http://www.physicsbook.gatech.edu/api.php?action=feedcontributions&feedformat=atom&user=Jbaldino6Physics Book - User contributions [en]2026-04-27T19:17:00ZUser contributionsMediaWiki 1.42.7http://www.physicsbook.gatech.edu/index.php?title=The_Photoelectric_Effect&diff=40578The Photoelectric Effect2022-04-25T04:47:45Z<p>Jbaldino6: /* Problems */</p>
<hr />
<div>Claimed by Joe Baldino 4/16/2022 Short Description of Topic<br />
<br />
[[File:Photoelectric effect.svg|thumb|The photoelectric effect in practice (author:Wolfmankurd)]]<br />
<br />
==The Main Idea==<br />
<br />
The photoelectric effect is the phenomena in which electrons are emitted from a material that is bombarded by electromagnetic radiation. First observed in the 19th century, the effect was confounding to scientists because of its violation of classical electromagnetism. These discrepancies ultimately led to Albert Einstein making groundbreaking proposals about the nature of light.<br />
<br />
==History==<br />
<br />
German physicist [[Heinrich Hertz]] is credited with the discovery of the photoelectric effect in 1887 when he observed a changing of sparking voltage between electrodes when ultraviolet light is shined on them<ref name="Bri">[https://www.britannica.com/science/photoelectric-effect]</ref>. The effect was subsequently studied by various other notable physicists, including Aleksandr Stoletov and J.J. Thomson. Most significant of this period, however, were the studies undertaken by Philipp Lenard. Lenard extensively worked on researching the photoelectric effect and determined that the velocity at which electrons are emitted from a material is independent of the intensity of the light<ref name="Jst">[https://www.jstor.org/stable/27757381<br />
]</ref>. This was one of the major discoveries that directly violated what was though to be known about electromagnetic radiation. This, compounded with later studies showing that there is a threshold frequency for electron emission and an absence of lag time, suggested the current understanding of the nature of light was insufficient. <br />
<br />
[[File:Albert-einstein-g00cd132b3 1920.jpg|thumb|Albert Einstein, the father of modern physics (via Pixabay Free Stock Images]]<br />
<br />
[[Albert Einstein]] worked to solve this conundrum. Using Max Planck's theories about how light was carried in "packets", Einstein theorized that light was quantized in discrete particles, which he ended up dubbing as photons. He postulated that the absorption of a quanta of energy is what causes the ejection of an electron. This explained the dependence on frequency instead of intensity that was experimentally observed. Light with a high intensity but only low-energy quanta would not result in an emission. The frequency needed to be high enough- hence the idea of a threshold frequency. Einstein's ideas about the photoelectric effect paved the way for the modern-day interpretation of light's wave-particle duality.<br />
<br />
==Mechanism and Mathematical Model==<br />
<br />
When electromagnetic waves are shone onto a surface (often a metal), an electron can be emitted, dependent on the energy of the photons of that light. Electrons emitted in this way are referred to as photoelectrons. The photon transfers energy to the electron, causing it to excite and by ejected from the material. This energy transfer manifests as kinetic energy with the electron. Each photon of light has an energy <math>{E=hf}</math> where '''h''' is Planck's constant and '''f''' is the frequency. When the photon contacts the electron on the surface of the material, its energy can be modeled by the relation <math>{E_f = K+Φ}</math> The quantity Φ is known as the work function of the material and is a unique value for each metal. This can be rewritten as <math>{K= hf-Φ}</math> to model the kinetic energy. From this, the mathematical reasoning for a threshold frequency can be observed. The minimum kinetic energy the particle can have is 0, it may not be negative. Thus, the frequency must be great enough for K to take on a non-negative value<ref name="OSX">[https://openstax.org/books/university-physics-volume-3/pages/6-2-photoelectric-effect<br />
]</ref>.<br />
<br />
==Significance==<br />
<br />
The photoelectric effect is significant in that the revelations that stemmed from its observation fundamentally changed the landscape of physics. Einstein's suggestion about the existence of photons and that light has both properties of particles and waves opened the door for an entirely new branch of physics. This realization about the nature of light was then extended to all matter. All matter was theorized then to have wave and particle properties, and thus quantum mechanics was born. Quantum mechanics is now the basis for modern-day physics and has furthered our understanding of astrophysics, electricity, computing, and much more.<br />
<br />
==Connectedness==<br />
<br />
The study of the photoelectric effect is one of the catalysts for the formation of quantum mechanics, and quantum mechanics is intimately involved with my interest in cosmology. Understanding the photoelectric effect is a requirement of being a physics major as it is one of the most important phenomena that has been studied in the field.<br />
<br />
Applications of the photoelectric effect include photoelectron spectroscopy and night vision technology<ref name="Pwiki">[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Photoelectric_effect#Uses_and_effects<br />
]</ref>.<br />
<br />
==Problems==<br />
<br />
===Simple===<br />
<br />
Question: The photoelectric effect is a common phenomenon, however, it's likely that you haven't noticed it in your everyday life. Explain why that might be.<br />
<br />
Answer: Here are two possible explanations. The first is that often when the photoelectric effect occurs, it is difficult to observe due to the low amount of energy that ends up being emitted from the material. The second is that very often when light is shone on a surface, it likely does not have a high enough frequency to reach the threshold frequency for a photoelectron to be emitted. For example, if you shine a flashlight on your laptop-- the photoelectric effect may/may not occur, but either way, you won't be able to observe it with your naked eye.<br />
<br />
===Middling===<br />
<br />
Question: An unknown material has a work function value Φ = 2.29 eV and ejects a photoelectron at 8900 m/s. What is the energy of the photon that struck that material?<br />
<br />
Answer: The energy relation for the photoelectric effect is given as <math>{E_f = K+Φ}</math>. <br />
The work function value has been given but is in eV. You can give your answer in eV but either way, you will need to do a conversion. The relation between eV and Joules is <math>{1 eV = 1.602 * 10^-19 J}</math>.<br />
You need to calculate the kinetic energy of the photoelectron. At a velocity of 8900 m/s and electron mass of <math>{9.11*10^-31}. Using <math>{K = 0.5mv^2}</math>, we have that the kinetic energy is <math>{3.61 * 10^-23 J}</math>.<br />
Combining with the work function, we have <math>{3.61 * 10^-23 J + (1.602 * 10^-19)(2.29) = E_k}</math>.<br />
We then have that <math>{E_k = 3.66 * 10^-19 J}</math>.<br />
<br />
===More Difficult===<br />
<br />
Question: A beam of electrons is shot at a metal plate with a frequency of 400 Hz and an electron is observed as being emitted with 1.65*10^31 J of energy. Another beam is shot at the plate at 300 Hz. Will the photoelectric effect be observed?<br />
<br />
Answer: The problem first requires that the work function for the metal be calculated. The work function is defined as <math>{E_f - k = Φ}</math>. <br />
The energy must be calculated from the frequency using the relation <math>{hf = E_f}</math>. Using this, you should get <math>{ E_f = 2.65*10^-31 J}</math>.<br />
Using this, you should find that <math>{Φ = 1 * 10^-31 J}</math>.<br />
Now applying this to the second beam of electrons and calculating the energy from the given frequency, you should have <math>{1.988*10^-31 J - 1 *10^-31 J = K}</math>. You can see that the kinetic energy will be positive, and thus may conclude that the photoelectric effect will be observed.<br />
<br />
== See also ==<br />
<br />
The photoelectric effect is a part of or closely related to all of the articles in the Photons section of the Modern Physics hub of the wiki. These pages include [[Spontaneous Photon Emission]], [[Quantum Properties of Light]], and [[Electronic Energy Levels and Photons]]. If interested in the furthering and expansion of these ideas, look to the [[Quantum Mechanics]] section.<br />
<br />
===External links===<br />
<br />
[https://phet.colorado.edu/en/simulation/photoelectric/ Photoelectric Effect Phet Simulation]<br />
<br />
[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=MFPKwu5vugg/ Professor Dave Explains the Photoelectric Effect]<br />
<br />
[https://openstax.org/books/university-physics-volume-3/pages/6-2-photoelectric-effect/ OpenStax Photoelectric Effect]<br />
<br />
==References==<br />
<br />
This section contains the the references you used while writing this page<br />
<br />
[[Category:Which Category did you place this in?]]</div>Jbaldino6http://www.physicsbook.gatech.edu/index.php?title=The_Photoelectric_Effect&diff=40570The Photoelectric Effect2022-04-25T04:35:06Z<p>Jbaldino6: </p>
<hr />
<div>Claimed by Joe Baldino 4/16/2022 Short Description of Topic<br />
<br />
[[File:Photoelectric effect.svg|thumb|The photoelectric effect in practice (author:Wolfmankurd)]]<br />
<br />
==The Main Idea==<br />
<br />
The photoelectric effect is the phenomena in which electrons are emitted from a material that is bombarded by electromagnetic radiation. First observed in the 19th century, the effect was confounding to scientists because of its violation of classical electromagnetism. These discrepancies ultimately led to Albert Einstein making groundbreaking proposals about the nature of light.<br />
<br />
==History==<br />
<br />
German physicist [[Heinrich Hertz]] is credited with the discovery of the photoelectric effect in 1887 when he observed a changing of sparking voltage between electrodes when ultraviolet light is shined on them<ref name="Bri">[https://www.britannica.com/science/photoelectric-effect]</ref>. The effect was subsequently studied by various other notable physicists, including Aleksandr Stoletov and J.J. Thomson. Most significant of this period, however, were the studies undertaken by Philipp Lenard. Lenard extensively worked on researching the photoelectric effect and determined that the velocity at which electrons are emitted from a material is independent of the intensity of the light<ref name="Jst">[https://www.jstor.org/stable/27757381<br />
]</ref>. This was one of the major discoveries that directly violated what was though to be known about electromagnetic radiation. This, compounded with later studies showing that there is a threshold frequency for electron emission and an absence of lag time, suggested the current understanding of the nature of light was insufficient. <br />
<br />
[[File:Albert-einstein-g00cd132b3 1920.jpg|thumb|Albert Einstein, the father of modern physics (via Pixabay Free Stock Images]]<br />
<br />
[[Albert Einstein]] worked to solve this conundrum. Using Max Planck's theories about how light was carried in "packets", Einstein theorized that light was quantized in discrete particles, which he ended up dubbing as photons. He postulated that the absorption of a quanta of energy is what causes the ejection of an electron. This explained the dependence on frequency instead of intensity that was experimentally observed. Light with a high intensity but only low-energy quanta would not result in an emission. The frequency needed to be high enough- hence the idea of a threshold frequency. Einstein's ideas about the photoelectric effect paved the way for the modern-day interpretation of light's wave-particle duality.<br />
<br />
==Mechanism and Mathematical Model==<br />
<br />
When electromagnetic waves are shone onto a surface (often a metal), an electron can be emitted, dependent on the energy of the photons of that light. Electrons emitted in this way are referred to as photoelectrons. The photon transfers energy to the electron, causing it to excite and by ejected from the material. This energy transfer manifests as kinetic energy with the electron. Each photon of light has an energy <math>{E=hf}</math> where '''h''' is Planck's constant and '''f''' is the frequency. When the photon contacts the electron on the surface of the material, its energy can be modeled by the relation <math>{E_f = K+Φ}</math> The quantity Φ is known as the work function of the material and is a unique value for each metal. This can be rewritten as <math>{K= hf-Φ}</math> to model the kinetic energy. From this, the mathematical reasoning for a threshold frequency can be observed. The minimum kinetic energy the particle can have is 0, it may not be negative. Thus, the frequency must be great enough for K to take on a non-negative value<ref name="OSX">[https://openstax.org/books/university-physics-volume-3/pages/6-2-photoelectric-effect<br />
]</ref>.<br />
<br />
==Significance==<br />
<br />
The photoelectric effect is significant in that the revelations that stemmed from its observation fundamentally changed the landscape of physics. Einstein's suggestion about the existence of photons and that light has both properties of particles and waves opened the door for an entirely new branch of physics. This realization about the nature of light was then extended to all matter. All matter was theorized then to have wave and particle properties, and thus quantum mechanics was born. Quantum mechanics is now the basis for modern-day physics and has furthered our understanding of astrophysics, electricity, computing, and much more.<br />
<br />
==Connectedness==<br />
<br />
The study of the photoelectric effect is one of the catalysts for the formation of quantum mechanics, and quantum mechanics is intimately involved with my interest in cosmology. Understanding the photoelectric effect is a requirement of being a physics major as it is one of the most important phenomena that has been studied in the field.<br />
<br />
Applications of the photoelectric effect include photoelectron spectroscopy and night vision technology<ref name="Pwiki">[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Photoelectric_effect#Uses_and_effects<br />
]</ref>.<br />
<br />
==Problems==<br />
<br />
===Simple===<br />
<br />
Question: The photoelectric effect is a common phenomenon, however, it's likely that you haven't noticed it in your everyday life. Explain why that might be.<br />
<br />
Answer: Here are two possible explanations. The first is that often when the photoelectric effect occurs, it is difficult to observe due to the low amount of energy that ends up being emitted from the material. The second is that very often when light is shone on a surface, it likely does not have a high enough frequency to reach the threshold frequency for a photoelectron to be emitted. For example, if you shine a flashlight on your laptop-- the photoelectric effect may/may not occur, but either way, you won't be able to observe it with your naked eye.<br />
<br />
===Middling===<br />
<br />
Question: An unknown material has a work function value Φ = 2.29 eV and ejects a photoelectron at 8900 m/s. What is the energy of the photon that struck that material?<br />
<br />
Answer: The energy relation for the photoelectric effect is given as <math>{E_f = K+Φ}</math>. <br />
The work function value has been given but is in eV. You can give your answer in eV but either way, you will need to do a conversion. The relation between eV and Joules is <math>{1 eV = 1.602 * 10^-19 J}</math>.<br />
You need to calculate the kinetic energy of the photoelectron. At a velocity of 8900 m/s and electron mass of <math>{9.11*10^-31}. Using <math>{K = 0.5mv^2}</math>, we have that the kinetic energy is <math>{3.61 * 10^-23 J}</math>.<br />
Combining with the work function, we have <math>{3.61 * 10^-23 J + (1.602 * 10^-19)(2.29) = E_k}</math>.<br />
We then have that <math>{E_k = 3.66 * 10^-19 J}</math>.<br />
<br />
== See also ==<br />
<br />
The photoelectric effect is a part of or closely related to all of the articles in the Photons section of the Modern Physics hub of the wiki. These pages include [[Spontaneous Photon Emission]], [[Quantum Properties of Light]], and [[Electronic Energy Levels and Photons]]. If interested in the furthering and expansion of these ideas, look to the [[Quantum Mechanics]] section.<br />
<br />
===External links===<br />
<br />
[https://phet.colorado.edu/en/simulation/photoelectric/ Photoelectric Effect Phet Simulation]<br />
<br />
[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=MFPKwu5vugg/ Professor Dave Explains the Photoelectric Effect]<br />
<br />
[https://openstax.org/books/university-physics-volume-3/pages/6-2-photoelectric-effect/ OpenStax Photoelectric Effect]<br />
<br />
==References==<br />
<br />
This section contains the the references you used while writing this page<br />
<br />
[[Category:Which Category did you place this in?]]</div>Jbaldino6http://www.physicsbook.gatech.edu/index.php?title=The_Photoelectric_Effect&diff=40563The Photoelectric Effect2022-04-25T04:25:28Z<p>Jbaldino6: /* Problems */</p>
<hr />
<div>Claimed by Joe Baldino 4/16/2022 Short Description of Topic<br />
<br />
[[File:Photoelectric effect.svg|thumb|The photoelectric effect in practice (author:Wolfmankurd)]]<br />
<br />
==The Main Idea==<br />
<br />
The photoelectric effect is the phenomena in which electrons are emitted from a material that is bombarded by electromagnetic radiation. First observed in the 19th century, the effect was confounding to scientists because of its violation of classical electromagnetism. These discrepancies ultimately led to Albert Einstein making groundbreaking proposals about the nature of light.<br />
<br />
==History==<br />
<br />
German physicist [[Heinrich Hertz]] is credited with the discovery of the photoelectric effect in 1887 when he observed a changing of sparking voltage between electrodes when ultraviolet light is shined on them<ref name="Bri">[https://www.britannica.com/science/photoelectric-effect]</ref>. The effect was subsequently studied by various other notable physicists, including Aleksandr Stoletov and J.J. Thomson. Most significant of this period, however, were the studies undertaken by Philipp Lenard. Lenard extensively worked on researching the photoelectric effect and determined that the velocity at which electrons are emitted from a material is independent of the intensity of the light<ref name="Jst">[https://www.jstor.org/stable/27757381<br />
]</ref>. This was one of the major discoveries that directly violated what was though to be known about electromagnetic radiation. This, compounded with later studies showing that there is a threshold frequency for electron emission and an absence of lag time, suggested the current understanding of the nature of light was insufficient. <br />
<br />
[[File:Albert-einstein-g00cd132b3 1920.jpg|thumb|Albert Einstein, the father of modern physics (via Pixabay Free Stock Images]]<br />
<br />
[[Albert Einstein]] worked to solve this conundrum. Using Max Planck's theories about how light was carried in "packets", Einstein theorized that light was quantized in discrete particles, which he ended up dubbing as photons. He postulated that the absorption of a quanta of energy is what causes the ejection of an electron. This explained the dependence on frequency instead of intensity that was experimentally observed. Light with a high intensity but only low-energy quanta would not result in an emission. The frequency needed to be high enough- hence the idea of a threshold frequency. Einstein's ideas about the photoelectric effect paved the way for the modern-day interpretation of light's wave-particle duality.<br />
<br />
==Mechanism and Mathematical Model==<br />
<br />
When electromagnetic waves are shone onto a surface (often a metal), an electron can be emitted, dependent on the energy of the photons of that light. Electrons emitted in this way are referred to as photoelectrons. The photon transfers energy to the electron, causing it to excite and by ejected from the material. This energy transfer manifests as kinetic energy with the electron. Each photon of light has an energy <math>{E=hf}</math> where '''h''' is Planck's constant and '''f''' is the frequency. When the photon contacts the electron on the surface of the material, its energy can be modeled by the relation <math>{E_f = K+Φ}</math> The quantity Φ is known as the work function of the material and is a unique value for each metal. This can be rewritten as <math>{K= hf-Φ}</math> to model the kinetic energy. From this, the mathematical reasoning for a threshold frequency can be observed. The minimum kinetic energy the particle can have is 0, it may not be negative. Thus, the frequency must be great enough for K to take on a non-negative value<ref name="OSX">[https://openstax.org/books/university-physics-volume-3/pages/6-2-photoelectric-effect<br />
]</ref>.<br />
<br />
==Significance==<br />
<br />
