that the most modern design, the Newcomen engine, which had remained largely unchanged for nearly 50 years, was hopelessly inefficient due to massive amounts of energy wasted. The current design, he demonstrated, converted nearly three-quarters of its energy to thermal energy, rather than mechanical energy.

Watt spent two years creating a new design and several more improving on the Newcomen steam engine, eventually acquiring a patent in 1769. Capital from John Roebuck and Matthew Boulton finally led to the manufacture of Watt's steam engine in 1776, 11 years after he first created his new design. In 1781, Watt made his next landmark improvement to the steam engine, creating an engine with a rotary output through the invention of the planetary gear. Other improvements, like the throttling valve and the engine governor, finally allowed steam engines, previously confined to mining, to be used to supply power to manufacturing industries as well as to canals and waterworks. By his retirement in 1800, Bolton and Watt had became the most important engineering firm in the country.

==Industrial Contributions==

Watt's major contributions to steam engine development are as follows:

* Separate Condenser - This is what separates the Watt and Newcomen engines. Both steam engines rely on the changing of pressure, where the steam would be heated to expand it, and later cooled to condense it. In a Newcomen engine, this steam cylinder would be heated and cooled constantly, wasting energy to reheat the steel in the cylinder. The Watt engine solved this by creating a separate condenser, which could be cool while the steam cylinder could be hot, eliminating Newcomen's issues with heating.
* Sun and Planetary Gear - This gear system works by having a non-rotating planetary gear travel around a rotating sun gear. This allowed the conversion of parallel, "up-and-down" motion to rotary motion, and gave the steam engine many more practical uses.
* Steam Throttling Valve - This regulated steam flow from the boiler into the cylinder.
* Engine Governor (and connector to the throttling valve) - This allowed the steam engine to run at a constant engine speed.
* Double-Acting Cylinders - Watt invented a mechanism to match the rocking motion created by the engine with the linear motion of the piston, allowing for a "double-acting" cylinder. These cylinders had valves on both sides of the piston, allowing for the engine to do work on both the upward and downward strokes, rather than on solely the upward stroke.
* Steam Locomotive - Though never built, Watt applied for the first steam locomotive patent, in 1784.

==Scientific Contributions==

===Coulomb’s Law===

==Interesting Facts==

== See also ==

==References==

http://www.egr.msu.edu/~lira/supp/steam/wattbio.html

http://www.egr.msu.edu/~lira/supp/steam/

http://www.britannica.com/biography/James-Watt

===External links===

James Watt

2015-12-03T07:53:10Z

Jclark302: /* Industrial Contributions */

James Watt

2015-12-03T07:52:34Z

Jclark302: /* Personal Life */

James Watt

2015-12-03T07:52:13Z

Jclark302:

James Watt

2015-12-03T07:21:21Z

Jclark302:

Page under construction - Joseph Clark (jclark302)

James Watt Intro

[[File:charles_de_coulomb.jpg|200px|thumb|right|Charles-Augustin de Coulomb]]

==Personal Life==

===University Education and Career===

==Industrial Contributions==

==Scientific Contributions==

===Coulomb’s Law===

==Interesting Facts==

== See also ==

==References==

===External links===

Main Page

2015-11-29T17:06:32Z

Jclark302: /* Properties of Matter */

__NOTOC__
Welcome to the Georgia Tech Wiki for Intro Physics. This resources was created so that students can contribute and curate content to help those with limited or no access to a textbook. When reading this website, please correct any errors you may come across. If you read something that isn't clear, please consider revising it!

Looking to make a contribution?
#Pick a specific topic from intro physics
#Add that topic, as a link to a new page, under the appropriate category listed below by editing this page.
#Copy and paste the default [[Template]] into your new page and start editing.

Please remember that this is not a textbook and you are not limited to expressing your ideas with only text and equations. Whenever possible embed: pictures, videos, diagrams, simulations, computational models (e.g. Glowscript), and whatever content you think makes learning physics easier for other students.

