Physics Book - User contributions [en]

Nicolas Leonard Sadi Carnot

2015-12-05T21:13:48Z

Cwhitefield3:

Nicolas Leonard Sadi Carnot is often known as the "father of thermodynamics." He developed the theory of how to achieve maximum efficiency through a heat engine. While his work was not seen as hugely significant during his time, it became extremely important in developing the second law of thermodynamics and the definition and idea of entropy.

==The Main Idea==

Carnot wanted to know if the work provided form heat was unlimited or if there was a finite limit to it. He also worked with steam engines to determine how other fluids would be used and if the were viable options instead of just steam. He concluded that the efficiency of a steam engine is dependent only upon the two reservoirs which it operates between. This represents the most efficient possible system for a heat engine known as the Carnot cycle. By using this idea of the Carnot cycle of a frictionless heat engine the process is able to be reversed and became known as thermodynamic reversibility. Because the process is completely reversible with no caloric loss, it is further confirmed that is the most efficient process.

===A Mathematical Model===

Carnot often attempted to keep his mathematical models to a minimum especially in his published works. However he did conclude that for the most efficient possible heat engine, where the engine is dependent upon only the temperature of the two reservoirs then <math>(T1-T2)/T1</math> where T1 is the absolute temperature of the hotter reservoir.

Carnot also determined this equation to represent the relationship between entropy and the volume of a gas during an isothermal process:
<math>Δ S α ln(V/Vo)</math>

==Connectedness==

#How is this topic connected to something that you are interested in?

This topic relates to something I am interested in because Carnot's work brought about the second law of thermodynamics and the idea of entropy. The idea of entropy is interesting because it follows the idea that the entropy of the universe is always increasing which is very interesting to me. Also thermodynamics is interesting because it is essential knowledge in my major and extremely important.

#How is it connected to your major?

This topic is connected to my major because it involves the use of thermodynamics and entropy which is very interconnected with biomedical engineering. In biomedical engineering the topic of steam engines and thermodynamics can be incredibly important when pertaining to the understanding of a change in temperature or the efficiency of a design. The concept of thermodynamics can be used in product design, medicine, drug design and delivery and an extensive amount of biomedical research.

#Is there an interesting industrial application?

Steam engines have a highly interesting industrial application because they are used to power many different things that range in possibilities. They can be used to power buildings that produce products, and moving vehicles, boats, etc. They are also highly important because they are a relatively clean fuel and energy creating process compared to the alternatives which makes them ideal for green processes.

==History==

Carnot was born in 1796 in Paris, France to a prominent family in the sciences. He entered the French military and spent most of his career there being transferred from different locations. He became interested in the steam engine during his time in the army an began his research into the topic. Carnot published the book the ''Reflections on the Motive Power of Fire''. He was eventually admitted to a private asylum and died of cholera at age 36 in year 1832.

==References==

Sadi Carnot and the Second Law of Thermodynamics, J. Srinivasan, Resonance, November 2001, 42 (PDF file)
Carnot, Sadi (1890). Reflections on the Motive Power of Heat. Thurston, Robert Henry (editor and translator). New York: J. Wiley & Sons.

[[Category:Which Category did you place this in?]]

Nicolas Leonard Sadi Carnot

2015-12-05T21:09:36Z

Cwhitefield3:

Nicolas Leonard Sadi Carnot is often known as the "father of thermodynamics." He developed the theory of how to achieve maximum efficiency through a heat engine. While his work was not seen as hugely significant during his time, it became extremely important in developing the second law of thermodynamics and the definition and idea of entropy.

==The Main Idea==

Carnot wanted to know if the work provided form heat was unlimited or if there was a finite limit to it. He also worked with steam engines to determine how other fluids would be used and if the were viable options instead of just steam. He concluded that the efficiency of a steam engine is dependent only upon the two reservoirs which it operates between. This represents the most efficient possible system for a heat engine known as the Carnot cycle. By using this idea of the Carnot cycle of a frictionless heat engine the process is able to be reversed and became known as thermodynamic reversibility. Because the process is completely reversible with no caloric loss, it is further confirmed that is the most efficient process.

===A Mathematical Model===

Carnot often attempted to keep his mathematical models to a minimum especially in his published works. However he did conclude that for the most efficient possible heat engine, where the engine is dependent upon only the temperature of the two reservoirs then <math>(T1-T2)/T1</math> where T1 is the absolute temperature of the hotter reservoir.

Carnot also determined this equation to represent the relationship between entropy and the volume of a gas during an isothermal process:
<math>Δ S α ln(V/Vo)</math>

==Connectedness==

#How is this topic connected to something that you are interested in?

This topic relates to something I am interested in because Carnot's work brought about the second law of thermodynamics and the idea of entropy. The idea of entropy is interesting because it follows the idea that the entropy of the universe is always increasing which is very interesting to me. Also thermodynamics is interesting because it is essential knowledge in my major and extremely important.

#How is it connected to your major?

This topic is connected to my major because it involves the use of thermodynamics and entropy which is very interconnected with biomedical engineering. In biomedical engineering the topic of steam engines and thermodynamics can be incredibly important when pertaining to the understanding of a change in temperature or the efficiency of a design. The concept of thermodynamics can be used in product design, medicine, drug design and delivery and an extensive amount of biomedical research.

#Is there an interesting industrial application?

Steam engines have a highly interesting industrial application because they are used to power many different things that range in possibilities. They can be used to power buildings that produce products, and moving vehicles, boats, etc. They are also highly important because they are a relatively clean fuel and energy creating process compared to the alternatives which makes them ideal for green processes.

==History==

Put this idea in historical context. Give the reader the Who, What, When, Where, and Why.

