Physics Book - User contributions [en]

Specific Heat

Specific Heat

2015-12-06T03:38:00Z

Fjoseph96: /* Specific Heats of Gases */

Short Description of Topic

==The Main Idea==

The most common definition is that specific heat is the amount of heat needed to raise the temperature of a mass by 1 degree. The relationship between heat and temperature change is best defined by constant "C" in the equation

[[File:Specific Heat Equation.gif]]

The relationship does not apply if a phase change is occurs because the heat added or removed during a phase change does not necessarily change the temperature. The specific heat most commonly known specific heat is 4.16 J/g degrees Celsius, which is the specific heat for water. The specific heat per gram for water is much higher than that for a metal. Therefore, there are two separate ways to calculate specific heats. Traditionally, it is more acceptable to compare specific heats on a molecular level.

The molar specific heats of most solids at room temperature are almost the same, which agrees with the Law of Dulong and Petit. At lower temperatures the specific heats drop as atomic processes become more relevant. The lower temperature behavior is explained by the Einstein-Debye model of specific heat.

== Law of Dulong and Petit ==
[edit]

The specific heat of copper is 0.386 Joules/gram degrees Celsius while the specific heat of Aluminum is 0.900 Joules/gram Celsius. Why is there such a difference? Specific heat is measured in Energy per unit mass, but it should be measured in Energy per mole for more similar specific heats for solids. The similar molar specific heats for solid metals are what define the Law of Dulong and Petit.

[[File:Dulong.gif]]

The specific heats of metals, therefore should all be around 24.94 J/mol degrees Celsius. The specific heat at constant volume should be just the temperature derivative of that energy.

Copper 0.386 J/gm K x 63.6 gm/mol = 24.6 J/mol K

Aluminum 0.900 J/gm K x 26.98 gm/ mol = 24.3 J/mol K

== Einstein Debye Model ==
[edit]

For low temperatures, Einstein and Debye found that the Law of Dulong and Petit was not applicable. At lower temperatures, it was found that atomic interactions were deemed significant in calculating the molar specific heat of an object.

[[File: Einstein Debye Graphs.gif]]

According to the Einstein Debye Model for Copper and Aluminum, two solid metals, specific heat varies much at lower temperatures and goes much below the Dulong-Petit Model. This is due to increased effects on specific heat by interatomic forces. However, for very high temperature values, the Einstein-Debye Model cannot be used. In fact, at high temperatures, Einstein's expression of specific heat, reduces to the Dulong-Petit mathematical expression.

Here is the Einstein Debye Equation:

[[File:Einstein Debye Equation.gif]]

For high Temperatures it may be reduced like this:

[[File:Einstein Debye for High Temperatures.gif]]

This actually reduces to the Dulong-Petit Formula for Specific Heat:

[[File:Dulong Petit.gif]]

===Specific Heats of Gases===

Specific heats of gases are generally expressed in their molar form due to the undefined volume or pressure of a gas. Usually only one is held constant. The first law of Thermodynamics helps to derive the formulas for specific heat for constant pressure and the specific heat for constant volume. Here is the equation:

[[File:first law.gif]]

There are two specific heats for gases., one for gases at a constant volume and one gases at a constant pressure. For a constant volume the equation is:

[[File:constant volume.gif]]

where Q is heat, n is number of moles, and delta T is change in Temperature.

For a constant pressure, specific heat can be derived as:

[[File:Constant Pressure.gif]]

where Q is heat, n is number of moles, and delta T is change in Temperature.

===Simple===
===Middling===
===Difficult===

==Connectedness==
#How is this topic connected to something that you are interested in?
#How is it connected to your major?
#Is there an interesting industrial application?

==History==

Put this idea in historical context. Give the reader the Who, What, When, Where, and Why.

== See also ==

Are there related topics or categories in this wiki resource for the curious reader to explore? How does this topic fit into that context?

===Further reading===

Books, Articles or other print media on this topic

===External links===
[http://www.scientificamerican.com/article/bring-science-home-reaction-time/]

==References==

This section contains the the references you used while writing this page

[[Category:Which Category did you place this in?]]

Template

Claimed by Felix Joseph

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File:First law.gif

2015-12-06T03:36:32Z

Fjoseph96:

Specific Heat

2015-12-06T03:35:33Z

File:Einstein Debye Equation.gif

2015-12-06T03:10:31Z

Fjoseph96:

Specific Heat

2015-12-06T03:10:00Z

Fjoseph96: /* Einstein Debye Model */

PLEASE DO NOT EDIT THIS PAGE. COPY THIS TEMPLATE AND PASTE IT INTO A NEW PAGE FOR YOUR TOPIC.