== Source Material ==
All of the content added to this resource must be in the public domain or similar free resource. If you are unsure about a source, contact the original author for permission. That said, there is a surprisingly large amount of introductory physics content scattered across the web. Here is an incomplete list of intro physics resources (please update as needed).
* A physics resource written by experts for an expert audience [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:Physics Physics Portal]
* A wiki book on modern physics [https://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Modern_Physics Modern Physics Wiki]
* The MIT open courseware for intro physics [http://ocw.mit.edu/resources/res-8-002-a-wikitextbook-for-introductory-mechanics-fall-2009/index.htm MITOCW Wiki]
* An online concept map of intro physics [http://hyperphysics.phy-astr.gsu.edu/hbase/hph.html HyperPhysics]
* Interactive physics simulations [https://phet.colorado.edu/en/simulations/category/physics PhET]
* OpenStax algebra based intro physics textbook [https://openstaxcollege.org/textbooks/college-physics College Physics]
* The Open Source Physics project is a collection of online physics resources [http://www.opensourcephysics.org/ OSP]
* A resource guide compiled by the [http://www.aapt.org/ AAPT] for educators [http://www.compadre.org/ ComPADRE]

== Organizing Categories ==
These are the broad, overarching categories, that we cover in two semester of introductory physics. You can add subcategories or make a new category as needed. A single topic should direct readers to a page in one of these catagories.

<div class="toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">
===Interactions===
<div class="mw-collapsible-content">
*[[Kinds of Matter]]
*[[Detecting Interactions]]
*[[Fundamental Interactions]]
*[[System & Surroundings]]
*[[Newton's First Law of Motion]]
*[[Newton's Second Law of Motion]]
*[[Newton's Third Law of Motion]]
*[[Gravitational Force]]
</div>
</div>

<div class="toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">

===Theory===
<div class="mw-collapsible-content">
*[[Einstein's Theory of Special Relativity]]
*[[Quantum Theory]]

</div>
</div>

<div class="toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">

===Notable Scientists===
<div class="mw-collapsible-content">
*[[Albert Einstein]]
*[[Ernest Rutherford]]
*[[Joseph Henry]]
*[[Michael Faraday]]
*[[J.J. Thomson]]
*[[James Maxwell]]
*[[Robert Hooke]]
*[[Marie Curie]]
*[[Carl Friedrich Gauss]]
*[[Nikola Tesla]]
*[[Andre Marie Ampere]]
*[[Sir Isaac Newton]]
*[[J. Robert Oppenheimer]]
*[[Oliver Heaviside]]
*[[Rosalind Franklin]]
*[[Erwin Schrödinger]]
*[[Enrico Fermi]]
*[[Robert J. Van de Graaff]]
*[[Charles de Coulomb]]
*[[Hans Christian Ørsted]]
*[[Philo Farnsworth]]
*[[Niels Bohr]]
*[[Georg Ohm]]
*[[Galileo Galilei]]
*[[Gustav Kirchhoff]]
*[[Max Planck]]
*[[Heinrich Hertz]]
*[[Edwin Hall]]
*[[James Watt]]
</div>
</div>

<div class="toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">

===Properties of Matter===
<div class="mw-collapsible-content">
*[[Mass]]
*[[Velocity]]
*[[Density]]
*[[Charge]]
*[[Spin]]
*[[SI Units]]

</div>
</div>

<div class="toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">

===Contact Interactions===
<div class="mw-collapsible-content">
* [[Young's Modulus]]
* [[Friction]]
* [[Tension]]
* [[Hooke's Law]]
*[[Centripetal Force and Curving Motion]]
*[[Compression or Normal Force]]
</div>
</div>

<div class="toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">

===Momentum===
<div class="mw-collapsible-content">
* [[Vectors]]
* [[Kinematics]]
* [[Predicting Change in multiple dimensions]]
* [[Momentum Principle]]
* [[Impulse Momentum]]
* [[Curving Motion]]
* [[Multi-particle Analysis of Momentum]]
* [[Iterative Prediction]]
</div>
</div>

<div class="toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">

===Angular Momentum===
<div class="mw-collapsible-content">
* [[The Moments of Inertia]]
* [[Rotation]]
* [[Torque]]
*[[Systems with Zero Torque]]
* [[Right Hand Rule]]
* [[Angular Velocity]]
* [[Predicting a Change in Rotation]]
* [[Conservation of Angular Momentum]]
*[[Rotational Angular Momentum]]
*[[Total Angular Momentum]]

</div>
</div>

<div class="toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">

===Energy===
<div class="mw-collapsible-content">
*[[Predicting Change]]
*[[Rest Mass Energy]]
*[[Kinetic Energy]]
*[[Potential Energy]]
*[[Work]]
*[[Thermal Energy]]
*[[Conservation of Energy]]
*[[Electric Potential]]
*[[Energy Transfer due to a Temperature Difference]]
*[[Gravitational Potential Energy]]
*[[Point Particle Systems]]
*[[Real Systems]]
*[[Spring Potential Energy]]
*[[Internal Energy]]
*[[Energy Diagrams]]
*[[Translational, Rotational and Vibrational Energy]]
*[[Franck-Hertz Experiment]]
*[[Power]]
</div>
</div>