The photoelectric effect is significant in that the revelations that stemmed from its observation fundamentally changed the landscape of physics. Einstein's suggestion about the existence of photons and that light has both properties of particles and waves opened the door for an entirely new branch of physics. This realization about the nature of light was then extended to all matter. All matter was theorized then to have wave and particle properties, and thus quantum mechanics was born. Quantum mechanics is now the basis for modern-day physics and has furthered our understanding of astrophysics, electricity, computing, and much more.<br />
<br />
==Connectedness==<br />
<br />
The study of the photoelectric effect is one of the catalysts for the formation of quantum mechanics, and quantum mechanics is intimately involved with my interest in cosmology. Understanding the photoelectric effect is a requirement of being a physics major as it is one of the most important phenomena that has been studied in the field.<br />
<br />
Applications of the photoelectric effect include photoelectron spectroscopy and night vision technology<ref name="Pwiki">[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Photoelectric_effect#Uses_and_effects<br />
]</ref>.<br />
<br />
==Problems==<br />
<br />
===Simple===<br />
<br />
Question: The photoelectric effect is a common phenomenon, however, it's likely that you haven't noticed it in your everyday life. Explain why that might be.<br />
<br />
Answer: Here are two possible explanations. The first is that often when the photoelectric effect occurs, it is difficult to observe due to the low amount of energy that ends up being emitted from the material. The second is that very often when light is shone on a surface, it likely does not have a high enough frequency to reach the threshold frequency for a photoelectron to be emitted. For example, if you shine a flashlight on your laptop-- the photoelectric effect may/may not occur, but either way, you won't be able to observe it with your naked eye.<br />
<br />
===Middling===<br />
<br />
Question: An unknown material has a work function value Φ = 2.29 eV and ejects a photoelectron at 89 m/s. What is the energy of the photon that struck that material?<br />
<br />
Answer: The work<br />
<br />
== See also ==<br />
<br />
The photoelectric effect is a part of or closely related to all of the articles in the Photons section of the Modern Physics hub of the wiki. These pages include [[Spontaneous Photon Emission]], [[Quantum Properties of Light]], and [[Electronic Energy Levels and Photons]]. If interested in the furthering and expansion of these ideas, look to the [[Quantum Mechanics]] section.<br />
<br />
===External links===<br />
<br />
[https://phet.colorado.edu/en/simulation/photoelectric/ Photoelectric Effect Phet Simulation]<br />
<br />
[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=MFPKwu5vugg/ Professor Dave Explains the Photoelectric Effect]<br />
<br />
[https://openstax.org/books/university-physics-volume-3/pages/6-2-photoelectric-effect/ OpenStax Photoelectric Effect]<br />
<br />
==References==<br />
<br />
This section contains the the references you used while writing this page<br />
<br />
[[Category:Which Category did you place this in?]]</div>Jbaldino6http://www.physicsbook.gatech.edu/index.php?title=The_Photoelectric_Effect&diff=40554The Photoelectric Effect2022-04-25T04:11:06Z<p>Jbaldino6: </p>
<hr />
<div>Claimed by Joe Baldino 4/16/2022 Short Description of Topic<br />
<br />
[[File:Photoelectric effect.svg|thumb|The photoelectric effect in practice (author:Wolfmankurd)]]<br />
<br />
==The Main Idea==<br />
<br />
The photoelectric effect is the phenomena in which electrons are emitted from a material that is bombarded by electromagnetic radiation. First observed in the 19th century, the effect was confounding to scientists because of its violation of classical electromagnetism. These discrepancies ultimately led to Albert Einstein making groundbreaking proposals about the nature of light.<br />
<br />
==History==<br />
<br />
German physicist [[Heinrich Hertz]] is credited with the discovery of the photoelectric effect in 1887 when he observed a changing of sparking voltage between electrodes when ultraviolet light is shined on them<ref name="Bri">[https://www.britannica.com/science/photoelectric-effect]</ref>. The effect was subsequently studied by various other notable physicists, including Aleksandr Stoletov and J.J. Thomson. Most significant of this period, however, were the studies undertaken by Philipp Lenard. Lenard extensively worked on researching the photoelectric effect and determined that the velocity at which electrons are emitted from a material is independent of the intensity of the light<ref name="Jst">[https://www.jstor.org/stable/27757381<br />
]</ref>. This was one of the major discoveries that directly violated what was though to be known about electromagnetic radiation. This, compounded with later studies showing that there is a threshold frequency for electron emission and an absence of lag time, suggested the current understanding of the nature of light was insufficient. <br />
<br />
[[File:Albert-einstein-g00cd132b3 1920.jpg|thumb|Albert Einstein, the father of modern physics (via Pixabay Free Stock Images]]<br />
<br />
[[Albert Einstein]] worked to solve this conundrum. Using Max Planck's theories about how light was carried in "packets", Einstein theorized that light was quantized in discrete particles, which he ended up dubbing as photons. He postulated that the absorption of a quanta of energy is what causes the ejection of an electron. This explained the dependence on frequency instead of intensity that was experimentally observed. Light with a high intensity but only low-energy quanta would not result in an emission. The frequency needed to be high enough- hence the idea of a threshold frequency. Einstein's ideas about the photoelectric effect paved the way for the modern-day interpretation of light's wave-particle duality.<br />
<br />
==Mechanism and Mathematical Model==<br />
<br />
When electromagnetic waves are shone onto a surface (often a metal), an electron can be emitted, dependent on the energy of the photons of that light. Electrons emitted in this way are referred to as photoelectrons. The photon transfers energy to the electron, causing it to excite and by ejected from the material. This energy transfer manifests as kinetic energy with the electron. Each photon of light has an energy <math>{E=hf}</math> where '''h''' is Planck's constant and '''f''' is the frequency. When the photon contacts the electron on the surface of the material, its energy can be modeled by the relation <math>{E_f = K+Φ}</math> The quantity Φ is known as the work function of the material and is a unique value for each metal. This can be rewritten as <math>{K= hf-Φ}</math> to model the kinetic energy. From this, the mathematical reasoning for a threshold frequency can be observed. The minimum kinetic energy the particle can have is 0, it may not be negative. Thus, the frequency must be great enough for K to take on a non-negative value<ref name="OSX">[https://openstax.org/books/university-physics-volume-3/pages/6-2-photoelectric-effect<br />
]</ref>.<br />
<br />
==Significance==<br />
<br />
The photoelectric effect is significant in that the revelations that stemmed from its observation fundamentally changed the landscape of physics. Einstein's suggestion about the existence of photons and that light has both properties of particles and waves opened the door for an entirely new branch of physics. This realization about the nature of light was then extended to all matter. All matter was theorized then to have wave and particle properties, and thus quantum mechanics was born. Quantum mechanics is now the basis for modern-day physics and has furthered our understanding of astrophysics, electricity, computing, and much more.<br />
<br />
==Connectedness==<br />
<br />
The study of the photoelectric effect is one of the catalysts for the formation of quantum mechanics, and quantum mechanics is intimately involved with my interest in cosmology. Understanding the photoelectric effect is a requirement of being a physics major as it is one of the most important phenomena that has been studied in the field.<br />
<br />
Applications of the photoelectric effect include photoelectron spectroscopy and night vision technology<ref name="Pwiki">[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Photoelectric_effect#Uses_and_effects<br />
]</ref>.<br />
<br />
==Problems==<br />
<br />
===Simple===<br />
<br />
Question:<br />
<br />
== See also ==<br />
<br />
The photoelectric effect is a part of or closely related to all of the articles in the Photons section of the Modern Physics hub of the wiki. These pages include [[Spontaneous Photon Emission]], [[Quantum Properties of Light]], and [[Electronic Energy Levels and Photons]]. If interested in the furthering and expansion of these ideas, look to the [[Quantum Mechanics]] section.<br />
<br />
===External links===<br />
<br />
[https://phet.colorado.edu/en/simulation/photoelectric/ Photoelectric Effect Phet Simulation]<br />
<br />
[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=MFPKwu5vugg/ Professor Dave Explains the Photoelectric Effect]<br />
<br />
[https://openstax.org/books/university-physics-volume-3/pages/6-2-photoelectric-effect/ OpenStax Photoelectric Effect]<br />
<br />
==References==<br />
<br />
This section contains the the references you used while writing this page<br />
<br />
[[Category:Which Category did you place this in?]]</div>Jbaldino6http://www.physicsbook.gatech.edu/index.php?title=The_Photoelectric_Effect&diff=40032The Photoelectric Effect2022-04-23T22:10:28Z<p>Jbaldino6: </p>
<hr />
<div>Claimed by Joe Baldino 4/16/2022 Short Description of Topic<br />
<br />
[[File:Photoelectric effect.svg|thumb|The photoelectric effect in practice (author:Wolfmankurd)]]<br />
<br />
==The Main Idea==<br />
<br />
The photoelectric effect is the phenomena in which electrons are emitted from a material that is bombarded by electromagnetic radiation. First observed in the 19th century, the effect was confounding to scientists because of its violation of classical electromagnetism. These discrepancies ultimately led to Albert Einstein making groundbreaking proposals about the nature of light.<br />
<br />
==History==<br />
<br />
German physicist [[Heinrich Hertz]] is credited with the discovery of the photoelectric effect in 1887 when he observed a changing of sparking voltage between electrodes when ultraviolet light is shined on them<ref name="Bri">[https://www.britannica.com/science/photoelectric-effect]</ref>. The effect was subsequently studied by various other notable physicists, including Aleksandr Stoletov and J.J. Thomson. Most significant of this period, however, were the studies undertaken by Philipp Lenard. Lenard extensively worked on researching the photoelectric effect and determined that the velocity at which electrons are emitted from a material is independent of the intensity of the light<ref name="Jst">[https://www.jstor.org/stable/27757381<br />
]</ref>. This was one of the major discoveries that directly violated what was though to be known about electromagnetic radiation. This, compounded with later studies showing that there is a threshold frequency for electron emission and an absence of lag time, suggested the current understanding of the nature of light was insufficient. <br />
<br />
[[File:Albert-einstein-g00cd132b3 1920.jpg|thumb|Albert Einstein, the father of modern physics (via Pixabay Free Stock Images]]<br />
<br />
[[Albert Einstein]] worked to solve this conundrum. Using Max Planck's theories about how light was carried in "packets", Einstein theorized that light was quantized in discrete particles, which he ended up dubbing as photons. He postulated that the absorption of a quanta of energy is what causes the ejection of an electron. This explained the dependence on frequency instead of intensity that was experimentally observed. Light with a high intensity but only low-energy quanta would not result in an emission. The frequency needed to be high enough- hence the idea of a threshold frequency. Einstein's ideas about the photoelectric effect paved the way for the modern-day interpretation of light's wave-particle duality.<br />
<br />
==Mechanism and Mathematical Model==<br />
<br />
When electromagnetic waves are shone onto a surface (often a metal), an electron can be emitted, dependent on the energy of the photons of that light. Electrons emitted in this way are referred to as photoelectrons. The photon transfers energy to the electron, causing it to excite and by ejected from the material. This energy transfer manifests as kinetic energy with the electron. Each photon of light has an energy <math>{E=hf}</math> where '''h''' is Planck's constant and '''f''' is the frequency. When the photon contacts the electron on the surface of the material, its energy can be modeled by the relation <math>{E_f = K+Φ}</math> The quantity Φ is known as the work function of the material and is a unique value for each metal. This can be rewritten as <math>{K= hf-Φ}</math> to model the kinetic energy. From this, the mathematical reasoning for a threshold frequency can be observed. The minimum kinetic energy the particle can have is 0, it may not be negative. Thus, the frequency must be great enough for K to take on a non-negative value<ref name="OSX">[https://openstax.org/books/university-physics-volume-3/pages/6-2-photoelectric-effect<br />
]</ref>.<br />
<br />
==Significance==<br />
<br />
The photoelectric effect is significant in that the revelations that stemmed from its observation fundamentally changed the landscape of physics. Einstein's suggestion about the existence of photons and that light has both properties of particles and waves opened the door for an entirely new branch of physics. This realization about the nature of light was then extended to all matter. All matter was theorized then to have wave and particle properties, and thus quantum mechanics was born. Quantum mechanics is now the basis for modern-day physics and has furthered our understanding of astrophysics, electricity, computing, and much more.<br />
<br />
==Connectedness==<br />
<br />
The study of the photoelectric effect is one of the catalysts for the formation of quantum mechanics, and quantum mechanics is intimately involved with my interest in cosmology. Understanding the photoelectric effect is a requirement of being a physics major as it is one of the most important phenomena that has been studied in the field.<br />
<br />
Applications of the photoelectric effect include photoelectron spectroscopy and night vision technology<ref name="Pwiki">[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Photoelectric_effect#Uses_and_effects<br />
]</ref>.<br />
<br />
== See also ==<br />
<br />
The photoelectric effect is a part of or closely related to all of the articles in the Photons section of the Modern Physics hub of the wiki. These pages include [[Spontaneous Photon Emission]], [[Quantum Properties of Light]], and [[Electronic Energy Levels and Photons]]. If interested in the furthering and expansion of these ideas, look to the [[Quantum Mechanics]] section.<br />
<br />
===External links===<br />
<br />
[https://phet.colorado.edu/en/simulation/photoelectric/ Photoelectric Effect Phet Simulation]<br />
<br />
[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=MFPKwu5vugg/ Professor Dave Explains the Photoelectric Effect]<br />
<br />
[https://openstax.org/books/university-physics-volume-3/pages/6-2-photoelectric-effect/ OpenStax Photoelectric Effect]<br />
<br />
==References==<br />
<br />
This section contains the the references you used while writing this page<br />
<br />
[[Category:Which Category did you place this in?]]</div>Jbaldino6http://www.physicsbook.gatech.edu/index.php?title=The_Photoelectric_Effect&diff=39899The Photoelectric Effect2022-04-23T05:56:37Z<p>Jbaldino6: /* External links */</p>
<hr />
<div>Claimed by Joe Baldino 4/16/2022 Short Description of Topic<br />
<br />
[[File:Photoelectric effect.svg|thumb|The photoelectric effect in practice (author:Wolfmankurd)]]<br />
<br />
==The Main Idea==<br />
<br />
The photoelectric effect is the phenomena in which electrons are emitted from a material that is bombarded by electromagnetic radiation. First observed in the 19th century, the effect was confounding to scientists because of its violation of classical electromagnetism. These discrepancies ultimately led to Albert Einstein making groundbreaking proposals about the nature of light.<br />
<br />
==History==<br />
<br />
German physicist Heinrich Hertz is credited with the discovery of the photoelectric effect in 1887 when he observed a changing of sparking voltage between electrodes when ultraviolet light is shined on them<ref name="Bri">[https://www.britannica.com/science/photoelectric-effect]</ref>. The effect was subsequently studied by various other notable physicists, including Aleksandr Stoletov and J.J. Thomson. Most significant of this period, however, were the studies undertaken by Philipp Lenard. Lenard extensively worked on researching the photoelectric effect and determined that the velocity at which electrons are emitted from a material is independent of the intensity of the light<ref name="Jst">[https://www.jstor.org/stable/27757381<br />
]</ref>. This was one of the major discoveries that directly violated what was though to be known about electromagnetic radiation. This, compounded with later studies showing that there is a threshold frequency for electron emission and an absence of lag time, suggested the current understanding of the nature of light was insufficient. <br />
<br />
[[File:Albert-einstein-g00cd132b3 1920.jpg|thumb|Albert Einstein, the father of modern physics (via Pixabay Free Stock Images]]<br />
<br />
Albert Einstein worked to solve this conundrum. Using Max Planck's theories about how light was carried in "packets", Einstein theorized that light was quantized in discrete particles, which he ended up dubbing as photons. He postulated that the absorption of a quanta of energy is what causes the ejection of an electron. This explained the dependence on frequency instead of intensity that was experimentally observed. Light with a high intensity but only low-energy quanta would not result in an emission. The frequency needed to be high enough- hence the idea of a threshold frequency. Einstein's ideas about the photoelectric effect paved the way for the modern-day interpretation of light's wave-particle duality.<br />
<br />
==Mechanism and Mathematical Model==<br />
<br />
When electromagnetic waves are shone onto a surface (often a metal), an electron can be emitted, dependent on the energy of the photons of that light. Electrons emitted in this way are referred to as photoelectrons. The photon transfers energy to the electron, causing it to excite and by ejected from the material. This energy transfer manifests as kinetic energy with the electron. Each photon of light has an energy <math>{E=hf}</math> where '''h''' is Planck's constant and '''f''' is the frequency. When the photon contacts the electron on the surface of the material, its energy can be modeled by the relation <math>{E_f = K+Φ}</math> The quantity Φ is known as the work function of the material and is a unique value for each metal. This can be rewritten as <math>{K= hf-Φ}</math> to model the kinetic energy. From this, the mathematical reasoning for a threshold frequency can be observed. The minimum kinetic energy the particle can have is 0, it may not be negative. Thus, the frequency must be great enough for K to take on a non-negative value<ref name="OSX">[https://openstax.org/books/university-physics-volume-3/pages/6-2-photoelectric-effect<br />
]</ref>.<br />
<br />
==Significance==<br />
<br />
The photoelectric effect is significant in that the revelations that stemmed from its observation fundamentally changed the landscape of physics. Einstein's suggestion about the existence of photons and that light has both properties of particles and waves opened the door for an entirely new branch of physics. This realization about the nature of light was then extended to all matter. All matter was theorized then to have wave and particle properties, and thus quantum mechanics was born. Quantum mechanics is now the basis for modern-day physics and has furthered our understanding of astrophysics, electricity, computing, and much more.<br />
<br />
==Connectedness==<br />
<br />
The study of the photoelectric effect is one of the catalysts for the formation of quantum mechanics, and quantum mechanics is intimately involved with my interest in cosmology. Understanding the photoelectric effect is a requirement of being a physics major as it is one of the most important phenomena that has been studied in the field.<br />
<br />
Applications of the photoelectric effect include photoelectron spectroscopy and night vision technology<ref name="Pwiki">[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Photoelectric_effect#Uses_and_effects<br />
]</ref>.<br />
<br />
== See also ==<br />
<br />
The photoelectric effect is a part of or closely related to all of the articles in the Photons section of the Modern Physics hub of the wiki. These pages include [[Spontaneous Photon Emission]], [[Quantum Properties of Light]], and [[Electronic Energy Levels and Photons]]. If interested in the furthering and expansion of these ideas, look to the [[Quantum Mechanics]] section.<br />
<br />
===External links===<br />
<br />
[https://phet.colorado.edu/en/simulation/photoelectric/ Photoelectric Effect Phet Simulation]<br />
<br />