Short Description of Topic

==The Main Idea==

The most common definition is that specific heat is the amount of heat needed to raise the temperature of a mass by 1 degree. The relationship between heat and temperature change is best defined by constant "C" in the equation

[[File:Specific Heat Equation.gif]]

The relationship does not apply if a phase change is occurs because the heat added or removed during a phase change does not necessarily change the temperature. The specific heat most commonly known specific heat is 4.16 J/g degrees Celsius, which is the specific heat for water. The specific heat per gram for water is much higher than that for a metal. Therefore, there are two separate ways to calculate specific heats. Traditionally, it is more acceptable to compare specific heats on a molecular level.

The molar specific heats of most solids at room temperature are almost the same, which agrees with the Law of Dulong and Petit. At lower temperatures the specific heats drop as atomic processes become more relevant. The lower temperature behavior is explained by the Einstein-Debye model of specific heat.

== Law of Dulong and Petit ==
[edit]

The specific heat of copper is 0.386 Joules/gram degrees Celsius while the specific heat of Aluminum is 0.900 Joules/gram Celsius. Why is there such a difference? Specific heat is measured in Energy per unit mass, but it should be measured in Energy per mole for more similar specific heats for solids. The similar molar specific heats for solid metals are what define the Law of Dulong and Petit.

[[File:Dulong.gif]]

The specific heats of metals, therefore should all be around 24.94 J/mol degrees Celsius. The specific heat at constant volume should be just the temperature derivative of that energy.

Copper 0.386 J/gm K x 63.6 gm/mol = 24.6 J/mol K

Aluminum 0.900 J/gm K x 26.98 gm/ mol = 24.3 J/mol K

== Einstein Debye Model ==
[edit]

For low temperatures, Einstein and Debye found that the Law of Dulong and Petit was not applicable. At lower temperatures, it was found that atomic interactions were deemed significant in calculating the molar specific heat of an object.

[[File: Einstein Debye Graphs.gif]]

According to the Einstein Debye Model for Copper and Aluminum, two solid metals, specific heat varies much at lower temperatures and goes much below the Dulong-Petit Model. This is due to increased effects on specific heat by interatomic forces. However, for very high temperature values, the Einstein-Debye Model cannot be used. In fact, at high temperatures, Einstein's expression of specific heat, reduces to the Dulong-Petit mathematical expression.

[[File:Einstein Debye Equation.gif]]

===A Mathematical Model===

What are the mathematical equations that allow us to model this topic. For example <math>{\frac{d\vec{p}}{dt}}_{system} = \vec{F}_{net}</math> where '''p''' is the momentum of the system and '''F''' is the net force from the surroundings.

===A Computational Model===

How do we visualize or predict using this topic. Consider embedding some vpython code here [https://trinket.io/glowscript/31d0f9ad9e Teach hands-on with GlowScript]

==Examples==

Be sure to show all steps in your solution and include diagrams whenever possible

===Simple===
===Middling===
===Difficult===

==Connectedness==
#How is this topic connected to something that you are interested in?
#How is it connected to your major?
#Is there an interesting industrial application?

==History==

Put this idea in historical context. Give the reader the Who, What, When, Where, and Why.

== See also ==

Are there related topics or categories in this wiki resource for the curious reader to explore? How does this topic fit into that context?

===Further reading===

Books, Articles or other print media on this topic

===External links===
[http://www.scientificamerican.com/article/bring-science-home-reaction-time/]

==References==

This section contains the the references you used while writing this page

[[Category:Which Category did you place this in?]]

Template

Claimed by Felix Joseph

A Computational Model[edit]

How do we visualize or predict using this topic. Consider embedding some vpython code here Teach hands-on with GlowScript

First Law[edit]

The first law of thermodynamics defines the internal energy (E) as equal to the difference between heat transfer (Q) into a system and work (W) done by the system. Heat removed from a system would be given a negative sign and heat applied to the system would be given a positive sign. Internal energy can be converted into other types of energy because it acts like potential energy. Heat and work, however, cannot be stored or conserved independently because they depend on the process. This allows for many different possible states of a system to exist. There can be a process known as the adiabatic process in which there is no heat transfer. This occurs when a system is full insulated from the outside environment. The implementation of this law also brings about another useful state variable, enthalpy.

A Mathematical Model[edit]

E2 - E1 = Q - W

Second Law[edit]

The second law states that there is another useful variable of heat, entropy (S). Entropy can be described as the disorder or chaos of a system, but in physics, we will just refer to it as another variable like enthalpy or temperature. For any given physical process, the combined entropy of a system and the environment remains a constant if the process can be reversed. The second law also states that if the physical process is irreversible, the combined entropy of the system and the environment must increase. Therefore, the final entropy must be greater than the initial entropy.