<div class="toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">

===Collisions===
<div class="mw-collapsible-content">
*[[Collisions]]
*[[Maximally Inelastic Collision]]
*[[Elastic Collisions]]
*[[Inelastic Collisions]]
*[[Head-on Collision of Equal Masses]]
*[[Head-on Collision of Unequal Masses]]
*[[Rutherford Experiment and Atomic Collisions]]
</div>
</div>

<div class="toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">

===Fields===
<div class="mw-collapsible-content">
* [[Electric Field]] of a
** [[Point Charge]]
** [[Electric Dipole]]
** [[Capacitor]]
** [[Charged Rod]]
** [[Charged Ring]]
** [[Charged Disk]]
** [[Charged Spherical Shell]]
** [[Charged Cylinder]]
**[[A Solid Sphere Charged Throughout Its Volume]]
*[[Electric Potential]]
**[[Potential Difference in a Uniform Field]]
**[[Potential Difference of point charge in a non-Uniform Field]]
**[[Sign of Potential Difference]]
*[[Electric Force]]
*[[Polarization]]
*[[Charge Motion in Metals]]
*[[Magnetic Field]]
**[[Right-Hand Rule]]
**[[Direction of Magnetic Field]]
**[[Magnetic Field of a Long Straight Wire]]
**[[Bar Magnet]]
**[[Magnetic Force]]
**[[Hall Effect]]
**[[Lorentz Force]]
**[[Biot-Savart Law]]
**[[Integration Techniques for Magnetic Field]]
**[[Sparks in Air]]
**[[Motional Emf]]
**[[Detecting a Magnetic Field]]
**[[Moving Point Charge]]
**[[Non-Coulomb Electric Field]]
**[[Motors and Generators]]
</div>
</div>

<div class="toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">

===Simple Circuits===
<div class="mw-collapsible-content">
*[[Components]]
*[[Steady State]]
*[[Non Steady State]]
*[[Node Rule]]
*[[Loop Rule]]
*[[Power in a circuit]]
*[[Ammeters,Voltmeters,Ohmmeters]]
*[[Current]]
*[[Ohm's Law]]
*[[RC]]
*[[Circular Loop of Wire]]
*[[RL Circuit]]
*[[LC Circuit]]
*[[Surface Charge Distributions]]
</div>
</div>

<div class="toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">

===Maxwell's Equations===
<div class="mw-collapsible-content">
*[[Gauss's Flux Theorem]]
**[[Electric Fields]]
**[[Magnetic Fields]]
*[[Ampere's Law]]
*[[Faraday's Law]]
**[[Inductance]]
**[[Lenz's Law]]
***[[Lenz Effect and the Jumping Ring]]
*[[Ampere-Maxwell Law]]
**[[Superconducters]]
</div>
</div>

<div class="toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">

===Radiation===
<div class="mw-collapsible-content">
*[[Producing a Radiative Electric Field]]
*[[Sinusoidal Electromagnetic Radiaton]]
*[[Lenses]]
*[[Energy and Momentum Analysis in Radiation]]
*[[Electromagnetic Propagation]]
</div>
</div>
<div class="toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">

===Sound===
<div class="mw-collapsible-content">
*[[Doppler Effect]]
*[[Nature, Behavior, and Properties of Sound]]
</div>
</div>
*[[blahb]]
</div>
</div>

== Resources ==
* Commonly used wiki commands [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:Cheatsheet Wiki Cheatsheet]
* A guide to representing equations in math mode [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:Displaying_a_formula Wiki Math Mode]
* A page to keep track of all the physics [[Constants]]
* An overview of [[VPython]]

Main Page

2015-11-29T17:06:19Z

Jclark302: /* Properties of Matter */

__NOTOC__
Welcome to the Georgia Tech Wiki for Intro Physics. This resources was created so that students can contribute and curate content to help those with limited or no access to a textbook. When reading this website, please correct any errors you may come across. If you read something that isn't clear, please consider revising it!

Looking to make a contribution?
#Pick a specific topic from intro physics
#Add that topic, as a link to a new page, under the appropriate category listed below by editing this page.
#Copy and paste the default [[Template]] into your new page and start editing.

Please remember that this is not a textbook and you are not limited to expressing your ideas with only text and equations. Whenever possible embed: pictures, videos, diagrams, simulations, computational models (e.g. Glowscript), and whatever content you think makes learning physics easier for other students.