Carnot was born in 1796 in Paris, France to a prominent family in the sciences. He entered the French military and spent most of his career there being transferred from different locations. He became interested in the steam engine during his time in the army an began his research into the topic. Carnot published the book the ''Reflections on the Motive Power of Fire''. He was eventually admitted to a private asylum and died of cholera at age 36 in year 1832.

==References==

Sadi Carnot and the Second Law of Thermodynamics, J. Srinivasan, Resonance, November 2001, 42 (PDF file)
Carnot, Sadi (1890). Reflections on the Motive Power of Heat. Thurston, Robert Henry (editor and translator). New York: J. Wiley & Sons.

[[Category:Which Category did you place this in?]]

Nicolas Leonard Sadi Carnot

2015-12-05T20:13:51Z

Cwhitefield3:

Nicolas Leonard Sadi Carnot is often known as the "father of thermodynamics." He developed the theory of how to achieve maximum efficiency through a heat engine. While his work was not seen as hugely significant during his time, it became extremely important in developing the second law of thermodynamics and the definition and idea of entropy.

==The Main Idea==

Carnot wanted to know if the work provided form heat was unlimited or if there was a finite limit to it. He also worked with steam engines to determine how other fluids would be used and if the were viable options instead of just steam. He concluded that the efficiency of a steam engine is dependent only upon the two reservoirs which it operates between. This represents the most efficient possible system for a heat engine known as the Carnot cycle. By using this idea of the Carnot cycle of a frictionless heat engine the process is able to be reversed and became known as thermodynamic reversibility. Because the process is completely reversible with no caloric loss, it is further confirmed that is the most efficient process.

===A Mathematical Model===

Carnot often attempted to keep his mathematical models to a minimum especially in his published works. However he did conclude that for the most efficient possible heat engine, where the engine is dependent upon only the temperature of the two reservoirs then <math>(T1-T2)/T1</math> where T1 is the absolute temperature of the hotter reservoir.

Carnot also determined this equation to represent the relationship between entropy and the volume of a gas during an isothermal process:
<math>Δ S α ln(V/Vo)</math>

==Connectedness==

#How is this topic connected to something that you are interested in?

This topic relates to something I am interested in because Carnot's work brought about the second law of thermodynamics and the idea of entropy. The idea of entropy is interesting because it follows the idea that the entropy of the universe is always increasing which is very interesting to me. Also thermodynamics is interesting because it is essential knowledge in my major and extremely important.

#How is it connected to your major?

This topic is connected to my major because it involves the use of thermodynamics and entropy which is very interconnected with biomedical engineering. In biomedical engineering the topic of steam engines and thermodynamics can be incredibly important when pertaining to the understanding of a change in temperature or the efficiency of a design. The concept of thermodynamics can be used in product design, medicine, drug design and delivery and an extensive amount of biomedical research.

#Is there an interesting industrial application?

Steam engines have a highly interesting industrial application because they are used to power many different things that range in possibilities. They can be used to power buildings that produce products, and moving vehicles, boats, etc. They are also highly important because they are a relatively clean fuel and energy creating process compared to the alternatives which makes them ideal for green processes.

==History==

Put this idea in historical context. Give the reader the Who, What, When, Where, and Why.

==References==

Sadi Carnot and the Second Law of Thermodynamics, J. Srinivasan, Resonance, November 2001, 42 (PDF file)
Carnot, Sadi (1890). Reflections on the Motive Power of Heat. Thurston, Robert Henry (editor and translator). New York: J. Wiley & Sons.

[[Category:Which Category did you place this in?]]

Nicolas Leonard Sadi Carnot

2015-12-05T20:09:09Z

Cwhitefield3:

Nicolas Leonard Sadi Carnot is often known as the "father of thermodynamics." He developed the theory of how to achieve maximum efficiency through a heat engine. While his work was not seen as hugely significant during his time, it became extremely important in developing the second law of thermodynamics and the definition and idea of entropy.

==The Main Idea==

Carnot wanted to know if the work provided form heat was unlimited or if there was a finite limit to it. He also worked with steam engines to determine how other fluids would be used and if the were viable options instead of just steam. He concluded that the efficiency of a steam engine is dependent only upon the two reservoirs which it operates between. This represents the most efficient possible system for a heat engine known as the Carnot cycle. By using this idea of the Carnot cycle of a frictionless heat engine the process is able to be reversed and became known as thermodynamic reversibility. Because the process is completely reversible with no caloric loss, it is further confirmed that is the most efficient process.

===A Mathematical Model===

Carnot often attempted to keep his mathematical models to a minimum especially in his published works. However he did conclude that for the most efficient possible heat engine, where the engine is dependent upon only the temperature of the two reservoirs then <math>(T1-T2)/T1</math> where T1 is the absolute temperature of the hotter reservoir.

<math>Δ S α ln(V/Vo)</math>

===A Computational Model===

How do we visualize or predict using this topic. Consider embedding some vpython code here [https://trinket.io/glowscript/31d0f9ad9e Teach hands-on with GlowScript]

==Connectedness==
#How is this topic connected to something that you are interested in?

This topic relates to something I am interested in because Carnot's work brought about the second law of thermodynamics and the idea of entropy.

#How is it connected to your major?

This topic is connected to my major because it involves the use of thermodynamics and entropy which is very interconnected with biomedical engineering. In biomedical engineering the topic of stem engines and thermodynamics can be incredibly important when pertaining to the understanding of a change in temperature or the efficiency of a design.

#Is there an interesting industrial application?

Steam engines have a highly interesting industrial application because they are used to power many different things that range in possibilities. They can be used to power buildings that produce products, and moving vehicles, boats, etc. They are also highly important because they are a relatively clean fuel and energy creating process compared to the alternatives which makes them ideal for green processes.

==History==

Put this idea in historical context. Give the reader the Who, What, When, Where, and Why.