Mathematical Models[edit]

delta S = delta Q/T Sf = Si (reversible process) Sf > Si (irreversible process)

Examples[edit]

Reversible process: Ideally forcing a flow through a constricted pipe, where there are no boundary layers. As the flow moves through the constriction, the pressure, volume and temperature change, but they return to their normal values once they hit the downstream. This return to the variables' original values allows there to be no change in entropy. It is often known as an isentropic process.

Irreversible process: When a hot object and cold object are put in contact with each other, eventually the heat from the hot object will transfer to the cold object and the two will reach the same temperature and stay constant at that temperature, reaching equilibrium. However, once those objects are separated, they will remain at that equilibrium temperature until something else acts upon it. The objects do not go back to their original temperatures so there is a change in entropy.

Connectedness[edit]
1.How is this topic connected to something that you are interested in?
2.How is it connected to your major?
3.Is there an interesting industrial application?

History[edit]

Thermodynamics was brought up as a science in the 18th and 19th centuries. However, it was first brought up by Galilei, who introduced the concept of temperature and invented the first thermometer. G. Black first introduced the word 'thermodynamics'. Later, G. Wilke introduced another unit of measurement known as the calorie that measures heat. The idea of thermodynamics was brought up by Nicolas Leonard Sadi Carnot. He is often known as "the father of thermodynamics". It all began with the development of the steam engine during the Industrial Revolution. He devised an ideal cycle of operation. During his observations and experimentations, he had the incorrect notion that heat is conserved, however he was able to lay down theorems that led to the development of thermodynamics. In the 20th century, the science of thermodynamics became a conventional term and a basic division of physics. Thermodynamics dealt with the study of general properties of physical systems under equilibrium and the conditions necessary to obtain equilibrium.

See also[edit]

Are there related topics or categories in this wiki resource for the curious reader to explore? How does this topic fit into that context?

Further reading[edit]

Books, Articles or other print media on this topic

External links[edit]

Internet resources on this topic

References[edit]

https://www.grc.nasa.gov/www/k-12/airplane/thermo0.html http://hyperphysics.phy-astr.gsu.edu/hbase/thermo/thereq.html https://www.grc.nasa.gov/www/k-12/airplane/thermo2.html http://www.phys.nthu.edu.tw/~thschang/notes/GP21.pdf http://www.eoearth.org/view/article/153532/

Category: Which Category did you place this in?

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Specific Heat

2015-12-06T03:06:00Z

Fjoseph96: /* Einstein Debye Model */

PLEASE DO NOT EDIT THIS PAGE. COPY THIS TEMPLATE AND PASTE IT INTO A NEW PAGE FOR YOUR TOPIC.

Short Description of Topic

==The Main Idea==

The most common definition is that specific heat is the amount of heat needed to raise the temperature of a mass by 1 degree. The relationship between heat and temperature change is best defined by constant "C" in the equation

[[File:Specific Heat Equation.gif]]

The relationship does not apply if a phase change is occurs because the heat added or removed during a phase change does not necessarily change the temperature. The specific heat most commonly known specific heat is 4.16 J/g degrees Celsius, which is the specific heat for water. The specific heat per gram for water is much higher than that for a metal. Therefore, there are two separate ways to calculate specific heats. Traditionally, it is more acceptable to compare specific heats on a molecular level.

The molar specific heats of most solids at room temperature are almost the same, which agrees with the Law of Dulong and Petit. At lower temperatures the specific heats drop as atomic processes become more relevant. The lower temperature behavior is explained by the Einstein-Debye model of specific heat.

== Law of Dulong and Petit ==
[edit]

The specific heat of copper is 0.386 Joules/gram degrees Celsius while the specific heat of Aluminum is 0.900 Joules/gram Celsius. Why is there such a difference? Specific heat is measured in Energy per unit mass, but it should be measured in Energy per mole for more similar specific heats for solids. The similar molar specific heats for solid metals are what define the Law of Dulong and Petit.

[[File:Dulong.gif]]

The specific heats of metals, therefore should all be around 24.94 J/mol degrees Celsius. The specific heat at constant volume should be just the temperature derivative of that energy.

Copper 0.386 J/gm K x 63.6 gm/mol = 24.6 J/mol K

Aluminum 0.900 J/gm K x 26.98 gm/ mol = 24.3 J/mol K

== Einstein Debye Model ==
[edit]

For low temperatures, Einstein and Debye found that the Law of Dulong and Petit was not applicable. At lower temperatures, it was found that atomic interactions were deemed significant in calculating the molar specific heat of an object.

