http://www.physicsbook.gatech.edu/api.php?action=feedcontributions&feedformat=atom&user=Fwalker2017Physics Book - User contributions [en]2026-04-30T03:41:28ZUser contributionsMediaWiki 1.42.7http://www.physicsbook.gatech.edu/index.php?title=Gustav_Kirchhoff&diff=5735Gustav Kirchhoff2015-12-01T07:47:50Z<p>Fwalker2017: /* Further Reading */</p>
<hr />
<div>claimed by fwalker2017<br />
<br />
[[File:Gustav R. Kirchhoff.jpg|Gustav R. Kirchhoff thumb|right|]]<br />
<br />
Gustav Kirchhoff was a German physicist who is known for his contributions to circuit laws, laws of thermal radiation, fluid dynamics equations, three laws of spectroscopy and law of thermochemistry.<br />
<br />
==Personal Life==<br />
Gustav Robert Kirchhoff was born March 12, 1824 in Kaliningrad, Russia and died 1887. He attended the Albertus University of Königsberg and graduated in 1847, accepting professorships at various universities throughout his life.During his time as a student, Kirchhoff formulated his circuit laws that are prominent in electrical engineering. During his time at University of Heidelberg, he collaborated with Robert Bunsen to study spectroscopy and they later discovered caesium and rubidium. In 1857 he calculated that an electric signal in a resistanceless wire travels along the wire at the speed of light and two years later, he proposed his law of thermal radiation. In 1862 he was awarded the Rumford Medal for his research spectroscopy, where he formalized laws that describe the spectral composition of light. He is also recognized for his solving of Maxwell’s equations which provided a basis for Huygen’s principle. <br />
<br />
==Scientific Contributions==<br />
===Circuit Laws===<br />
====The Current Law====<br />
Commonly referred to as the conservation of charge or node rule, the current law states that “the total current or charge entering a junction or node is exactly equal to the charge leaving the node as it has no other place to go except to leave, as nod charge is lost within the node.” Mathematically, the sum of all the current entering and leaving the nod must be equal to zero. This can be used to analyze parallel circuits. However, this law is valid only if the electric charge remains constant in the region being considered.<br />
<math> \sum {I}_{entering}+ \sum {I}_{exiting} = 0 </math><br />
<br />
'''Example'''<br />
[[File:KCL - Kirchhoff's circuit laws.svg|thumb|center||KCL - Kirchhoff's circuit laws]]<br />
1. Note the direction of current flow into the circuit<br />
<br />
2. Sum the entering currents on one side of the equation and equate it to the sum of exiting currents<br />
<br />
<math> {i}_{2} + {i}_{3} = {i}_{1} + {i}_{4} </math><br />
<br />
====The Voltage Law====<br />
Commonly referred to as the conservation of energy or loop rule, the voltage law states that “in an closed loop network, the total voltage around the loop is equal to the sum of all the voltage drops within the same loop. Mathematically, the sum of all voltages within the loop must be equal to zero. This can be used to analyze series circuit.However, this law is invalid if there is a fluctuating magnetic field linking the closed loop.<br />
<math> \Delta {V}_{1} + \Delta {V}_{2} + \space.... = 0 </math><br />
<br />
'''Example'''<br />
[[File:Kirchhoff voltage law.svg|thumb|center||Kirchhoff voltage law]]<br />
1. Start at any point in the loop and continue in the same direction<br />
<br />
2. Note the direction of the voltage drops (positive or negative)<br />
<br />
3. Continue along the loop until you reach the starting point, adding the voltages along the path.<br />
<br />
<math> {v}_{1}+{v}_{2}+{v}_{3}={v}_{4} </math><br />
<br />
===Law of Thermal Radiation===<br />
“For a body of any arbitrary material, emitting and absorbing thermal electromagnetic radiation at every wavelength in thermodynamic equilibrium, the ratio of its emissive power to its dimensionless coefficient of absorption is equal to a universal function only of radiative wavelength and temperature. That universal function describes the perfect black-body emissive power.”<br />
The absorptivity of a body has to equal its emissivity at every wavelength. This law is further explored in thermodynamics and is established in mathematical terms by Max Planck.<br />
<br />
==Applications Today==<br />
-A matrix version of Kirchhoff’s current law is the basis of most circuit simulation software<br />
<br />
-Kirchhoff's circuit laws are ubiquitous with electrical engineering and provides fundamental laws where circuits are more complex.<br />
<br />
-Kirchhoff's rules can be used to analyze any circuit by modifying them for those circuits with electromotive forces, resistors, capacitors and more.<br />
<br />
==See Also==<br />
===Further Reading===<br />
1. Kirchhoff, G. (1860). "Ueber das Verhältniss zwischen dem Emissionsvermögen und dem Absorptionsvermögen der Körper für Wärme and Licht". Annalen der Physik und Chemie 109 (2): 275–301. Bibcode:1860AnP...185..275K. doi:10.1002/andp.18601850205. Translated by Guthrie, F. as Kirchhoff, G. (1860). "On the relation between the radiating and absorbing powers of different bodies for light and heat". Philosophical Magazine. Series 4 20: 1–21.<br />
<br />
2. https://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Circuit_Theory/Kirchhoff%27s_Law<br />
<br />
===External Resources===<br />
====Videos====<br />
1. Further Demonstration of Circuit Laws: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Z2QDXjG2ynU<br />
====Websites====<br />
1. http://www.electronics-tutorials.ws/dccircuits/dcp_4.html<br />
https://www.boundless.com/physics/textbooks/boundless-physics-textbook/circuits-and-direct-currents-20/kirchhoff-s-rules-152/applications-541-8441/<br />
<br />
2.http://cnx.org/contents/79e288b2-b57b-49b0-96b2-e31c35581911@8/Kirchhoffs-circuit-laws</div>Fwalker2017http://www.physicsbook.gatech.edu/index.php?title=Gustav_Kirchhoff&diff=5732Gustav Kirchhoff2015-12-01T07:46:58Z<p>Fwalker2017: </p>
<hr />
<div>claimed by fwalker2017<br />
<br />
[[File:Gustav R. Kirchhoff.jpg|Gustav R. Kirchhoff thumb|right|]]<br />
<br />
Gustav Kirchhoff was a German physicist who is known for his contributions to circuit laws, laws of thermal radiation, fluid dynamics equations, three laws of spectroscopy and law of thermochemistry.<br />
<br />
==Personal Life==<br />
Gustav Robert Kirchhoff was born March 12, 1824 in Kaliningrad, Russia and died 1887. He attended the Albertus University of Königsberg and graduated in 1847, accepting professorships at various universities throughout his life.During his time as a student, Kirchhoff formulated his circuit laws that are prominent in electrical engineering. During his time at University of Heidelberg, he collaborated with Robert Bunsen to study spectroscopy and they later discovered caesium and rubidium. In 1857 he calculated that an electric signal in a resistanceless wire travels along the wire at the speed of light and two years later, he proposed his law of thermal radiation. In 1862 he was awarded the Rumford Medal for his research spectroscopy, where he formalized laws that describe the spectral composition of light. He is also recognized for his solving of Maxwell’s equations which provided a basis for Huygen’s principle. <br />
<br />
==Scientific Contributions==<br />
===Circuit Laws===<br />
====The Current Law====<br />
Commonly referred to as the conservation of charge or node rule, the current law states that “the total current or charge entering a junction or node is exactly equal to the charge leaving the node as it has no other place to go except to leave, as nod charge is lost within the node.” Mathematically, the sum of all the current entering and leaving the nod must be equal to zero. This can be used to analyze parallel circuits. However, this law is valid only if the electric charge remains constant in the region being considered.<br />
<math> \sum {I}_{entering}+ \sum {I}_{exiting} = 0 </math><br />
<br />
'''Example'''<br />
[[File:KCL - Kirchhoff's circuit laws.svg|thumb|center||KCL - Kirchhoff's circuit laws]]<br />
1. Note the direction of current flow into the circuit<br />
<br />
2. Sum the entering currents on one side of the equation and equate it to the sum of exiting currents<br />
<br />
<math> {i}_{2} + {i}_{3} = {i}_{1} + {i}_{4} </math><br />
<br />
====The Voltage Law====<br />
Commonly referred to as the conservation of energy or loop rule, the voltage law states that “in an closed loop network, the total voltage around the loop is equal to the sum of all the voltage drops within the same loop. Mathematically, the sum of all voltages within the loop must be equal to zero. This can be used to analyze series circuit.However, this law is invalid if there is a fluctuating magnetic field linking the closed loop.<br />
<math> \Delta {V}_{1} + \Delta {V}_{2} + \space.... = 0 </math><br />
<br />
'''Example'''<br />
[[File:Kirchhoff voltage law.svg|thumb|center||Kirchhoff voltage law]]<br />
1. Start at any point in the loop and continue in the same direction<br />
<br />
2. Note the direction of the voltage drops (positive or negative)<br />
<br />
3. Continue along the loop until you reach the starting point, adding the voltages along the path.<br />
<br />
<math> {v}_{1}+{v}_{2}+{v}_{3}={v}_{4} </math><br />
<br />
===Law of Thermal Radiation===<br />
“For a body of any arbitrary material, emitting and absorbing thermal electromagnetic radiation at every wavelength in thermodynamic equilibrium, the ratio of its emissive power to its dimensionless coefficient of absorption is equal to a universal function only of radiative wavelength and temperature. That universal function describes the perfect black-body emissive power.”<br />
The absorptivity of a body has to equal its emissivity at every wavelength. This law is further explored in thermodynamics and is established in mathematical terms by Max Planck.<br />
<br />
==Applications Today==<br />
-A matrix version of Kirchhoff’s current law is the basis of most circuit simulation software<br />
<br />
-Kirchhoff's circuit laws are ubiquitous with electrical engineering and provides fundamental laws where circuits are more complex.<br />
<br />
-Kirchhoff's rules can be used to analyze any circuit by modifying them for those circuits with electromotive forces, resistors, capacitors and more.<br />
<br />
==See Also==<br />
===Further Reading===<br />
1. Kirchhoff, G. (1860). "Ueber das Verhältniss zwischen dem Emissionsvermögen und dem Absorptionsvermögen der Körper für Wärme and Licht". Annalen der Physik und Chemie 109 (2): 275–301. Bibcode:1860AnP...185..275K. doi:10.1002/andp.18601850205. Translated by Guthrie, F. as Kirchhoff, G. (1860). "On the relation between the radiating and absorbing powers of different bodies for light and heat". Philosophical Magazine. Series 4 20: 1–21.<br />
===External Resources===<br />
====Videos====<br />
1. Further Demonstration of Circuit Laws: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Z2QDXjG2ynU<br />
====Websites====<br />
1. http://www.electronics-tutorials.ws/dccircuits/dcp_4.html<br />
https://www.boundless.com/physics/textbooks/boundless-physics-textbook/circuits-and-direct-currents-20/kirchhoff-s-rules-152/applications-541-8441/<br />
<br />
2.http://cnx.org/contents/79e288b2-b57b-49b0-96b2-e31c35581911@8/Kirchhoffs-circuit-laws</div>Fwalker2017http://www.physicsbook.gatech.edu/index.php?title=Gustav_Kirchhoff&diff=5731Gustav Kirchhoff2015-12-01T07:46:30Z<p>Fwalker2017: </p>
<hr />
<div>claimed by fwalker2017<br />
<br />
[[File:Gustav R. Kirchhoff.jpg|Gustav R. Kirchhoff thumb|right|]]<br />
<br />
Gustav Kirchhoff was a German physicist who is known for his contributions to circuit laws, laws of thermal radiation, fluid dynamics equations, three laws of spectroscopy and law of thermochemistry.<br />
<br />
==Personal Life==<br />
Gustav Robert Kirchhoff was born March 12, 1824 in Kaliningrad, Russia and died 1887. He attended the Albertus University of Königsberg and graduated in 1847, accepting professorships at various universities throughout his life.During his time as a student, Kirchhoff formulated his circuit laws that are prominent in electrical engineering. During his time at University of Heidelberg, he collaborated with Robert Bunsen to study spectroscopy and they later discovered caesium and rubidium. In 1857 he calculated that an electric signal in a resistanceless wire travels along the wire at the speed of light and two years later, he proposed his law of thermal radiation. In 1862 he was awarded the Rumford Medal for his research spectroscopy, where he formalized laws that describe the spectral composition of light. He is also recognized for his solving of Maxwell’s equations which provided a basis for Huygen’s principle. <br />
<br />
==Scientific Contributions==<br />
===Circuit Laws===<br />
====The Current Law====<br />
Commonly referred to as the conservation of charge or node rule, the current law states that “the total current or charge entering a junction or node is exactly equal to the charge leaving the node as it has no other place to go except to leave, as nod charge is lost within the node.” Mathematically, the sum of all the current entering and leaving the nod must be equal to zero. This can be used to analyze parallel circuits. However, this law is valid only if the electric charge remains constant in the region being considered.<br />