[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=MFPKwu5vugg/ Professor Dave Explains the Photoelectric Effect]<br />
<br />
[https://openstax.org/books/university-physics-volume-3/pages/6-2-photoelectric-effect/ OpenStax Photoelectric Effect]<br />
<br />
==References==<br />
<br />
This section contains the the references you used while writing this page<br />
<br />
[[Category:Which Category did you place this in?]]</div>Jbaldino6http://www.physicsbook.gatech.edu/index.php?title=The_Photoelectric_Effect&diff=39898The Photoelectric Effect2022-04-23T05:56:21Z<p>Jbaldino6: /* External links */</p>
<hr />
<div>Claimed by Joe Baldino 4/16/2022 Short Description of Topic<br />
<br />
[[File:Photoelectric effect.svg|thumb|The photoelectric effect in practice (author:Wolfmankurd)]]<br />
<br />
==The Main Idea==<br />
<br />
The photoelectric effect is the phenomena in which electrons are emitted from a material that is bombarded by electromagnetic radiation. First observed in the 19th century, the effect was confounding to scientists because of its violation of classical electromagnetism. These discrepancies ultimately led to Albert Einstein making groundbreaking proposals about the nature of light.<br />
<br />
==History==<br />
<br />
German physicist Heinrich Hertz is credited with the discovery of the photoelectric effect in 1887 when he observed a changing of sparking voltage between electrodes when ultraviolet light is shined on them<ref name="Bri">[https://www.britannica.com/science/photoelectric-effect]</ref>. The effect was subsequently studied by various other notable physicists, including Aleksandr Stoletov and J.J. Thomson. Most significant of this period, however, were the studies undertaken by Philipp Lenard. Lenard extensively worked on researching the photoelectric effect and determined that the velocity at which electrons are emitted from a material is independent of the intensity of the light<ref name="Jst">[https://www.jstor.org/stable/27757381<br />
]</ref>. This was one of the major discoveries that directly violated what was though to be known about electromagnetic radiation. This, compounded with later studies showing that there is a threshold frequency for electron emission and an absence of lag time, suggested the current understanding of the nature of light was insufficient. <br />
<br />
[[File:Albert-einstein-g00cd132b3 1920.jpg|thumb|Albert Einstein, the father of modern physics (via Pixabay Free Stock Images]]<br />
<br />
Albert Einstein worked to solve this conundrum. Using Max Planck's theories about how light was carried in "packets", Einstein theorized that light was quantized in discrete particles, which he ended up dubbing as photons. He postulated that the absorption of a quanta of energy is what causes the ejection of an electron. This explained the dependence on frequency instead of intensity that was experimentally observed. Light with a high intensity but only low-energy quanta would not result in an emission. The frequency needed to be high enough- hence the idea of a threshold frequency. Einstein's ideas about the photoelectric effect paved the way for the modern-day interpretation of light's wave-particle duality.<br />
<br />
==Mechanism and Mathematical Model==<br />
<br />
When electromagnetic waves are shone onto a surface (often a metal), an electron can be emitted, dependent on the energy of the photons of that light. Electrons emitted in this way are referred to as photoelectrons. The photon transfers energy to the electron, causing it to excite and by ejected from the material. This energy transfer manifests as kinetic energy with the electron. Each photon of light has an energy <math>{E=hf}</math> where '''h''' is Planck's constant and '''f''' is the frequency. When the photon contacts the electron on the surface of the material, its energy can be modeled by the relation <math>{E_f = K+Φ}</math> The quantity Φ is known as the work function of the material and is a unique value for each metal. This can be rewritten as <math>{K= hf-Φ}</math> to model the kinetic energy. From this, the mathematical reasoning for a threshold frequency can be observed. The minimum kinetic energy the particle can have is 0, it may not be negative. Thus, the frequency must be great enough for K to take on a non-negative value<ref name="OSX">[https://openstax.org/books/university-physics-volume-3/pages/6-2-photoelectric-effect<br />
]</ref>.<br />
<br />
==Significance==<br />
<br />
The photoelectric effect is significant in that the revelations that stemmed from its observation fundamentally changed the landscape of physics. Einstein's suggestion about the existence of photons and that light has both properties of particles and waves opened the door for an entirely new branch of physics. This realization about the nature of light was then extended to all matter. All matter was theorized then to have wave and particle properties, and thus quantum mechanics was born. Quantum mechanics is now the basis for modern-day physics and has furthered our understanding of astrophysics, electricity, computing, and much more.<br />
<br />
==Connectedness==<br />
<br />
The study of the photoelectric effect is one of the catalysts for the formation of quantum mechanics, and quantum mechanics is intimately involved with my interest in cosmology. Understanding the photoelectric effect is a requirement of being a physics major as it is one of the most important phenomena that has been studied in the field.<br />
<br />
Applications of the photoelectric effect include photoelectron spectroscopy and night vision technology<ref name="Pwiki">[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Photoelectric_effect#Uses_and_effects<br />
]</ref>.<br />
<br />
== See also ==<br />
<br />
The photoelectric effect is a part of or closely related to all of the articles in the Photons section of the Modern Physics hub of the wiki. These pages include [[Spontaneous Photon Emission]], [[Quantum Properties of Light]], and [[Electronic Energy Levels and Photons]]. If interested in the furthering and expansion of these ideas, look to the [[Quantum Mechanics]] section.<br />
<br />
===External links===<br />
<br />
[https://phet.colorado.edu/en/simulation/photoelectric/ Photoelectric Effect Phet Simulation]<br />
[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=MFPKwu5vugg/ Professor Dave Explains the Photoelectric Effect]<br />
[https://openstax.org/books/university-physics-volume-3/pages/6-2-photoelectric-effect/ OpenStax Photoelectric Effect]<br />
<br />
==References==<br />
<br />
This section contains the the references you used while writing this page<br />
<br />
[[Category:Which Category did you place this in?]]</div>Jbaldino6http://www.physicsbook.gatech.edu/index.php?title=The_Photoelectric_Effect&diff=39897The Photoelectric Effect2022-04-23T05:52:44Z<p>Jbaldino6: /* See also */</p>
<hr />
<div>Claimed by Joe Baldino 4/16/2022 Short Description of Topic<br />
<br />
[[File:Photoelectric effect.svg|thumb|The photoelectric effect in practice (author:Wolfmankurd)]]<br />
<br />
==The Main Idea==<br />
<br />
The photoelectric effect is the phenomena in which electrons are emitted from a material that is bombarded by electromagnetic radiation. First observed in the 19th century, the effect was confounding to scientists because of its violation of classical electromagnetism. These discrepancies ultimately led to Albert Einstein making groundbreaking proposals about the nature of light.<br />
<br />
==History==<br />
<br />
German physicist Heinrich Hertz is credited with the discovery of the photoelectric effect in 1887 when he observed a changing of sparking voltage between electrodes when ultraviolet light is shined on them<ref name="Bri">[https://www.britannica.com/science/photoelectric-effect]</ref>. The effect was subsequently studied by various other notable physicists, including Aleksandr Stoletov and J.J. Thomson. Most significant of this period, however, were the studies undertaken by Philipp Lenard. Lenard extensively worked on researching the photoelectric effect and determined that the velocity at which electrons are emitted from a material is independent of the intensity of the light<ref name="Jst">[https://www.jstor.org/stable/27757381<br />
]</ref>. This was one of the major discoveries that directly violated what was though to be known about electromagnetic radiation. This, compounded with later studies showing that there is a threshold frequency for electron emission and an absence of lag time, suggested the current understanding of the nature of light was insufficient. <br />
<br />
[[File:Albert-einstein-g00cd132b3 1920.jpg|thumb|Albert Einstein, the father of modern physics (via Pixabay Free Stock Images]]<br />
<br />
Albert Einstein worked to solve this conundrum. Using Max Planck's theories about how light was carried in "packets", Einstein theorized that light was quantized in discrete particles, which he ended up dubbing as photons. He postulated that the absorption of a quanta of energy is what causes the ejection of an electron. This explained the dependence on frequency instead of intensity that was experimentally observed. Light with a high intensity but only low-energy quanta would not result in an emission. The frequency needed to be high enough- hence the idea of a threshold frequency. Einstein's ideas about the photoelectric effect paved the way for the modern-day interpretation of light's wave-particle duality.<br />
<br />
==Mechanism and Mathematical Model==<br />
<br />
When electromagnetic waves are shone onto a surface (often a metal), an electron can be emitted, dependent on the energy of the photons of that light. Electrons emitted in this way are referred to as photoelectrons. The photon transfers energy to the electron, causing it to excite and by ejected from the material. This energy transfer manifests as kinetic energy with the electron. Each photon of light has an energy <math>{E=hf}</math> where '''h''' is Planck's constant and '''f''' is the frequency. When the photon contacts the electron on the surface of the material, its energy can be modeled by the relation <math>{E_f = K+Φ}</math> The quantity Φ is known as the work function of the material and is a unique value for each metal. This can be rewritten as <math>{K= hf-Φ}</math> to model the kinetic energy. From this, the mathematical reasoning for a threshold frequency can be observed. The minimum kinetic energy the particle can have is 0, it may not be negative. Thus, the frequency must be great enough for K to take on a non-negative value<ref name="OSX">[https://openstax.org/books/university-physics-volume-3/pages/6-2-photoelectric-effect<br />
]</ref>.<br />
<br />
==Significance==<br />
<br />
The photoelectric effect is significant in that the revelations that stemmed from its observation fundamentally changed the landscape of physics. Einstein's suggestion about the existence of photons and that light has both properties of particles and waves opened the door for an entirely new branch of physics. This realization about the nature of light was then extended to all matter. All matter was theorized then to have wave and particle properties, and thus quantum mechanics was born. Quantum mechanics is now the basis for modern-day physics and has furthered our understanding of astrophysics, electricity, computing, and much more.<br />
<br />
==Connectedness==<br />
<br />
The study of the photoelectric effect is one of the catalysts for the formation of quantum mechanics, and quantum mechanics is intimately involved with my interest in cosmology. Understanding the photoelectric effect is a requirement of being a physics major as it is one of the most important phenomena that has been studied in the field.<br />
<br />
Applications of the photoelectric effect include photoelectron spectroscopy and night vision technology<ref name="Pwiki">[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Photoelectric_effect#Uses_and_effects<br />
]</ref>.<br />
<br />
== See also ==<br />
<br />
The photoelectric effect is a part of or closely related to all of the articles in the Photons section of the Modern Physics hub of the wiki. These pages include [[Spontaneous Photon Emission]], [[Quantum Properties of Light]], and [[Electronic Energy Levels and Photons]]. If interested in the furthering and expansion of these ideas, look to the [[Quantum Mechanics]] section.<br />
<br />
===External links===<br />
<br />
Internet resources on this topic<br />
<br />
==References==<br />
<br />
This section contains the the references you used while writing this page<br />
<br />
[[Category:Which Category did you place this in?]]</div>Jbaldino6http://www.physicsbook.gatech.edu/index.php?title=The_Photoelectric_Effect&diff=39893The Photoelectric Effect2022-04-23T05:47:09Z<p>Jbaldino6: /* Connectedness */</p>
<hr />
<div>Claimed by Joe Baldino 4/16/2022 Short Description of Topic<br />
<br />
[[File:Photoelectric effect.svg|thumb|The photoelectric effect in practice (author:Wolfmankurd)]]<br />
<br />
==The Main Idea==<br />
<br />
The photoelectric effect is the phenomena in which electrons are emitted from a material that is bombarded by electromagnetic radiation. First observed in the 19th century, the effect was confounding to scientists because of its violation of classical electromagnetism. These discrepancies ultimately led to Albert Einstein making groundbreaking proposals about the nature of light.<br />
<br />
==History==<br />
<br />
German physicist Heinrich Hertz is credited with the discovery of the photoelectric effect in 1887 when he observed a changing of sparking voltage between electrodes when ultraviolet light is shined on them<ref name="Bri">[https://www.britannica.com/science/photoelectric-effect]</ref>. The effect was subsequently studied by various other notable physicists, including Aleksandr Stoletov and J.J. Thomson. Most significant of this period, however, were the studies undertaken by Philipp Lenard. Lenard extensively worked on researching the photoelectric effect and determined that the velocity at which electrons are emitted from a material is independent of the intensity of the light<ref name="Jst">[https://www.jstor.org/stable/27757381<br />
]</ref>. This was one of the major discoveries that directly violated what was though to be known about electromagnetic radiation. This, compounded with later studies showing that there is a threshold frequency for electron emission and an absence of lag time, suggested the current understanding of the nature of light was insufficient. <br />
<br />
[[File:Albert-einstein-g00cd132b3 1920.jpg|thumb|Albert Einstein, the father of modern physics (via Pixabay Free Stock Images]]<br />
<br />
Albert Einstein worked to solve this conundrum. Using Max Planck's theories about how light was carried in "packets", Einstein theorized that light was quantized in discrete particles, which he ended up dubbing as photons. He postulated that the absorption of a quanta of energy is what causes the ejection of an electron. This explained the dependence on frequency instead of intensity that was experimentally observed. Light with a high intensity but only low-energy quanta would not result in an emission. The frequency needed to be high enough- hence the idea of a threshold frequency. Einstein's ideas about the photoelectric effect paved the way for the modern-day interpretation of light's wave-particle duality.<br />
<br />
==Mechanism and Mathematical Model==<br />
<br />
When electromagnetic waves are shone onto a surface (often a metal), an electron can be emitted, dependent on the energy of the photons of that light. Electrons emitted in this way are referred to as photoelectrons. The photon transfers energy to the electron, causing it to excite and by ejected from the material. This energy transfer manifests as kinetic energy with the electron. Each photon of light has an energy <math>{E=hf}</math> where '''h''' is Planck's constant and '''f''' is the frequency. When the photon contacts the electron on the surface of the material, its energy can be modeled by the relation <math>{E_f = K+Φ}</math> The quantity Φ is known as the work function of the material and is a unique value for each metal. This can be rewritten as <math>{K= hf-Φ}</math> to model the kinetic energy. From this, the mathematical reasoning for a threshold frequency can be observed. The minimum kinetic energy the particle can have is 0, it may not be negative. Thus, the frequency must be great enough for K to take on a non-negative value<ref name="OSX">[https://openstax.org/books/university-physics-volume-3/pages/6-2-photoelectric-effect<br />
]</ref>.<br />
<br />
==Significance==<br />
<br />
The photoelectric effect is significant in that the revelations that stemmed from its observation fundamentally changed the landscape of physics. Einstein's suggestion about the existence of photons and that light has both properties of particles and waves opened the door for an entirely new branch of physics. This realization about the nature of light was then extended to all matter. All matter was theorized then to have wave and particle properties, and thus quantum mechanics was born. Quantum mechanics is now the basis for modern-day physics and has furthered our understanding of astrophysics, electricity, computing, and much more.<br />
<br />
==Connectedness==<br />
<br />
The study of the photoelectric effect is one of the catalysts for the formation of quantum mechanics, and quantum mechanics is intimately involved with my interest in cosmology. Understanding the photoelectric effect is a requirement of being a physics major as it is one of the most important phenomena that has been studied in the field.<br />
<br />
Applications of the photoelectric effect include photoelectron spectroscopy and night vision technology<ref name="Pwiki">[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Photoelectric_effect#Uses_and_effects<br />
]</ref>.<br />
<br />
== See also ==<br />
<br />
Are there related topics or categories in this wiki resource for the curious reader to explore? How does this topic fit into that context?<br />
<br />
===Further reading===<br />
<br />
Books, Articles or other print media on this topic<br />
<br />
===External links===<br />
<br />
Internet resources on this topic<br />
<br />
==References==<br />
<br />
This section contains the the references you used while writing this page<br />
<br />
[[Category:Which Category did you place this in?]]</div>Jbaldino6http://www.physicsbook.gatech.edu/index.php?title=The_Photoelectric_Effect&diff=39892The Photoelectric Effect2022-04-23T05:46:20Z<p>Jbaldino6: </p>
<hr />
<div>Claimed by Joe Baldino 4/16/2022 Short Description of Topic<br />
<br />
[[File:Photoelectric effect.svg|thumb|The photoelectric effect in practice (author:Wolfmankurd)]]<br />
<br />
==The Main Idea==<br />
<br />
The photoelectric effect is the phenomena in which electrons are emitted from a material that is bombarded by electromagnetic radiation. First observed in the 19th century, the effect was confounding to scientists because of its violation of classical electromagnetism. These discrepancies ultimately led to Albert Einstein making groundbreaking proposals about the nature of light.<br />
<br />
==History==<br />
<br />
German physicist Heinrich Hertz is credited with the discovery of the photoelectric effect in 1887 when he observed a changing of sparking voltage between electrodes when ultraviolet light is shined on them<ref name="Bri">[https://www.britannica.com/science/photoelectric-effect]</ref>. The effect was subsequently studied by various other notable physicists, including Aleksandr Stoletov and J.J. Thomson. Most significant of this period, however, were the studies undertaken by Philipp Lenard. Lenard extensively worked on researching the photoelectric effect and determined that the velocity at which electrons are emitted from a material is independent of the intensity of the light<ref name="Jst">[https://www.jstor.org/stable/27757381<br />
]</ref>. This was one of the major discoveries that directly violated what was though to be known about electromagnetic radiation. This, compounded with later studies showing that there is a threshold frequency for electron emission and an absence of lag time, suggested the current understanding of the nature of light was insufficient. <br />
<br />
[[File:Albert-einstein-g00cd132b3 1920.jpg|thumb|Albert Einstein, the father of modern physics (via Pixabay Free Stock Images]]<br />
<br />
Albert Einstein worked to solve this conundrum. Using Max Planck's theories about how light was carried in "packets", Einstein theorized that light was quantized in discrete particles, which he ended up dubbing as photons. He postulated that the absorption of a quanta of energy is what causes the ejection of an electron. This explained the dependence on frequency instead of intensity that was experimentally observed. Light with a high intensity but only low-energy quanta would not result in an emission. The frequency needed to be high enough- hence the idea of a threshold frequency. Einstein's ideas about the photoelectric effect paved the way for the modern-day interpretation of light's wave-particle duality.<br />
<br />
==Mechanism and Mathematical Model==<br />
<br />