==References==

Sadi Carnot and the Second Law of Thermodynamics, J. Srinivasan, Resonance, November 2001, 42 (PDF file)
Carnot, Sadi (1890). Reflections on the Motive Power of Heat. Thurston, Robert Henry (editor and translator). New York: J. Wiley & Sons.

[[Category:Which Category did you place this in?]]

Nicolas Leonard Sadi Carnot

2015-12-05T20:06:12Z

Cwhitefield3:

Nicolas Leonard Sadi Carnot is often known as the "father of thermodynamics." He developed the theory of how to achieve maximum efficiency through a heat engine. While his work was not seen as hugely significant during his time, it became extremely important in developing the second law of thermodynamics and the definition and idea of entropy.

==The Main Idea==

Carnot wanted to know if the work provided form heat was unlimited or if there was a finite limit to it. He also worked with steam engines to determine how other fluids would be used and if the were viable options instead of just steam. He concluded that the efficiency of a steam engine is dependent only upon the two reservoirs which it operates between. This represents the most efficient possible system for a heat engine known as the Carnot cycle. By using this idea of the Carnot cycle of a frictionless heat engine the process is able to be reversed and became known as thermodynamic reversibility. Because the process is completely reversible with no caloric loss, it is further confirmed that is the most efficient process.

===A Mathematical Model===

Carnot often attempted to keep his mathematical models to a minimum especially in his published works. However he did conclude that for the most efficient possible heat engine, where the engine is dependent upon only the temperature of the two reservoirs then <math>(T1-T2)/T1</math> where T1 is the absolute temperature of the hotter reservoir.

<math>Δ S α ln(V/Vo)</math>

===A Computational Model===

How do we visualize or predict using this topic. Consider embedding some vpython code here [https://trinket.io/glowscript/31d0f9ad9e Teach hands-on with GlowScript]

==Connectedness==
#How is this topic connected to something that you are interested in?

This topic relates to something I am interested in because Carnot's work brought about the second law of thermodynamics and the idea of entropy.

##How is it connected to your major?

This topic is connected to my major because it involves the use of thermodynamics and entropy which is very interconnected with biomedical engineering. In biomedical engineering the topic of stem engines and thermodynamics can be incredibly important when pertaining to the understanding of a change in temperature or the efficiency of a design.

###Is there an interesting industrial application?

Steam engines have a highly interesting industrial application because they are used to power many different things that range in possibilities.

==History==

Put this idea in historical context. Give the reader the Who, What, When, Where, and Why.

==References==

Sadi Carnot and the Second Law of Thermodynamics, J. Srinivasan, Resonance, November 2001, 42 (PDF file)
Carnot, Sadi (1890). Reflections on the Motive Power of Heat. Thurston, Robert Henry (editor and translator). New York: J. Wiley & Sons.

[[Category:Which Category did you place this in?]]

Nicolas Leonard Sadi Carnot

2015-12-05T20:04:50Z

Cwhitefield3:

Nicolas Leonard Sadi Carnot

2015-12-05T19:54:00Z

Cwhitefield3:

Nicolas Leonard Sadi Carnot is often known as the "father of thermodynamics." He developed the theory of how to achieve maximum efficiency through a heat engine. While his work was not seen as hugely significant during his time, it became extremely important in developing the second law of thermodynamics and the definition and idea of entropy.

==The Main Idea==

Carnot wanted to know if the work provided form heat was unlimited or if there was a finite limit to it. He also worked with steam engines to determine how other fluids would be used and if the were viable options instead of just steam. He concluded that the efficiency of a steam engine is dependent only upon the two reservoirs which it operates between. This represents the most efficient possible system for a heat engine known as the Carnot cycle. By using this idea of the Carnot cycle of a frictionless heat engine the process is able to be reversed and became known as thermodynamic reversibility. Because the process is completely reversible with no caloric loss, it is further confirmed that is the most efficient process.

===A Mathematical Model===

Carnot often attempted to keep his mathematical models to a minimum especially in his published works. However he did conclude that for the most efficient possible heat engine, where the engine is dependent upon only the temperature of the two reservoirs then <math>(T1-T2)/T1</math> where T1 is the absolute temperature of the hotter reservoir.

<math>Δ S α ln(V/Vo)</math>

===A Computational Model===

How do we visualize or predict using this topic. Consider embedding some vpython code here [https://trinket.io/glowscript/31d0f9ad9e Teach hands-on with GlowScript]

==Connectedness==
#How is this topic connected to something that you are interested in?

This topic relates to something I am interested in because Carnot's work brought about the second law of thermodynamics and the idea of entropy.

#How is it connected to your major?

This topic is connected to my major because it involves the use of thermodynamics and entropy which is very interconnected with biomedical engineering.

#Is there an interesting industrial application?

==History==

Put this idea in historical context. Give the reader the Who, What, When, Where, and Why.

== See also ==

Are there related topics or categories in this wiki resource for the curious reader to explore? How does this topic fit into that context?

===External links===
[http://www.scientificamerican.com/article/bring-science-home-reaction-time/]

==References==

Sadi Carnot and the Second Law of Thermodynamics, J. Srinivasan, Resonance, November 2001, 42 (PDF file)
Carnot, Sadi (1890). Reflections on the Motive Power of Heat. Thurston, Robert Henry (editor and translator). New York: J. Wiley & Sons.

[[Category:Which Category did you place this in?]]

Nicolas Leonard Sadi Carnot

2015-12-05T19:53:11Z

Cwhitefield3:

Nicolas Leonard Sadi Carnot is often known as the "father of thermodynamics." He developed the theory of how to achieve maximum efficiency through a heat engine. While his work was not seen as hugely significant during his time, it became extremely important in developing the second law of thermodynamics and the definition and idea of entropy.