[[File: Einstein Debye Graphs.gif]]

According to the Einstein Debye Model for Copper and Aluminum, two solid metals, specific heat varies much at lower temperatures and goes much below the Dulong-Petit Model. This is due to increased effects on specific heat by interatomic forces.

===A Mathematical Model===

What are the mathematical equations that allow us to model this topic. For example <math>{\frac{d\vec{p}}{dt}}_{system} = \vec{F}_{net}</math> where '''p''' is the momentum of the system and '''F''' is the net force from the surroundings.

===A Computational Model===

How do we visualize or predict using this topic. Consider embedding some vpython code here [https://trinket.io/glowscript/31d0f9ad9e Teach hands-on with GlowScript]

==Examples==

Be sure to show all steps in your solution and include diagrams whenever possible

===Simple===
===Middling===
===Difficult===

==Connectedness==
#How is this topic connected to something that you are interested in?
#How is it connected to your major?
#Is there an interesting industrial application?

==History==

Put this idea in historical context. Give the reader the Who, What, When, Where, and Why.

== See also ==

Are there related topics or categories in this wiki resource for the curious reader to explore? How does this topic fit into that context?

===Further reading===

Books, Articles or other print media on this topic

===External links===
[http://www.scientificamerican.com/article/bring-science-home-reaction-time/]

==References==

This section contains the the references you used while writing this page

[[Category:Which Category did you place this in?]]

Template

Claimed by Felix Joseph

A Computational Model[edit]

How do we visualize or predict using this topic. Consider embedding some vpython code here Teach hands-on with GlowScript

First Law[edit]

The first law of thermodynamics defines the internal energy (E) as equal to the difference between heat transfer (Q) into a system and work (W) done by the system. Heat removed from a system would be given a negative sign and heat applied to the system would be given a positive sign. Internal energy can be converted into other types of energy because it acts like potential energy. Heat and work, however, cannot be stored or conserved independently because they depend on the process. This allows for many different possible states of a system to exist. There can be a process known as the adiabatic process in which there is no heat transfer. This occurs when a system is full insulated from the outside environment. The implementation of this law also brings about another useful state variable, enthalpy.

A Mathematical Model[edit]

E2 - E1 = Q - W

Second Law[edit]

The second law states that there is another useful variable of heat, entropy (S). Entropy can be described as the disorder or chaos of a system, but in physics, we will just refer to it as another variable like enthalpy or temperature. For any given physical process, the combined entropy of a system and the environment remains a constant if the process can be reversed. The second law also states that if the physical process is irreversible, the combined entropy of the system and the environment must increase. Therefore, the final entropy must be greater than the initial entropy.

Mathematical Models[edit]

delta S = delta Q/T Sf = Si (reversible process) Sf > Si (irreversible process)

Examples[edit]

Reversible process: Ideally forcing a flow through a constricted pipe, where there are no boundary layers. As the flow moves through the constriction, the pressure, volume and temperature change, but they return to their normal values once they hit the downstream. This return to the variables' original values allows there to be no change in entropy. It is often known as an isentropic process.

Irreversible process: When a hot object and cold object are put in contact with each other, eventually the heat from the hot object will transfer to the cold object and the two will reach the same temperature and stay constant at that temperature, reaching equilibrium. However, once those objects are separated, they will remain at that equilibrium temperature until something else acts upon it. The objects do not go back to their original temperatures so there is a change in entropy.

Connectedness[edit]
1.How is this topic connected to something that you are interested in?
2.How is it connected to your major?
3.Is there an interesting industrial application?

History[edit]

Thermodynamics was brought up as a science in the 18th and 19th centuries. However, it was first brought up by Galilei, who introduced the concept of temperature and invented the first thermometer. G. Black first introduced the word 'thermodynamics'. Later, G. Wilke introduced another unit of measurement known as the calorie that measures heat. The idea of thermodynamics was brought up by Nicolas Leonard Sadi Carnot. He is often known as "the father of thermodynamics". It all began with the development of the steam engine during the Industrial Revolution. He devised an ideal cycle of operation. During his observations and experimentations, he had the incorrect notion that heat is conserved, however he was able to lay down theorems that led to the development of thermodynamics. In the 20th century, the science of thermodynamics became a conventional term and a basic division of physics. Thermodynamics dealt with the study of general properties of physical systems under equilibrium and the conditions necessary to obtain equilibrium.

See also[edit]

Are there related topics or categories in this wiki resource for the curious reader to explore? How does this topic fit into that context?