When electromagnetic waves are shone onto a surface (often a metal), an electron can be emitted, dependent on the energy of the photons of that light. Electrons emitted in this way are referred to as photoelectrons. The photon transfers energy to the electron, causing it to excite and by ejected from the material. This energy transfer manifests as kinetic energy with the electron. Each photon of light has an energy <math>{E=hf}</math> where '''h''' is Planck's constant and '''f''' is the frequency. When the photon contacts the electron on the surface of the material, its energy can be modeled by the relation <math>{E_f = K+Φ}</math> The quantity Φ is known as the work function of the material and is a unique value for each metal. This can be rewritten as <math>{K= hf-Φ}</math> to model the kinetic energy. From this, the mathematical reasoning for a threshold frequency can be observed. The minimum kinetic energy the particle can have is 0, it may not be negative. Thus, the frequency must be great enough for K to take on a non-negative value<ref name="OSX">[https://openstax.org/books/university-physics-volume-3/pages/6-2-photoelectric-effect<br />
]</ref>.<br />
<br />
==Significance==<br />
<br />
The photoelectric effect is significant in that the revelations that stemmed from its observation fundamentally changed the landscape of physics. Einstein's suggestion about the existence of photons and that light has both properties of particles and waves opened the door for an entirely new branch of physics. This realization about the nature of light was then extended to all matter. All matter was theorized then to have wave and particle properties, and thus quantum mechanics was born. Quantum mechanics is now the basis for modern-day physics and has furthered our understanding of astrophysics, electricity, computing, and much more.<br />
<br />
==Connectedness==<br />
<br />
The study of the photoelectric effect is one of the catalysts for the formation of quantum mechanics, and quantum mechanics is intimately involved with my interest in cosmology. Understanding the photoelectric effect is a requirement of being a physics major as it is one of the most important phenomena that has been studied in the field.<br />
<br />
Applications of the photoelectric effect include photoelectron spectroscopy and night vision technology<ref name="OSX">[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Photoelectric_effect#Uses_and_effects<br />
]</ref>.<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
== See also ==<br />
<br />
Are there related topics or categories in this wiki resource for the curious reader to explore? How does this topic fit into that context?<br />
<br />
===Further reading===<br />
<br />
Books, Articles or other print media on this topic<br />
<br />
===External links===<br />
<br />
Internet resources on this topic<br />
<br />
==References==<br />
<br />
This section contains the the references you used while writing this page<br />
<br />
[[Category:Which Category did you place this in?]]</div>Jbaldino6http://www.physicsbook.gatech.edu/index.php?title=The_Photoelectric_Effect&diff=39885The Photoelectric Effect2022-04-23T05:30:09Z<p>Jbaldino6: /* Significance */</p>
<hr />
<div>Claimed by Joe Baldino 4/16/2022 Short Description of Topic<br />
<br />
[[File:Photoelectric effect.svg|thumb|The photoelectric effect in practice (author:Wolfmankurd)]]<br />
<br />
==The Main Idea==<br />
<br />
The photoelectric effect is the phenomena in which electrons are emitted from a material that is bombarded by electromagnetic radiation. First observed in the 19th century, the effect was confounding to scientists because of its violation of classical electromagnetism. These discrepancies ultimately led to Albert Einstein making groundbreaking proposals about the nature of light.<br />
<br />
==History==<br />
<br />
German physicist Heinrich Hertz is credited with the discovery of the photoelectric effect in 1887 when he observed a changing of sparking voltage between electrodes when ultraviolet light is shined on them<ref name="Bri">[https://www.britannica.com/science/photoelectric-effect]</ref>. The effect was subsequently studied by various other notable physicists, including Aleksandr Stoletov and J.J. Thomson. Most significant of this period, however, were the studies undertaken by Philipp Lenard. Lenard extensively worked on researching the photoelectric effect and determined that the velocity at which electrons are emitted from a material is independent of the intensity of the light<ref name="Jst">[https://www.jstor.org/stable/27757381<br />
]</ref>. This was one of the major discoveries that directly violated what was though to be known about electromagnetic radiation. This, compounded with later studies showing that there is a threshold frequency for electron emission and an absence of lag time, suggested the current understanding of the nature of light was insufficient. <br />
<br />
[[File:Albert-einstein-g00cd132b3 1920.jpg|thumb|Albert Einstein, the father of modern physics (via Pixabay Free Stock Images]]<br />
<br />
Albert Einstein worked to solve this conundrum. Using Max Planck's theories about how light was carried in "packets", Einstein theorized that light was quantized in discrete particles, which he ended up dubbing as photons. He postulated that the absorption of a quanta of energy is what causes the ejection of an electron. This explained the dependence on frequency instead of intensity that was experimentally observed. Light with a high intensity but only low-energy quanta would not result in an emission. The frequency needed to be high enough- hence the idea of a threshold frequency. Einstein's ideas about the photoelectric effect paved the way for the modern-day interpretation of light's wave-particle duality.<br />
<br />
==Mechanism and Mathematical Model==<br />
<br />
When electromagnetic waves are shone onto a surface (often a metal), an electron can be emitted, dependent on the energy of the photons of that light. Electrons emitted in this way are referred to as photoelectrons. The photon transfers energy to the electron, causing it to excite and by ejected from the material. This energy transfer manifests as kinetic energy with the electron. Each photon of light has an energy <math>{E=hf}</math> where '''h''' is Planck's constant and '''f''' is the frequency. When the photon contacts the electron on the surface of the material, its energy can be modeled by the relation <math>{E_f = K+Φ}</math> The quantity Φ is known as the work function of the material and is a unique value for each metal. This can be rewritten as <math>{K= hf-Φ}</math> to model the kinetic energy. From this, the mathematical reasoning for a threshold frequency can be observed. The minimum kinetic energy the particle can have is 0, it may not be negative. Thus, the frequency must be great enough for K to take on a non-negative value<ref name="OSX">[https://openstax.org/books/university-physics-volume-3/pages/6-2-photoelectric-effect<br />
]</ref>.<br />
<br />
==Significance==<br />
<br />
The photoelectric effect is significant in that the revelations that stemmed from its observation fundamentally changed the landscape of physics. Einstein's suggestion about the existence of photons and that light has both properties of particles and waves opened the door for an entirely new branch of physics.<br />
<br />
==Connectedness==<br />
#How is this topic connected to something that you are interested in?<br />
#How is it connected to your major?<br />
#Is there an interesting industrial application?<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
== See also ==<br />
<br />
Are there related topics or categories in this wiki resource for the curious reader to explore? How does this topic fit into that context?<br />
<br />
===Further reading===<br />
<br />
Books, Articles or other print media on this topic<br />
<br />
===External links===<br />
<br />
Internet resources on this topic<br />
<br />
==References==<br />
<br />
This section contains the the references you used while writing this page<br />
<br />
[[Category:Which Category did you place this in?]]</div>Jbaldino6http://www.physicsbook.gatech.edu/index.php?title=The_Photoelectric_Effect&diff=39730The Photoelectric Effect2022-04-22T17:33:29Z<p>Jbaldino6: </p>
<hr />
<div>Claimed by Joe Baldino 4/16/2022 Short Description of Topic<br />
<br />
[[File:Photoelectric effect.svg|thumb|The photoelectric effect in practice (author:Wolfmankurd)]]<br />
<br />
==The Main Idea==<br />
<br />
The photoelectric effect is the phenomena in which electrons are emitted from a material that is bombarded by electromagnetic radiation. First observed in the 19th century, the effect was confounding to scientists because of its violation of classical electromagnetism. These discrepancies ultimately led to Albert Einstein making groundbreaking proposals about the nature of light.<br />
<br />
==History==<br />
<br />
German physicist Heinrich Hertz is credited with the discovery of the photoelectric effect in 1887 when he observed a changing of sparking voltage between electrodes when ultraviolet light is shined on them<ref name="Bri">[https://www.britannica.com/science/photoelectric-effect]</ref>. The effect was subsequently studied by various other notable physicists, including Aleksandr Stoletov and J.J. Thomson. Most significant of this period, however, were the studies undertaken by Philipp Lenard. Lenard extensively worked on researching the photoelectric effect and determined that the velocity at which electrons are emitted from a material is independent of the intensity of the light<ref name="Jst">[https://www.jstor.org/stable/27757381<br />
]</ref>. This was one of the major discoveries that directly violated what was though to be known about electromagnetic radiation. This, compounded with later studies showing that there is a threshold frequency for electron emission and an absence of lag time, suggested the current understanding of the nature of light was insufficient. <br />
<br />
[[File:Albert-einstein-g00cd132b3 1920.jpg|thumb|Albert Einstein, the father of modern physics (via Pixabay Free Stock Images]]<br />
<br />
Albert Einstein worked to solve this conundrum. Using Max Planck's theories about how light was carried in "packets", Einstein theorized that light was quantized in discrete particles, which he ended up dubbing as photons. He postulated that the absorption of a quanta of energy is what causes the ejection of an electron. This explained the dependence on frequency instead of intensity that was experimentally observed. Light with a high intensity but only low-energy quanta would not result in an emission. The frequency needed to be high enough- hence the idea of a threshold frequency. Einstein's ideas about the photoelectric effect paved the way for the modern-day interpretation of light's wave-particle duality.<br />
<br />
==Mechanism and Mathematical Model==<br />
<br />
When electromagnetic waves are shone onto a surface (often a metal), an electron can be emitted, dependent on the energy of the photons of that light. Electrons emitted in this way are referred to as photoelectrons. The photon transfers energy to the electron, causing it to excite and by ejected from the material. This energy transfer manifests as kinetic energy with the electron. Each photon of light has an energy <math>{E=hf}</math> where '''h''' is Planck's constant and '''f''' is the frequency. When the photon contacts the electron on the surface of the material, its energy can be modeled by the relation <math>{E_f = K+Φ}</math> The quantity Φ is known as the work function of the material and is a unique value for each metal. This can be rewritten as <math>{K= hf-Φ}</math> to model the kinetic energy. From this, the mathematical reasoning for a threshold frequency can be observed. The minimum kinetic energy the particle can have is 0, it may not be negative. Thus, the frequency must be great enough for K to take on a non-negative value<ref name="OSX">[https://openstax.org/books/university-physics-volume-3/pages/6-2-photoelectric-effect<br />
]</ref>.<br />
<br />
==Significance==<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
==Connectedness==<br />
#How is this topic connected to something that you are interested in?<br />
#How is it connected to your major?<br />
#Is there an interesting industrial application?<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
== See also ==<br />
<br />
Are there related topics or categories in this wiki resource for the curious reader to explore? How does this topic fit into that context?<br />
<br />
===Further reading===<br />
<br />
Books, Articles or other print media on this topic<br />
<br />
===External links===<br />
<br />
Internet resources on this topic<br />
<br />
==References==<br />
<br />
This section contains the the references you used while writing this page<br />
<br />
[[Category:Which Category did you place this in?]]</div>Jbaldino6http://www.physicsbook.gatech.edu/index.php?title=The_Photoelectric_Effect&diff=39729The Photoelectric Effect2022-04-22T17:33:03Z<p>Jbaldino6: </p>
<hr />
<div>Claimed by Joe Baldino 4/16/2022 Short Description of Topic<br />
<br />
[[File:Photoelectric effect.svg|thumb|The photoelectric effect in practice (author:Wolfmankurd])]<br />
<br />
==The Main Idea==<br />
<br />
The photoelectric effect is the phenomena in which electrons are emitted from a material that is bombarded by electromagnetic radiation. First observed in the 19th century, the effect was confounding to scientists because of its violation of classical electromagnetism. These discrepancies ultimately led to Albert Einstein making groundbreaking proposals about the nature of light.<br />
<br />
==History==<br />
<br />
German physicist Heinrich Hertz is credited with the discovery of the photoelectric effect in 1887 when he observed a changing of sparking voltage between electrodes when ultraviolet light is shined on them<ref name="Bri">[https://www.britannica.com/science/photoelectric-effect]</ref>. The effect was subsequently studied by various other notable physicists, including Aleksandr Stoletov and J.J. Thomson. Most significant of this period, however, were the studies undertaken by Philipp Lenard. Lenard extensively worked on researching the photoelectric effect and determined that the velocity at which electrons are emitted from a material is independent of the intensity of the light<ref name="Jst">[https://www.jstor.org/stable/27757381<br />
]</ref>. This was one of the major discoveries that directly violated what was though to be known about electromagnetic radiation. This, compounded with later studies showing that there is a threshold frequency for electron emission and an absence of lag time, suggested the current understanding of the nature of light was insufficient. <br />
<br />
[[File:Albert-einstein-g00cd132b3 1920.jpg|thumb|Albert Einstein, the father of modern physics (via Pixabay Free Stock Images]]<br />
<br />
Albert Einstein worked to solve this conundrum. Using Max Planck's theories about how light was carried in "packets", Einstein theorized that light was quantized in discrete particles, which he ended up dubbing as photons. He postulated that the absorption of a quanta of energy is what causes the ejection of an electron. This explained the dependence on frequency instead of intensity that was experimentally observed. Light with a high intensity but only low-energy quanta would not result in an emission. The frequency needed to be high enough- hence the idea of a threshold frequency. Einstein's ideas about the photoelectric effect paved the way for the modern-day interpretation of light's wave-particle duality.<br />
<br />
==Mechanism and Mathematical Model==<br />
<br />
When electromagnetic waves are shone onto a surface (often a metal), an electron can be emitted, dependent on the energy of the photons of that light. Electrons emitted in this way are referred to as photoelectrons. The photon transfers energy to the electron, causing it to excite and by ejected from the material. This energy transfer manifests as kinetic energy with the electron. Each photon of light has an energy <math>{E=hf}</math> where '''h''' is Planck's constant and '''f''' is the frequency. When the photon contacts the electron on the surface of the material, its energy can be modeled by the relation <math>{E_f = K+Φ}</math> The quantity Φ is known as the work function of the material and is a unique value for each metal. This can be rewritten as <math>{K= hf-Φ}</math> to model the kinetic energy. From this, the mathematical reasoning for a threshold frequency can be observed. The minimum kinetic energy the particle can have is 0, it may not be negative. Thus, the frequency must be great enough for K to take on a non-negative value<ref name="OSX">[https://openstax.org/books/university-physics-volume-3/pages/6-2-photoelectric-effect<br />
]</ref>.<br />
<br />
==Significance==<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
==Connectedness==<br />
#How is this topic connected to something that you are interested in?<br />
#How is it connected to your major?<br />
#Is there an interesting industrial application?<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
== See also ==<br />
<br />
Are there related topics or categories in this wiki resource for the curious reader to explore? How does this topic fit into that context?<br />
<br />
===Further reading===<br />
<br />
Books, Articles or other print media on this topic<br />
<br />
===External links===<br />
<br />
Internet resources on this topic<br />
<br />
==References==<br />
<br />
This section contains the the references you used while writing this page<br />
<br />
[[Category:Which Category did you place this in?]]</div>Jbaldino6http://www.physicsbook.gatech.edu/index.php?title=The_Photoelectric_Effect&diff=39728The Photoelectric Effect2022-04-22T17:31:50Z<p>Jbaldino6: </p>
<hr />
<div>Claimed by Joe Baldino 4/16/2022 Short Description of Topic<br />
<br />
[[File:Photoelectric effect.svg|thumb|The photoelectric effect in practice author:Wolfmankurd]]<br />
<br />
==The Main Idea==<br />
<br />
The photoelectric effect is the phenomena in which electrons are emitted from a material that is bombarded by electromagnetic radiation. First observed in the 19th century, the effect was confounding to scientists because of its violation of classical electromagnetism. These discrepancies ultimately led to Albert Einstein making groundbreaking proposals about the nature of light.<br />
<br />
==History==<br />
<br />
German physicist Heinrich Hertz is credited with the discovery of the photoelectric effect in 1887 when he observed a changing of sparking voltage between electrodes when ultraviolet light is shined on them<ref name="Bri">[https://www.britannica.com/science/photoelectric-effect]</ref>. The effect was subsequently studied by various other notable physicists, including Aleksandr Stoletov and J.J. Thomson. Most significant of this period, however, were the studies undertaken by Philipp Lenard. Lenard extensively worked on researching the photoelectric effect and determined that the velocity at which electrons are emitted from a material is independent of the intensity of the light<ref name="Jst">[https://www.jstor.org/stable/27757381<br />
]</ref>. This was one of the major discoveries that directly violated what was though to be known about electromagnetic radiation. This, compounded with later studies showing that there is a threshold frequency for electron emission and an absence of lag time, suggested the current understanding of the nature of light was insufficient. <br />
<br />
[[File:Albert-einstein-g00cd132b3 1920.jpg|thumb|Albert Einstein, the father of modern physics]]<br />
<br />
Albert Einstein worked to solve this conundrum. Using Max Planck's theories about how light was carried in "packets", Einstein theorized that light was quantized in discrete particles, which he ended up dubbing as photons. He postulated that the absorption of a quanta of energy is what causes the ejection of an electron. This explained the dependence on frequency instead of intensity that was experimentally observed. Light with a high intensity but only low-energy quanta would not result in an emission. The frequency needed to be high enough- hence the idea of a threshold frequency. Einstein's ideas about the photoelectric effect paved the way for the modern-day interpretation of light's wave-particle duality.<br />
<br />
==Mechanism and Mathematical Model==<br />
<br />
When electromagnetic waves are shone onto a surface (often a metal), an electron can be emitted, dependent on the energy of the photons of that light. Electrons emitted in this way are referred to as photoelectrons. The photon transfers energy to the electron, causing it to excite and by ejected from the material. This energy transfer manifests as kinetic energy with the electron. Each photon of light has an energy <math>{E=hf}</math> where '''h''' is Planck's constant and '''f''' is the frequency. When the photon contacts the electron on the surface of the material, its energy can be modeled by the relation <math>{E_f = K+Φ}</math> The quantity Φ is known as the work function of the material and is a unique value for each metal. This can be rewritten as <math>{K= hf-Φ}</math> to model the kinetic energy. From this, the mathematical reasoning for a threshold frequency can be observed. The minimum kinetic energy the particle can have is 0, it may not be negative. Thus, the frequency must be great enough for K to take on a non-negative value<ref name="OSX">[https://openstax.org/books/university-physics-volume-3/pages/6-2-photoelectric-effect<br />
]</ref>.<br />
<br />