==The Main Idea==

Carnot wanted to know if the work provided form heat was unlimited or if there was a finite limit to it. He also worked with steam engines to determine how other fluids would be used and if the were viable options instead of just steam. He concluded that the efficiency of a steam engine is dependent only upon the two reservoirs which it operates between. This represents the most efficient possible system for a heat engine known as the Carnot cycle. By using this idea of the Carnot cycle of a frictionless heat engine the process is able to be reversed and became known as thermodynamic reversibility. Because the process is completely reversible with no caloric loss, it is further confirmed that is the most efficient process.

===A Mathematical Model===

Carnot often attempted to keep his mathematical models to a minimum especially in his published works. However he did conclude that for the most efficient possible heat engine, where the engine is dependent upon only the temperature of the two reservoirs then <math>(T1-T2)/T1</math> where T1 is the absolute temperature of the hotter reservoir.

<math>Δ S α ln(V/Vo)</math>

===A Computational Model===

How do we visualize or predict using this topic. Consider embedding some vpython code here [https://trinket.io/glowscript/31d0f9ad9e Teach hands-on with GlowScript]

==Examples==

Be sure to show all steps in your solution and include diagrams whenever possible

===Simple===
===Middling===
===Difficult===

==Connectedness==
#How is this topic connected to something that you are interested in?

This topic relates to something I am interested in because Carnot's work brought about the second law of thermodynamics and the idea of entropy.

#How is it connected to your major?

This topic is connected to my major because it involves the use of thermodynamics and entropy which is very interconnected with biomedical engineering.

#Is there an interesting industrial application?

==History==

Put this idea in historical context. Give the reader the Who, What, When, Where, and Why.

== See also ==

Are there related topics or categories in this wiki resource for the curious reader to explore? How does this topic fit into that context?

===External links===
[http://www.scientificamerican.com/article/bring-science-home-reaction-time/]

==References==

Sadi Carnot and the Second Law of Thermodynamics, J. Srinivasan, Resonance, November 2001, 42 (PDF file)
Carnot, Sadi (1890). Reflections on the Motive Power of Heat. Thurston, Robert Henry (editor and translator). New York: J. Wiley & Sons.

[[Category:Which Category did you place this in?]]

Nicolas Leonard Sadi Carnot

2015-12-05T19:50:38Z

Cwhitefield3:

Nicolas Leonard Sadi Carnot is often known as the "father of thermodynamics." He developed the theory of how to achieve maximum efficiency through a heat engine. While his work was not seen as hugely significant during his time, it became extremely important in developing the second law of thermodynamics and the definition and idea of entropy.

==The Main Idea==

Carnot wanted to know if the work provided form heat was unlimited or if there was a finite limit to it. He also worked with steam engines to determine how other fluids would be used and if the were viable options instead of just steam. He concluded that the efficiency of a steam engine is dependent only upon the two reservoirs which it operates between. This represents the most efficient possible system for a heat engine known as the Carnot cycle. By using this idea of the Carnot cycle of a frictionless heat engine the process is able to be reversed and became known as thermodynamic reversibility. Because the process is completely reversible with no caloric loss, it is further confirmed that is the most efficient process.

===A Mathematical Model===

Carnot often attempted to keep his mathematical models to a minimum especially in his published works. However he did conclude that for the most efficient possible heat engine, where the engine is dependent upon only the temperature of the two reservoirs then <math>(T1-T2)/T1</math> where T1 is the absolute temperature of the hotter reservoir.

<math>Δ S α ln(V/Vo)</math>

===A Computational Model===

How do we visualize or predict using this topic. Consider embedding some vpython code here [https://trinket.io/glowscript/31d0f9ad9e Teach hands-on with GlowScript]

==Examples==

Be sure to show all steps in your solution and include diagrams whenever possible

===Simple===
===Middling===
===Difficult===

==Connectedness==
#How is this topic connected to something that you are interested in?

This topic relates to something I am interested in because Carnot's work brought about the second law of thermodynamics and the idea of entropy. The second law of thermodynamics states that

#How is it connected to your major?
#Is there an interesting industrial application?

==History==

Put this idea in historical context. Give the reader the Who, What, When, Where, and Why.

== See also ==

Are there related topics or categories in this wiki resource for the curious reader to explore? How does this topic fit into that context?

===Further reading===

Books, Articles or other print media on this topic

===External links===
[http://www.scientificamerican.com/article/bring-science-home-reaction-time/]

==References==

Sadi Carnot and the Second Law of Thermodynamics, J. Srinivasan, Resonance, November 2001, 42 (PDF file)
Carnot, Sadi (1890). Reflections on the Motive Power of Heat. Thurston, Robert Henry (editor and translator). New York: J. Wiley & Sons.

[[Category:Which Category did you place this in?]]

Nicolas Leonard Sadi Carnot

2015-12-05T19:39:41Z

Cwhitefield3:

Nicolas Leonard Sadi Carnot is often known as the "father of thermodynamics." He developed the theory of how to achieve maximum efficiency through a heat engine. While his work was not seen as hugely significant during his time, it became extremely important in developing the second law of thermodynamics and the definition and idea of entropy.

==The Main Idea==

Carnot wanted to know if the work provided form heat was unlimited or if there was a finite limit to it. He also worked with steam engines to determine how other fluids would be used and if the were viable options instead of just steam. He concluded that the efficiency of a steam engine is dependent only upon the two reservoirs which it operates between. This represents the most efficient possible system for a heat engine known as the Carnot cycle. By using this idea of the Carnot cycle of a frictionless heat engine the process is able to be reversed and became known as thermodynamic reversibility. Because the process is completely reversible with no caloric loss, it is further confirmed that is the most efficient process.