Further reading[edit]

Books, Articles or other print media on this topic

External links[edit]

Internet resources on this topic

References[edit]

https://www.grc.nasa.gov/www/k-12/airplane/thermo0.html http://hyperphysics.phy-astr.gsu.edu/hbase/thermo/thereq.html https://www.grc.nasa.gov/www/k-12/airplane/thermo2.html http://www.phys.nthu.edu.tw/~thschang/notes/GP21.pdf http://www.eoearth.org/view/article/153532/

Category: Which Category did you place this in?

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This page was last modified on 29 November 2015, at 23:04.
This page has been accessed 525 times.
Privacy policy
About Physics Book
Disclaimers

Specific Heat

2015-12-06T03:01:48Z

Fjoseph96: /* Einstein Debye Model */

PLEASE DO NOT EDIT THIS PAGE. COPY THIS TEMPLATE AND PASTE IT INTO A NEW PAGE FOR YOUR TOPIC.

Short Description of Topic

==The Main Idea==

The most common definition is that specific heat is the amount of heat needed to raise the temperature of a mass by 1 degree. The relationship between heat and temperature change is best defined by constant "C" in the equation

[[File:Specific Heat Equation.gif]]

The relationship does not apply if a phase change is occurs because the heat added or removed during a phase change does not necessarily change the temperature. The specific heat most commonly known specific heat is 4.16 J/g degrees Celsius, which is the specific heat for water. The specific heat per gram for water is much higher than that for a metal. Therefore, there are two separate ways to calculate specific heats. Traditionally, it is more acceptable to compare specific heats on a molecular level.

The molar specific heats of most solids at room temperature are almost the same, which agrees with the Law of Dulong and Petit. At lower temperatures the specific heats drop as atomic processes become more relevant. The lower temperature behavior is explained by the Einstein-Debye model of specific heat.

== Law of Dulong and Petit ==
[edit]

The specific heat of copper is 0.386 Joules/gram degrees Celsius while the specific heat of Aluminum is 0.900 Joules/gram Celsius. Why is there such a difference? Specific heat is measured in Energy per unit mass, but it should be measured in Energy per mole for more similar specific heats for solids. The similar molar specific heats for solid metals are what define the Law of Dulong and Petit.

[[File:Dulong.gif]]

The specific heats of metals, therefore should all be around 24.94 J/mol degrees Celsius. The specific heat at constant volume should be just the temperature derivative of that energy.

Copper 0.386 J/gm K x 63.6 gm/mol = 24.6 J/mol K

Aluminum 0.900 J/gm K x 26.98 gm/ mol = 24.3 J/mol K

== Einstein Debye Model ==
[edit]

For low temperatures, Einstein and Debye found that the Law of Dulong and Petit was not applicable. At lower temperatures, it was found that atomic interactions were deemed significant in calculating the specific heat of an object.

[[File: Einstein Debye Graphs.gif]]

===A Mathematical Model===

What are the mathematical equations that allow us to model this topic. For example <math>{\frac{d\vec{p}}{dt}}_{system} = \vec{F}_{net}</math> where '''p''' is the momentum of the system and '''F''' is the net force from the surroundings.

===A Computational Model===

How do we visualize or predict using this topic. Consider embedding some vpython code here [https://trinket.io/glowscript/31d0f9ad9e Teach hands-on with GlowScript]

==Examples==

Be sure to show all steps in your solution and include diagrams whenever possible

===Simple===
===Middling===
===Difficult===

==Connectedness==
#How is this topic connected to something that you are interested in?
#How is it connected to your major?
#Is there an interesting industrial application?

==History==

Put this idea in historical context. Give the reader the Who, What, When, Where, and Why.

== See also ==

Are there related topics or categories in this wiki resource for the curious reader to explore? How does this topic fit into that context?

===Further reading===

Books, Articles or other print media on this topic

===External links===
[http://www.scientificamerican.com/article/bring-science-home-reaction-time/]

==References==

This section contains the the references you used while writing this page

[[Category:Which Category did you place this in?]]

Template

Claimed by Felix Joseph

A Computational Model[edit]

How do we visualize or predict using this topic. Consider embedding some vpython code here Teach hands-on with GlowScript

First Law[edit]

The first law of thermodynamics defines the internal energy (E) as equal to the difference between heat transfer (Q) into a system and work (W) done by the system. Heat removed from a system would be given a negative sign and heat applied to the system would be given a positive sign. Internal energy can be converted into other types of energy because it acts like potential energy. Heat and work, however, cannot be stored or conserved independently because they depend on the process. This allows for many different possible states of a system to exist. There can be a process known as the adiabatic process in which there is no heat transfer. This occurs when a system is full insulated from the outside environment. The implementation of this law also brings about another useful state variable, enthalpy.