==Significance==<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
==Connectedness==<br />
#How is this topic connected to something that you are interested in?<br />
#How is it connected to your major?<br />
#Is there an interesting industrial application?<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
== See also ==<br />
<br />
Are there related topics or categories in this wiki resource for the curious reader to explore? How does this topic fit into that context?<br />
<br />
===Further reading===<br />
<br />
Books, Articles or other print media on this topic<br />
<br />
===External links===<br />
<br />
Internet resources on this topic<br />
<br />
==References==<br />
<br />
This section contains the the references you used while writing this page<br />
<br />
[[Category:Which Category did you place this in?]]</div>Jbaldino6http://www.physicsbook.gatech.edu/index.php?title=The_Photoelectric_Effect&diff=39727The Photoelectric Effect2022-04-22T17:30:30Z<p>Jbaldino6: </p>
<hr />
<div>Claimed by Joe Baldino 4/16/2022 Short Description of Topic<br />
<br />
[[File:Photoelectric effect.svg|thumb|The photoelectric effect in practice source: en:Inkscape]]<br />
<br />
==The Main Idea==<br />
<br />
The photoelectric effect is the phenomena in which electrons are emitted from a material that is bombarded by electromagnetic radiation. First observed in the 19th century, the effect was confounding to scientists because of its violation of classical electromagnetism. These discrepancies ultimately led to Albert Einstein making groundbreaking proposals about the nature of light.<br />
<br />
==History==<br />
<br />
German physicist Heinrich Hertz is credited with the discovery of the photoelectric effect in 1887 when he observed a changing of sparking voltage between electrodes when ultraviolet light is shined on them<ref name="Bri">[https://www.britannica.com/science/photoelectric-effect]</ref>. The effect was subsequently studied by various other notable physicists, including Aleksandr Stoletov and J.J. Thomson. Most significant of this period, however, were the studies undertaken by Philipp Lenard. Lenard extensively worked on researching the photoelectric effect and determined that the velocity at which electrons are emitted from a material is independent of the intensity of the light<ref name="Jst">[https://www.jstor.org/stable/27757381<br />
]</ref>. This was one of the major discoveries that directly violated what was though to be known about electromagnetic radiation. This, compounded with later studies showing that there is a threshold frequency for electron emission and an absence of lag time, suggested the current understanding of the nature of light was insufficient. <br />
<br />
[[File:Albert-einstein-g00cd132b3 1920.jpg|thumb|Albert Einstein, the father of modern physics]]<br />
<br />
Albert Einstein worked to solve this conundrum. Using Max Planck's theories about how light was carried in "packets", Einstein theorized that light was quantized in discrete particles, which he ended up dubbing as photons. He postulated that the absorption of a quanta of energy is what causes the ejection of an electron. This explained the dependence on frequency instead of intensity that was experimentally observed. Light with a high intensity but only low-energy quanta would not result in an emission. The frequency needed to be high enough- hence the idea of a threshold frequency. Einstein's ideas about the photoelectric effect paved the way for the modern-day interpretation of light's wave-particle duality.<br />
<br />
==Mechanism and Mathematical Model==<br />
<br />
When electromagnetic waves are shone onto a surface (often a metal), an electron can be emitted, dependent on the energy of the photons of that light. Electrons emitted in this way are referred to as photoelectrons. The photon transfers energy to the electron, causing it to excite and by ejected from the material. This energy transfer manifests as kinetic energy with the electron. Each photon of light has an energy <math>{E=hf}</math> where '''h''' is Planck's constant and '''f''' is the frequency. When the photon contacts the electron on the surface of the material, its energy can be modeled by the relation <math>{E_f = K+Φ}</math> The quantity Φ is known as the work function of the material and is a unique value for each metal. This can be rewritten as <math>{K= hf-Φ}</math> to model the kinetic energy. From this, the mathematical reasoning for a threshold frequency can be observed. The minimum kinetic energy the particle can have is 0, it may not be negative. Thus, the frequency must be great enough for K to take on a non-negative value<ref name="OSX">[https://openstax.org/books/university-physics-volume-3/pages/6-2-photoelectric-effect<br />
]</ref>.<br />
<br />
==Significance==<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
==Connectedness==<br />
#How is this topic connected to something that you are interested in?<br />
#How is it connected to your major?<br />
#Is there an interesting industrial application?<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
== See also ==<br />
<br />
Are there related topics or categories in this wiki resource for the curious reader to explore? How does this topic fit into that context?<br />
<br />
===Further reading===<br />
<br />
Books, Articles or other print media on this topic<br />
<br />
===External links===<br />
<br />
Internet resources on this topic<br />
<br />
==References==<br />
<br />
This section contains the the references you used while writing this page<br />
<br />
[[Category:Which Category did you place this in?]]</div>Jbaldino6http://www.physicsbook.gatech.edu/index.php?title=The_Photoelectric_Effect&diff=39726The Photoelectric Effect2022-04-22T17:29:45Z<p>Jbaldino6: </p>
<hr />
<div>Claimed by Joe Baldino 4/16/2022 Short Description of Topic<br />
<br />
[[File:Photoelectric effect.svg|thumb|The photoelectric effect in practice]]<br />
<br />
==The Main Idea==<br />
<br />
The photoelectric effect is the phenomena in which electrons are emitted from a material that is bombarded by electromagnetic radiation. First observed in the 19th century, the effect was confounding to scientists because of its violation of classical electromagnetism. These discrepancies ultimately led to Albert Einstein making groundbreaking proposals about the nature of light.<br />
<br />
==History==<br />
<br />
German physicist Heinrich Hertz is credited with the discovery of the photoelectric effect in 1887 when he observed a changing of sparking voltage between electrodes when ultraviolet light is shined on them<ref name="Bri">[https://www.britannica.com/science/photoelectric-effect]</ref>. The effect was subsequently studied by various other notable physicists, including Aleksandr Stoletov and J.J. Thomson. Most significant of this period, however, were the studies undertaken by Philipp Lenard. Lenard extensively worked on researching the photoelectric effect and determined that the velocity at which electrons are emitted from a material is independent of the intensity of the light<ref name="Jst">[https://www.jstor.org/stable/27757381<br />
]</ref>. This was one of the major discoveries that directly violated what was though to be known about electromagnetic radiation. This, compounded with later studies showing that there is a threshold frequency for electron emission and an absence of lag time, suggested the current understanding of the nature of light was insufficient. <br />
<br />
[[File:Albert-einstein-g00cd132b3 1920.jpg|thumb|Albert Einstein, the father of modern physics]]<br />
<br />
Albert Einstein worked to solve this conundrum. Using Max Planck's theories about how light was carried in "packets", Einstein theorized that light was quantized in discrete particles, which he ended up dubbing as photons. He postulated that the absorption of a quanta of energy is what causes the ejection of an electron. This explained the dependence on frequency instead of intensity that was experimentally observed. Light with a high intensity but only low-energy quanta would not result in an emission. The frequency needed to be high enough- hence the idea of a threshold frequency. Einstein's ideas about the photoelectric effect paved the way for the modern-day interpretation of light's wave-particle duality.<br />
<br />
==Mechanism and Mathematical Model==<br />
<br />
When electromagnetic waves are shone onto a surface (often a metal), an electron can be emitted, dependent on the energy of the photons of that light. Electrons emitted in this way are referred to as photoelectrons. The photon transfers energy to the electron, causing it to excite and by ejected from the material. This energy transfer manifests as kinetic energy with the electron. Each photon of light has an energy <math>{E=hf}</math> where '''h''' is Planck's constant and '''f''' is the frequency. When the photon contacts the electron on the surface of the material, its energy can be modeled by the relation <math>{E_f = K+Φ}</math> The quantity Φ is known as the work function of the material and is a unique value for each metal. This can be rewritten as <math>{K= hf-Φ}</math> to model the kinetic energy. From this, the mathematical reasoning for a threshold frequency can be observed. The minimum kinetic energy the particle can have is 0, it may not be negative. Thus, the frequency must be great enough for K to take on a non-negative value<ref name="OSX">[https://openstax.org/books/university-physics-volume-3/pages/6-2-photoelectric-effect<br />
]</ref>.<br />
<br />
==Significance==<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
==Connectedness==<br />
#How is this topic connected to something that you are interested in?<br />
#How is it connected to your major?<br />
#Is there an interesting industrial application?<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
== See also ==<br />
<br />
Are there related topics or categories in this wiki resource for the curious reader to explore? How does this topic fit into that context?<br />
<br />
===Further reading===<br />
<br />
Books, Articles or other print media on this topic<br />
<br />
===External links===<br />
<br />
Internet resources on this topic<br />
<br />
==References==<br />
<br />
This section contains the the references you used while writing this page<br />
<br />
[[Category:Which Category did you place this in?]]</div>Jbaldino6http://www.physicsbook.gatech.edu/index.php?title=The_Photoelectric_Effect&diff=39724The Photoelectric Effect2022-04-22T17:27:09Z<p>Jbaldino6: </p>
<hr />
<div>Claimed by Joe Baldino 4/16/2022 Short Description of Topic<br />
<br />
==The Main Idea==<br />
<br />
The photoelectric effect is the phenomena in which electrons are emitted from a material that is bombarded by electromagnetic radiation. First observed in the 19th century, the effect was confounding to scientists because of its violation of classical electromagnetism. These discrepancies ultimately led to Albert Einstein making groundbreaking proposals about the nature of light.<br />
<br />
==History==<br />
<br />
German physicist Heinrich Hertz is credited with the discovery of the photoelectric effect in 1887 when he observed a changing of sparking voltage between electrodes when ultraviolet light is shined on them<ref name="Bri">[https://www.britannica.com/science/photoelectric-effect]</ref>. The effect was subsequently studied by various other notable physicists, including Aleksandr Stoletov and J.J. Thomson. Most significant of this period, however, were the studies undertaken by Philipp Lenard. Lenard extensively worked on researching the photoelectric effect and determined that the velocity at which electrons are emitted from a material is independent of the intensity of the light<ref name="Jst">[https://www.jstor.org/stable/27757381<br />
]</ref>. This was one of the major discoveries that directly violated what was though to be known about electromagnetic radiation. This, compounded with later studies showing that there is a threshold frequency for electron emission and an absence of lag time, suggested the current understanding of the nature of light was insufficient. <br />
<br />
[[File:Albert-einstein-g00cd132b3 1920.jpg|thumb|Albert Einstein, the father of modern physics]]<br />
<br />
Albert Einstein worked to solve this conundrum. Using Max Planck's theories about how light was carried in "packets", Einstein theorized that light was quantized in discrete particles, which he ended up dubbing as photons. He postulated that the absorption of a quanta of energy is what causes the ejection of an electron. This explained the dependence on frequency instead of intensity that was experimentally observed. Light with a high intensity but only low-energy quanta would not result in an emission. The frequency needed to be high enough- hence the idea of a threshold frequency. Einstein's ideas about the photoelectric effect paved the way for the modern-day interpretation of light's wave-particle duality.<br />
<br />
==Mechanism and Mathematical Model==<br />
<br />
When electromagnetic waves are shone onto a surface (often a metal), an electron can be emitted, dependent on the energy of the photons of that light. Electrons emitted in this way are referred to as photoelectrons. The photon transfers energy to the electron, causing it to excite and by ejected from the material. This energy transfer manifests as kinetic energy with the electron. Each photon of light has an energy <math>{E=hf}</math> where '''h''' is Planck's constant and '''f''' is the frequency. When the photon contacts the electron on the surface of the material, its energy can be modeled by the relation <math>{E_f = K+Φ}</math> The quantity Φ is known as the work function of the material and is a unique value for each metal. This can be rewritten as <math>{K= hf-Φ}</math> to model the kinetic energy. From this, the mathematical reasoning for a threshold frequency can be observed. The minimum kinetic energy the particle can have is 0, it may not be negative. Thus, the frequency must be great enough for K to take on a non-negative value<ref name="OSX">[https://openstax.org/books/university-physics-volume-3/pages/6-2-photoelectric-effect<br />
]</ref>.<br />
<br />
==Significance==<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
==Connectedness==<br />
#How is this topic connected to something that you are interested in?<br />
#How is it connected to your major?<br />
#Is there an interesting industrial application?<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
== See also ==<br />
<br />
Are there related topics or categories in this wiki resource for the curious reader to explore? How does this topic fit into that context?<br />
<br />
===Further reading===<br />
<br />
Books, Articles or other print media on this topic<br />
<br />
===External links===<br />
<br />
Internet resources on this topic<br />
<br />
==References==<br />
<br />
This section contains the the references you used while writing this page<br />
<br />
[[Category:Which Category did you place this in?]]</div>Jbaldino6http://www.physicsbook.gatech.edu/index.php?title=The_Photoelectric_Effect&diff=39723The Photoelectric Effect2022-04-22T17:26:28Z<p>Jbaldino6: </p>
<hr />
<div>Claimed by Joe Baldino 4/16/2022 Short Description of Topic<br />
<br />
==The Main Idea==<br />
<br />
The photoelectric effect is the phenomena in which electrons are emitted from a material that is bombarded by electromagnetic radiation. First observed in the 19th century, the effect was confounding to scientists because of its violation of classical electromagnetism. These discrepancies ultimately led to Albert Einstein making groundbreaking proposals about the nature of light.<br />
<br />
==History==<br />
<br />
German physicist Heinrich Hertz is credited with the discovery of the photoelectric effect in 1887 when he observed a changing of sparking voltage between electrodes when ultraviolet light is shined on them<ref name="Bri">[https://www.britannica.com/science/photoelectric-effect]</ref>. The effect was subsequently studied by various other notable physicists, including Aleksandr Stoletov and J.J. Thomson. Most significant of this period, however, were the studies undertaken by Philipp Lenard. Lenard extensively worked on researching the photoelectric effect and determined that the velocity at which electrons are emitted from a material is independent of the intensity of the light<ref name="Jst">[https://www.jstor.org/stable/27757381<br />
]</ref>. This was one of the major discoveries that directly violated what was though to be known about electromagnetic radiation. This, compounded with later studies showing that there is a threshold frequency for electron emission and an absence of lag time, suggested the current understanding of the nature of light was insufficient. <br />
<br />
[[File:Albert-einstein-g00cd132b3 1920.jpg|thumb|Albert Einstein, the father of modern physics]]<br />
<br />
Albert Einstein worked to solve this conundrum. Using Max Planck's theories about how light was carried in "packets", Einstein theorized that light was quantized in discrete particles, which he ended up dubbing as photons. He postulated that the absorption of a quanta of energy is what causes the ejection of an electron. This explained the dependence on frequency instead of intensity that was experimentally observed. Light with a high intensity but only low-energy quanta would not result in an emission. The frequency needed to be high enough- hence the idea of a threshold frequency. Einstein's ideas about the photoelectric effect paved the way for the modern-day interpretation of light's wave-particle duality.<br />
<br />
==Mechanism and Mathematical Model==<br />
<br />
When electromagnetic waves are shone onto a surface (often a metal), an electron can be emitted, dependent on the energy of the photons of that light. Electrons emitted in this way are referred to as photoelectrons. The photon transfers energy to the electron, causing it to excite and by ejected from the material. This energy transfer manifests as kinetic energy with the electron. Each photon of light has an energy <math>{E=hf}</math> where '''h''' is Planck's constant and '''f''' is the frequency. When the photon contacts the electron on the surface of the material, its energy can be modeled by the relation <math>{E_f = K+Φ}</math> The quantity Φ is known as the work function of the material and is a unique value for each metal. This can be rewritten as <math>{K= hf-Φ}</math> to model the kinetic energy. From this, the mathematical reasoning for a threshold frequency can be observed. The minimum kinetic energy the particle can have is 0, it may not be negative. Thus, the frequency must be great enough for K to take on a non-negative value<ref name="Jst">[https://openstax.org/books/university-physics-volume-3/pages/6-2-photoelectric-effect<br />
]</ref>.<br />
<br />
==Significance==<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
==Connectedness==<br />
#How is this topic connected to something that you are interested in?<br />
#How is it connected to your major?<br />
#Is there an interesting industrial application?<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
== See also ==<br />
<br />
Are there related topics or categories in this wiki resource for the curious reader to explore? How does this topic fit into that context?<br />
<br />
===Further reading===<br />
<br />
Books, Articles or other print media on this topic<br />
<br />
===External links===<br />
<br />
Internet resources on this topic<br />
<br />
==References==<br />
<br />
This section contains the the references you used while writing this page<br />
<br />
[[Category:Which Category did you place this in?]]</div>Jbaldino6http://www.physicsbook.gatech.edu/index.php?title=The_Photoelectric_Effect&diff=39722The Photoelectric Effect2022-04-22T17:18:41Z<p>Jbaldino6: /* Mechanism and Mathematical Model */</p>
<hr />
<div>Claimed by Joe Baldino 4/16/2022 Short Description of Topic<br />
<br />
==The Main Idea==<br />
<br />
The photoelectric effect is the phenomena in which electrons are emitted from a material that is bombarded by electromagnetic radiation. First observed in the 19th century, the effect was confounding to scientists because of its violation of classical electromagnetism. These discrepancies ultimately led to Albert Einstein making groundbreaking proposals about the nature of light.<br />
<br />
==History==<br />
<br />
German physicist Heinrich Hertz is credited with the discovery of the photoelectric effect in 1887 when he observed a changing of sparking voltage between electrodes when ultraviolet light is shined on them<ref name="Bri">[https://www.britannica.com/science/photoelectric-effect]</ref>. The effect was subsequently studied by various other notable physicists, including Aleksandr Stoletov and J.J. Thomson. Most significant of this period, however, were the studies undertaken by Philipp Lenard. Lenard extensively worked on researching the photoelectric effect and determined that the velocity at which electrons are emitted from a material is independent of the intensity of the light<ref name="Jst">[https://www.jstor.org/stable/27757381<br />
]</ref>. This was one of the major discoveries that directly violated what was though to be known about electromagnetic radiation. This, compounded with later studies showing that there is a threshold frequency for electron emission and an absence of lag time, suggested the current understanding of the nature of light was insufficient. <br />