<math> \sum {I}_{entering}+ \sum {I}_{exiting} = 0 </math><br />
<br />
'''Example'''<br />
[[File:KCL - Kirchhoff's circuit laws.svg|thumb|center||KCL - Kirchhoff's circuit laws]]<br />
1. Note the direction of current flow into the circuit<br />
<br />
2. Sum the entering currents on one side of the equation and equate it to the sum of exiting currents<br />
<br />
<math> {i}_{2} + {i}_{3} = {i}_{1} + {i}_{4} </math><br />
<br />
====The Voltage Law====<br />
Commonly referred to as the conservation of energy or loop rule, the voltage law states that “in an closed loop network, the total voltage around the loop is equal to the sum of all the voltage drops within the same loop. Mathematically, the sum of all voltages within the loop must be equal to zero. This can be used to analyze series circuit.However, this law is invalid if there is a fluctuating magnetic field linking the closed loop.<br />
<math> \Delta {V}_{1} + \Delta {V}_{2} + \space.... = 0 </math><br />
<br />
'''Example'''<br />
[[File:Kirchhoff voltage law.svg|thumb|center||Kirchhoff voltage law]]<br />
1. Start at any point in the loop and continue in the same direction<br />
<br />
2. Note the direction of the voltage drops (positive or negative)<br />
<br />
3. Continue along the loop until you reach the starting point, adding the voltages along the path.<br />
<br />
<math> {v}_{1}+{v}_{2}+{v}_{3}={v}_{4} </math><br />
<br />
===Law of Thermal Radiation===<br />
“For a body of any arbitrary material, emitting and absorbing thermal electromagnetic radiation at every wavelength in thermodynamic equilibrium, the ratio of its emissive power to its dimensionless coefficient of absorption is equal to a universal function only of radiative wavelength and temperature. That universal function describes the perfect black-body emissive power.”<br />
The absorptivity of a body has to equal its emissivity at every wavelength. This law is further explored in thermodynamics and is established in mathematical terms by Max Planck.<br />
<br />
==Applications Today===<br />
-A matrix version of Kirchhoff’s current law is the basis of most circuit simulation software<br />
<br />
-Kirchhoff's circuit laws are ubiquitous with electrical engineering and provides fundamental laws where circuits are more complex.<br />
<br />
-Kirchhoff's rules can be used to analyze any circuit by modifying them for those circuits with electromotive forces, resistors, capacitors and more.<br />
<br />
==See Also==<br />
===Further Reading===<br />
1. Kirchhoff, G. (1860). "Ueber das Verhältniss zwischen dem Emissionsvermögen und dem Absorptionsvermögen der Körper für Wärme and Licht". Annalen der Physik und Chemie 109 (2): 275–301. Bibcode:1860AnP...185..275K. doi:10.1002/andp.18601850205. Translated by Guthrie, F. as Kirchhoff, G. (1860). "On the relation between the radiating and absorbing powers of different bodies for light and heat". Philosophical Magazine. Series 4 20: 1–21.<br />
===External Resources===<br />
====Videos====<br />
1. Further Demonstration of Circuit Laws: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Z2QDXjG2ynU<br />
====Websites====<br />
1. http://www.electronics-tutorials.ws/dccircuits/dcp_4.html<br />
https://www.boundless.com/physics/textbooks/boundless-physics-textbook/circuits-and-direct-currents-20/kirchhoff-s-rules-152/applications-541-8441/<br />
<br />
2.http://cnx.org/contents/79e288b2-b57b-49b0-96b2-e31c35581911@8/Kirchhoffs-circuit-laws</div>Fwalker2017http://www.physicsbook.gatech.edu/index.php?title=Gustav_Kirchhoff&diff=5728Gustav Kirchhoff2015-12-01T07:40:31Z<p>Fwalker2017: /* See Also */</p>
<hr />
<div>claimed by fwalker2017<br />
<br />
[[File:Gustav R. Kirchhoff.jpg|Gustav R. Kirchhoff thumb|right|]]<br />
<br />
Gustav Kirchhoff was a German physicist who is known for his contributions to circuit laws, laws of thermal radiation, fluid dynamics equations, three laws of spectroscopy and law of thermochemistry.<br />
<br />
==Personal Life==<br />
Gustav Robert Kirchhoff was born March 12, 1824 in Kaliningrad, Russia and died 1887. He attended the Albertus University of Königsberg and graduated in 1847, accepting professorships at various universities throughout his life.During his time as a student, Kirchhoff formulated his circuit laws that are prominent in electrical engineering. During his time at University of Heidelberg, he collaborated with Robert Bunsen to study spectroscopy and they later discovered caesium and rubidium. In 1857 he calculated that an electric signal in a resistanceless wire travels along the wire at the speed of light and two years later, he proposed his law of thermal radiation. In 1862 he was awarded the Rumford Medal for his research spectroscopy, where he formalized laws that describe the spectral composition of light. He is also recognized for his solving of Maxwell’s equations which provided a basis for Huygen’s principle. <br />
<br />
==Scientific Contributions==<br />
===Circuit Laws===<br />
====The Current Law====<br />
Commonly referred to as the conservation of charge or node rule, the current law states that “the total current or charge entering a junction or node is exactly equal to the charge leaving the node as it has no other place to go except to leave, as nod charge is lost within the node.” Mathematically, the sum of all the current entering and leaving the nod must be equal to zero. This can be used to analyze parallel circuits. However, this law is valid only if the electric charge remains constant in the region being considered.<br />
<math> \sum {I}_{entering}+ \sum {I}_{exiting} = 0 </math><br />
<br />
'''Example'''<br />
[[File:KCL - Kirchhoff's circuit laws.svg|thumb|center||KCL - Kirchhoff's circuit laws]]<br />
1. Note the direction of current flow into the circuit<br />
<br />
2. Sum the entering currents on one side of the equation and equate it to the sum of exiting currents<br />
<br />
<math> {i}_{2} + {i}_{3} = {i}_{1} + {i}_{4} </math><br />
<br />
====The Voltage Law====<br />
Commonly referred to as the conservation of energy or loop rule, the voltage law states that “in an closed loop network, the total voltage around the loop is equal to the sum of all the voltage drops within the same loop. Mathematically, the sum of all voltages within the loop must be equal to zero. This can be used to analyze series circuit.However, this law is invalid if there is a fluctuating magnetic field linking the closed loop.<br />
<math> \Delta {V}_{1} + \Delta {V}_{2} + \space.... = 0 </math><br />
<br />
'''Example'''<br />
[[File:Kirchhoff voltage law.svg|thumb|center||Kirchhoff voltage law]]<br />
1. Start at any point in the loop and continue in the same direction<br />
<br />
2. Note the direction of the voltage drops (positive or negative)<br />
<br />
3. Continue along the loop until you reach the starting point, adding the voltages along the path.<br />
<br />
<math> {v}_{1}+{v}_{2}+{v}_{3}={v}_{4} </math><br />
<br />
===Law of Thermal Radiation===<br />
“For a body of any arbitrary material, emitting and absorbing thermal electromagnetic radiation at every wavelength in thermodynamic equilibrium, the ratio of its emissive power to its dimensionless coefficient of absorption is equal to a universal function only of radiative wavelength and temperature. That universal function describes the perfect black-body emissive power.”<br />
The absorptivity of a body has to equal its emissivity at every wavelength. This law is further explored in thermodynamics and is established in mathematical terms by Max Planck.<br />
<br />
==See Also==<br />
===Further Reading===<br />
1. Kirchhoff, G. (1860). "Ueber das Verhältniss zwischen dem Emissionsvermögen und dem Absorptionsvermögen der Körper für Wärme and Licht". Annalen der Physik und Chemie 109 (2): 275–301. Bibcode:1860AnP...185..275K. doi:10.1002/andp.18601850205. Translated by Guthrie, F. as Kirchhoff, G. (1860). "On the relation between the radiating and absorbing powers of different bodies for light and heat". Philosophical Magazine. Series 4 20: 1–21.<br />
===External Resources===<br />
====Videos====<br />
1. Further Demonstration of Circuit Laws: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Z2QDXjG2ynU<br />
====Websites====<br />
1. http://www.electronics-tutorials.ws/dccircuits/dcp_4.html</div>Fwalker2017http://www.physicsbook.gatech.edu/index.php?title=Gustav_Kirchhoff&diff=5726Gustav Kirchhoff2015-12-01T07:37:15Z<p>Fwalker2017: </p>
<hr />
<div>claimed by fwalker2017<br />
<br />
[[File:Gustav R. Kirchhoff.jpg|Gustav R. Kirchhoff thumb|right|]]<br />
<br />
Gustav Kirchhoff was a German physicist who is known for his contributions to circuit laws, laws of thermal radiation, fluid dynamics equations, three laws of spectroscopy and law of thermochemistry.<br />
<br />
==Personal Life==<br />
Gustav Robert Kirchhoff was born March 12, 1824 in Kaliningrad, Russia and died 1887. He attended the Albertus University of Königsberg and graduated in 1847, accepting professorships at various universities throughout his life.During his time as a student, Kirchhoff formulated his circuit laws that are prominent in electrical engineering. During his time at University of Heidelberg, he collaborated with Robert Bunsen to study spectroscopy and they later discovered caesium and rubidium. In 1857 he calculated that an electric signal in a resistanceless wire travels along the wire at the speed of light and two years later, he proposed his law of thermal radiation. In 1862 he was awarded the Rumford Medal for his research spectroscopy, where he formalized laws that describe the spectral composition of light. He is also recognized for his solving of Maxwell’s equations which provided a basis for Huygen’s principle. <br />
<br />
==Scientific Contributions==<br />
===Circuit Laws===<br />
====The Current Law====<br />
Commonly referred to as the conservation of charge or node rule, the current law states that “the total current or charge entering a junction or node is exactly equal to the charge leaving the node as it has no other place to go except to leave, as nod charge is lost within the node.” Mathematically, the sum of all the current entering and leaving the nod must be equal to zero. This can be used to analyze parallel circuits. However, this law is valid only if the electric charge remains constant in the region being considered.<br />
<math> \sum {I}_{entering}+ \sum {I}_{exiting} = 0 </math><br />
<br />
'''Example'''<br />
[[File:KCL - Kirchhoff's circuit laws.svg|thumb|center||KCL - Kirchhoff's circuit laws]]<br />
1. Note the direction of current flow into the circuit<br />
<br />
2. Sum the entering currents on one side of the equation and equate it to the sum of exiting currents<br />
<br />
<math> {i}_{2} + {i}_{3} = {i}_{1} + {i}_{4} </math><br />
<br />
====The Voltage Law====<br />
Commonly referred to as the conservation of energy or loop rule, the voltage law states that “in an closed loop network, the total voltage around the loop is equal to the sum of all the voltage drops within the same loop. Mathematically, the sum of all voltages within the loop must be equal to zero. This can be used to analyze series circuit.However, this law is invalid if there is a fluctuating magnetic field linking the closed loop.<br />
<math> \Delta {V}_{1} + \Delta {V}_{2} + \space.... = 0 </math><br />
<br />
'''Example'''<br />
[[File:Kirchhoff voltage law.svg|thumb|center||Kirchhoff voltage law]]<br />
1. Start at any point in the loop and continue in the same direction<br />
<br />
2. Note the direction of the voltage drops (positive or negative)<br />
<br />
3. Continue along the loop until you reach the starting point, adding the voltages along the path.<br />
<br />
<math> {v}_{1}+{v}_{2}+{v}_{3}={v}_{4} </math><br />
<br />
===Law of Thermal Radiation===<br />
“For a body of any arbitrary material, emitting and absorbing thermal electromagnetic radiation at every wavelength in thermodynamic equilibrium, the ratio of its emissive power to its dimensionless coefficient of absorption is equal to a universal function only of radiative wavelength and temperature. That universal function describes the perfect black-body emissive power.”<br />
The absorptivity of a body has to equal its emissivity at every wavelength. This law is further explored in thermodynamics and is established in mathematical terms by Max Planck.<br />
<br />
==See Also==<br />
===Further Reading===<br />
1. Kirchhoff, G. (1860). "Ueber das Verhältniss zwischen dem Emissionsvermögen und dem Absorptionsvermögen der Körper für Wärme and Licht". Annalen der Physik und Chemie 109 (2): 275–301. Bibcode:1860AnP...185..275K. doi:10.1002/andp.18601850205. Translated by Guthrie, F. as Kirchhoff, G. (1860). "On the relation between the radiating and absorbing powers of different bodies for light and heat". Philosophical Magazine. Series 4 20: 1–21.<br />
===External Resources===<br />
====Videos====<br />
1. Further Demonstration of Circuit Laws: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Z2QDXjG2ynU<br />
====Websites====<br />
http://www.electronics-tutorials.ws/dccircuits/dcp_4.html</div>Fwalker2017http://www.physicsbook.gatech.edu/index.php?title=Gustav_Kirchhoff&diff=5722Gustav Kirchhoff2015-12-01T07:29:54Z<p>Fwalker2017: /* The Current Law */</p>
<hr />
<div>claimed by fwalker2017<br />
<br />
[[File:Gustav R. Kirchhoff.jpg|Gustav R. Kirchhoff thumb|right|]]<br />
<br />