== Source Material ==
All of the content added to this resource must be in the public domain or similar free resource. If you are unsure about a source, contact the original author for permission. That said, there is a surprisingly large amount of introductory physics content scattered across the web. Here is an incomplete list of intro physics resources (please update as needed).
* A physics resource written by experts for an expert audience [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:Physics Physics Portal]
* A wiki book on modern physics [https://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Modern_Physics Modern Physics Wiki]
* The MIT open courseware for intro physics [http://ocw.mit.edu/resources/res-8-002-a-wikitextbook-for-introductory-mechanics-fall-2009/index.htm MITOCW Wiki]
* An online concept map of intro physics [http://hyperphysics.phy-astr.gsu.edu/hbase/hph.html HyperPhysics]
* Interactive physics simulations [https://phet.colorado.edu/en/simulations/category/physics PhET]
* OpenStax algebra based intro physics textbook [https://openstaxcollege.org/textbooks/college-physics College Physics]
* The Open Source Physics project is a collection of online physics resources [http://www.opensourcephysics.org/ OSP]
* A resource guide compiled by the [http://www.aapt.org/ AAPT] for educators [http://www.compadre.org/ ComPADRE]

== Organizing Categories ==
These are the broad, overarching categories, that we cover in two semester of introductory physics. You can add subcategories or make a new category as needed. A single topic should direct readers to a page in one of these catagories.

<div class="toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">
===Interactions===
<div class="mw-collapsible-content">
*[[Kinds of Matter]]
*[[Detecting Interactions]]
*[[Fundamental Interactions]]
*[[System & Surroundings]]
*[[Newton's First Law of Motion]]
*[[Newton's Second Law of Motion]]
*[[Newton's Third Law of Motion]]
*[[Gravitational Force]]
</div>
</div>

<div class="toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">

===Theory===
<div class="mw-collapsible-content">
*[[Einstein's Theory of Special Relativity]]
*[[Quantum Theory]]

</div>
</div>

<div class="toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">

===Notable Scientists===
<div class="mw-collapsible-content">
*[[Albert Einstein]]
*[[Ernest Rutherford]]
*[[Joseph Henry]]
*[[Michael Faraday]]
*[[J.J. Thomson]]
*[[James Maxwell]]
*[[Robert Hooke]]
*[[Marie Curie]]
*[[Carl Friedrich Gauss]]
*[[Nikola Tesla]]
*[[Andre Marie Ampere]]
*[[Sir Isaac Newton]]
*[[J. Robert Oppenheimer]]
*[[Oliver Heaviside]]
*[[Rosalind Franklin]]
*[[Erwin Schrödinger]]
*[[Enrico Fermi]]
*[[Robert J. Van de Graaff]]
*[[Charles de Coulomb]]
*[[Hans Christian Ørsted]]
*[[Philo Farnsworth]]
*[[Niels Bohr]]
*[[Georg Ohm]]
*[[Galileo Galilei]]
*[[Gustav Kirchhoff]]
*[[Max Planck]]
*[[Heinrich Hertz]]
*[[Edwin Hall]]
*[[James Watt]]
</div>
</div>

<div class="toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">

===Properties of Matter===
<div class="mw-collapsible-content">
*[[Mass]]
*[[Velocity]]
*[[Density]]
*[[Inertia]]
*[[Charge]]
*[[Spin]]
*[[SI Units]]

</div>
</div>

<div class="toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">

===Contact Interactions===
<div class="mw-collapsible-content">
* [[Young's Modulus]]
* [[Friction]]
* [[Tension]]
* [[Hooke's Law]]
*[[Centripetal Force and Curving Motion]]
*[[Compression or Normal Force]]
</div>
</div>

<div class="toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">

===Momentum===
<div class="mw-collapsible-content">
* [[Vectors]]
* [[Kinematics]]
* [[Predicting Change in multiple dimensions]]
* [[Momentum Principle]]
* [[Impulse Momentum]]
* [[Curving Motion]]
* [[Multi-particle Analysis of Momentum]]
* [[Iterative Prediction]]
</div>
</div>

<div class="toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">

===Angular Momentum===
<div class="mw-collapsible-content">
* [[The Moments of Inertia]]
* [[Rotation]]
* [[Torque]]
*[[Systems with Zero Torque]]
* [[Right Hand Rule]]
* [[Angular Velocity]]
* [[Predicting a Change in Rotation]]
* [[Conservation of Angular Momentum]]
*[[Rotational Angular Momentum]]
*[[Total Angular Momentum]]