<br />
[[File:Albert-einstein-g00cd132b3 1920.jpg|thumb|Albert Einstein, the father of modern physics]]<br />
<br />
Albert Einstein worked to solve this conundrum. Using Max Planck's theories about how light was carried in "packets", Einstein theorized that light was quantized in discrete particles, which he ended up dubbing as photons. He postulated that the absorption of a quanta of energy is what causes the ejection of an electron. This explained the dependence on frequency instead of intensity that was experimentally observed. Light with a high intensity but only low-energy quanta would not result in an emission. The frequency needed to be high enough- hence the idea of a threshold frequency. Einstein's ideas about the photoelectric effect paved the way for the modern-day interpretation of light's wave-particle duality.<br />
<br />
==Mechanism and Mathematical Model==<br />
<br />
When electromagnetic waves are shone onto a surface (often a metal), an electron can be emitted, dependent on the energy of the photons of that light. The photon transfers energy to the electron, causing it to excite and by ejected from the material. This energy transfer manifests as kinetic energy with the electron. Each photon of light has an energy <math>{E=hf}</math> where '''h''' is Planck's constant and '''f''' is the frequency. When the photon contacts the electron on the surface of the material, its energy can be modeled by the relation <math>{E_f = K+Φ}</math> The quantity Φ is known as the work function of the material and is a unique value for each metal. This can be rewritten as <math>{K= hf-Φ}</math> to model the kinetic energy. From this, the mathematical reasoning for a threshold frequency can be observed. The minimum kinetic energy the particle can have is 0, it may not be negative. Thus, the frequency must be great enough for K to take on a non-negative value.<br />
<br />
==Significance==<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
==Connectedness==<br />
#How is this topic connected to something that you are interested in?<br />
#How is it connected to your major?<br />
#Is there an interesting industrial application?<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
== See also ==<br />
<br />
Are there related topics or categories in this wiki resource for the curious reader to explore? How does this topic fit into that context?<br />
<br />
===Further reading===<br />
<br />
Books, Articles or other print media on this topic<br />
<br />
===External links===<br />
<br />
Internet resources on this topic<br />
<br />
==References==<br />
<br />
This section contains the the references you used while writing this page<br />
<br />
[[Category:Which Category did you place this in?]]</div>Jbaldino6http://www.physicsbook.gatech.edu/index.php?title=The_Photoelectric_Effect&diff=39720The Photoelectric Effect2022-04-22T17:06:22Z<p>Jbaldino6: /* Mechanism and Mathematical Model */</p>
<hr />
<div>Claimed by Joe Baldino 4/16/2022 Short Description of Topic<br />
<br />
==The Main Idea==<br />
<br />
The photoelectric effect is the phenomena in which electrons are emitted from a material that is bombarded by electromagnetic radiation. First observed in the 19th century, the effect was confounding to scientists because of its violation of classical electromagnetism. These discrepancies ultimately led to Albert Einstein making groundbreaking proposals about the nature of light.<br />
<br />
==History==<br />
<br />
German physicist Heinrich Hertz is credited with the discovery of the photoelectric effect in 1887 when he observed a changing of sparking voltage between electrodes when ultraviolet light is shined on them<ref name="Bri">[https://www.britannica.com/science/photoelectric-effect]</ref>. The effect was subsequently studied by various other notable physicists, including Aleksandr Stoletov and J.J. Thomson. Most significant of this period, however, were the studies undertaken by Philipp Lenard. Lenard extensively worked on researching the photoelectric effect and determined that the velocity at which electrons are emitted from a material is independent of the intensity of the light<ref name="Jst">[https://www.jstor.org/stable/27757381<br />
]</ref>. This was one of the major discoveries that directly violated what was though to be known about electromagnetic radiation. This, compounded with later studies showing that there is a threshold frequency for electron emission and an absence of lag time, suggested the current understanding of the nature of light was insufficient. <br />
<br />
[[File:Albert-einstein-g00cd132b3 1920.jpg|thumb|Albert Einstein, the father of modern physics]]<br />
<br />
Albert Einstein worked to solve this conundrum. Using Max Planck's theories about how light was carried in "packets", Einstein theorized that light was quantized in discrete particles, which he ended up dubbing as photons. He postulated that the absorption of a quanta of energy is what causes the ejection of an electron. This explained the dependence on frequency instead of intensity that was experimentally observed. Light with a high intensity but only low-energy quanta would not result in an emission. The frequency needed to be high enough- hence the idea of a threshold frequency. Einstein's ideas about the photoelectric effect paved the way for the modern-day interpretation of light's wave-particle duality.<br />
<br />
==Mechanism and Mathematical Model==<br />
<br />
When electromagnetic waves are shone onto a surface (often a metal), an electron can be emitted, dependent on the energy of the photons of that light. Each photon of light has an energy <math>{E=hf} where '''h''' is Planck's constant and '''f''' is the frequency.<br />
What are the mathematical equations that allow us to model this topic. For example <math>{\frac{d\vec{p}}{dt}}_{system} = \vec{F}_{net}</math> where '''p''' is the momentum of the system and '''F''' is the net force from the surroundings.<br />
<br />
==Significance==<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
==Connectedness==<br />
#How is this topic connected to something that you are interested in?<br />
#How is it connected to your major?<br />
#Is there an interesting industrial application?<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
== See also ==<br />
<br />
Are there related topics or categories in this wiki resource for the curious reader to explore? How does this topic fit into that context?<br />
<br />
===Further reading===<br />
<br />
Books, Articles or other print media on this topic<br />
<br />
===External links===<br />
<br />
Internet resources on this topic<br />
<br />
==References==<br />
<br />
This section contains the the references you used while writing this page<br />
<br />
[[Category:Which Category did you place this in?]]</div>Jbaldino6http://www.physicsbook.gatech.edu/index.php?title=The_Photoelectric_Effect&diff=39719The Photoelectric Effect2022-04-22T17:05:24Z<p>Jbaldino6: </p>
<hr />
<div>Claimed by Joe Baldino 4/16/2022 Short Description of Topic<br />
<br />
==The Main Idea==<br />
<br />
The photoelectric effect is the phenomena in which electrons are emitted from a material that is bombarded by electromagnetic radiation. First observed in the 19th century, the effect was confounding to scientists because of its violation of classical electromagnetism. These discrepancies ultimately led to Albert Einstein making groundbreaking proposals about the nature of light.<br />
<br />
==History==<br />
<br />
German physicist Heinrich Hertz is credited with the discovery of the photoelectric effect in 1887 when he observed a changing of sparking voltage between electrodes when ultraviolet light is shined on them<ref name="Bri">[https://www.britannica.com/science/photoelectric-effect]</ref>. The effect was subsequently studied by various other notable physicists, including Aleksandr Stoletov and J.J. Thomson. Most significant of this period, however, were the studies undertaken by Philipp Lenard. Lenard extensively worked on researching the photoelectric effect and determined that the velocity at which electrons are emitted from a material is independent of the intensity of the light<ref name="Jst">[https://www.jstor.org/stable/27757381<br />
]</ref>. This was one of the major discoveries that directly violated what was though to be known about electromagnetic radiation. This, compounded with later studies showing that there is a threshold frequency for electron emission and an absence of lag time, suggested the current understanding of the nature of light was insufficient. <br />
<br />
[[File:Albert-einstein-g00cd132b3 1920.jpg|thumb|Albert Einstein, the father of modern physics]]<br />
<br />
Albert Einstein worked to solve this conundrum. Using Max Planck's theories about how light was carried in "packets", Einstein theorized that light was quantized in discrete particles, which he ended up dubbing as photons. He postulated that the absorption of a quanta of energy is what causes the ejection of an electron. This explained the dependence on frequency instead of intensity that was experimentally observed. Light with a high intensity but only low-energy quanta would not result in an emission. The frequency needed to be high enough- hence the idea of a threshold frequency. Einstein's ideas about the photoelectric effect paved the way for the modern-day interpretation of light's wave-particle duality.<br />
<br />
==Mechanism and Mathematical Model==<br />
<br />
When electromagnetic waves are shone onto a surface (often a metal), an electron can be emitted, dependent on the energy of the photons of that light. Each photon of light has an energy <math>{E=hf}<math><br />
What are the mathematical equations that allow us to model this topic. For example <math>{\frac{d\vec{p}}{dt}}_{system} = \vec{F}_{net}</math> where '''p''' is the momentum of the system and '''F''' is the net force from the surroundings.<br />
<br />
==Significance==<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
==Connectedness==<br />
#How is this topic connected to something that you are interested in?<br />
#How is it connected to your major?<br />
#Is there an interesting industrial application?<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
== See also ==<br />
<br />
Are there related topics or categories in this wiki resource for the curious reader to explore? How does this topic fit into that context?<br />
<br />
===Further reading===<br />
<br />
Books, Articles or other print media on this topic<br />
<br />
===External links===<br />
<br />
Internet resources on this topic<br />
<br />
==References==<br />
<br />
This section contains the the references you used while writing this page<br />
<br />
[[Category:Which Category did you place this in?]]</div>Jbaldino6http://www.physicsbook.gatech.edu/index.php?title=The_Photoelectric_Effect&diff=39704The Photoelectric Effect2022-04-22T16:04:18Z<p>Jbaldino6: </p>
<hr />
<div>Claimed by Joe Baldino 4/16/2022 Short Description of Topic<br />
<br />
==The Main Idea==<br />
<br />
The photoelectric effect is the phenomena in which electrons are emitted from a material that is bombarded by electromagnetic radiation. First observed in the 19th century, the effect was confounding to scientists because of its violation of classical electromagnetism. These discrepancies ultimately led to Albert Einstein making groundbreaking proposals about the nature of light.<br />
<br />
==History==<br />
<br />
German physicist Heinrich Hertz is credited with the discovery of the photoelectric effect in 1887 when he observed a changing of sparking voltage between electrodes when ultraviolet light is shined on them<ref name="Bri">[https://www.britannica.com/science/photoelectric-effect]</ref>. The effect was subsequently studied by various other notable physicists, including Aleksandr Stoletov and J.J. Thomson. Most significant of this period, however, were the studies undertaken by Philipp Lenard. Lenard extensively worked on researching the photoelectric effect and determined that the velocity at which electrons are emitted from a material is independent of the intensity of the light<ref name="Jst">[https://www.jstor.org/stable/27757381<br />
]</ref>. This was one of the major discoveries that directly violated what was though to be known about electromagnetic radiation. This, compounded with later studies showing that there is a threshold frequency for electron emission and an absence of lag time, suggested the current understanding of the nature of light was insufficient. <br />
<br />
[[File:Albert-einstein-g00cd132b3 1920.jpg|thumb|Albert Einstein, the father of modern physics]]<br />
<br />
Albert Einstein worked to solve this conundrum. Using Max Planck's theories about how light was carried in "packets", Einstein theorized that light was quantized in discrete particles, which he ended up dubbing as photons. He postulated that the absorption of a quanta of energy is what causes the ejection of an electron. This explained the dependence on frequency instead of intensity that was experimentally observed. Light with a high intensity but only low-energy quanta would not result in an emission. The frequency needed to be high enough- hence the idea of a threshold frequency. Einstein's ideas about the photoelectric effect paved the way for the modern-day interpretation of light's wave-particle duality.<br />
<br />
==Mechanism==<br />
==A Mathematical Model==<br />
<br />
What are the mathematical equations that allow us to model this topic. For example <math>{\frac{d\vec{p}}{dt}}_{system} = \vec{F}_{net}</math> where '''p''' is the momentum of the system and '''F''' is the net force from the surroundings.<br />
<br />
==Significance==<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
==Connectedness==<br />
#How is this topic connected to something that you are interested in?<br />
#How is it connected to your major?<br />
#Is there an interesting industrial application?<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
== See also ==<br />
<br />
Are there related topics or categories in this wiki resource for the curious reader to explore? How does this topic fit into that context?<br />
<br />
===Further reading===<br />
<br />
Books, Articles or other print media on this topic<br />
<br />
===External links===<br />
<br />
Internet resources on this topic<br />
<br />
==References==<br />
<br />
This section contains the the references you used while writing this page<br />
<br />
[[Category:Which Category did you place this in?]]</div>Jbaldino6http://www.physicsbook.gatech.edu/index.php?title=File:Albert-einstein-g8a05609c0_1280.jpg&diff=39696File:Albert-einstein-g8a05609c0 1280.jpg2022-04-22T15:40:23Z<p>Jbaldino6: Albert Einstein</p>
<hr />
<div>== Summary ==<br />
Albert Einstein</div>Jbaldino6http://www.physicsbook.gatech.edu/index.php?title=File:Albert-einstein-g00cd132b3_1920.jpg&diff=39695File:Albert-einstein-g00cd132b3 1920.jpg2022-04-22T15:30:39Z<p>Jbaldino6: /* Summary */</p>
<hr />
<div>== Summary ==<br />
Albert Einstein Portrait</div>Jbaldino6http://www.physicsbook.gatech.edu/index.php?title=The_Photoelectric_Effect&diff=39694The Photoelectric Effect2022-04-22T15:29:00Z<p>Jbaldino6: </p>
<hr />
<div>Claimed by Joe Baldino 4/16/2022 Short Description of Topic<br />
<br />
==The Main Idea==<br />
<br />
The photoelectric effect is the phenomena in which electrons are emitted from a material that is bombarded by electromagnetic radiation. First observed in the 19th century, the effect was confounding to scientists because of its violation of classical electromagnetism. These discrepancies ultimately led to Albert Einstein making groundbreaking proposals about the nature of light.<br />
<br />
==History==<br />
<br />
German physicist Heinrich Hertz is credited with the discovery of the photoelectric effect in 1887 when he observed a changing of sparking voltage between electrodes when ultraviolet light is shined on them<ref name="Bri">[https://www.britannica.com/science/photoelectric-effect]</ref>. The effect was subsequently studied by various other notable physicists, including Aleksandr Stoletov and J.J. Thomson. Most significant of this period, however, were the studies undertaken by Philipp Lenard. Lenard extensively worked on researching the photoelectric effect and determined that the velocity at which electrons are emitted from a material is independent of the frequency of the light<ref name="Jst">[https://www.jstor.org/stable/27757381<br />
]</ref>. This was one of the major discoveries that directly violated what was though to be known about electromagnetic radiation. This, compounded with later studies showing that there is a threshold frequency for electron emission and an absence of lag time, suggested the current understanding of the nature of light was insufficient. <br />
<br />
[[File:Albert-einstein-g00cd132b3 1920.jpg|thumb|Albert Einstein, the father of modern physics]]<br />
<br />
==Mechanism==<br />
==A Mathematical Model==<br />
<br />
What are the mathematical equations that allow us to model this topic. For example <math>{\frac{d\vec{p}}{dt}}_{system} = \vec{F}_{net}</math> where '''p''' is the momentum of the system and '''F''' is the net force from the surroundings.<br />
<br />
==Significance==<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
==Connectedness==<br />
#How is this topic connected to something that you are interested in?<br />
#How is it connected to your major?<br />
#Is there an interesting industrial application?<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
== See also ==<br />
<br />
Are there related topics or categories in this wiki resource for the curious reader to explore? How does this topic fit into that context?<br />
<br />
===Further reading===<br />
<br />
Books, Articles or other print media on this topic<br />
<br />
===External links===<br />
<br />
Internet resources on this topic<br />
<br />
==References==<br />
<br />
This section contains the the references you used while writing this page<br />
<br />
[[Category:Which Category did you place this in?]]</div>Jbaldino6http://www.physicsbook.gatech.edu/index.php?title=File:Albert-einstein-g00cd132b3_1920.jpg&diff=39693File:Albert-einstein-g00cd132b3 1920.jpg2022-04-22T15:27:26Z<p>Jbaldino6: ALbert Einstein Portrait</p>
<hr />
<div>== Summary ==<br />
ALbert Einstein Portrait</div>Jbaldino6http://www.physicsbook.gatech.edu/index.php?title=The_Photoelectric_Effect&diff=39692The Photoelectric Effect2022-04-22T15:23:03Z<p>Jbaldino6: </p>
<hr />
<div>Claimed by Joe Baldino 4/16/2022 Short Description of Topic<br />
<br />
==The Main Idea==<br />
<br />
The photoelectric effect is the phenomena in which electrons are emitted from a material that is bombarded by electromagnetic radiation. First observed in the 19th century, the effect was confounding to scientists because of its violation of classical electromagnetism. These discrepancies ultimately led to Albert Einstein making groundbreaking proposals about the nature of light.<br />
<br />
==History==<br />
<br />
German physicist Heinrich Hertz is credited with the discovery of the photoelectric effect in 1887 when he observed a changing of sparking voltage between electrodes when ultraviolet light is shined on them<ref name="Bri">[https://www.britannica.com/science/photoelectric-effect]</ref>. The effect was subsequently studied by various other notable physicists, including Aleksandr Stoletov and J.J. Thomson. Most significant of this period, however, were the studies undertaken by Philipp Lenard. Lenard extensively worked on researching the photoelectric effect and determined that the velocity at which electrons are emitted from a material is independent of the frequency of the light<ref name="Jst">[https://www.jstor.org/stable/27757381<br />
]</ref>. This was one of the major discoveries that directly violated what was though to be known about electromagnetic radiation. This, compounded with later studies showing that there is a threshold frequency for electron emission and an absence of lag time, suggested the current understanding of the nature of light was insufficient. <br />
<br />
<br />
==Mechanism==<br />
==A Mathematical Model==<br />
<br />
What are the mathematical equations that allow us to model this topic. For example <math>{\frac{d\vec{p}}{dt}}_{system} = \vec{F}_{net}</math> where '''p''' is the momentum of the system and '''F''' is the net force from the surroundings.<br />
<br />
==Significance==<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
==Connectedness==<br />
#How is this topic connected to something that you are interested in?<br />
#How is it connected to your major?<br />
#Is there an interesting industrial application?<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
== See also ==<br />
<br />
Are there related topics or categories in this wiki resource for the curious reader to explore? How does this topic fit into that context?<br />
<br />
===Further reading===<br />
<br />
Books, Articles or other print media on this topic<br />
<br />
===External links===<br />
<br />
Internet resources on this topic<br />
<br />
==References==<br />
<br />
This section contains the the references you used while writing this page<br />
<br />
[[Category:Which Category did you place this in?]]</div>Jbaldino6http://www.physicsbook.gatech.edu/index.php?title=The_Photoelectric_Effect&diff=39691The Photoelectric Effect2022-04-22T15:18:14Z<p>Jbaldino6: </p>
<hr />
<div>Claimed by Joe Baldino 4/16/2022 Short Description of Topic<br />