A Mathematical Model[edit]

E2 - E1 = Q - W

Second Law[edit]

The second law states that there is another useful variable of heat, entropy (S). Entropy can be described as the disorder or chaos of a system, but in physics, we will just refer to it as another variable like enthalpy or temperature. For any given physical process, the combined entropy of a system and the environment remains a constant if the process can be reversed. The second law also states that if the physical process is irreversible, the combined entropy of the system and the environment must increase. Therefore, the final entropy must be greater than the initial entropy.

Mathematical Models[edit]

delta S = delta Q/T Sf = Si (reversible process) Sf > Si (irreversible process)

Examples[edit]

Reversible process: Ideally forcing a flow through a constricted pipe, where there are no boundary layers. As the flow moves through the constriction, the pressure, volume and temperature change, but they return to their normal values once they hit the downstream. This return to the variables' original values allows there to be no change in entropy. It is often known as an isentropic process.

Irreversible process: When a hot object and cold object are put in contact with each other, eventually the heat from the hot object will transfer to the cold object and the two will reach the same temperature and stay constant at that temperature, reaching equilibrium. However, once those objects are separated, they will remain at that equilibrium temperature until something else acts upon it. The objects do not go back to their original temperatures so there is a change in entropy.

Connectedness[edit]
1.How is this topic connected to something that you are interested in?
2.How is it connected to your major?
3.Is there an interesting industrial application?

History[edit]

Thermodynamics was brought up as a science in the 18th and 19th centuries. However, it was first brought up by Galilei, who introduced the concept of temperature and invented the first thermometer. G. Black first introduced the word 'thermodynamics'. Later, G. Wilke introduced another unit of measurement known as the calorie that measures heat. The idea of thermodynamics was brought up by Nicolas Leonard Sadi Carnot. He is often known as "the father of thermodynamics". It all began with the development of the steam engine during the Industrial Revolution. He devised an ideal cycle of operation. During his observations and experimentations, he had the incorrect notion that heat is conserved, however he was able to lay down theorems that led to the development of thermodynamics. In the 20th century, the science of thermodynamics became a conventional term and a basic division of physics. Thermodynamics dealt with the study of general properties of physical systems under equilibrium and the conditions necessary to obtain equilibrium.

See also[edit]

Are there related topics or categories in this wiki resource for the curious reader to explore? How does this topic fit into that context?

Further reading[edit]

Books, Articles or other print media on this topic

External links[edit]

Internet resources on this topic

References[edit]

https://www.grc.nasa.gov/www/k-12/airplane/thermo0.html http://hyperphysics.phy-astr.gsu.edu/hbase/thermo/thereq.html https://www.grc.nasa.gov/www/k-12/airplane/thermo2.html http://www.phys.nthu.edu.tw/~thschang/notes/GP21.pdf http://www.eoearth.org/view/article/153532/

Category: Which Category did you place this in?

Navigation menu

Fjoseph96
Talk
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Discussion

Read

Edit

View history

Watch

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Page information

This page was last modified on 29 November 2015, at 23:04.
This page has been accessed 525 times.
Privacy policy
About Physics Book
Disclaimers

File:Einstein Debye Graphs.gif

2015-12-06T03:00:49Z

Fjoseph96: Fjoseph96 uploaded a new version of "File:Einstein Debye Graphs.gif"

File:Einstein Debye Graphs.gif

2015-12-06T02:59:03Z

Fjoseph96: Fjoseph96 uploaded a new version of "File:Einstein Debye Graphs.gif"

2015-12-05T20:58:53Z

Fjoseph96:

Specific Heat

2015-12-05T20:58:13Z

Fjoseph96:

Template

Jump to: navigation, search

Claimed by Felix Joseph

Contents [hide]
1 Definition 1.1 Law of Dulong and Petit 1.1.1 Einstein Debye Model
1.1.2 Specific Heat of Gases

1.2 Specific Heat of Liquids 1.2.1 Common Specific Heats

2 Second Law 2.1 Mathematical Models
2.2 Examples

3. References

== Definition ==
[edit]
The most common definition is that specific heat is the amount of heat needed to raise the temperature of a mass by 1 degree. The relationship between heat and temperature change is best defined by constant "C" in the equation
[[File:Specific Heat Equation.gif]]

The relationship does not apply if a phase change is occurs because the heat added or removed during a phase change does not necessarily change the temperature.The specific heat most commonly known specific heat is 4.16 J/g degrees Celsius, which is the specific heat for water.The specific heat per gram for water is much higher than that for a metal. Therefore, there are two separate ways to calculate specific heats. Traditionally, it is more acceptable to compare specific heats on a molecular level.