Gustav Kirchhoff was a German physicist who is known for his contributions to circuit laws, laws of thermal radiation, fluid dynamics equations, three laws of spectroscopy and law of thermochemistry.<br />
<br />
==Personal Life==<br />
Gustav Robert Kirchhoff was born March 12, 1824 in Kaliningrad, Russia and died 1887. He attended the Albertus University of Königsberg and graduated in 1847, accepting professorships at various universities throughout his life.During his time as a student, Kirchhoff formulated his circuit laws that are prominent in electrical engineering. During his time at University of Heidelberg, he collaborated with Robert Bunsen to study spectroscopy and they later discovered caesium and rubidium. In 1857 he calculated that an electric signal in a resistanceless wire travels along the wire at the speed of light and two years later, he proposed his law of thermal radiation. In 1862 he was awarded the Rumford Medal for his research spectroscopy, where he formalized laws that describe the spectral composition of light. He is also recognized for his solving of Maxwell’s equations which provided a basis for Huygen’s principle. <br />
<br />
==Scientific Contributions==<br />
===Circuit Laws===<br />
====The Current Law====<br />
Commonly referred to as the conservation of charge or node rule, the current law states that “the total current or charge entering a junction or node is exactly equal to the charge leaving the node as it has no other place to go except to leave, as nod charge is lost within the node.” Mathematically, the sum of all the current entering and leaving the nod must be equal to zero. This can be used to analyze parallel circuits. However, this law is valid only if the electric charge remains constant in the region being considered.<br />
<math> \sum {I}_{entering}+ \sum {I}_{exiting} = 0 </math><br />
<br />
'''Example'''<br />
[[File:KCL - Kirchhoff's circuit laws.svg|thumb|center||KCL - Kirchhoff's circuit laws]]<br />
1. Note the direction of current flow into the circuit<br />
<br />
2. Sum the entering currents on one side of the equation and equate it to the sum of exiting currents<br />
<br />
<math> {i}_{2} + {i}_{3} = {i}_{1} + {i}_{4} </math><br />
<br />
====The Voltage Law====<br />
Commonly referred to as the conservation of energy or loop rule, the voltage law states that “in an closed loop network, the total voltage around the loop is equal to the sum of all the voltage drops within the same loop. Mathematically, the sum of all voltages within the loop must be equal to zero. This can be used to analyze series circuit.However, this law is invalid if there is a fluctuating magnetic field linking the closed loop.<br />
<math> \Delta {V}_{1} + \Delta {V}_{2} + \space.... = 0 </math><br />
<br />
'''Example'''<br />
[[File:Kirchhoff voltage law.svg|thumb|center||Kirchhoff voltage law]]<br />
1. Start at any point in the loop and continue in the same direction<br />
<br />
2. Note the direction of the voltage drops (positive or negative)<br />
<br />
3. Continue along the loop until you reach the starting point, adding the voltages along the path.<br />
<br />
<math> {v}_{1}+{v}_{2}+{v}_{3}={v}_{4} </math><br />
<br />
===Law of Thermal Radiation===<br />
“For a body of any arbitrary material, emitting and absorbing thermal electromagnetic radiation at every wavelength in thermodynamic equilibrium, the ratio of its emissive power to its dimensionless coefficient of absorption is equal to a universal function only of radiative wavelength and temperature. That universal function describes the perfect black-body emissive power.”<br />
The absorptivity of a body has to equal its emissivity at every wavelength. This law is further explored in thermodynamics and is established in mathematical terms by Max Planck.<br />
<br />
[[File:Spectral-lines-continuous.svg|thumb|Continuous Spectrum]]<br />
[[File:Spectral-lines-emission.svg|thumb|Emission spectrum|Emission Lines]]<br />
[[File:Spectral-lines-absorption.svg|thumb|Absorption spectroscopy|Absorption Lines]]<br />
<br />
==See Also==<br />
===Further Reading===<br />
===External Resources===<br />
<br />
==Resources==</div>Fwalker2017http://www.physicsbook.gatech.edu/index.php?title=Gustav_Kirchhoff&diff=5721Gustav Kirchhoff2015-12-01T07:29:11Z<p>Fwalker2017: /* The Current Law */</p>
<hr />
<div>claimed by fwalker2017<br />
<br />
[[File:Gustav R. Kirchhoff.jpg|Gustav R. Kirchhoff thumb|right|]]<br />
<br />
Gustav Kirchhoff was a German physicist who is known for his contributions to circuit laws, laws of thermal radiation, fluid dynamics equations, three laws of spectroscopy and law of thermochemistry.<br />
<br />
==Personal Life==<br />
Gustav Robert Kirchhoff was born March 12, 1824 in Kaliningrad, Russia and died 1887. He attended the Albertus University of Königsberg and graduated in 1847, accepting professorships at various universities throughout his life.During his time as a student, Kirchhoff formulated his circuit laws that are prominent in electrical engineering. During his time at University of Heidelberg, he collaborated with Robert Bunsen to study spectroscopy and they later discovered caesium and rubidium. In 1857 he calculated that an electric signal in a resistanceless wire travels along the wire at the speed of light and two years later, he proposed his law of thermal radiation. In 1862 he was awarded the Rumford Medal for his research spectroscopy, where he formalized laws that describe the spectral composition of light. He is also recognized for his solving of Maxwell’s equations which provided a basis for Huygen’s principle. <br />
<br />
==Scientific Contributions==<br />
===Circuit Laws===<br />
====The Current Law====<br />
Commonly referred to as the conservation of charge or node rule, the current law states that “the total current or charge entering a junction or node is exactly equal to the charge leaving the node as it has no other place to go except to leave, as nod charge is lost within the node.” Mathematically, the sum of all the current entering and leaving the nod must be equal to zero. This can be used to analyze parallel circuits. However, this law is valid only if the electric charge remains constant in the region being considered.<br />
<math> \sum {I}_{entering}+ \sum {I}_{exiting} = 0 </math><br />
<br />
'''Example'''<br />
[[File:KCL - Kirchhoff's circuit laws.svg|thumb|center||KCL - Kirchhoff's circuit laws]]<br />
1. Note the direction of current flow into the circuit<br />
<br />
2. Sum the entering currents on one side of the equation and equate it to the sum of exiting currents<br />
<math> {i}_{2} + {i}_{3} = {i}_{1} + {i}_{4} </math><br />
<br />
====The Voltage Law====<br />
Commonly referred to as the conservation of energy or loop rule, the voltage law states that “in an closed loop network, the total voltage around the loop is equal to the sum of all the voltage drops within the same loop. Mathematically, the sum of all voltages within the loop must be equal to zero. This can be used to analyze series circuit.However, this law is invalid if there is a fluctuating magnetic field linking the closed loop.<br />
<math> \Delta {V}_{1} + \Delta {V}_{2} + \space.... = 0 </math><br />
<br />
'''Example'''<br />
[[File:Kirchhoff voltage law.svg|thumb|center||Kirchhoff voltage law]]<br />
1. Start at any point in the loop and continue in the same direction<br />
<br />
2. Note the direction of the voltage drops (positive or negative)<br />
<br />
3. Continue along the loop until you reach the starting point, adding the voltages along the path.<br />
<br />
<math> {v}_{1}+{v}_{2}+{v}_{3}={v}_{4} </math><br />
<br />
===Law of Thermal Radiation===<br />
“For a body of any arbitrary material, emitting and absorbing thermal electromagnetic radiation at every wavelength in thermodynamic equilibrium, the ratio of its emissive power to its dimensionless coefficient of absorption is equal to a universal function only of radiative wavelength and temperature. That universal function describes the perfect black-body emissive power.”<br />
The absorptivity of a body has to equal its emissivity at every wavelength. This law is further explored in thermodynamics and is established in mathematical terms by Max Planck.<br />
<br />
[[File:Spectral-lines-continuous.svg|thumb|Continuous Spectrum]]<br />
[[File:Spectral-lines-emission.svg|thumb|Emission spectrum|Emission Lines]]<br />
[[File:Spectral-lines-absorption.svg|thumb|Absorption spectroscopy|Absorption Lines]]<br />
<br />
==See Also==<br />
===Further Reading===<br />
===External Resources===<br />
<br />
==Resources==</div>Fwalker2017http://www.physicsbook.gatech.edu/index.php?title=Gustav_Kirchhoff&diff=5720Gustav Kirchhoff2015-12-01T07:28:31Z<p>Fwalker2017: /* The Current Law */</p>
<hr />
<div>claimed by fwalker2017<br />
<br />
[[File:Gustav R. Kirchhoff.jpg|Gustav R. Kirchhoff thumb|right|]]<br />
<br />
Gustav Kirchhoff was a German physicist who is known for his contributions to circuit laws, laws of thermal radiation, fluid dynamics equations, three laws of spectroscopy and law of thermochemistry.<br />
<br />
==Personal Life==<br />
Gustav Robert Kirchhoff was born March 12, 1824 in Kaliningrad, Russia and died 1887. He attended the Albertus University of Königsberg and graduated in 1847, accepting professorships at various universities throughout his life.During his time as a student, Kirchhoff formulated his circuit laws that are prominent in electrical engineering. During his time at University of Heidelberg, he collaborated with Robert Bunsen to study spectroscopy and they later discovered caesium and rubidium. In 1857 he calculated that an electric signal in a resistanceless wire travels along the wire at the speed of light and two years later, he proposed his law of thermal radiation. In 1862 he was awarded the Rumford Medal for his research spectroscopy, where he formalized laws that describe the spectral composition of light. He is also recognized for his solving of Maxwell’s equations which provided a basis for Huygen’s principle. <br />
<br />
==Scientific Contributions==<br />
===Circuit Laws===<br />
====The Current Law====<br />
Commonly referred to as the conservation of charge or node rule, the current law states that “the total current or charge entering a junction or node is exactly equal to the charge leaving the node as it has no other place to go except to leave, as nod charge is lost within the node.” Mathematically, the sum of all the current entering and leaving the nod must be equal to zero. This can be used to analyze parallel circuits. However, this law is valid only if the electric charge remains constant in the region being considered.<br />
<math> \sum {I}_{entering}+ \sum {I}_{exiting} = 0 </math><br />
<br />
'''Example'''<br />
[[File:KCL - Kirchhoff's circuit laws.svg|thumb|center||KCL - Kirchhoff's circuit laws]]<br />
1. Note the direction of current flow into the circuit<br />
2. Sum the entering currents on one side of the equation and equate it to the sum of exiting currents<br />
<math> {i}_{2} + {i}_{3} = {i}_{1} + {i}_{4} </math><br />
<br />
====The Voltage Law====<br />
Commonly referred to as the conservation of energy or loop rule, the voltage law states that “in an closed loop network, the total voltage around the loop is equal to the sum of all the voltage drops within the same loop. Mathematically, the sum of all voltages within the loop must be equal to zero. This can be used to analyze series circuit.However, this law is invalid if there is a fluctuating magnetic field linking the closed loop.<br />
<math> \Delta {V}_{1} + \Delta {V}_{2} + \space.... = 0 </math><br />
<br />
'''Example'''<br />
[[File:Kirchhoff voltage law.svg|thumb|center||Kirchhoff voltage law]]<br />
1. Start at any point in the loop and continue in the same direction<br />
<br />
2. Note the direction of the voltage drops (positive or negative)<br />
<br />
3. Continue along the loop until you reach the starting point, adding the voltages along the path.<br />
<br />
<math> {v}_{1}+{v}_{2}+{v}_{3}={v}_{4} </math><br />
<br />
===Law of Thermal Radiation===<br />
“For a body of any arbitrary material, emitting and absorbing thermal electromagnetic radiation at every wavelength in thermodynamic equilibrium, the ratio of its emissive power to its dimensionless coefficient of absorption is equal to a universal function only of radiative wavelength and temperature. That universal function describes the perfect black-body emissive power.”<br />
The absorptivity of a body has to equal its emissivity at every wavelength. This law is further explored in thermodynamics and is established in mathematical terms by Max Planck.<br />
<br />
[[File:Spectral-lines-continuous.svg|thumb|Continuous Spectrum]]<br />
[[File:Spectral-lines-emission.svg|thumb|Emission spectrum|Emission Lines]]<br />
[[File:Spectral-lines-absorption.svg|thumb|Absorption spectroscopy|Absorption Lines]]<br />
<br />
==See Also==<br />
===Further Reading===<br />
===External Resources===<br />
<br />
==Resources==</div>Fwalker2017http://www.physicsbook.gatech.edu/index.php?title=Gustav_Kirchhoff&diff=5712Gustav Kirchhoff2015-12-01T07:14:32Z<p>Fwalker2017: /* The Current Law */</p>
<hr />
<div>claimed by fwalker2017<br />
<br />
[[File:Gustav R. Kirchhoff.jpg|Gustav R. Kirchhoff thumb|right|]]<br />
<br />
Gustav Kirchhoff was a German physicist who is known for his contributions to circuit laws, laws of thermal radiation, fluid dynamics equations, three laws of spectroscopy and law of thermochemistry.<br />