</div>
</div>

<div class="toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">

===Energy===
<div class="mw-collapsible-content">
*[[Predicting Change]]
*[[Rest Mass Energy]]
*[[Kinetic Energy]]
*[[Potential Energy]]
*[[Work]]
*[[Thermal Energy]]
*[[Conservation of Energy]]
*[[Electric Potential]]
*[[Energy Transfer due to a Temperature Difference]]
*[[Gravitational Potential Energy]]
*[[Point Particle Systems]]
*[[Real Systems]]
*[[Spring Potential Energy]]
*[[Internal Energy]]
*[[Energy Diagrams]]
*[[Translational, Rotational and Vibrational Energy]]
*[[Franck-Hertz Experiment]]
*[[Power]]
</div>
</div>

<div class="toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">

===Collisions===
<div class="mw-collapsible-content">
*[[Collisions]]
*[[Maximally Inelastic Collision]]
*[[Elastic Collisions]]
*[[Inelastic Collisions]]
*[[Head-on Collision of Equal Masses]]
*[[Head-on Collision of Unequal Masses]]
*[[Rutherford Experiment and Atomic Collisions]]
</div>
</div>

<div class="toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">

===Fields===
<div class="mw-collapsible-content">
* [[Electric Field]] of a
** [[Point Charge]]
** [[Electric Dipole]]
** [[Capacitor]]
** [[Charged Rod]]
** [[Charged Ring]]
** [[Charged Disk]]
** [[Charged Spherical Shell]]
** [[Charged Cylinder]]
**[[A Solid Sphere Charged Throughout Its Volume]]
*[[Electric Potential]]
**[[Potential Difference in a Uniform Field]]
**[[Potential Difference of point charge in a non-Uniform Field]]
**[[Sign of Potential Difference]]
*[[Electric Force]]
*[[Polarization]]
*[[Charge Motion in Metals]]
*[[Magnetic Field]]
**[[Right-Hand Rule]]
**[[Direction of Magnetic Field]]
**[[Magnetic Field of a Long Straight Wire]]
**[[Bar Magnet]]
**[[Magnetic Force]]
**[[Hall Effect]]
**[[Lorentz Force]]
**[[Biot-Savart Law]]
**[[Integration Techniques for Magnetic Field]]
**[[Sparks in Air]]
**[[Motional Emf]]
**[[Detecting a Magnetic Field]]
**[[Moving Point Charge]]
**[[Non-Coulomb Electric Field]]
**[[Motors and Generators]]
</div>
</div>

<div class="toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">

===Simple Circuits===
<div class="mw-collapsible-content">
*[[Components]]
*[[Steady State]]
*[[Non Steady State]]
*[[Node Rule]]
*[[Loop Rule]]
*[[Power in a circuit]]
*[[Ammeters,Voltmeters,Ohmmeters]]
*[[Current]]
*[[Ohm's Law]]
*[[RC]]
*[[Circular Loop of Wire]]
*[[RL Circuit]]
*[[LC Circuit]]
*[[Surface Charge Distributions]]
</div>
</div>

<div class="toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">

===Maxwell's Equations===
<div class="mw-collapsible-content">
*[[Gauss's Flux Theorem]]
**[[Electric Fields]]
**[[Magnetic Fields]]
*[[Ampere's Law]]
*[[Faraday's Law]]
**[[Inductance]]
**[[Lenz's Law]]
***[[Lenz Effect and the Jumping Ring]]
*[[Ampere-Maxwell Law]]
**[[Superconducters]]
</div>
</div>

<div class="toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">

===Radiation===
<div class="mw-collapsible-content">
*[[Producing a Radiative Electric Field]]
*[[Sinusoidal Electromagnetic Radiaton]]
*[[Lenses]]
*[[Energy and Momentum Analysis in Radiation]]
*[[Electromagnetic Propagation]]
</div>
</div>
<div class="toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">

===Sound===
<div class="mw-collapsible-content">
*[[Doppler Effect]]
*[[Nature, Behavior, and Properties of Sound]]
</div>
</div>
*[[blahb]]
</div>
</div>

== Resources ==
* Commonly used wiki commands [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:Cheatsheet Wiki Cheatsheet]
* A guide to representing equations in math mode [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:Displaying_a_formula Wiki Math Mode]
* A page to keep track of all the physics [[Constants]]
* An overview of [[VPython]]

James Watt

2015-11-29T17:05:04Z

Jclark302: Created page with "Page under construction - Joseph Clark (jclark302)"

Page under construction - Joseph Clark (jclark302)

Main Page

2015-11-29T17:04:46Z

Jclark302: /* Notable Scientists */