===A Mathematical Model===

Carnot often attempted to keep his mathematical models to a minimum especially in his published works. However he did conclude that for the most efficient possible heat engine, where the engine is dependent upon only the temperature of the two reservoirs then <math>(T1-T2)/T1</math> where T1 is the absolute temperature of the hotter reservoir.

<math>Δ S α ln(V/Vo)</math>

===A Computational Model===

How do we visualize or predict using this topic. Consider embedding some vpython code here [https://trinket.io/glowscript/31d0f9ad9e Teach hands-on with GlowScript]

==Examples==

Be sure to show all steps in your solution and include diagrams whenever possible

===Simple===
===Middling===
===Difficult===

==Connectedness==
#How is this topic connected to something that you are interested in?

This topic relates to something I am interested in because Carnot's work brought about the second law of thermodynamics and the idea of entropy. The second law of thermodynamics states that

#How is it connected to your major?
#Is there an interesting industrial application?

==History==

Put this idea in historical context. Give the reader the Who, What, When, Where, and Why.

== See also ==

Are there related topics or categories in this wiki resource for the curious reader to explore? How does this topic fit into that context?

===Further reading===

Books, Articles or other print media on this topic

===External links===
[http://www.scientificamerican.com/article/bring-science-home-reaction-time/]

==References==

Sadi Carnot and the Second Law of Thermodynamics, J. Srinivasan, Resonance, November 2001, 42 (PDF file)

[[Category:Which Category did you place this in?]]

Nicolas Leonard Sadi Carnot

2015-12-05T19:39:06Z

Cwhitefield3:

Nicolas Leonard Sadi Carnot is often known as the "father of thermodynamics." He developed the theory of how to achieve maximum efficiency through a heat engine. While his work was not seen as hugely significant during his time, it became extremely important in developing the second law of thermodynamics and the definition and idea of entropy.

==The Main Idea==

Carnot wanted to know if the work provided form heat was unlimited or if there was a finite limit to it. He also worked with steam engines to determine how other fluids would be used and if the were viable options instead of just steam. He concluded that the efficiency of a steam engine is dependent only upon the two reservoirs which it operates between. This represents the most efficient possible system for a heat engine known as the Carnot cycle. By using this idea of the Carnot cycle of a frictionless heat engine the process is able to be reversed and became known as thermodynamic reversibility. Because the process is completely reversible with no caloric loss, it is further confirmed that is the most efficient process.

===A Mathematical Model===

Carnot often attempted to keep his mathematical models to a minimum especially in his published works. However he did conclude that for the most efficient possible heat engine, where the engine is dependent upon only the temperature of the two reservoirs then <math>(T1-T2)/T1</math> where T1 is the absolute temperature of the hotter reservoir.

<math>Δ S &alpha ln(V/Vo)</math>

===A Computational Model===

How do we visualize or predict using this topic. Consider embedding some vpython code here [https://trinket.io/glowscript/31d0f9ad9e Teach hands-on with GlowScript]

==Examples==

Be sure to show all steps in your solution and include diagrams whenever possible

===Simple===
===Middling===
===Difficult===

==Connectedness==
#How is this topic connected to something that you are interested in?

This topic relates to something I am interested in because Carnot's work brought about the second law of thermodynamics and the idea of entropy. The second law of thermodynamics states that

#How is it connected to your major?
#Is there an interesting industrial application?

==History==

Put this idea in historical context. Give the reader the Who, What, When, Where, and Why.

== See also ==

Are there related topics or categories in this wiki resource for the curious reader to explore? How does this topic fit into that context?

===Further reading===

Books, Articles or other print media on this topic

===External links===
[http://www.scientificamerican.com/article/bring-science-home-reaction-time/]

==References==

Sadi Carnot and the Second Law of Thermodynamics, J. Srinivasan, Resonance, November 2001, 42 (PDF file)

[[Category:Which Category did you place this in?]]

Nicolas Leonard Sadi Carnot

2015-12-05T19:38:37Z

Cwhitefield3:

Nicolas Leonard Sadi Carnot is often known as the "father of thermodynamics." He developed the theory of how to achieve maximum efficiency through a heat engine. While his work was not seen as hugely significant during his time, it became extremely important in developing the second law of thermodynamics and the definition and idea of entropy.

==The Main Idea==

Carnot wanted to know if the work provided form heat was unlimited or if there was a finite limit to it. He also worked with steam engines to determine how other fluids would be used and if the were viable options instead of just steam. He concluded that the efficiency of a steam engine is dependent only upon the two reservoirs which it operates between. This represents the most efficient possible system for a heat engine known as the Carnot cycle. By using this idea of the Carnot cycle of a frictionless heat engine the process is able to be reversed and became known as thermodynamic reversibility. Because the process is completely reversible with no caloric loss, it is further confirmed that is the most efficient process.

===A Mathematical Model===

Carnot often attempted to keep his mathematical models to a minimum especially in his published works. However he did conclude that for the most efficient possible heat engine, where the engine is dependent upon only the temperature of the two reservoirs then <math>(T1-T2)/T1</math> where T1 is the absolute temperature of the hotter reservoir.

<math>&#916 S &alpha ln(V/Vo)</math>

===A Computational Model===

How do we visualize or predict using this topic. Consider embedding some vpython code here [https://trinket.io/glowscript/31d0f9ad9e Teach hands-on with GlowScript]

==Examples==

Be sure to show all steps in your solution and include diagrams whenever possible

===Simple===
===Middling===
===Difficult===

==Connectedness==
#How is this topic connected to something that you are interested in?

This topic relates to something I am interested in because Carnot's work brought about the second law of thermodynamics and the idea of entropy. The second law of thermodynamics states that

#How is it connected to your major?
#Is there an interesting industrial application?

==History==

Put this idea in historical context. Give the reader the Who, What, When, Where, and Why.