<br />
==Personal Life==<br />
Gustav Robert Kirchhoff was born March 12, 1824 in Kaliningrad, Russia and died 1887. He attended the Albertus University of Königsberg and graduated in 1847, accepting professorships at various universities throughout his life.During his time as a student, Kirchhoff formulated his circuit laws that are prominent in electrical engineering. During his time at University of Heidelberg, he collaborated with Robert Bunsen to study spectroscopy and they later discovered caesium and rubidium. In 1857 he calculated that an electric signal in a resistanceless wire travels along the wire at the speed of light and two years later, he proposed his law of thermal radiation. In 1862 he was awarded the Rumford Medal for his research spectroscopy, where he formalized laws that describe the spectral composition of light. He is also recognized for his solving of Maxwell’s equations which provided a basis for Huygen’s principle. <br />
<br />
==Scientific Contributions==<br />
===Circuit Laws===<br />
====The Current Law====<br />
Commonly referred to as the conservation of charge or node rule, the current law states that “the total current or charge entering a junction or node is exactly equal to the charge leaving the node as it has no other place to go except to leave, as nod charge is lost within the node.” Mathematically, the sum of all the current entering and leaving the nod must be equal to zero. This can be used to analyze parallel circuits. However, this law is valid only if the electric charge remains constant in the region being considered.<br />
<math> \sum {I}_{entering}+ \sum {I}_{exiting} = 0 </math><br />
<br />
'''Example'''<br />
[[File:KCL - Kirchhoff's circuit laws.svg|thumb|center||KCL - Kirchhoff's circuit laws]]<br />
<math> {i}_{2} + {i}_{3} = {i}_{1} + {i}_{4} </math><br />
<br />
====The Voltage Law====<br />
Commonly referred to as the conservation of energy or loop rule, the voltage law states that “in an closed loop network, the total voltage around the loop is equal to the sum of all the voltage drops within the same loop. Mathematically, the sum of all voltages within the loop must be equal to zero. This can be used to analyze series circuit.However, this law is invalid if there is a fluctuating magnetic field linking the closed loop.<br />
<math> \Delta {V}_{1} + \Delta {V}_{2} + \space.... = 0 </math><br />
<br />
'''Example'''<br />
[[File:Kirchhoff voltage law.svg|thumb|center||Kirchhoff voltage law]]<br />
1. Start at any point in the loop and continue in the same direction<br />
<br />
2. Note the direction of the voltage drops (positive or negative)<br />
<br />
3. Continue along the loop until you reach the starting point, adding the voltages along the path.<br />
<br />
<math> {v}_{1}+{v}_{2}+{v}_{3}={v}_{4} </math><br />
<br />
===Law of Thermal Radiation===<br />
“For a body of any arbitrary material, emitting and absorbing thermal electromagnetic radiation at every wavelength in thermodynamic equilibrium, the ratio of its emissive power to its dimensionless coefficient of absorption is equal to a universal function only of radiative wavelength and temperature. That universal function describes the perfect black-body emissive power.”<br />
The absorptivity of a body has to equal its emissivity at every wavelength. This law is further explored in thermodynamics and is established in mathematical terms by Max Planck.<br />
<br />
[[File:Spectral-lines-continuous.svg|thumb|Continuous Spectrum]]<br />
[[File:Spectral-lines-emission.svg|thumb|Emission spectrum|Emission Lines]]<br />
[[File:Spectral-lines-absorption.svg|thumb|Absorption spectroscopy|Absorption Lines]]<br />
<br />
==See Also==<br />
===Further Reading===<br />
===External Resources===<br />
<br />
==Resources==</div>Fwalker2017http://www.physicsbook.gatech.edu/index.php?title=Gustav_Kirchhoff&diff=5711Gustav Kirchhoff2015-12-01T07:13:56Z<p>Fwalker2017: /* The Voltage Law */</p>
<hr />
<div>claimed by fwalker2017<br />
<br />
[[File:Gustav R. Kirchhoff.jpg|Gustav R. Kirchhoff thumb|right|]]<br />
<br />
Gustav Kirchhoff was a German physicist who is known for his contributions to circuit laws, laws of thermal radiation, fluid dynamics equations, three laws of spectroscopy and law of thermochemistry.<br />
<br />
==Personal Life==<br />
Gustav Robert Kirchhoff was born March 12, 1824 in Kaliningrad, Russia and died 1887. He attended the Albertus University of Königsberg and graduated in 1847, accepting professorships at various universities throughout his life.During his time as a student, Kirchhoff formulated his circuit laws that are prominent in electrical engineering. During his time at University of Heidelberg, he collaborated with Robert Bunsen to study spectroscopy and they later discovered caesium and rubidium. In 1857 he calculated that an electric signal in a resistanceless wire travels along the wire at the speed of light and two years later, he proposed his law of thermal radiation. In 1862 he was awarded the Rumford Medal for his research spectroscopy, where he formalized laws that describe the spectral composition of light. He is also recognized for his solving of Maxwell’s equations which provided a basis for Huygen’s principle. <br />
<br />
==Scientific Contributions==<br />
===Circuit Laws===<br />
====The Current Law====<br />
Commonly referred to as the conservation of charge or node rule, the current law states that “the total current or charge entering a junction or node is exactly equal to the charge leaving the node as it has no other place to go except to leave, as nod charge is lost within the node.” Mathematically, the sum of all the current entering and leaving the nod must be equal to zero. This can be used to analyze parallel circuits. However, this law is valid only if the electric charge remains constant in the region being considered.<br />
<math> \sum {I}_{entering}+ \sum {I}_{exiting} = 0 </math><br />
<br />
'''Example'''<br />
[[File:KCL - Kirchhoff's circuit laws.svg|thumb|center||KCL - Kirchhoff's circuit laws]]<br />
<math> {i}_{2} + {i}_{3} = {i}_{1} + {i}_{4} </math><br />
<br />
====The Voltage Law====<br />
Commonly referred to as the conservation of energy or loop rule, the voltage law states that “in an closed loop network, the total voltage around the loop is equal to the sum of all the voltage drops within the same loop. Mathematically, the sum of all voltages within the loop must be equal to zero. This can be used to analyze series circuit.However, this law is invalid if there is a fluctuating magnetic field linking the closed loop.<br />
<math> \Delta {V}_{1} + \Delta {V}_{2} + \space.... = 0 </math><br />
<br />
'''Example'''<br />
[[File:Kirchhoff voltage law.svg|thumb|center||Kirchhoff voltage law]]<br />
1. Start at any point in the loop and continue in the same direction<br />
<br />
2. Note the direction of the voltage drops (positive or negative)<br />
<br />
3. Continue along the loop until you reach the starting point, adding the voltages along the path.<br />
<br />
<math> {v}_{1}+{v}_{2}+{v}_{3}={v}_{4} </math><br />
<br />
===Law of Thermal Radiation===<br />
“For a body of any arbitrary material, emitting and absorbing thermal electromagnetic radiation at every wavelength in thermodynamic equilibrium, the ratio of its emissive power to its dimensionless coefficient of absorption is equal to a universal function only of radiative wavelength and temperature. That universal function describes the perfect black-body emissive power.”<br />
The absorptivity of a body has to equal its emissivity at every wavelength. This law is further explored in thermodynamics and is established in mathematical terms by Max Planck.<br />
<br />
[[File:Spectral-lines-continuous.svg|thumb|Continuous Spectrum]]<br />
[[File:Spectral-lines-emission.svg|thumb|Emission spectrum|Emission Lines]]<br />
[[File:Spectral-lines-absorption.svg|thumb|Absorption spectroscopy|Absorption Lines]]<br />
<br />
==See Also==<br />
===Further Reading===<br />
===External Resources===<br />
<br />
==Resources==</div>Fwalker2017http://www.physicsbook.gatech.edu/index.php?title=Gustav_Kirchhoff&diff=5710Gustav Kirchhoff2015-12-01T07:13:26Z<p>Fwalker2017: /* Law of Thermal Radiation */</p>
<hr />
<div>claimed by fwalker2017<br />
<br />
[[File:Gustav R. Kirchhoff.jpg|Gustav R. Kirchhoff thumb|right|]]<br />
<br />
Gustav Kirchhoff was a German physicist who is known for his contributions to circuit laws, laws of thermal radiation, fluid dynamics equations, three laws of spectroscopy and law of thermochemistry.<br />
<br />
==Personal Life==<br />
Gustav Robert Kirchhoff was born March 12, 1824 in Kaliningrad, Russia and died 1887. He attended the Albertus University of Königsberg and graduated in 1847, accepting professorships at various universities throughout his life.During his time as a student, Kirchhoff formulated his circuit laws that are prominent in electrical engineering. During his time at University of Heidelberg, he collaborated with Robert Bunsen to study spectroscopy and they later discovered caesium and rubidium. In 1857 he calculated that an electric signal in a resistanceless wire travels along the wire at the speed of light and two years later, he proposed his law of thermal radiation. In 1862 he was awarded the Rumford Medal for his research spectroscopy, where he formalized laws that describe the spectral composition of light. He is also recognized for his solving of Maxwell’s equations which provided a basis for Huygen’s principle. <br />
<br />
==Scientific Contributions==<br />
===Circuit Laws===<br />
====The Current Law====<br />
Commonly referred to as the conservation of charge or node rule, the current law states that “the total current or charge entering a junction or node is exactly equal to the charge leaving the node as it has no other place to go except to leave, as nod charge is lost within the node.” Mathematically, the sum of all the current entering and leaving the nod must be equal to zero. This can be used to analyze parallel circuits. However, this law is valid only if the electric charge remains constant in the region being considered.<br />
<math> \sum {I}_{entering}+ \sum {I}_{exiting} = 0 </math><br />
<br />
'''Example'''<br />
[[File:KCL - Kirchhoff's circuit laws.svg|thumb|center||KCL - Kirchhoff's circuit laws]]<br />
<math> {i}_{2} + {i}_{3} = {i}_{1} + {i}_{4} </math><br />
<br />
====The Voltage Law====<br />
Commonly referred to as the conservation of energy or loop rule, the voltage law states that “in an closed loop network, the total voltage around the loop is equal to the sum of all the voltage drops within the same loop. Mathematically, the sum of all voltages within the loop must be equal to zero. This can be used to analyze series circuit.However, this law is invalid if there is a fluctuating magnetic field linking the closed loop.<br />
<math> \Delta {V}_{1} + \Delta {V}_{2} + \space.... = 0 </math><br />
<br />
'''Example'''<br />
[[File:Kirchhoff voltage law.svg|thumb|center||Kirchhoff voltage law]]<br />
1. Start at any point in the loop and continue in the same direction<br />
<br />
2. Note the direction of the voltage drops (positive or negative)<br />
<br />
3. Continue along the loop until you reach the starting point, adding the voltages along the path.<br />
<br />
<math> {v}_{1}+{v}_{2}+{v}_{3}={v}_{4} </math><br />
<br />
===Law of Thermal Radiation===<br />
“For a body of any arbitrary material, emitting and absorbing thermal electromagnetic radiation at every wavelength in thermodynamic equilibrium, the ratio of its emissive power to its dimensionless coefficient of absorption is equal to a universal function only of radiative wavelength and temperature. That universal function describes the perfect black-body emissive power.”<br />
The absorptivity of a body has to equal its emissivity at every wavelength. This law is further explored in thermodynamics and is established in mathematical terms by Max Planck.<br />
<br />
[[File:Spectral-lines-continuous.svg|thumb|Continuous Spectrum]]<br />
[[File:Spectral-lines-emission.svg|thumb|Emission spectrum|Emission Lines]]<br />
[[File:Spectral-lines-absorption.svg|thumb|Absorption spectroscopy|Absorption Lines]]<br />
<br />
==See Also==<br />
===Further Reading===<br />
===External Resources===<br />
<br />
==Resources==</div>Fwalker2017http://www.physicsbook.gatech.edu/index.php?title=Gustav_Kirchhoff&diff=5709Gustav Kirchhoff2015-12-01T07:12:42Z<p>Fwalker2017: /* Scientific Contributions */</p>
<hr />
<div>claimed by fwalker2017<br />
<br />
[[File:Gustav R. Kirchhoff.jpg|Gustav R. Kirchhoff thumb|right|]]<br />
<br />
Gustav Kirchhoff was a German physicist who is known for his contributions to circuit laws, laws of thermal radiation, fluid dynamics equations, three laws of spectroscopy and law of thermochemistry.<br />
<br />
==Personal Life==<br />
Gustav Robert Kirchhoff was born March 12, 1824 in Kaliningrad, Russia and died 1887. He attended the Albertus University of Königsberg and graduated in 1847, accepting professorships at various universities throughout his life.During his time as a student, Kirchhoff formulated his circuit laws that are prominent in electrical engineering. During his time at University of Heidelberg, he collaborated with Robert Bunsen to study spectroscopy and they later discovered caesium and rubidium. In 1857 he calculated that an electric signal in a resistanceless wire travels along the wire at the speed of light and two years later, he proposed his law of thermal radiation. In 1862 he was awarded the Rumford Medal for his research spectroscopy, where he formalized laws that describe the spectral composition of light. He is also recognized for his solving of Maxwell’s equations which provided a basis for Huygen’s principle. <br />