The molar specific heats of most solids at room temperature are almost the same, which agrees with the Law of Dulong and Petit. At lower temperatures the specific heats drop as atomic processes become more relevant. The lower temperature behavior is explained by the Einstein-Debye model of specific heat.

== Law of Dulong and Petit ==
[edit]
The specific heat of copper is 0.386 Joules/gram degrees Celsius while the specific heat of Aluminum is 0.900 Joules/gram Celsius. Why is there such a difference? Specific heat is measured in Energy per unit mass, but it should be measured in Energy per mole for more similar specific heats for solids. The similar molar specific heats for solid metals are what define the Law of Dulong and Petit.

[[File:Dulong.gif]]

A Mathematical Model[edit]

If A = B and A = C, then B = C A = B = C

A Computational Model[edit]

How do we visualize or predict using this topic. Consider embedding some vpython code here Teach hands-on with GlowScript

First Law[edit]

The first law of thermodynamics defines the internal energy (E) as equal to the difference between heat transfer (Q) into a system and work (W) done by the system. Heat removed from a system would be given a negative sign and heat applied to the system would be given a positive sign. Internal energy can be converted into other types of energy because it acts like potential energy. Heat and work, however, cannot be stored or conserved independently because they depend on the process. This allows for many different possible states of a system to exist. There can be a process known as the adiabatic process in which there is no heat transfer. This occurs when a system is full insulated from the outside environment. The implementation of this law also brings about another useful state variable, enthalpy.

A Mathematical Model[edit]

E2 - E1 = Q - W

Second Law[edit]

The second law states that there is another useful variable of heat, entropy (S). Entropy can be described as the disorder or chaos of a system, but in physics, we will just refer to it as another variable like enthalpy or temperature. For any given physical process, the combined entropy of a system and the environment remains a constant if the process can be reversed. The second law also states that if the physical process is irreversible, the combined entropy of the system and the environment must increase. Therefore, the final entropy must be greater than the initial entropy.

Mathematical Models[edit]

delta S = delta Q/T Sf = Si (reversible process) Sf > Si (irreversible process)

Examples[edit]

Reversible process: Ideally forcing a flow through a constricted pipe, where there are no boundary layers. As the flow moves through the constriction, the pressure, volume and temperature change, but they return to their normal values once they hit the downstream. This return to the variables' original values allows there to be no change in entropy. It is often known as an isentropic process.

Irreversible process: When a hot object and cold object are put in contact with each other, eventually the heat from the hot object will transfer to the cold object and the two will reach the same temperature and stay constant at that temperature, reaching equilibrium. However, once those objects are separated, they will remain at that equilibrium temperature until something else acts upon it. The objects do not go back to their original temperatures so there is a change in entropy.

Connectedness[edit]
1.How is this topic connected to something that you are interested in?
2.How is it connected to your major?
3.Is there an interesting industrial application?

History[edit]

Thermodynamics was brought up as a science in the 18th and 19th centuries. However, it was first brought up by Galilei, who introduced the concept of temperature and invented the first thermometer. G. Black first introduced the word 'thermodynamics'. Later, G. Wilke introduced another unit of measurement known as the calorie that measures heat. The idea of thermodynamics was brought up by Nicolas Leonard Sadi Carnot. He is often known as "the father of thermodynamics". It all began with the development of the steam engine during the Industrial Revolution. He devised an ideal cycle of operation. During his observations and experimentations, he had the incorrect notion that heat is conserved, however he was able to lay down theorems that led to the development of thermodynamics. In the 20th century, the science of thermodynamics became a conventional term and a basic division of physics. Thermodynamics dealt with the study of general properties of physical systems under equilibrium and the conditions necessary to obtain equilibrium.

See also[edit]

Are there related topics or categories in this wiki resource for the curious reader to explore? How does this topic fit into that context?

Further reading[edit]

Books, Articles or other print media on this topic

External links[edit]

Internet resources on this topic

References[edit]

https://www.grc.nasa.gov/www/k-12/airplane/thermo0.html http://hyperphysics.phy-astr.gsu.edu/hbase/thermo/thereq.html https://www.grc.nasa.gov/www/k-12/airplane/thermo2.html http://www.phys.nthu.edu.tw/~thschang/notes/GP21.pdf http://www.eoearth.org/view/article/153532/

Category: Which Category did you place this in?