<br />
==The Main Idea==<br />
<br />
The photoelectric effect is the phenomena in which electrons are emitted from a material that is bombarded by electromagnetic radiation. First observed in the 19th century, the effect was confounding to scientists because of its violation of classical electromagnetism. These discrepancies ultimately led to Albert Einstein making groundbreaking proposals about the nature of light.<br />
<br />
==History==<br />
<br />
German physicist Heinrich Hertz is credited with the discovery of the photoelectric effect in 1887 when he observed a changing of sparking voltage between electrodes when ultraviolet light is shined on them<ref name="Bri">[https://www.britannica.com/science/photoelectric-effect]</ref>. The effect was subsequently studied by various other notable physicists, including Aleksandr Stoletov and J.J. Thomson. Most significant of this period, however, were the studies undertaken by Philipp Lenard. Lenard extensively worked on researching the photoelectric effect and determined that the velocity at which electrons are emitted from a material is independent of the frequency of the light<ref name="Jst">[27757381]</ref>. This was one of the <br />
<br />
<br />
==Mechanism==<br />
==A Mathematical Model==<br />
<br />
What are the mathematical equations that allow us to model this topic. For example <math>{\frac{d\vec{p}}{dt}}_{system} = \vec{F}_{net}</math> where '''p''' is the momentum of the system and '''F''' is the net force from the surroundings.<br />
<br />
==Significance==<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
==Connectedness==<br />
#How is this topic connected to something that you are interested in?<br />
#How is it connected to your major?<br />
#Is there an interesting industrial application?<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
== See also ==<br />
<br />
Are there related topics or categories in this wiki resource for the curious reader to explore? How does this topic fit into that context?<br />
<br />
===Further reading===<br />
<br />
Books, Articles or other print media on this topic<br />
<br />
===External links===<br />
<br />
Internet resources on this topic<br />
<br />
==References==<br />
<br />
This section contains the the references you used while writing this page<br />
<br />
[[Category:Which Category did you place this in?]]</div>Jbaldino6http://www.physicsbook.gatech.edu/index.php?title=The_Photoelectric_Effect&diff=39690The Photoelectric Effect2022-04-22T15:00:33Z<p>Jbaldino6: </p>
<hr />
<div>Claimed by Joe Baldino 4/16/2022 Short Description of Topic<br />
<br />
==The Main Idea==<br />
<br />
The photoelectric effect is the phenomena in which electrons are emitted from a material that is bombarded by electromagnetic radiation. First observed in the 19th century, the effect was confounding to scientists because of its violation of classical electromagnetism. These discrepancies ultimately led to Albert Einstein making groundbreaking proposals about the nature of light.<br />
<br />
==History==<br />
<br />
German physicist Heinrich Hertz is credited with the discovery of the photoelectric effect in 1887 when he observed a changing of sparking voltage between electrodes when ultraviolet light is shined on them<ref name="Bri">[https://www.britannica.com/science/photoelectric-effect]</ref><br />
<br />
<br />
==Mechanism==<br />
==A Mathematical Model==<br />
<br />
What are the mathematical equations that allow us to model this topic. For example <math>{\frac{d\vec{p}}{dt}}_{system} = \vec{F}_{net}</math> where '''p''' is the momentum of the system and '''F''' is the net force from the surroundings.<br />
<br />
==Significance==<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
==Connectedness==<br />
#How is this topic connected to something that you are interested in?<br />
#How is it connected to your major?<br />
#Is there an interesting industrial application?<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
== See also ==<br />
<br />
Are there related topics or categories in this wiki resource for the curious reader to explore? How does this topic fit into that context?<br />
<br />
===Further reading===<br />
<br />
Books, Articles or other print media on this topic<br />
<br />
===External links===<br />
<br />
Internet resources on this topic<br />
<br />
==References==<br />
<br />
This section contains the the references you used while writing this page<br />
<br />
[[Category:Which Category did you place this in?]]</div>Jbaldino6http://www.physicsbook.gatech.edu/index.php?title=The_Photoelectric_Effect&diff=39689The Photoelectric Effect2022-04-22T14:55:16Z<p>Jbaldino6: </p>
<hr />
<div>Claimed by Joe Baldino 4/16/2022 Short Description of Topic<br />
<br />
==The Main Idea==<br />
<br />
The photoelectric effect is the phenomena in which electrons are emitted from a material that is bombarded by electromagnetic radiation. First observed in the 19th century, the effect was confounding to scientists because of its violation of classical electromagnetism. These discrepancies ultimately led to Albert Einstein making groundbreaking proposals about the nature of light.<br />
==History==<br />
<br />
Put this idea in historical context. Give the reader the Who, What, When, Where, and Why.<br />
<br />
==Mechanism==<br />
==A Mathematical Model==<br />
<br />
What are the mathematical equations that allow us to model this topic. For example <math>{\frac{d\vec{p}}{dt}}_{system} = \vec{F}_{net}</math> where '''p''' is the momentum of the system and '''F''' is the net force from the surroundings.<br />
<br />
==Significance==<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
==Connectedness==<br />
#How is this topic connected to something that you are interested in?<br />
#How is it connected to your major?<br />
#Is there an interesting industrial application?<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
== See also ==<br />
<br />
Are there related topics or categories in this wiki resource for the curious reader to explore? How does this topic fit into that context?<br />
<br />
===Further reading===<br />
<br />
Books, Articles or other print media on this topic<br />
<br />
===External links===<br />
<br />
Internet resources on this topic<br />
<br />
==References==<br />
<br />
This section contains the the references you used while writing this page<br />
<br />
[[Category:Which Category did you place this in?]]</div>Jbaldino6http://www.physicsbook.gatech.edu/index.php?title=The_Photoelectric_Effect&diff=39688The Photoelectric Effect2022-04-22T14:29:57Z<p>Jbaldino6: </p>
<hr />
<div>Claimed by Joe Baldino 4/16/2022 Short Description of Topic<br />
<br />
==The Main Idea==<br />
<br />
State, in your own words, the main idea for this topic<br />
Electric Field of Capacitor<br />
<br />
==History==<br />
<br />
Put this idea in historical context. Give the reader the Who, What, When, Where, and Why.<br />
<br />
==A Mathematical Model==<br />
<br />
What are the mathematical equations that allow us to model this topic. For example <math>{\frac{d\vec{p}}{dt}}_{system} = \vec{F}_{net}</math> where '''p''' is the momentum of the system and '''F''' is the net force from the surroundings.<br />
<br />
==Significance==<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
==Connectedness==<br />
#How is this topic connected to something that you are interested in?<br />
#How is it connected to your major?<br />
#Is there an interesting industrial application?<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
== See also ==<br />
<br />
Are there related topics or categories in this wiki resource for the curious reader to explore? How does this topic fit into that context?<br />
<br />
===Further reading===<br />
<br />
Books, Articles or other print media on this topic<br />
<br />
===External links===<br />
<br />
Internet resources on this topic<br />
<br />
==References==<br />
<br />
This section contains the the references you used while writing this page<br />
<br />
[[Category:Which Category did you place this in?]]</div>Jbaldino6http://www.physicsbook.gatech.edu/index.php?title=The_Photoelectric_Effect&diff=39687The Photoelectric Effect2022-04-22T14:28:59Z<p>Jbaldino6: </p>
<hr />
<div>Claimed by Joe Baldino 4/16/2022 Short Description of Topic<br />
<br />
==The Main Idea==<br />
<br />
State, in your own words, the main idea for this topic<br />
Electric Field of Capacitor<br />
<br />
==History==<br />
<br />
Put this idea in historical context. Give the reader the Who, What, When, Where, and Why.<br />
<br />
===A Mathematical Model===<br />
<br />
What are the mathematical equations that allow us to model this topic. For example <math>{\frac{d\vec{p}}{dt}}_{system} = \vec{F}_{net}</math> where '''p''' is the momentum of the system and '''F''' is the net force from the surroundings.<br />
<br />
===A Computational Model===<br />
<br />
How do we visualize or predict using this topic. Consider embedding some vpython code here [https://trinket.io/glowscript/31d0f9ad9e Teach hands-on with GlowScript]<br />
<br />
==Significance==<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
==Connectedness==<br />
#How is this topic connected to something that you are interested in?<br />
#How is it connected to your major?<br />
#Is there an interesting industrial application?<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
== See also ==<br />
<br />
Are there related topics or categories in this wiki resource for the curious reader to explore? How does this topic fit into that context?<br />
<br />
===Further reading===<br />
<br />
Books, Articles or other print media on this topic<br />
<br />
===External links===<br />
<br />
Internet resources on this topic<br />
<br />
==References==<br />
<br />
This section contains the the references you used while writing this page<br />
<br />
[[Category:Which Category did you place this in?]]</div>Jbaldino6http://www.physicsbook.gatech.edu/index.php?title=The_Photoelectric_Effect&diff=39354The Photoelectric Effect2022-04-16T23:42:00Z<p>Jbaldino6: </p>
<hr />
<div>Claimed by Joe Baldino 4/16/2022 Short Description of Topic<br />
<br />
==The Main Idea==<br />
<br />
State, in your own words, the main idea for this topic<br />
Electric Field of Capacitor<br />
<br />
===A Mathematical Model===<br />
<br />
What are the mathematical equations that allow us to model this topic. For example <math>{\frac{d\vec{p}}{dt}}_{system} = \vec{F}_{net}</math> where '''p''' is the momentum of the system and '''F''' is the net force from the surroundings.<br />
<br />
===A Computational Model===<br />
<br />
How do we visualize or predict using this topic. Consider embedding some vpython code here [https://trinket.io/glowscript/31d0f9ad9e Teach hands-on with GlowScript]<br />
<br />
==Examples==<br />
<br />
Be sure to show all steps in your solution and include diagrams whenever possible<br />
<br />
===Simple===<br />
===Middling===<br />
===Difficult===<br />
<br />
==Connectedness==<br />
#How is this topic connected to something that you are interested in?<br />
#How is it connected to your major?<br />
#Is there an interesting industrial application?<br />
<br />
==History==<br />
<br />
Put this idea in historical context. Give the reader the Who, What, When, Where, and Why.<br />
<br />
== See also ==<br />
<br />
Are there related topics or categories in this wiki resource for the curious reader to explore? How does this topic fit into that context?<br />
<br />
===Further reading===<br />
<br />
Books, Articles or other print media on this topic<br />
<br />
===External links===<br />
<br />
Internet resources on this topic<br />
<br />
==References==<br />
<br />
This section contains the the references you used while writing this page<br />
<br />
[[Category:Which Category did you place this in?]]</div>Jbaldino6http://www.physicsbook.gatech.edu/index.php?title=Main_Page&diff=39353Main Page2022-04-16T23:37:59Z<p>Jbaldino6: /* Week 3 */</p>
<hr />
<div>__NOTOC__<br />
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* An online concept map of intro physics [http://hyperphysics.phy-astr.gsu.edu/hbase/hph.html HyperPhysics]<br />
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* OpenStax intro physics textbooks: [https://openstax.org/details/books/university-physics-volume-1 Vol1], [https://openstax.org/details/books/university-physics-volume-2 Vol2], [https://openstax.org/details/books/university-physics-volume-3 Vol3]<br />
* The Open Source Physics project is a collection of online physics resources [http://www.opensourcephysics.org/ OSP]<br />
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* The Feynman lectures on physics are free to read [http://www.feynmanlectures.caltech.edu/ Feynman]<br />
* Final Study Guide for Modern Physics II created by a lab TA [https://docs.google.com/document/d/1_6GktDPq5tiNFFYs_ZjgjxBAWVQYaXp_2Imha4_nSyc/edit?usp=sharing Modern Physics II Final Study Guide]<br />
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== Resources ==<br />
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* A page to keep track of all the physics [[Constants]]<br />
* A listing of [[Notable Scientist]] with links to their individual pages <br />
<br />
<br />
<div style="float:left; width:30%; padding:1%;"><br />
<br />
==Physics 1==<br />
===Week 1===<br />
<div class="toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><br />
====GlowScript 101====<br />
<div class="mw-collapsible-content"><br />
*[[Python Syntax]]<br />
*[[GlowScript]]<br />
</div><br />
</div><br />
<br />
<div class="toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><br />
<br />
====VPython====<br />
<br />
<div class="mw-collapsible-content"><br />
*[[VPython]]<br />
*[[VPython basics]]<br />
*[[VPython Common Errors and Troubleshooting]]<br />
*[[VPython Functions]]<br />
*[[VPython Lists]]<br />
*[[VPython Loops]]<br />
*[[VPython Multithreading]]<br />
*[[VPython Animation]]<br />
*[[VPython Objects]]<br />
*[[VPython 3D Objects]]<br />
*[[VPython Reference]]<br />
*[[VPython MapReduceFilter]]<br />
*[[VPython GUIs]]<br />
</div><br />
</div><br />
<br />
<div class="toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><br />
<br />
====Vectors and Units====<br />
<div class="mw-collapsible-content"><br />
*[[Vectors]]<br />
*[[SI Units]]<br />
</div><br />
</div><br />
<br />
<div class="toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><br />
<br />
====Interactions====<br />
<div class="mw-collapsible-content"><br />
*[[Types of Interactions and How to Detect Them]]<br />
</div><br />
</div><br />
<br />
<div class="toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><br />
====Velocity and Momentum====<br />
<div class="mw-collapsible-content"><br />
*[[Newton's First Law of Motion]]<br />
*[[Mass]]<br />
*[[Velocity]]<br />
*[[Speed]]<br />
*[[Speed vs Velocity]]<br />
*[[Relative Velocity]]<br />
*[[Derivation of Average Velocity]]<br />
*[[2-Dimensional Motion]]<br />
*[[3-Dimensional Position and Motion]]<br />
</div><br />
</div><br />
<br />
===Week 2===<br />
<div class="toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><br />
====Momentum and the Momentum Principle====<br />
<div class="mw-collapsible-content"><br />
*[[Linear Momentum]]<br />
*[[Newton's Second Law: the Momentum Principle]]<br />
*[[Impulse and Momentum]]<br />
*[[Net Force]]<br />
*[[Inertia]]<br />
*[[Acceleration]]<br />
*[[Relativistic Momentum]]<br />
<!-- Kinematics and Projectile Motion relocated to Week 3 per advice of Dr. Greco --><br />
</div><br />
</div><br />
<br />
<div class="toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><br />
<br />
====Iterative Prediction with a Constant Force====<br />
<div class="mw-collapsible-content"><br />
*[[Iterative Prediction]]<br />
</div><br />
</div><br />
<br />
===Week 3===<br />
<div class="toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><br />
<br />
====Analytic Prediction with a Constant Force====<br />
<div class="mw-collapsible-content"><br />
<!-- *[[Analytical Prediction]] Deprecated --><br />
*[[Kinematics]]<br />
*[[Projectile Motion]]<br />
</div><br />
</div><br />
<br />
<div class="toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><br />
<br />
====Iterative Prediction with a Varying Force====<br />
<div class="mw-collapsible-content"><br />
*[[Fundamentals of Iterative Prediction with Varying Force]]<br />
*[[Spring_Force]]<br />
*[[Simple Harmonic Motion]]<br />
<!--*[[Hooke's Law]] folded into simple harmonic motion--><br />
<!--*[[Spring Force]] folded into simple harmonic motion--><br />
*[[Iterative Prediction of Spring-Mass System]]<br />
*[[Terminal Speed]]<br />
*[[Predicting Change in multiple dimensions]]<br />
*[[Two Dimensional Harmonic Motion]]<br />
*[[Determinism]]<br />
</div><br />
</div><br />
<br />
===Week 4===<br />
<div class="toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><br />
====Fundamental Interactions====<br />
<div class="mw-collapsible-content"><br />
*[[Gravitational Force]]<br />
*[[Gravitational Force Near Earth]]<br />
*[[Gravitational Force in Space and Other Applications]]<br />
*[[3 or More Body Interactions]]<br />
<!--[[Fluid Mechanics]]--><br />
*[[Electric Force]]<br />
*[[Introduction to Magnetic Force]]<br />
*[[Strong and Weak Force]]<br />
*[[Reciprocity]]<br />
*[[Conservation of Momentum]]<br />
</div><br />
</div><br />
<br />
===Week 5===<br />
<div class="toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><br />
====Properties of Matter====<br />
<div class="mw-collapsible-content"><br />
*[[Kinds of Matter]]<br />
*[[Ball and Spring Model of Matter]]<br />
*[[Density]]<br />
*[[Length and Stiffness of an Interatomic Bond]]<br />
*[[Young's Modulus]]<br />
*[[Speed of Sound in Solids]]<br />
*[[Malleability]]<br />
*[[Ductility]]<br />
*[[Weight]]<br />
*[[Hardness]]<br />
*[[Boiling Point]]<br />
*[[Melting Point]]<br />
*[[Change of State]]<br />
</div><br />
</div><br />
<br />
===Week 6===<br />
<div class="toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><br />
====Identifying Forces====<br />
<div class="mw-collapsible-content"><br />
*[[Free Body Diagram]]<br />
*[[Inclined Plane]]<br />
*[[Compression or Normal Force]]<br />
*[[Tension]]<br />
</div><br />
</div><br />
<div class="toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><br />
<br />
====Curving Motion====<br />
<div class="mw-collapsible-content"><br />
*[[Curving Motion]]<br />
*[[Centripetal Force and Curving Motion]]<br />
*[[Perpetual Freefall (Orbit)]]<br />
</div><br />
</div><br />
<br />
===Week 7===<br />
<div class="toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><br />
====Energy Principle====<br />
<div class="mw-collapsible-content"><br />
*[[Energy of a Single Particle]]<br />
*[[Kinetic Energy]]<br />
*[[Work/Energy]]<br />
*[[The Energy Principle]]<br />
*[[Conservation of Energy]]<br />
</div><br />
</div><br />
<br />
===Week 8===<br />
<div class="toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><br />
====Work by Non-Constant Forces====<br />
<div class="mw-collapsible-content"><br />
*[[Work Done By A Nonconstant Force]]<br />
</div><br />
</div><br />
<div class="toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><br />
====Potential Energy====<br />
<div class="mw-collapsible-content"><br />
*[[Potential Energy]]<br />
*[[Potential Energy of Macroscopic Springs]]<br />
*[[Spring Potential Energy]]<br />
*[[Ball and Spring Model]]<br />
*[[Gravitational Potential Energy]]<br />
*[[Energy Graphs]]<br />
*[[Escape Velocity]]<br />
</div><br />
</div><br />
<br />
===Week 9===<br />
<div class="toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><br />
====Multiparticle Systems====<br />
<div class="mw-collapsible-content"><br />
*[[Center of Mass]]<br />
*[[Multi-particle analysis of Momentum]]<br />
*[[Potential Energy of a Multiparticle System]]<br />
*[[Work and Energy for an Extended System]]<br />
*[[Internal Energy]]<br />
**[[Potential Energy of a Pair of Neutral Atoms]]<br />
</div><br />
</div><br />
<br />
===Week 10===<br />
<div class="toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><br />
====Choice of System====<br />
<div class="mw-collapsible-content"><br />
*[[System & Surroundings]]<br />
</div><br />
</div><br />
<div class="toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><br />
====Thermal Energy, Dissipation, and Transfer of Energy====<br />
<div class="mw-collapsible-content"><br />
*[[Thermal Energy]]<br />
*[[Specific Heat]]<br />
*[[Calorific Value(Heat of combustion)]]<br />
*[[First Law of Thermodynamics]]<br />
*[[Second Law of Thermodynamics and Entropy]]<br />
*[[Temperature]]<br />
*[[Transformation of Energy]]<br />
*[[The Maxwell-Boltzmann Distribution]]<br />
*[[Air Resistance]]<br />
</div><br />
</div><br />
<div class="toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><br />
<br />
====Rotational and Vibrational Energy====<br />
<div class="mw-collapsible-content"><br />
*[[Translational, Rotational and Vibrational Energy]]<br />
*[[Rolling Motion]]<br />
</div><br />
</div><br />
<br />
===Week 11===<br />
<div class="toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><br />
====Different Models of a System====<br />
<div class="mw-collapsible-content"><br />
*[[Point Particle Systems]]<br />
*[[Real Systems]]<br />
</div><br />
</div><br />
<div class="toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><br />
====Friction====<br />
<div class="mw-collapsible-content"><br />
*[[Friction]]<br />