<br />
==Scientific Contributions==<br />
===Circuit Laws===<br />
====The Current Law====<br />
Commonly referred to as the conservation of charge or node rule, the current law states that “the total current or charge entering a junction or node is exactly equal to the charge leaving the node as it has no other place to go except to leave, as nod charge is lost within the node.” Mathematically, the sum of all the current entering and leaving the nod must be equal to zero. This can be used to analyze parallel circuits. However, this law is valid only if the electric charge remains constant in the region being considered.<br />
<math> \sum {I}_{entering}+ \sum {I}_{exiting} = 0 </math><br />
<br />
'''Example'''<br />
[[File:KCL - Kirchhoff's circuit laws.svg|thumb|center||KCL - Kirchhoff's circuit laws]]<br />
<math> {i}_{2} + {i}_{3} = {i}_{1} + {i}_{4} </math><br />
<br />
====The Voltage Law====<br />
Commonly referred to as the conservation of energy or loop rule, the voltage law states that “in an closed loop network, the total voltage around the loop is equal to the sum of all the voltage drops within the same loop. Mathematically, the sum of all voltages within the loop must be equal to zero. This can be used to analyze series circuit.However, this law is invalid if there is a fluctuating magnetic field linking the closed loop.<br />
<math> \Delta {V}_{1} + \Delta {V}_{2} + \space.... = 0 </math><br />
<br />
'''Example'''<br />
[[File:Kirchhoff voltage law.svg|thumb|center||Kirchhoff voltage law]]<br />
1. Start at any point in the loop and continue in the same direction<br />
<br />
2. Note the direction of the voltage drops (positive or negative)<br />
<br />
3. Continue along the loop until you reach the starting point, adding the voltages along the path.<br />
<br />
<math> {v}_{1}+{v}_{2}+{v}_{3}={v}_{4} </math><br />
<br />
====Law of Thermal Radiation====<br />
“For a body of any arbitrary material, emitting and absorbing thermal electromagnetic radiation at every wavelength in thermodynamic equilibrium, the ratio of its emissive power to its dimensionless coefficient of absorption is equal to a universal function only of radiative wavelength and temperature. That universal function describes the perfect black-body emissive power.”<br />
The absorptivity of a body has to equal its emissivity at every wavelength. This law is further explored in thermodynamics and is established in mathematical terms by Max Planck.<br />
<br />
[[File:Spectral-lines-continuous.svg|thumb|Continuous Spectrum]]<br />
[[File:Spectral-lines-emission.svg|thumb|Emission spectrum|Emission Lines]]<br />
[[File:Spectral-lines-absorption.svg|thumb|Absorption spectroscopy|Absorption Lines]]<br />
<br />
==See Also==<br />
===Further Reading===<br />
===External Resources===<br />
<br />
==Resources==</div>Fwalker2017http://www.physicsbook.gatech.edu/index.php?title=Gustav_Kirchhoff&diff=5704Gustav Kirchhoff2015-12-01T07:01:27Z<p>Fwalker2017: /* The Voltage Law */</p>
<hr />
<div>claimed by fwalker2017<br />
<br />
[[File:Gustav R. Kirchhoff.jpg|Gustav R. Kirchhoff thumb|right|]]<br />
<br />
Gustav Kirchhoff was a German physicist who is known for his contributions to circuit laws, laws of thermal radiation, fluid dynamics equations, three laws of spectroscopy and law of thermochemistry.<br />
<br />
==Personal Life==<br />
Gustav Robert Kirchhoff was born March 12, 1824 in Kaliningrad, Russia and died 1887. He attended the Albertus University of Königsberg and graduated in 1847, accepting professorships at various universities throughout his life.During his time as a student, Kirchhoff formulated his circuit laws that are prominent in electrical engineering. During his time at University of Heidelberg, he collaborated with Robert Bunsen to study spectroscopy and they later discovered caesium and rubidium. In 1857 he calculated that an electric signal in a resistanceless wire travels along the wire at the speed of light and two years later, he proposed his law of thermal radiation. In 1862 he was awarded the Rumford Medal for his research spectroscopy, where he formalized laws that describe the spectral composition of light. He is also recognized for his solving of Maxwell’s equations which provided a basis for Huygen’s principle. <br />
<br />
==Scientific Contributions==<br />
===Circuit Laws===<br />
====The Current Law====<br />
Commonly referred to as the conservation of charge or node rule, the current law states that “the total current or charge entering a junction or node is exactly equal to the charge leaving the node as it has no other place to go except to leave, as nod charge is lost within the node.” Mathematically, the sum of all the current entering and leaving the nod must be equal to zero. This can be used to analyze parallel circuits. However, this law is valid only if the electric charge remains constant in the region being considered.<br />
<math> \sum {I}_{entering}+ \sum {I}_{exiting} = 0 </math><br />
<br />
'''Example'''<br />
[[File:KCL - Kirchhoff's circuit laws.svg|thumb|center||KCL - Kirchhoff's circuit laws]]<br />
<math> {i}_{2} + {i}_{3} = {i}_{1} + {i}_{4} </math><br />
<br />
====The Voltage Law====<br />
Commonly referred to as the conservation of energy or loop rule, the voltage law states that “in an closed loop network, the total voltage around the loop is equal to the sum of all the voltage drops within the same loop. Mathematically, the sum of all voltages within the loop must be equal to zero. This can be used to analyze series circuit.However, this law is invalid if there is a fluctuating magnetic field linking the closed loop.<br />
<math> \Delta {V}_{1} + \Delta {V}_{2} + \space.... = 0 </math><br />
<br />
'''Example'''<br />
[[File:Kirchhoff voltage law.svg|thumb|center||Kirchhoff voltage law]]<br />
1. Start at any point in the loop and continue in the same direction<br />
<br />
2. Note the direction of the voltage drops (positive or negative)<br />
<br />
3. Continue along the loop until you reach the starting point, adding the voltages along the path.<br />
<br />
<math> {v}_{1}+{v}_{2}+{v}_{3}={v}_{4} </math><br />
<br />
[[File:Spectral-lines-continuous.svg|thumb|Continuous Spectrum]]<br />
[[File:Spectral-lines-emission.svg|thumb|Emission spectrum|Emission Lines]]<br />
[[File:Spectral-lines-absorption.svg|thumb|Absorption spectroscopy|Absorption Lines]]<br />
<br />
==See Also==<br />
===Further Reading===<br />
===External Resources===<br />
<br />
==Resources==</div>Fwalker2017http://www.physicsbook.gatech.edu/index.php?title=Gustav_Kirchhoff&diff=5703Gustav Kirchhoff2015-12-01T07:01:00Z<p>Fwalker2017: /* The Current Law */</p>
<hr />
<div>claimed by fwalker2017<br />
<br />
[[File:Gustav R. Kirchhoff.jpg|Gustav R. Kirchhoff thumb|right|]]<br />
<br />
Gustav Kirchhoff was a German physicist who is known for his contributions to circuit laws, laws of thermal radiation, fluid dynamics equations, three laws of spectroscopy and law of thermochemistry.<br />
<br />
==Personal Life==<br />
Gustav Robert Kirchhoff was born March 12, 1824 in Kaliningrad, Russia and died 1887. He attended the Albertus University of Königsberg and graduated in 1847, accepting professorships at various universities throughout his life.During his time as a student, Kirchhoff formulated his circuit laws that are prominent in electrical engineering. During his time at University of Heidelberg, he collaborated with Robert Bunsen to study spectroscopy and they later discovered caesium and rubidium. In 1857 he calculated that an electric signal in a resistanceless wire travels along the wire at the speed of light and two years later, he proposed his law of thermal radiation. In 1862 he was awarded the Rumford Medal for his research spectroscopy, where he formalized laws that describe the spectral composition of light. He is also recognized for his solving of Maxwell’s equations which provided a basis for Huygen’s principle. <br />
<br />
==Scientific Contributions==<br />
===Circuit Laws===<br />
====The Current Law====<br />
Commonly referred to as the conservation of charge or node rule, the current law states that “the total current or charge entering a junction or node is exactly equal to the charge leaving the node as it has no other place to go except to leave, as nod charge is lost within the node.” Mathematically, the sum of all the current entering and leaving the nod must be equal to zero. This can be used to analyze parallel circuits. However, this law is valid only if the electric charge remains constant in the region being considered.<br />
<math> \sum {I}_{entering}+ \sum {I}_{exiting} = 0 </math><br />
<br />
'''Example'''<br />
[[File:KCL - Kirchhoff's circuit laws.svg|thumb|center||KCL - Kirchhoff's circuit laws]]<br />
<math> {i}_{2} + {i}_{3} = {i}_{1} + {i}_{4} </math><br />
<br />
====The Voltage Law====<br />
Commonly referred to as the conservation of energy or loop rule, the voltage law states that “in an closed loop network, the total voltage around the loop is equal to the sum of all the voltage drops within the same loop. Mathematically, the sum of all voltages within the loop must be equal to zero. This can be used to analyze series circuit.However, this law is invalid if there is a fluctuating magnetic field linking the closed loop.<br />
<math> \Delta {V}_{1} + \Delta {V}_{2} + \space.... = 0 </math><br />
<br />
'''Example'''<br />
[[File:Kirchhoff voltage law.svg|thumb|right||Kirchhoff voltage law]]<br />
1. Start at any point in the loop and continue in the same direction<br />
<br />
2. Note the direction of the voltage drops (positive or negative)<br />
<br />
3. Continue along the loop until you reach the starting point, adding the voltages along the path.<br />
<br />
<math> {v}_{1}+{v}_{2}+{v}_{3}={v}_{4} </math><br />
<br />
[[File:Spectral-lines-continuous.svg|thumb|Continuous Spectrum]]<br />
[[File:Spectral-lines-emission.svg|thumb|Emission spectrum|Emission Lines]]<br />
[[File:Spectral-lines-absorption.svg|thumb|Absorption spectroscopy|Absorption Lines]]<br />
<br />
==See Also==<br />
===Further Reading===<br />
===External Resources===<br />
<br />
==Resources==</div>Fwalker2017http://www.physicsbook.gatech.edu/index.php?title=Gustav_Kirchhoff&diff=5702Gustav Kirchhoff2015-12-01T07:00:07Z<p>Fwalker2017: /* The Current Law */</p>
<hr />
<div>claimed by fwalker2017<br />
<br />
[[File:Gustav R. Kirchhoff.jpg|Gustav R. Kirchhoff thumb|right|]]<br />
<br />
Gustav Kirchhoff was a German physicist who is known for his contributions to circuit laws, laws of thermal radiation, fluid dynamics equations, three laws of spectroscopy and law of thermochemistry.<br />
<br />
==Personal Life==<br />
Gustav Robert Kirchhoff was born March 12, 1824 in Kaliningrad, Russia and died 1887. He attended the Albertus University of Königsberg and graduated in 1847, accepting professorships at various universities throughout his life.During his time as a student, Kirchhoff formulated his circuit laws that are prominent in electrical engineering. During his time at University of Heidelberg, he collaborated with Robert Bunsen to study spectroscopy and they later discovered caesium and rubidium. In 1857 he calculated that an electric signal in a resistanceless wire travels along the wire at the speed of light and two years later, he proposed his law of thermal radiation. In 1862 he was awarded the Rumford Medal for his research spectroscopy, where he formalized laws that describe the spectral composition of light. He is also recognized for his solving of Maxwell’s equations which provided a basis for Huygen’s principle. <br />
<br />
==Scientific Contributions==<br />
===Circuit Laws===<br />
====The Current Law====<br />
Commonly referred to as the conservation of charge or node rule, the current law states that “the total current or charge entering a junction or node is exactly equal to the charge leaving the node as it has no other place to go except to leave, as nod charge is lost within the node.” Mathematically, the sum of all the current entering and leaving the nod must be equal to zero. This can be used to analyze parallel circuits. However, this law is valid only if the electric charge remains constant in the region being considered.<br />
<math> \sum {I}_{entering}+ \sum {I}_{exiting} = 0 </math><br />
<br />
'''Example'''<br />
[[File:KCL - Kirchhoff's circuit laws.svg|thumb|left||KCL - Kirchhoff's circuit laws]]<br />
<math> {i}_{2} + {i}_{3} = {i}_{1} + {i}_{4} </math><br />
<br />
====The Voltage Law====<br />
Commonly referred to as the conservation of energy or loop rule, the voltage law states that “in an closed loop network, the total voltage around the loop is equal to the sum of all the voltage drops within the same loop. Mathematically, the sum of all voltages within the loop must be equal to zero. This can be used to analyze series circuit.However, this law is invalid if there is a fluctuating magnetic field linking the closed loop.<br />