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2015-12-05T19:52:29Z

Fjoseph96:

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Claimed by Felix Joseph

Contents [hide]
1 Definition 1.1 Zeroth Law 1.1.1 A Mathematical Model
1.1.2 A Computational Model

1.2 First Law 1.2.1 A Mathematical Model

2 Second Law 2.1 Mathematical Models
2.2 Examples

3. References

Definition[edit]
The most common definition is that specific heat is the amount of heat needed to raise the temperature of a mass by 1 degree. The relationship between heat and temperature change is best defined by constant "C" in the equation
[[File:Specific Heat Equation.gif]]

Zeroth Law[edit]

The zeroth law states that if two systems are at thermal equilibrium at the same time as a third system, then all of the systems are at equilibrium with each other. If systems A and C are in thermal equilibrium with B, then system A and C are also in thermal equilibrium with each other. There are underlying ideas of heat that are also important. The most prominent one is that all heat is of the same kind. As long as the systems are at thermal equilibrium, every unit of internal energy that passes from one system to the other is balanced by the same amount of energy passing back. This also applies when the two systems or objects have different atomic masses or material.

A Mathematical Model[edit]

If A = B and A = C, then B = C A = B = C

A Computational Model[edit]

How do we visualize or predict using this topic. Consider embedding some vpython code here Teach hands-on with GlowScript

First Law[edit]

The first law of thermodynamics defines the internal energy (E) as equal to the difference between heat transfer (Q) into a system and work (W) done by the system. Heat removed from a system would be given a negative sign and heat applied to the system would be given a positive sign. Internal energy can be converted into other types of energy because it acts like potential energy. Heat and work, however, cannot be stored or conserved independently because they depend on the process. This allows for many different possible states of a system to exist. There can be a process known as the adiabatic process in which there is no heat transfer. This occurs when a system is full insulated from the outside environment. The implementation of this law also brings about another useful state variable, enthalpy.

A Mathematical Model[edit]

E2 - E1 = Q - W

Second Law[edit]

The second law states that there is another useful variable of heat, entropy (S). Entropy can be described as the disorder or chaos of a system, but in physics, we will just refer to it as another variable like enthalpy or temperature. For any given physical process, the combined entropy of a system and the environment remains a constant if the process can be reversed. The second law also states that if the physical process is irreversible, the combined entropy of the system and the environment must increase. Therefore, the final entropy must be greater than the initial entropy.

Mathematical Models[edit]

delta S = delta Q/T Sf = Si (reversible process) Sf > Si (irreversible process)

Examples[edit]

Reversible process: Ideally forcing a flow through a constricted pipe, where there are no boundary layers. As the flow moves through the constriction, the pressure, volume and temperature change, but they return to their normal values once they hit the downstream. This return to the variables' original values allows there to be no change in entropy. It is often known as an isentropic process.

Irreversible process: When a hot object and cold object are put in contact with each other, eventually the heat from the hot object will transfer to the cold object and the two will reach the same temperature and stay constant at that temperature, reaching equilibrium. However, once those objects are separated, they will remain at that equilibrium temperature until something else acts upon it. The objects do not go back to their original temperatures so there is a change in entropy.

Connectedness[edit]
1.How is this topic connected to something that you are interested in?
2.How is it connected to your major?
3.Is there an interesting industrial application?

History[edit]

Thermodynamics was brought up as a science in the 18th and 19th centuries. However, it was first brought up by Galilei, who introduced the concept of temperature and invented the first thermometer. G. Black first introduced the word 'thermodynamics'. Later, G. Wilke introduced another unit of measurement known as the calorie that measures heat. The idea of thermodynamics was brought up by Nicolas Leonard Sadi Carnot. He is often known as "the father of thermodynamics". It all began with the development of the steam engine during the Industrial Revolution. He devised an ideal cycle of operation. During his observations and experimentations, he had the incorrect notion that heat is conserved, however he was able to lay down theorems that led to the development of thermodynamics. In the 20th century, the science of thermodynamics became a conventional term and a basic division of physics. Thermodynamics dealt with the study of general properties of physical systems under equilibrium and the conditions necessary to obtain equilibrium.

See also[edit]

Are there related topics or categories in this wiki resource for the curious reader to explore? How does this topic fit into that context?

Further reading[edit]

Books, Articles or other print media on this topic

External links[edit]

Internet resources on this topic

References[edit]

https://www.grc.nasa.gov/www/k-12/airplane/thermo0.html http://hyperphysics.phy-astr.gsu.edu/hbase/thermo/thereq.html https://www.grc.nasa.gov/www/k-12/airplane/thermo2.html http://www.phys.nthu.edu.tw/~thschang/notes/GP21.pdf http://www.eoearth.org/view/article/153532/

Category: Which Category did you place this in?

Navigation menu

Fjoseph96
Talk
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Discussion

Read

Edit

View history

Watch

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Page information

This page was last modified on 29 November 2015, at 23:04.
This page has been accessed 525 times.
Privacy policy
About Physics Book
Disclaimers