== See also ==

Are there related topics or categories in this wiki resource for the curious reader to explore? How does this topic fit into that context?

===Further reading===

Books, Articles or other print media on this topic

===External links===
[http://www.scientificamerican.com/article/bring-science-home-reaction-time/]

==References==

Sadi Carnot and the Second Law of Thermodynamics, J. Srinivasan, Resonance, November 2001, 42 (PDF file)

[[Category:Which Category did you place this in?]]

Nicolas Leonard Sadi Carnot

2015-12-05T19:36:17Z

Cwhitefield3:

Nicolas Leonard Sadi Carnot is often known as the "father of thermodynamics." He developed the theory of how to achieve maximum efficiency through a heat engine. While his work was not seen as hugely significant during his time, it became extremely important in developing the second law of thermodynamics and the definition and idea of entropy.

==The Main Idea==

Carnot wanted to know if the work provided form heat was unlimited or if there was a finite limit to it. He also worked with steam engines to determine how other fluids would be used and if the were viable options instead of just steam. He concluded that the efficiency of a steam engine is dependent only upon the two reservoirs which it operates between. This represents the most efficient possible system for a heat engine known as the Carnot cycle. By using this idea of the Carnot cycle of a frictionless heat engine the process is able to be reversed and became known as thermodynamic reversibility. Because the process is completely reversible with no caloric loss, it is further confirmed that is the most efficient process.

===A Mathematical Model===

Carnot often attempted to keep his mathematical models to a minimum especially in his published works. However he did conclude that for the most efficient possible heat engine, where the engine is dependent upon only the temperature of the two reservoirs then <math>(T1-T2)/T1</math> where T1 is the absolute temperature of the hotter reservoir.

<math>Delta S &alpha ln(V/Vo)</math>

===A Computational Model===

How do we visualize or predict using this topic. Consider embedding some vpython code here [https://trinket.io/glowscript/31d0f9ad9e Teach hands-on with GlowScript]

==Examples==

Be sure to show all steps in your solution and include diagrams whenever possible

===Simple===
===Middling===
===Difficult===

==Connectedness==
#How is this topic connected to something that you are interested in?

This topic relates to something I am interested in because Carnot's work brought about the second law of thermodynamics and the idea of entropy. The second law of thermodynamics states that

#How is it connected to your major?
#Is there an interesting industrial application?

==History==

Put this idea in historical context. Give the reader the Who, What, When, Where, and Why.

== See also ==

Are there related topics or categories in this wiki resource for the curious reader to explore? How does this topic fit into that context?

===Further reading===

Books, Articles or other print media on this topic

===External links===
[http://www.scientificamerican.com/article/bring-science-home-reaction-time/]

==References==

Sadi Carnot and the Second Law of Thermodynamics, J. Srinivasan, Resonance, November 2001, 42 (PDF file)

[[Category:Which Category did you place this in?]]

Nicolas Leonard Sadi Carnot

2015-12-05T19:35:41Z

Cwhitefield3:

Nicolas Leonard Sadi Carnot is often known as the "father of thermodynamics." He developed the theory of how to achieve maximum efficiency through a heat engine. While his work was not seen as hugely significant during his time, it became extremely important in developing the second law of thermodynamics and the definition and idea of entropy.

==The Main Idea==

Carnot wanted to know if the work provided form heat was unlimited or if there was a finite limit to it. He also worked with steam engines to determine how other fluids would be used and if the were viable options instead of just steam. He concluded that the efficiency of a steam engine is dependent only upon the two reservoirs which it operates between. This represents the most efficient possible system for a heat engine known as the Carnot cycle. By using this idea of the Carnot cycle of a frictionless heat engine the process is able to be reversed and became known as thermodynamic reversibility. Because the process is completely reversible with no caloric loss, it is further confirmed that is the most efficient process.

===A Mathematical Model===

Carnot often attempted to keep his mathematical models to a minimum especially in his published works. However he did conclude that for the most efficient possible heat engine, where the engine is dependent upon only the temperature of the two reservoirs then <math>(T1-T2)/T1</math> where T1 is the absolute temperature of the hotter reservoir.

<math>&Delta S &alpha ln(V/Vo)</math>

===A Computational Model===

How do we visualize or predict using this topic. Consider embedding some vpython code here [https://trinket.io/glowscript/31d0f9ad9e Teach hands-on with GlowScript]

==Examples==

Be sure to show all steps in your solution and include diagrams whenever possible

===Simple===
===Middling===
===Difficult===

==Connectedness==
#How is this topic connected to something that you are interested in?

This topic relates to something I am interested in because Carnot's work brought about the second law of thermodynamics and the idea of entropy. The second law of thermodynamics states that

#How is it connected to your major?
#Is there an interesting industrial application?

==History==

Put this idea in historical context. Give the reader the Who, What, When, Where, and Why.

== See also ==

Are there related topics or categories in this wiki resource for the curious reader to explore? How does this topic fit into that context?

===Further reading===

Books, Articles or other print media on this topic

===External links===
[http://www.scientificamerican.com/article/bring-science-home-reaction-time/]

==References==

Sadi Carnot and the Second Law of Thermodynamics, J. Srinivasan, Resonance, November 2001, 42 (PDF file)

[[Category:Which Category did you place this in?]]

Nicolas Leonard Sadi Carnot

2015-12-05T19:19:58Z

Cwhitefield3:

Nicolas Leonard Sadi Carnot

2015-12-05T19:19:24Z

Cwhitefield3:

Nicolas Leonard Sadi Carnot

2015-12-05T19:15:59Z

Cwhitefield3:

Nicolas Leonard Sadi Carnot

2015-12-05T19:10:02Z

Cwhitefield3:

Nicolas Leonard Sadi Carnot

2015-12-05T17:38:50Z

Cwhitefield3:

Nicolas Leonard Sadi Carnot

2015-12-05T17:36:54Z

Cwhitefield3:

Nicolas Leonard Sadi Carnot

2015-12-05T17:31:51Z

Cwhitefield3:

Short Description of Topic

==The Main Idea==

State, in your own words, the main idea for this topic

===A Mathematical Model===

What are the mathematical equations that allow us to model this topic. For example <math>{\frac{d\vec{p}}{dt}}_{system} = \vec{F}_{net}</math> where '''p''' is the momentum of the system and '''F''' is the net force from the surroundings.