<math> \Delta {V}_{1} + \Delta {V}_{2} + \space.... = 0 </math><br />
<br />
'''Example'''<br />
[[File:Kirchhoff voltage law.svg|thumb|right||Kirchhoff voltage law]]<br />
1. Start at any point in the loop and continue in the same direction<br />
<br />
2. Note the direction of the voltage drops (positive or negative)<br />
<br />
3. Continue along the loop until you reach the starting point, adding the voltages along the path.<br />
<br />
<math> {v}_{1}+{v}_{2}+{v}_{3}={v}_{4} </math><br />
<br />
[[File:Spectral-lines-continuous.svg|thumb|Continuous Spectrum]]<br />
[[File:Spectral-lines-emission.svg|thumb|Emission spectrum|Emission Lines]]<br />
[[File:Spectral-lines-absorption.svg|thumb|Absorption spectroscopy|Absorption Lines]]<br />
<br />
==See Also==<br />
===Further Reading===<br />
===External Resources===<br />
<br />
==Resources==</div>Fwalker2017http://www.physicsbook.gatech.edu/index.php?title=Gustav_Kirchhoff&diff=5701Gustav Kirchhoff2015-12-01T06:59:25Z<p>Fwalker2017: /* The Voltage Law */</p>
<hr />
<div>claimed by fwalker2017<br />
<br />
[[File:Gustav R. Kirchhoff.jpg|Gustav R. Kirchhoff thumb|right|]]<br />
<br />
Gustav Kirchhoff was a German physicist who is known for his contributions to circuit laws, laws of thermal radiation, fluid dynamics equations, three laws of spectroscopy and law of thermochemistry.<br />
<br />
==Personal Life==<br />
Gustav Robert Kirchhoff was born March 12, 1824 in Kaliningrad, Russia and died 1887. He attended the Albertus University of Königsberg and graduated in 1847, accepting professorships at various universities throughout his life.During his time as a student, Kirchhoff formulated his circuit laws that are prominent in electrical engineering. During his time at University of Heidelberg, he collaborated with Robert Bunsen to study spectroscopy and they later discovered caesium and rubidium. In 1857 he calculated that an electric signal in a resistanceless wire travels along the wire at the speed of light and two years later, he proposed his law of thermal radiation. In 1862 he was awarded the Rumford Medal for his research spectroscopy, where he formalized laws that describe the spectral composition of light. He is also recognized for his solving of Maxwell’s equations which provided a basis for Huygen’s principle. <br />
<br />
==Scientific Contributions==<br />
===Circuit Laws===<br />
====The Current Law====<br />
Commonly referred to as the conservation of charge or node rule, the current law states that “the total current or charge entering a junction or node is exactly equal to the charge leaving the node as it has no other place to go except to leave, as nod charge is lost within the node.” Mathematically, the sum of all the current entering and leaving the nod must be equal to zero. This can be used to analyze parallel circuits. However, this law is valid only if the electric charge remains constant in the region being considered.<br />
<math> \sum {I}_{entering}+ \sum {I}_{exiting} = 0 </math><br />
<br />
'''Example'''<br />
[[File:KCL - Kirchhoff's circuit laws.svg|thumb|center||KCL - Kirchhoff's circuit laws]]<br />
<math> {i}_{2} + {i}_{3} = {i}_{1} + {i}_{4} </math><br />
<br />
====The Voltage Law====<br />
Commonly referred to as the conservation of energy or loop rule, the voltage law states that “in an closed loop network, the total voltage around the loop is equal to the sum of all the voltage drops within the same loop. Mathematically, the sum of all voltages within the loop must be equal to zero. This can be used to analyze series circuit.However, this law is invalid if there is a fluctuating magnetic field linking the closed loop.<br />
<math> \Delta {V}_{1} + \Delta {V}_{2} + \space.... = 0 </math><br />
<br />
'''Example'''<br />
[[File:Kirchhoff voltage law.svg|thumb|right||Kirchhoff voltage law]]<br />
1. Start at any point in the loop and continue in the same direction<br />
<br />
2. Note the direction of the voltage drops (positive or negative)<br />
<br />
3. Continue along the loop until you reach the starting point, adding the voltages along the path.<br />
<br />
<math> {v}_{1}+{v}_{2}+{v}_{3}={v}_{4} </math><br />
<br />
[[File:Spectral-lines-continuous.svg|thumb|Continuous Spectrum]]<br />
[[File:Spectral-lines-emission.svg|thumb|Emission spectrum|Emission Lines]]<br />
[[File:Spectral-lines-absorption.svg|thumb|Absorption spectroscopy|Absorption Lines]]<br />
<br />
==See Also==<br />
===Further Reading===<br />
===External Resources===<br />
<br />
==Resources==</div>Fwalker2017http://www.physicsbook.gatech.edu/index.php?title=Gustav_Kirchhoff&diff=5700Gustav Kirchhoff2015-12-01T06:58:43Z<p>Fwalker2017: /* The Current Law */</p>
<hr />
<div>claimed by fwalker2017<br />
<br />
[[File:Gustav R. Kirchhoff.jpg|Gustav R. Kirchhoff thumb|right|]]<br />
<br />
Gustav Kirchhoff was a German physicist who is known for his contributions to circuit laws, laws of thermal radiation, fluid dynamics equations, three laws of spectroscopy and law of thermochemistry.<br />
<br />
==Personal Life==<br />
Gustav Robert Kirchhoff was born March 12, 1824 in Kaliningrad, Russia and died 1887. He attended the Albertus University of Königsberg and graduated in 1847, accepting professorships at various universities throughout his life.During his time as a student, Kirchhoff formulated his circuit laws that are prominent in electrical engineering. During his time at University of Heidelberg, he collaborated with Robert Bunsen to study spectroscopy and they later discovered caesium and rubidium. In 1857 he calculated that an electric signal in a resistanceless wire travels along the wire at the speed of light and two years later, he proposed his law of thermal radiation. In 1862 he was awarded the Rumford Medal for his research spectroscopy, where he formalized laws that describe the spectral composition of light. He is also recognized for his solving of Maxwell’s equations which provided a basis for Huygen’s principle. <br />
<br />
==Scientific Contributions==<br />
===Circuit Laws===<br />
====The Current Law====<br />
Commonly referred to as the conservation of charge or node rule, the current law states that “the total current or charge entering a junction or node is exactly equal to the charge leaving the node as it has no other place to go except to leave, as nod charge is lost within the node.” Mathematically, the sum of all the current entering and leaving the nod must be equal to zero. This can be used to analyze parallel circuits. However, this law is valid only if the electric charge remains constant in the region being considered.<br />
<math> \sum {I}_{entering}+ \sum {I}_{exiting} = 0 </math><br />
<br />
'''Example'''<br />
[[File:KCL - Kirchhoff's circuit laws.svg|thumb|center||KCL - Kirchhoff's circuit laws]]<br />
<math> {i}_{2} + {i}_{3} = {i}_{1} + {i}_{4} </math><br />
<br />
====The Voltage Law====<br />
Commonly referred to as the conservation of energy or loop rule, the voltage law states that “in an closed loop network, the total voltage around the loop is equal to the sum of all the voltage drops within the same loop. Mathematically, the sum of all voltages within the loop must be equal to zero. This can be used to analyze series circuit.However, this law is invalid if there is a fluctuating magnetic field linking the closed loop.<br />
<math> \Delta {V}_{1} + \Delta {V}_{2} + \space.... = 0 </math><br />
<br />
'''Example'''<br />
[[File:Kirchhoff voltage law.svg|thumb|right||Kirchhoff voltage law]]<br />
1. Start at any point in the loop and continue in the same direction<br />
<br />
2. Note the direction of the voltage drops (positive or negative)<br />
<br />
3. Continue along the loop until you reach the starting point, adding the voltages along the path.<br />
<br />
<math> {V}_{1}+{V}_{2}+{V}_{3}={V}_{4} </math><br />
<br />
[[File:Spectral-lines-continuous.svg|thumb|Continuous Spectrum]]<br />
[[File:Spectral-lines-emission.svg|thumb|Emission spectrum|Emission Lines]]<br />
[[File:Spectral-lines-absorption.svg|thumb|Absorption spectroscopy|Absorption Lines]]<br />
<br />
<br />
==See Also==<br />
===Further Reading===<br />
===External Resources===<br />
<br />
==Resources==</div>Fwalker2017http://www.physicsbook.gatech.edu/index.php?title=Gustav_Kirchhoff&diff=5699Gustav Kirchhoff2015-12-01T06:57:42Z<p>Fwalker2017: /* The Current Law */</p>
<hr />
<div>claimed by fwalker2017<br />
<br />
[[File:Gustav R. Kirchhoff.jpg|Gustav R. Kirchhoff thumb|right|]]<br />
<br />
Gustav Kirchhoff was a German physicist who is known for his contributions to circuit laws, laws of thermal radiation, fluid dynamics equations, three laws of spectroscopy and law of thermochemistry.<br />
<br />
==Personal Life==<br />
Gustav Robert Kirchhoff was born March 12, 1824 in Kaliningrad, Russia and died 1887. He attended the Albertus University of Königsberg and graduated in 1847, accepting professorships at various universities throughout his life.During his time as a student, Kirchhoff formulated his circuit laws that are prominent in electrical engineering. During his time at University of Heidelberg, he collaborated with Robert Bunsen to study spectroscopy and they later discovered caesium and rubidium. In 1857 he calculated that an electric signal in a resistanceless wire travels along the wire at the speed of light and two years later, he proposed his law of thermal radiation. In 1862 he was awarded the Rumford Medal for his research spectroscopy, where he formalized laws that describe the spectral composition of light. He is also recognized for his solving of Maxwell’s equations which provided a basis for Huygen’s principle. <br />
<br />
==Scientific Contributions==<br />
===Circuit Laws===<br />
====The Current Law====<br />
Commonly referred to as the conservation of charge or node rule, the current law states that “the total current or charge entering a junction or node is exactly equal to the charge leaving the node as it has no other place to go except to leave, as nod charge is lost within the node.” Mathematically, the sum of all the current entering and leaving the nod must be equal to zero. This can be used to analyze parallel circuits. However, this law is valid only if the electric charge remains constant in the region being considered.<br />
<math> \sum {I}_{entering}+ \sum {I}_{exiting} = 0 </math><br />
<br />
'''Example'''<br />
[[File:KCL - Kirchhoff's circuit laws.svg|thumb|center||KCL - Kirchhoff's circuit laws]]<br />
<math> {I}_{2} + {I}_{3} = {I}_{1} + {I}_{4} </math><br />
<br />
====The Voltage Law====<br />
Commonly referred to as the conservation of energy or loop rule, the voltage law states that “in an closed loop network, the total voltage around the loop is equal to the sum of all the voltage drops within the same loop. Mathematically, the sum of all voltages within the loop must be equal to zero. This can be used to analyze series circuit.However, this law is invalid if there is a fluctuating magnetic field linking the closed loop.<br />
<math> \Delta {V}_{1} + \Delta {V}_{2} + \space.... = 0 </math><br />
<br />
'''Example'''<br />
[[File:Kirchhoff voltage law.svg|thumb|right||Kirchhoff voltage law]]<br />
1. Start at any point in the loop and continue in the same direction<br />
<br />
2. Note the direction of the voltage drops (positive or negative)<br />
<br />
3. Continue along the loop until you reach the starting point, adding the voltages along the path.<br />
<br />
<math> {V}_{1}+{V}_{2}+{V}_{3}={V}_{4} </math><br />
<br />
[[File:Spectral-lines-continuous.svg|thumb|Continuous Spectrum]]<br />
[[File:Spectral-lines-emission.svg|thumb|Emission spectrum|Emission Lines]]<br />
[[File:Spectral-lines-absorption.svg|thumb|Absorption spectroscopy|Absorption Lines]]<br />
<br />
<br />
==See Also==<br />
===Further Reading===<br />
===External Resources===<br />
<br />
==Resources==</div>Fwalker2017http://www.physicsbook.gatech.edu/index.php?title=Gustav_Kirchhoff&diff=5697Gustav Kirchhoff2015-12-01T06:54:21Z<p>Fwalker2017: /* The Current Law */</p>
<hr />
<div>claimed by fwalker2017<br />
<br />
[[File:Gustav R. Kirchhoff.jpg|Gustav R. Kirchhoff thumb|right|]]<br />
<br />
Gustav Kirchhoff was a German physicist who is known for his contributions to circuit laws, laws of thermal radiation, fluid dynamics equations, three laws of spectroscopy and law of thermochemistry.<br />
<br />
==Personal Life==<br />
Gustav Robert Kirchhoff was born March 12, 1824 in Kaliningrad, Russia and died 1887. He attended the Albertus University of Königsberg and graduated in 1847, accepting professorships at various universities throughout his life.During his time as a student, Kirchhoff formulated his circuit laws that are prominent in electrical engineering. During his time at University of Heidelberg, he collaborated with Robert Bunsen to study spectroscopy and they later discovered caesium and rubidium. In 1857 he calculated that an electric signal in a resistanceless wire travels along the wire at the speed of light and two years later, he proposed his law of thermal radiation. In 1862 he was awarded the Rumford Medal for his research spectroscopy, where he formalized laws that describe the spectral composition of light. He is also recognized for his solving of Maxwell’s equations which provided a basis for Huygen’s principle. <br />
<br />
==Scientific Contributions==<br />
===Circuit Laws===<br />
====The Current Law====<br />