*[[Static Friction]]<br />
*[[Kinetic Friction]]<br />
</div><br />
</div><br />
<br />
===Week 12===<br />
<div class="toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><br />
====Conservation of Momentum====<br />
<div class="mw-collapsible-content"><br />
*[[Conservation of Momentum]]<br />
</div><br />
</div><br />
<div class="toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><br />
====Collisions====<br />
<div class="mw-collapsible-content"><br />
*[[Newton's Third Law of Motion]]<br />
*[[Collisions]]<br />
*[[Elastic Collisions]]<br />
*[[Inelastic Collisions]]<br />
*[[Maximally Inelastic Collision]]<br />
*[[Head-on Collision of Equal Masses]]<br />
*[[Head-on Collision of Unequal Masses]]<br />
*[[Scattering: Collisions in 2D and 3D]]<br />
*[[Rutherford Experiment and Atomic Collisions]]<br />
*[[Coefficient of Restitution]]<br />
</div><br />
</div><br />
<br />
===Week 13===<br />
<div class="toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><br />
====Rotations====<br />
<div class="mw-collapsible-content"><br />
*[[Rotational Kinematics]]<br />
*[[Eulerian Angles]]<br />
</div><br />
</div><br />
<div class="toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><br />
<br />
====Angular Momentum====<br />
<div class="mw-collapsible-content"><br />
*[[Total Angular Momentum]]<br />
*[[Translational Angular Momentum]]<br />
*[[Rotational Angular Momentum]]<br />
*[[The Angular Momentum Principle]]<br />
*[[Angular Impulse]]<br />
*[[Predicting the Position of a Rotating System]]<br />
*[[The Moments of Inertia]]<br />
*[[Right Hand Rule]]<br />
</div><br />
</div><br />
<br />
===Week 14===<br />
<div class="toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><br />
====Analyzing Motion with and without Torque====<br />
<div class="mw-collapsible-content"><br />
*[[Torque]]<br />
*[[Torque 2]]<br />
*[[Systems with Zero Torque]]<br />
*[[Systems with Nonzero Torque]]<br />
*[[Torque vs Work]]<br />
*[[Gyroscopes]]<br />
</div><br />
</div><br />
<br />
===Week 15===<br />
<div class="toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><br />
====Introduction to Quantum Concepts====<br />
<div class="mw-collapsible-content"><br />
*[[Bohr Model]]<br />
*[[Energy graphs and the Bohr model]]<br />
*[[Quantized energy levels]]<br />
*[[Electron transitions]]<br />
*[[Entropy]]<br />
</div><br />
</div><br />
</div><br />
<br />
<div style="float:left; width:30%; padding:1%;"><br />
<br />
==Physics 2==<br />
===Week 1===<br />
<div class="toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><br />
====3D Vectors====<br />
<br />
<div class="mw-collapsible-content"><br />
*[[Vectors]]<br />
*[[Right-Hand Rule]]<br />
*[[Right Hand Rule]]<br />
</div><br />
</div><br />
<br />
<div class="toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><br />
<br />
====Electric field====<br />
<div class="mw-collapsible-content"><br />
*[[Electric Field]]<br />
*[[Electric Field and Electric Potential]]<br />
</div><br />
</div><br />
<br />
<div class="toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><br />
<br />
====Electric force====<br />
<div class="mw-collapsible-content"><br />
*[[Electric Force]]<br />
*[[Lorentz Force]]<br />
</div><br />
</div><br />
<br />
<div class="toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><br />
<br />
====Electric field of a point particle====<br />
<div class="mw-collapsible-content"><br />
*[[Point Charge]]<br />
</div><br />
</div><br />
<br />
<div class="toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><br />
<br />
====Superposition====<br />
<div class="mw-collapsible-content"><br />
*[[Superposition Principle]]<br />
*[[Superposition principle]]<br />
</div><br />
</div><br />
<br />
<div class="toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><br />
====Dipoles====<br />
<div class="mw-collapsible-content"><br />
*[[Electric Dipole]]<br />
*[[Magnetic Dipole]]<br />
</div><br />
</div><br />
<br />
===Week 2===<br />
<div class="toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><br />
====Interactions of charged objects====<br />
<div class="mw-collapsible-content"><br />
*[[Electric Field]]<br />
*[[Electric Potential]]<br />
*[[Electric Force]]<br />
*[[Lorentz Force]]<br />
</div><br />
</div><br />
<br />
<div class="toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><br />
====Tape experiments====<br />
<div class="mw-collapsible-content"><br />
*[[Polarization]]<br />
*[[Electric Polarization]]<br />
</div><br />
</div><br />
<br />
<div class="toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><br />
====Polarization====<br />
<div class="mw-collapsible-content"><br />
*[[Polarization]]<br />
*[[Electric Polarization]]<br />
*[[Polarization of an Atom]]<br />
</div><br />
</div><br />
<br />
===Week 3===<br />
<div class="toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><br />
====Conductors and Insulators====<br />
<div class="mw-collapsible-content"><br />
*[[Conductivity and Resistivity]]<br />
*[[Insulators]]<br />
*[[Potential Difference in an Insulator]]<br />
*[[Conductors]]<br />
*[[Polarization of a conductor]]<br />
</div><br />
</div><br />
<br />
<div class="toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><br />
<br />
====Charging and Discharging====<br />
<div class="mw-collapsible-content"><br />
*[[Charge Transfer]]<br />
*[[Electrostatic Discharge]]<br />
*[[Charged Conductor and Charged Insulator]]<br />
</div><br />
</div><br />
<br />
===Week 4===<br />
<div class="toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><br />
====Field of a charged rod====<br />
<div class="mw-collapsible-content"><br />
*[[Field of a Charged Rod|Charged Rod]]<br />
</div><br />
</div><br />
<br />
<div class="toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><br />
<br />
====Field of a charged ring/disk/capacitor====<br />
<div class="mw-collapsible-content"><br />
*[[Charged Ring]]<br />
*[[Charged Disk]]<br />
*[[Charged Capacitor]]<br />
</div><br />
</div><br />
<br />
<div class="toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><br />
====Field of a charged sphere====<br />
<div class="mw-collapsible-content"><br />
*[[Charged Spherical Shell]]<br />
*[[Field of a Charged Ball]]<br />
</div><br />
</div><br />
<br />
===Week 5===<br />
<div class="toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><br />
====Potential energy====<br />
<div class="mw-collapsible-content"><br />
*[[Potential Energy]]<br />
</div><br />
</div><br />
<br />
<div class="toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><br />
<br />
====Electric potential====<br />
<div class="mw-collapsible-content"><br />
*[[Electric Potential]]<br />
*[[Path Independence of Electric Potential]]<br />
*[[Potential Difference Path Independence, claimed by Aditya Mohile]] <br />
*[[Potential Difference in a Uniform Field]]<br />
*[[Potential Difference of Point Charge in a Non-Uniform Field]]<br />
</div><br />
</div><br />
<div class="toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><br />
====Sign of a potential difference====<br />
<div class="mw-collapsible-content"><br />
*[[Sign of a Potential Difference]]<br />
</div><br />
</div><br />
<div class="toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><br />
====Potential at a single location====<br />
<div class="mw-collapsible-content"><br />
*[[Electric Potential]]<br />
*[[Potential Difference at One Location]]<br />
</div><br />
</div><br />
<br />
<div class="toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><br />
<br />
====Path independence and round trip potential====<br />
<div class="mw-collapsible-content"><br />
*[[Path Independence of Electric Potential]]<br />
*[[Potential Difference Path Independence, claimed by Aditya Mohile]]<br />
</div><br />
</div><br />
<br />
===Week 6===<br />
<div class="toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><br />
====Electric field and potential in an insulator====<br />
<div class="mw-collapsible-content"><br />
*[[Potential Difference in an Insulator]]<br />
*[[Electric Field in an Insulator]]<br />
</div><br />
</div><br />
<div class="toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><br />
====Moving charges in a magnetic field====<br />
<div class="mw-collapsible-content"><br />
*[[Magnetic Field]]<br />
*[[Magnetic Force]]<br />
*[[Lorentz Force]]<br />
</div><br />
</div><br />
<div class="toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><br />
====Biot-Savart Law====<br />
<div class="mw-collapsible-content"><br />
*[[Biot-Savart Law]]<br />
*[[Biot-Savart Law for Currents]]<br />
</div><br />
</div><br />
<div class="toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><br />
<br />
====Moving charges, electron current, and conventional current====<br />
<div class="mw-collapsible-content"><br />
*[[Moving Point Charge]]<br />
*[[Current]]<br />
</div><br />
</div><br />
<br />
===Week 7===<br />
<div class="toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><br />
====Magnetic field of a wire====<br />
<div class="mw-collapsible-content"><br />
*[[Magnetic Field of a Long Straight Wire]]<br />
</div><br />
</div><br />
<br />
<div class="toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><br />
<br />
====Magnetic field of a current-carrying loop====<br />
<div class="mw-collapsible-content"><br />
*[[Magnetic Field of a Loop]]<br />
</div><br />
</div><br />
<br />
<div class="toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><br />
====Magnetic field of a Charged Disk====<br />
<div class="mw-collapsible-content"><br />
*[[Magnetic Field of a Disk]]<br />
</div><br />
</div><br />
<br />
<div class="toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><br />
====Magnetic dipoles====<br />
<div class="mw-collapsible-content"><br />
*[[Magnetic Dipole Moment]]<br />
*[[Bar Magnet]]<br />
</div><br />
</div><br />
<br />
<div class="toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><br />
====Atomic structure of magnets====<br />
<div class="mw-collapsible-content"><br />
*[[Atomic Structure of Magnets]]<br />
</div><br />
</div><br />
<br />
===Week 8===<br />
<div class="toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><br />
====Steady state current====<br />
<div class="mw-collapsible-content"><br />
*[[Steady State]]<br />
*[[Non Steady State]]<br />
</div><br />
</div><br />
<br />
<div class="toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><br />
====Kirchoff's Laws====<br />
<div class="mw-collapsible-content"><br />
*[[Kirchoff's Laws]]<br />
</div><br />
</div><br />
<br />
<div class="toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><br />
====Electric fields and energy in circuits====<br />
<div class="mw-collapsible-content"><br />
*[[Electric Potential Difference]]<br />
</div><br />
</div><br />
<br />
<div class="toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><br />
<br />
====Macroscopic analysis of circuits====<br />
<div class="mw-collapsible-content"><br />
*[[Series Circuits]]<br />
*[[Parallel Circuits]]<br />
*[[Parallel Circuits vs. Series Circuits*]]<br />
*[[Loop Rule]]<br />
*[[Node Rule]]<br />
*[[Fundamentals of Resistance]]<br />
*[[Problem Solving]]<br />
</div><br />
</div><br />
<br />
===Week 9===<br />
<div class="toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><br />
====Electric field and potential in circuits with capacitors====<br />
<div class="mw-collapsible-content"><br />
*[[Charging and Discharging a Capacitor]]<br />
*[[RC Circuit]] <br />
*[[R Circuit]]<br />
*[[AC and DC]]<br />
</div><br />
</div><br />
<br />
<div class="toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><br />
====Magnetic forces on charges and currents====<br />
<div class="mw-collapsible-content"><br />
*[[Magnetic Force]]<br />
*[[Lorentz Force]]<br />
*[[Motors and Generators]]<br />
*[[Applying Magnetic Force to Currents]]<br />
*[[Magnetic Force in a Moving Reference Frame]]<br />
*[[Right-Hand Rule]]<br />
*[[Analysis of Railgun vs Coil gun technologies]]<br />
</div><br />
</div><br />
<br />
<div class="toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><br />
<br />
====Electric and magnetic forces====<br />
<div class="mw-collapsible-content"><br />
*[[Electric Force]]<br />
*[[Magnetic Force]]<br />
*[[Lorentz Force]]<br />
*[[VPython Modelling of Electric and Magnetic Forces]]<br />
</div><br />
</div><br />
<br />
<div class="toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><br />
<br />
====Velocity selector====<br />
<div class="mw-collapsible-content"><br />
*[[Lorentz Force]]<br />
*[[Combining Electric and Magnetic Forces]]<br />
</div><br />
</div><br />
<br />
===Week 10===<br />
<div class="toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><br />
<br />
====Hall Effect====<br />
<div class="mw-collapsible-content"><br />
*[[Hall Effect]]<br />
<h1><strong>Alayna Baker Spring 2020</strong></h1><br />
[[File:Hall Effect 1.jpg]]<br />
[[File:Hall Effect 2.jpg]]<br />
<br />
*[[Right-Hand Rule]]<br />
*[[Motional Emf]]<br />
*[[Magnetic Force]]<br />
*[[Magnetic Torque]]<br />
</div><br />
</div><br />
<br />
<div class="toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><br />
<br />
]]]====Motional EMF====<br />
<br />
<div class="mw-collapsible-content"><br />
*[[Motional Emf]]<br />
<h1><strong>Adeline Boswell Fall 2019</strong></h1><br />
[[File:Motional EMF Example.jpg]]<br />
<br />
*[[Motional Emf using Faraday's Law]]<br />
</div><br />
</div>http://www.physicsbook.gatech.edu/Special:RecentChangesLinked/Main_Page<br />
<br />
<div class="toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><br />
<br />
If you have a bar attached to two rails, and the rails are connected by a resistor, you have effectively created a circuit. As the bar moves, it creates an "electromotive force"<br />
<br />
[[File:MotEMFCR.jpg]]<br />
<br />
====Magnetic force====<br />
<div class="mw-collapsible-content"><br />
*[[Magnetic Force]]<br />
*[[Lorentz Force]]<br />
</div><br />
</div><br />
<br />
<div class="toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><br />
====Magnetic torque====<br />
<div class="mw-collapsible-content"><br />
*[[Magnetic Torque]]<br />
*[[Right-Hand Rule]]<br />
</div><br />
</div><br />
<br />
===Week 12===<br />
<br />
<div class="toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><br />
====Gauss's Law====<br />
<div class="mw-collapsible-content"><br />
*[[Gauss's Flux Theorem]]<br />
*[[Gauss's Law]]<br />
*[[Magnetic Flux]]<br />
</div><br />
</div><br />
<br />
<div class="toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><br />
====Ampere's Law====<br />
<div class="mw-collapsible-content"><br />
*[[Ampere's Law]]<br />
*[[Ampere-Maxwell Law]]<br />
*[[Magnetic Field of Coaxial Cable Using Ampere's Law]]<br />
*[[Magnetic Field of a Long Thick Wire Using Ampere's Law]]<br />
*[[Magnetic Field of a Toroid Using Ampere's Law]]<br />
*[[Magnetic Field of a Solenoid Using Ampere's Law]]<br />
*[[The Differential Form of Ampere's Law]]<br />
</div><br />
</div><br />
<br />
===Week 13===<br />
<div class="toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><br />
====Semiconductors====<br />
<div class="mw-collapsible-content"><br />
*[[Semiconductor Devices]]<br />
</div><br />
</div><br />
<br />
<div class="toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><br />
====Faraday's Law====<br />
<div class="mw-collapsible-content"><br />
*[[Faraday's Law]]<br />
*[[Motional Emf using Faraday's Law]]<br />
*[[Lenz's Law]]<br />
<br />
</div><br />
</div><br />
<br />
<div class="toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><br />
<br />
====Maxwell's equations====<br />
<div class="mw-collapsible-content"><br />
*[[Gauss's Law]]<br />
*[[Magnetic Flux]]<br />
*[[Ampere's Law]]<br />
*[[Faraday's Law]]<br />
*[[Maxwell's Electromagnetic Theory]]<br />
</div><br />
</div><br />
<br />
===Week 14===<br />
<div class="toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><br />
====Circuits revisited====<br />
<div class="mw-collapsible-content"><br />
<br />
</div><br />
</div><br />
<br />
<div class="toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><br />
<br />
====Inductors====<br />
<div class="mw-collapsible-content"><br />
*[[Inductors]]<br />
*[[Current in an LC Circuit]]<br />
*[[Current in an RL Circuit]]<br />
</div><br />
</div><br />
<br />
===Week 15===<br />
<div class="toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><br />
==== Electromagnetic Radiation ====<br />
<div class="mw-collapsible-content"><br />
*[[Electromagnetic Radiation]]<br />
</div><br />
</div><br />
<br />
<div class="toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><br />
====Sparks in the air====<br />
<div class="mw-collapsible-content"><br />
*[[Sparks in Air]]<br />
*[[Spark Plugs]]<br />
</div><br />
</div><br />
<br />
<div class="toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><br />
====Superconductors====<br />
<div class="mw-collapsible-content"><br />
*[[Superconducters]]<br />
*[[Superconductors]]<br />
*[[Meissner effect]]<br />
</div><br />
</div><br />
</div><br />
<br />
<div style="float:left; width:30%; padding:1%;"><br />
<br />
==Physics 3==<br />
<br />
===Week 1===<br />
<div class="toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><br />
====Classical Physics====<br />
<div class="mw-collapsible-content"><br />
</div><br />
</div><br />
<br />
===Week 2===<br />
<div class="toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><br />
====Special Relativity====<br />
<div class="mw-collapsible-content"><br />
*[[Frame of Reference]]<br />
*[[Einstein's Theory of Special Relativity]]<br />
*[[Time Dilation]]<br />
*[[Einstein's Theory of General Relativity]]<br />
*[[Albert A. Micheleson & Edward W. Morley]]<br />
*[[Magnetic Force in a Moving Reference Frame]]<br />
</div><br />
</div><br />
<br />
===Week 3===<br />
<div class="toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><br />
====Photons====<br />
<div class="mw-collapsible-content"><br />
*[[Spontaneous Photon Emission]]<br />
*[[Light Scattering: Why is the Sky Blue]]<br />
*[[Lasers]]<br />
*[[Electronic Energy Levels and Photons]]<br />
*[[Quantum Properties of Light]]<br />
*[[The Photoelectric Effect]]<br />
</div><br />
</div><br />
<br />
===Week 4===<br />
<div class="toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><br />
====Matter Waves====<br />
<div class="mw-collapsible-content"><br />
*[[Wave-Particle Duality]]<br />
*[[Particle in a 1-Dimensional box]]<br />
</div><br />
</div><br />
<br />
<div class="toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><br />
====Schrödinger Equation====<br />
<div class="mw-collapsible-content"><br />
*[[Solution for a Single Free Particle]]<br />
</div><br />
</div><br />
<br />
===Week 5===<br />
<div class="toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><br />
====Wave Mechanics====<br />
<div class="mw-collapsible-content"><br />
*[[Standing Waves]]<br />
*[[Wavelength]]<br />
*[[Wavelength and Frequency]]<br />
*[[Mechanical Waves]]<br />
*[[Transverse and Longitudinal Waves]]<br />
*[[Quantum Tunneling as a Mechanism for Radioactive Decay]]<br />
</div><br />
</div><br />
<br />
===Week 6===<br />
<div class="toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><br />
====Rutherford-Bohr Model====<br />
<div class="mw-collapsible-content"><br />
*[[Rutherford Experiment and Atomic Collisions]]<br />
*[[Bohr Model]]<br />
*[[Quantized energy levels]]<br />
*[[Energy graphs and the Bohr model]]<br />
</div><br />
</div><br />
<br />
===Week 7===<br />
<div class="toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><br />
====The Hydrogen Atom====<br />
<div class="mw-collapsible-content"><br />
*[[Quantum Theory]]<br />
*[[Atomic Theory]]<br />
</div><br />
</div><br />
<br />
===Week 8===<br />
<div class="toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><br />
====Many-Electron Atoms====<br />
<div class="mw-collapsible-content"><br />
*[[Quantum Theory]]<br />
*[[Atomic Theory]]<br />
*[[Pauli exclusion principle]]<br />
</div><br />
</div><br />
<br />
===Week 9===<br />
<div class="toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><br />
====Molecules====<br />
<div class="mw-collapsible-content"><br />
</div><br />
*[[Molecules]]<br />
</div><br />
<br />
===Week 10===<br />
<div class="toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><br />
====Statistical Physics====<br />
<div class="mw-collapsible-content"><br />
</div><br />
*[[Application of Statistics in Physics]]<br />
</div><br />
<br />
===Week 11===<br />
<div class="toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><br />
====Condensed Matter Physics====<br />
<div class="mw-collapsible-content"><br />
</div><br />
</div><br />
<br />
===Week 12===<br />
<div class="toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><br />
====The Nucleus====<br />
<div class="mw-collapsible-content"><br />
*[[Nucleus]]<br />
</div><br />
</div><br />
<br />
===Week 13===<br />
<div class="toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><br />
====Nuclear Physics====<br />
<div class="mw-collapsible-content"><br />
*[[Nuclear Fission]]<br />
*[[Nuclear Energy from Fission and Fusion]]<br />
</div><br />
</div><br />
<br />
===Week 14===<br />
<div class="toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><br />
====Particle Physics====<br />
<div class="mw-collapsible-content"><br />
*[[Elementary Particles and Particle Physics Theory]]<br />
*[[String Theory]]<br />
</div><br />
</div><br />
</div></div>Jbaldino6