===A Computational Model===

How do we visualize or predict using this topic. Consider embedding some vpython code here [https://trinket.io/glowscript/31d0f9ad9e Teach hands-on with GlowScript]

==Examples==

Be sure to show all steps in your solution and include diagrams whenever possible

===Simple===
===Middling===
===Difficult===

==Connectedness==
#How is this topic connected to something that you are interested in?
#How is it connected to your major?
#Is there an interesting industrial application?

==History==

Put this idea in historical context. Give the reader the Who, What, When, Where, and Why.

== See also ==

Are there related topics or categories in this wiki resource for the curious reader to explore? How does this topic fit into that context?

===Further reading===

Books, Articles or other print media on this topic

===External links===
[http://www.scientificamerican.com/article/bring-science-home-reaction-time/]

==References==

This section contains the the references you used while writing this page

[[Category:Which Category did you place this in?]]

Nicolas Leonard Sadi Carnot

2015-12-05T17:27:25Z

Cwhitefield3: Blanked the page

Nicolas Leonard Sadi Carnot

2015-12-05T17:27:10Z

Cwhitefield3: Created page with "Path Independence (Redirected from Template) PLEASE DO NOT EDIT THIS PAGE. COPY THIS TEMPLATE AND PASTE IT INTO A NEW PAGE FOR YOUR TOPIC. Short Description of Topic Content..."

Path Independence
(Redirected from Template)
PLEASE DO NOT EDIT THIS PAGE. COPY THIS TEMPLATE AND PASTE IT INTO A NEW PAGE FOR YOUR TOPIC.

Short Description of Topic

Contents [hide]
1 The Main Idea
1.1 A Mathematical Model
1.2 A Computational Model
2 Examples
2.1 Simple
2.2 Middling
2.3 Difficult
3 Connectedness
4 History
5 See also
5.1 Further reading
5.2 External links
6 References
The Main Idea[edit]
State, in your own words, the main idea for this topic

A Mathematical Model[edit]
What are the mathematical equations that allow us to model this topic. For example dp⃗ dtsystem=F⃗ net where p is the momentum of the system and F is the net force from the surroundings.

A Computational Model[edit]
How do we visualize or predict using this topic. Consider embedding some vpython code here Teach hands-on with GlowScript

Examples[edit]
Be sure to show all steps in your solution and include diagrams whenever possible

Simple[edit]
Middling[edit]
Difficult[edit]
Connectedness[edit]
How is this topic connected to something that you are interested in?
How is it connected to your major?
Is there an interesting industrial application?
History[edit]
Put this idea in historical context. Give the reader the Who, What, When, Where, and Why.

See also[edit]
Are there related topics or categories in this wiki resource for the curious reader to explore? How does this topic fit into that context?

Further reading[edit]
Books, Articles or other print media on this topic

External links[edit]
[1]

References[edit]
This section contains the the references you used while writing this page

Category: Which Category did you place this in?

Main Page

2015-12-05T17:24:31Z

Cwhitefield3: /* Notable Scientists */

__NOTOC__
Welcome to the Georgia Tech Wiki for Intro Physics. This resources was created so that students can contribute and curate content to help those with limited or no access to a textbook. When reading this website, please correct any errors you may come across. If you read something that isn't clear, please consider revising it!

Looking to make a contribution?
#Pick a specific topic from intro physics
#Add that topic, as a link to a new page, under the appropriate category listed below by editing this page.
#Copy and paste the default [[Template]] into your new page and start editing.

Please remember that this is not a textbook and you are not limited to expressing your ideas with only text and equations. Whenever possible embed: pictures, videos, diagrams, simulations, computational models (e.g. Glowscript), and whatever content you think makes learning physics easier for other students.

== Source Material ==
All of the content added to this resource must be in the public domain or similar free resource. If you are unsure about a source, contact the original author for permission. That said, there is a surprisingly large amount of introductory physics content scattered across the web. Here is an incomplete list of intro physics resources (please update as needed).
* A physics resource written by experts for an expert audience [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:Physics Physics Portal]
* A wiki book on modern physics [https://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Modern_Physics Modern Physics Wiki]
* The MIT open courseware for intro physics [http://ocw.mit.edu/resources/res-8-002-a-wikitextbook-for-introductory-mechanics-fall-2009/index.htm MITOCW Wiki]
* An online concept map of intro physics [http://hyperphysics.phy-astr.gsu.edu/hbase/hph.html HyperPhysics]
* Interactive physics simulations [https://phet.colorado.edu/en/simulations/category/physics PhET]
* OpenStax algebra based intro physics textbook [https://openstaxcollege.org/textbooks/college-physics College Physics]
* The Open Source Physics project is a collection of online physics resources [http://www.opensourcephysics.org/ OSP]
* A resource guide compiled by the [http://www.aapt.org/ AAPT] for educators [http://www.compadre.org/ ComPADRE]

== Organizing Categories ==
These are the broad, overarching categories, that we cover in two semester of introductory physics. You can add subcategories or make a new category as needed. A single topic should direct readers to a page in one of these catagories.