Commonly referred to as the conservation of charge or [[node rule]], the current law states that “the total current or charge entering a junction or node is exactly equal to the charge leaving the node as it has no other place to go except to leave, as nod charge is lost within the node.” Mathematically, the sum of all the current entering and leaving the nod must be equal to zero. This can be used to analyze parallel circuits. However, this law is valid only if the electric charge remains constant in the region being considered.<br />
<math> \sum {I}_{entering}+ \sum {I}_{exiting} = 0 </math><br />
<br />
'''Example'''<br />
[[File:KCL - Kirchhoff's circuit laws.svg|thumb|center||KCL - Kirchhoff's circuit laws]]<br />
<math> {I}_{2} + {I}_{3} = {I}_{1} + {I}_{4} </math><br />
<br />
====The Voltage Law====<br />
Commonly referred to as the conservation of energy or loop rule, the voltage law states that “in an closed loop network, the total voltage around the loop is equal to the sum of all the voltage drops within the same loop. Mathematically, the sum of all voltages within the loop must be equal to zero. This can be used to analyze series circuit.However, this law is invalid if there is a fluctuating magnetic field linking the closed loop.<br />
<math> \Delta {V}_{1} + \Delta {V}_{2} + \space.... = 0 </math><br />
<br />
'''Example'''<br />
[[File:Kirchhoff voltage law.svg|thumb|right||Kirchhoff voltage law]]<br />
1. Start at any point in the loop and continue in the same direction<br />
<br />
2. Note the direction of the voltage drops (positive or negative)<br />
<br />
3. Continue along the loop until you reach the starting point, adding the voltages along the path.<br />
<br />
<math> {V}_{1}+{V}_{2}+{V}_{3}={V}_{4} </math><br />
<br />
[[File:Spectral-lines-continuous.svg|thumb|Continuous Spectrum]]<br />
[[File:Spectral-lines-emission.svg|thumb|Emission spectrum|Emission Lines]]<br />
[[File:Spectral-lines-absorption.svg|thumb|Absorption spectroscopy|Absorption Lines]]<br />
<br />
<br />
==See Also==<br />
===Further Reading===<br />
===External Resources===<br />
<br />
==Resources==</div>Fwalker2017http://www.physicsbook.gatech.edu/index.php?title=Gustav_Kirchhoff&diff=5696Gustav Kirchhoff2015-12-01T06:51:45Z<p>Fwalker2017: </p>
<hr />
<div>claimed by fwalker2017<br />
<br />
[[File:Gustav R. Kirchhoff.jpg|Gustav R. Kirchhoff thumb|right|]]<br />
<br />
Gustav Kirchhoff was a German physicist who is known for his contributions to circuit laws, laws of thermal radiation, fluid dynamics equations, three laws of spectroscopy and law of thermochemistry.<br />
<br />
==Personal Life==<br />
Gustav Robert Kirchhoff was born March 12, 1824 in Kaliningrad, Russia and died 1887. He attended the Albertus University of Königsberg and graduated in 1847, accepting professorships at various universities throughout his life.During his time as a student, Kirchhoff formulated his circuit laws that are prominent in electrical engineering. During his time at University of Heidelberg, he collaborated with Robert Bunsen to study spectroscopy and they later discovered caesium and rubidium. In 1857 he calculated that an electric signal in a resistanceless wire travels along the wire at the speed of light and two years later, he proposed his law of thermal radiation. In 1862 he was awarded the Rumford Medal for his research spectroscopy, where he formalized laws that describe the spectral composition of light. He is also recognized for his solving of Maxwell’s equations which provided a basis for Huygen’s principle. <br />
<br />
==Scientific Contributions==<br />
===Circuit Laws===<br />
====The Current Law====<br />
Commonly referred to as the conservation of charge or node rule, the current law states that “the total current or charge entering a junction or node is exactly equal to the charge leaving the node as it has no other place to go except to leave, as nod charge is lost within the node.” Mathematically, the sum of all the current entering and leaving the nod must be equal to zero. This can be used to analyze parallel circuits. However, this law is valid only if the electric charge remains constant in the region being considered.<br />
<math> \sum {I}_{entering}+ \sum {I}_{exiting} = 0 </math><br />
<br />
'''Example'''<br />
[[File:KCL - Kirchhoff's circuit laws.svg|thumb|center||KCL - Kirchhoff's circuit laws]]<br />
<math> {I}_{2} + {I}_{3} = {I}_{1} + {I}_{4} </math><br />
<br />
====The Voltage Law====<br />
Commonly referred to as the conservation of energy or loop rule, the voltage law states that “in an closed loop network, the total voltage around the loop is equal to the sum of all the voltage drops within the same loop. Mathematically, the sum of all voltages within the loop must be equal to zero. This can be used to analyze series circuit.However, this law is invalid if there is a fluctuating magnetic field linking the closed loop.<br />
<math> \Delta {V}_{1} + \Delta {V}_{2} + \space.... = 0 </math><br />
<br />
'''Example'''<br />
[[File:Kirchhoff voltage law.svg|thumb|right||Kirchhoff voltage law]]<br />
1. Start at any point in the loop and continue in the same direction<br />
<br />
2. Note the direction of the voltage drops (positive or negative)<br />
<br />
3. Continue along the loop until you reach the starting point, adding the voltages along the path.<br />
<br />
<math> {V}_{1}+{V}_{2}+{V}_{3}={V}_{4} </math><br />
<br />
[[File:Spectral-lines-continuous.svg|thumb|Continuous Spectrum]]<br />
[[File:Spectral-lines-emission.svg|thumb|Emission spectrum|Emission Lines]]<br />
[[File:Spectral-lines-absorption.svg|thumb|Absorption spectroscopy|Absorption Lines]]<br />
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==See Also==<br />
===Further Reading===<br />
===External Resources===<br />
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[[File:Gustav R. Kirchhoff.jpg|Gustav R. Kirchhoff thumb|right|]]<br />
<br />
Gustav Kirchhoff was a German physicist who is known for his contributions to circuit laws, laws of thermal radiation, fluid dynamics equations, three laws of spectroscopy and law of thermochemistry.<br />
<br />
==Personal Life==<br />
Gustav Robert Kirchhoff was born March 12, 1824 in Kaliningrad, Russia. He attended the Albertus University of Königsberg and graduated in 1847, accepting professorships at various universities throughout his life.During his time as a student, Kirchhoff formulated his circuit laws that are prominent in electrical engineering. During his time at University of Heidelberg, he collaborated with Robert Bunsen to study spectroscopy and they later discovered caesium and rubidium. In 1857 he calculated that an electric signal in a resistanceless wire travels along the wire at the speed of light and two years later, he proposed his law of thermal radiation. In 1862 he was awarded the Rumford Medal for his research spectroscopy, where he formalized laws that describe the spectral composition of light. He is also recognized for his solving of Maxwell’s equations which provided a basis for Huygen’s principle. <br />
<br />
==Scientific Contributions==<br />
===Circuit Laws===<br />
====The Current Law====<br />
Commonly referred to as the conservation of charge or node rule, the current law states that “the total current or charge entering a junction or node is exactly equal to the charge leaving the node as it has no other place to go except to leave, as nod charge is lost within the node.” Mathematically, the sum of all the current entering and leaving the nod must be equal to zero. This can be used to analyze parallel circuits. However, this law is valid only if the electric charge remains constant in the region being considered.<br />
<math> \sum {I}_{entering}+ \sum {I}_{exiting} = 0 </math><br />
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'''Example'''<br />
[[File:KCL - Kirchhoff's circuit laws.svg|thumb|center||KCL - Kirchhoff's circuit laws]]<br />
<math> {I}_{2} + {I}_{3} = {I}_{1} + {I}_{4} </math><br />
<br />
====The Voltage Law====<br />
Commonly referred to as the conservation of energy or loop rule, the voltage law states that “in an closed loop network, the total voltage around the loop is equal to the sum of all the voltage drops within the same loop. Mathematically, the sum of all voltages within the loop must be equal to zero. This can be used to analyze series circuit.However, this law is invalid if there is a fluctuating magnetic field linking the closed loop.<br />
<math> \Delta {V}_{1} + \Delta {V}_{2} + \space.... = 0 </math><br />
<br />
'''Example'''<br />
[[File:Kirchhoff voltage law.svg|thumb|right||Kirchhoff voltage law]]<br />
1. Start at any point in the loop and continue in the same direction<br />
<br />
2. Note the direction of the voltage drops (positive or negative)<br />
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3. Continue along the loop until you reach the starting point, adding the voltages along the path.<br />
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[[File:Spectral-lines-continuous.svg|thumb|Continuous Spectrum]]<br />
[[File:Spectral-lines-emission.svg|thumb|Emission spectrum|Emission Lines]]<br />
[[File:Spectral-lines-absorption.svg|thumb|Absorption spectroscopy|Absorption Lines]]<br />
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==See Also==<br />
===Further Reading===<br />
===External Resources===<br />
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==Resources==</div>Fwalker2017http://www.physicsbook.gatech.edu/index.php?title=Gustav_Kirchhoff&diff=4389Gustav Kirchhoff2015-11-30T14:50:17Z<p>Fwalker2017: </p>
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[[File:Gustav R. Kirchhoff.jpg|Gustav R. Kirchhoff thumb|right|]]<br />
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==Personal Life==<br />
Gustav Robert Kirchoff was born in East Prussia to lawyer, Friedrich Kirchoff, and Johanna Henriette Wittke on March 12, 1824. He graduated from the Albertus University of Königsberg in 1847 and recieved a professorship.<br />
<br />
==Scientific Contributions==<br />
[[File:Spectral-lines-continuous.svg|thumb|Continuous Spectrum]]<br />
[[File:Spectral-lines-emission.svg|thumb|Emission spectrum|Emission Lines]]<br />
[[File:Spectral-lines-absorption.svg|thumb|Absorption spectroscopy|Absorption Lines]]<br />
<br />
===Loop Rule===<br />
====Examples====<br />
===Node Rule===<br />
====Examples====<br />
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==See Also==<br />
===Further Reading===<br />
===External Resources===<br />
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[[File:Gustav R. Kirchhoff.jpg|Gustav R. Kirchhoff thumb|right|]]<br />
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==Personal Life==<br />
Gustav Robert Kirchoff was born in East Prussia to lawyer, Friedrich Kirchoff, and Johanna Henriette Wittke on March 12, 1824. He graduated from the Albertus University of Königsberg in 1847 and recieved a professorship.<br />
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==Scientific Contributions==<br />
[[File: Spectral lines continuous.png]]<br />
===Loop Rule===<br />
====Examples====<br />
===Node Rule===<br />
====Examples====<br />
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==See Also==<br />
===Further Reading===<br />
===External Resources===<br />
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[[File:Gustav R. Kirchhoff.jpg|Gustav R. Kirchhoff thumb|right|]]<br />
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==Personal Life==<br />
Gustav Robert Kirchoff was born in East Prussia to lawyer, Friedrich Kirchoff, and Johanna Henriette Wittke on March 12, 1824. He graduated from the Albertus University of Königsberg in 1847 and recieved a professorship.<br />
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==Scientific Contributions==<br />
===Loop Rule===<br />
====Examples====<br />
===Node Rule===<br />
====Examples====<br />
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==See Also==<br />
===Further Reading===<br />
===External Resources===<br />
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==Resources==</div>Fwalker2017http://www.physicsbook.gatech.edu/index.php?title=Gustav_Kirchhoff&diff=2695Gustav Kirchhoff2015-11-28T21:09:06Z<p>Fwalker2017: /* Personal Life */</p>
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[[File:Gustav R. Kirchhoff.jpg|Gustav R. Kirchhoff]]<br />
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==Personal Life==<br />
Gustav Robert Kirchoff was born in East Prussia to lawyer, Friedrich Kirchoff, and Johanna Henriette Wittke on March 12, 1824. He graduated from the Albertus University of Königsberg in 1847 and recieved a professorship.<br />
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==Scientific Contributions==<br />
===Loop Rule===<br />
====Examples====<br />
===Node Rule===<br />
====Examples====<br />
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==See Also==<br />
===Further Reading===<br />
===External Resources===<br />
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==Resources==</div>Fwalker2017http://www.physicsbook.gatech.edu/index.php?title=Gustav_Kirchhoff&diff=2693Gustav Kirchhoff2015-11-28T21:02:50Z<p>Fwalker2017: </p>
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[[File:Gustav R. Kirchhoff.jpg|Gustav R. Kirchhoff]]<br />
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==Personal Life==<br />
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==Scientific Contributions==<br />
===Loop Rule===<br />
====Examples====<br />
===Node Rule===<br />
====Examples====<br />
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==See Also==<br />
===Further Reading===<br />
===External Resources===<br />
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==Resources==</div>Fwalker2017http://www.physicsbook.gatech.edu/index.php?title=Gustav_Kirchhoff&diff=2672Gustav Kirchhoff2015-11-28T20:35:58Z<p>Fwalker2017: </p>
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==Personal Life==<br />
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==Scientific Contributions==<br />
===Loop Rule===<br />
====Examples====<br />
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====Examples====<br />
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==See Also==<br />
===Further Reading===<br />
===External Resources===<br />
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==Resources==</div>Fwalker2017http://www.physicsbook.gatech.edu/index.php?title=Gustav_Kirchhoff&diff=2671Gustav Kirchhoff2015-11-28T20:35:35Z<p>Fwalker2017: </p>
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==Personal Life==<br />
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==Scientific Contributions==<br />
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====Examples====<br />
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====Examples===<br />
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==See Also==<br />
===Further Reading===<br />
===External Resources===<br />
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==Personal Life==<br />
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==See Also==<br />
===Further Reading===<br />
===External Resources===<br />
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==Resources==</div>Fwalker2017http://www.physicsbook.gatech.edu/index.php?title=Gustav_Kirchhoff&diff=2329Gustav Kirchhoff2015-11-28T01:07:52Z<p>Fwalker2017: </p>
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==Personal Life==<br />
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==See Also==</div>Fwalker2017http://www.physicsbook.gatech.edu/index.php?title=Gustav_Kirchhoff&diff=2328Gustav Kirchhoff2015-11-28T01:07:25Z<p>Fwalker2017: </p>
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==Personal Life==<br />
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==Scientific Contributions==<br />
===Loop Rule===<br />
===Node Rule===<br />
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==See Also==</div>Fwalker2017http://www.physicsbook.gatech.edu/index.php?title=Gustav_Kirchhoff&diff=1964Gustav Kirchhoff2015-11-27T07:52:33Z<p>Fwalker2017: </p>
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==Personal Life==<br />
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===Loop Rule===<br />
===Node Rule===<br />
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==See Also==</div>Fwalker2017http://www.physicsbook.gatech.edu/index.php?title=Gustav_Kirchhoff&diff=1963Gustav Kirchhoff2015-11-27T07:51:51Z<p>Fwalker2017: </p>
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==Personal Life==<br />
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==See Also==</div>Fwalker2017http://www.physicsbook.gatech.edu/index.php?title=Gustav_Kirchhoff&diff=1962Gustav Kirchhoff2015-11-27T07:50:14Z<p>Fwalker2017: </p>
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<div>claimed by fwalker2017</div>Fwalker2017http://www.physicsbook.gatech.edu/index.php?title=Main_Page&diff=1960Main Page2015-11-27T07:45:30Z<p>Fwalker2017: /* Notable Scientists */</p>
<hr />
<div>__NOTOC__<br />
Welcome to the Georgia Tech Wiki for Intro Physics. This resources was created so that students can contribute and curate content to help those with limited or no access to a textbook. When reading this website, please correct any errors you may come across. If you read something that isn't clear, please consider revising it!<br />
<br />
Looking to make a contribution?<br />
#Pick a specific topic from intro physics<br />
#Add that topic, as a link to a new page, under the appropriate category listed below by editing this page.<br />
#Copy and paste the default [[Template]] into your new page and start editing.<br />
<br />
Please remember that this is not a textbook and you are not limited to expressing your ideas with only text and equations. Whenever possible embed: pictures, videos, diagrams, simulations, computational models (e.g. Glowscript), and whatever content you think makes learning physics easier for other students.<br />
<br />
== Source Material ==<br />
All of the content added to this resource must be in the public domain or similar free resource. If you are unsure about a source, contact the original author for permission. That said, there is a surprisingly large amount of introductory physics content scattered across the web. Here is an incomplete list of intro physics resources (please update as needed).<br />
* A physics resource written by experts for an expert audience [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:Physics Physics Portal]<br />
* A wiki book on modern physics [https://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Modern_Physics Modern Physics Wiki]<br />
* The MIT open courseware for intro physics [http://ocw.mit.edu/resources/res-8-002-a-wikitextbook-for-introductory-mechanics-fall-2009/index.htm MITOCW Wiki]<br />
* An online concept map of intro physics [http://hyperphysics.phy-astr.gsu.edu/hbase/hph.html HyperPhysics]<br />
* Interactive physics simulations [https://phet.colorado.edu/en/simulations/category/physics PhET]<br />
* OpenStax algebra based intro physics textbook [https://openstaxcollege.org/textbooks/college-physics College Physics]<br />
* The Open Source Physics project is a collection of online physics resources [http://www.opensourcephysics.org/ OSP]<br />
* A resource guide compiled by the [http://www.aapt.org/ AAPT] for educators [http://www.compadre.org/ ComPADRE]<br />
<br />
== Organizing Categories ==<br />
These are the broad, overarching categories, that we cover in two semester of introductory physics. You can add subcategories or make a new category as needed. A single topic should direct readers to a page in one of these catagories.<br />
<br />
<div class="toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><br />
===Interactions===<br />
<div class="mw-collapsible-content"><br />
*[[Kinds of Matter]]<br />
*[[Detecting Interactions]]<br />
*[[Fundamental Interactions]] <br />
*[[System & Surroundings]] <br />
*[[Newton's First Law of Motion]]<br />
*[[Newton's Second Law of Motion]]<br />
*[[Newton's Third Law of Motion]]<br />
*[[Gravitational Force]]<br />
</div><br />
</div><br />
<br />
<div class="toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><br />
<br />
===Theory===<br />
<div class="mw-collapsible-content"><br />
*[[Einstein's Theory of Special Relativity]]<br />
*[[Quantum Theory]]<br />
*[[General Relativity]]<br />
</div><br />
</div><br />
<br />
<div class="toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><br />
<br />
===Notable Scientists===<br />
<div class="mw-collapsible-content"><br />
*[[Albert Einstein]]<br />
*[[Ernest Rutherford]]<br />
*[[Joseph Henry]]<br />
*[[Michael Faraday]]<br />
*[[J.J. Thomson]]<br />
*[[James Maxwell]]<br />
*[[Robert Hooke]]<br />
*[[Marie Curie]]<br />
*[[Carl Friedrich Gauss]]<br />
*[[Nikola Tesla]]<br />
*[[Andre Marie Ampere]]<br />
*[[Sir Isaac Newton]]<br />
*[[J. Robert Oppenheimer]]<br />
*[[Oliver Heaviside]]<br />
*[[Rosalind Franklin]]<br />
*[[Erwin Schrödinger]]<br />
*[[Enrico Fermi]]<br />
*[[Robert J. Van de Graaff]]<br />
*[[Charles de Coulomb]]<br />
*[[Hans Christian Ørsted]]<br />
*[[Philo Farnsworth]]<br />
*[[Niels Bohr]]<br />
*[[Georg Ohm]]<br />
*[[Galileo Galilei]]<br />
*[[Gustav Kirchhoff]]<br />
</div><br />
</div><br />
<br />
<div class="toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><br />
<br />
===Properties of Matter===<br />
<div class="mw-collapsible-content"><br />
*[[Mass]]<br />
*[[Velocity]]<br />
*[[Density]]<br />
*[[Charge]]<br />
*[[Spin]]<br />
*[[SI Units]]<br />
<br />
</div><br />
</div><br />
<br />
<div class="toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><br />
<br />
===Contact Interactions===<br />
<div class="mw-collapsible-content"><br />
* [[Young's Modulus]]<br />
* [[Friction]]<br />
* [[Tension]]<br />
* [[Hooke's Law]]<br />
*[[Centripetal Force and Curving Motion]]<br />
</div><br />
</div><br />
<br />
<div class="toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><br />
<br />
===Momentum===<br />
<div class="mw-collapsible-content"><br />
* [[Vectors]]<br />
* [[Kinematics]]<br />
* [[Predicting Change in multiple dimensions]]<br />
* [[Momentum Principle]]<br />
* [[Curving Motion]]<br />
* [[Multi-particle Analysis of Momentum]]<br />
* [[Iterative Prediction]]<br />
</div><br />
</div><br />
<br />
<div class="toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><br />
<br />
===Angular Momentum===<br />
<div class="mw-collapsible-content"><br />
* [[The Moments of Inertia]]<br />
* [[Rotation]]<br />
* [[Torque]]<br />
*[[Systems with Zero Torque]]<br />
* [[Right Hand Rule]]<br />
* [[Angular Velocity]]<br />
* [[Predicting a Change in Rotation]]<br />
* [[Conservation of Angular Momentum]]<br />
*[[Total Angular Momentum]]<br />
<br />
</div><br />
</div><br />
<br />
<div class="toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><br />
<br />
===Energy===<br />
<div class="mw-collapsible-content"><br />
*[[Predicting Change]]<br />
*[[Rest Mass Energy]]<br />
*[[Kinetic Energy]]<br />
*[[Potential Energy]]<br />
*[[Work]]<br />
*[[Thermal Energy]]<br />
*[[Conservation of Energy]]<br />
*[[Electric Potential]]<br />
*[[Energy Transfer due to a Temperature Difference]]<br />
*[[Gravitational Potential Energy]]<br />
*[[Point Particle Systems]]<br />
*[[Real Systems]]<br />
*[[Spring Potential Energy]]<br />
*[[Internal Energy]]<br />
*[[Energy Diagrams]]<br />
<br />
</div><br />
</div><br />
<br />
<div class="toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><br />
<br />
===Collisions===<br />
<div class="mw-collapsible-content"><br />
*[[Collisions]]<br />
*[[Maximally Inelastic Collision]]<br />
*[[Elastic Collisions]]<br />
*[[Inelastic Collisions]]<br />
*[[Head-on Collision of Equal Masses]]<br />
</div><br />
</div><br />
<br />
<div class="toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><br />
<br />
===Fields===<br />
<div class="mw-collapsible-content"><br />
* [[Electric Field]] of a<br />
** [[Point Charge]]<br />
** [[Electric Dipole]]<br />
** [[Capacitor]]<br />
** [[Charged Rod]]<br />
** [[Charged Ring]]<br />
** [[Charged Disk]]<br />
** [[Charged Spherical Shell]]<br />
*[[Electric Potential]] <br />
**[[Potential Difference in a Uniform Field]]<br />
**[[Potential Difference of point charge in a non-Uniform Field]]<br />
**[[Sign of Potential Difference]]<br />
*[[Electric Force]]<br />
*[[Polarization]]<br />
*[[Magnetic Field]]<br />
**[[Right-Hand Rule]]<br />
**[[Direction of Magnetic Field]]<br />
**[[Bar Magnet]]<br />
**[[Magnetic Force]]<br />
**[[Hall Effect]]<br />
**[[Lorentz Force]]<br />
**[[Biot-Savart Law]]<br />
**[[Integration Techniques for Magnetic Field]]<br />
**[[Sparks in Air]]<br />
**[[Motional Emf]]<br />
**[[Detecting a Magnetic Field]]<br />
**[[Moving Point Charge]]<br />
**[[Non-Coulomb Electric Field]]<br />
</div><br />
</div><br />
<br />
<div class="toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><br />
<br />
===Simple Circuits===<br />
<div class="mw-collapsible-content"><br />
*[[Components]]<br />
*[[Steady State]]<br />
*[[Non Steady State]]<br />
*[[Node Rule]]<br />
*[[Loop Rule]]<br />
*[[Power in a circuit]]<br />
*[[Ammeters,Voltmeters,Ohmmeters]]<br />
*[[Current]]<br />
*[[Ohm's Law]]<br />
*[[RC]]<br />
*[[Circular Loop of Wire]]<br />
*[[RL Circuit]]<br />
*[[LC Circuit]]<br />
*[[Surface Charge Distributions]]<br />
</div><br />
</div><br />
<br />
<div class="toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><br />
<br />
===Maxwell's Equations===<br />
<div class="mw-collapsible-content"><br />
*[[Gauss's Flux Theorem]]<br />
**[[Electric Fields]]<br />
**[[Magnetic Fields]]<br />
*[[Ampere's Law]]<br />
*[[Faraday's Law]]<br />
**[[Inductance]]<br />
**[[Lenz's Law]]<br />
***[[Lenz Effect and the Jumping Ring]]<br />
*[[Ampere-Maxwell Law]]<br />
</div><br />
</div><br />
<br />
<div class="toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><br />
<br />
===Radiation===<br />
<div class="mw-collapsible-content"><br />
*[[Producing a Radiative Electric Field]]<br />
*[[Sinusoidal Electromagnetic Radiaton]]<br />
*[[Lenses]]<br />
*[[Energy and Momentum Analysis in Radiation]]<br />
</div><br />
</div><br />
<div class="toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><br />
<br />
===Sound===<br />
<div class="mw-collapsible-content"><br />
*[[Doppler Effect]]<br />
</div><br />
</div><br />
*[[blahb]]<br />
</div><br />
</div><br />
<br />
== Resources ==<br />
* Commonly used wiki commands [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:Cheatsheet Wiki Cheatsheet]<br />
* A guide to representing equations in math mode [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:Displaying_a_formula Wiki Math Mode]<br />
* A page to keep track of all the physics [[Constants]]<br />
* An overview of [[VPython]]</div>Fwalker2017