<div class="toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">
===Interactions===
<div class="mw-collapsible-content">
*[[Kinds of Matter]]
**[[Ball and Spring Model of Matter]]
*[[Detecting Interactions]]
*[[Escape Velocity]]
*[[Fundamental Interactions]]
*[[Determinism]]
*[[System & Surroundings]]
*[[Free Body Diagram]]
*[[Newton's First Law of Motion]]
*[[Newton's Second Law of Motion]]
*[[Newton's Third Law of Motion]]
*[[Gravitational Force]]
*[[Electric Force]]
*[[Conservation of Energy]]
*[[Conservation of Charge]]
*[[Terminal Speed]]
*[[Simple Harmonic Motion]]
*[[Speed and Velocity]]
*[[Electric Polarization]]
*[[Perpetual Freefall (Orbit)]]
*[[2-Dimensional Motion]]
*[[Center of Mass]]
*[[Reaction Time]]
*[[Time Dilation]]
</div>
</div>

<div class="toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">

===Modeling with VPython===
<div class="mw-collapsible-content">
*[[VPython]]
*[[VPython basics]]
*[[VPython Common Errors and Troubleshooting]]
*[[VPython Functions]]
*[[VPython Lists]]
*[[VPython Multithreading]]
</div>
</div>

<div class="toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">

===Theory===
<div class="mw-collapsible-content">
*[[Einstein's Theory of Special Relativity]]
*[[Einstein's Theory of General Relativity]]
*[[Quantum Theory]]
*[[Maxwell's Electromagnetic Theory]]
*[[Atomic Theory]]
*[[String Theory]]
*[[Elementary Particles and Particle Physics Theory]]
*[[Law of Gravitation]]
</div>
</div>

<div class="toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">

===Notable Scientists===
<div class="mw-collapsible-content">
*[[Alexei Alexeyevich Abrikosov]]
*[[Christian Doppler]]
*[[Albert Einstein]]
*[[Ernest Rutherford]]
*[[Joseph Henry]]
*[[Michael Faraday]]
*[[J.J. Thomson]]
*[[James Maxwell]]
*[[Robert Hooke]]
*[[Carl Friedrich Gauss]]
*[[Nikola Tesla]]
*[[Andre Marie Ampere]]
*[[Sir Isaac Newton]]
*[[J. Robert Oppenheimer]]
*[[Oliver Heaviside]]
*[[Rosalind Franklin]]
*[[Enrico Fermi]]
*[[Robert J. Van de Graaff]]
*[[Charles de Coulomb]]
*[[Hans Christian Ørsted]]
*[[Philo Farnsworth]]
*[[Niels Bohr]]
*[[Georg Ohm]]
*[[Galileo Galilei]]
*[[Gustav Kirchhoff]]
*[[Max Planck]]
*[[Heinrich Hertz]]
*[[Edwin Hall]]
*[[James Watt]]
*[[Count Alessandro Volta]]
*[[Josiah Willard Gibbs]]
*[[Richard Phillips Feynman]]
*[[Sir David Brewster]]
*[[Daniel Bernoulli]]
*[[William Thomson]]
*[[Leonhard Euler]]
*[[Robert Fox Bacher]]
*[[Stephen Hawking]]
*[[Amedeo Avogadro]]
*[[Wilhelm Conrad Roentgen]]
*[[Pierre Laplace]]
*[[Thomas Edison]]
*[[Hendrik Lorentz]]
*[[Jean-Baptiste Biot]]
*[[Lise Meitner]]
*[[Lisa Randall]]
*[[Felix Savart]]
*[[Heinrich Lenz]]
*[[Max Born]]
*[[Archimedes]]
*[[Jean Baptiste Biot]]
*[[Carl Sagan]]
*[[Eugene Wigner]]
*[[Marie Curie]]
*[[Pierre Curie]]
*[[Werner Heisenberg]]
*[[Johannes Diderik van der Waals]]
*[[Louis de Broglie]]
*[[Aristotle]]
*[[Émilie du Châtelet]]
*[[Blaise Pascal]]
*[[Benjamin Franklin]]
*[[James Chadwick]]
*[[Henry Cavendish]]
*[[Thomas Young]]
*[[James Prescott Joule]]
*[[John Bardeen]]
*[[Leo Baekeland]]
*[[Alhazen]]
*[[Willebrord Snell]]
*[[Fritz Walther Meissner]]
*[[Johannes Kepler]]
*[[Johann Wilhelm Ritter]]
*[[Philipp Lenard]]
*[[Robert A. Millikan]]
*[[Joseph Louis Gay-Lussac]]
*[[Guglielmo Marconi]]
*[[William Lawrence Bragg]]
*[[Robert Goddard]]
*[[Léon Foucault]]
*[[Henri Poincaré]]
*[[Steven Weinberg]]
*[[Arthur Compton]]
*[[Pythagoras of Samos]]
*[[Subrahmanyan Chandrasekhar]]
*[[Wilhelm Eduard Weber]]
*[[Edmond Becquerel]]
*[[Joseph Rotblat]]
*[[Carl David Anderson]]
*[[Hermann von Helmholtz]]
*[[Nicolas Leonard Sadi Carnot]]
</div>
</div>

<div class="toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">

===Properties of Matter===
<div class="mw-collapsible-content">
*[[Mass]]
*[[Velocity]]
*[[Relative Velocity]]
*[[Density]]
*[[Charge]]
*[[Spin]]
*[[SI Units]]
*[[Heat Capacity]]
*[[Specific Heat]]
*[[Wavelength]]
*[[Conductivity]]
*[[Malleability]]
*[[Weight]]
*[[Boiling Point]]
*[[Melting Point]]
*[[Inertia]]
*[[Non-Newtonian Fluids]]
*[[Ferrofluids]]
*[[Color]]
*[[Temperature]]
</div>
</div>

<div class="toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">

===Contact Interactions===
<div class="mw-collapsible-content">
* [[Young's Modulus]]
* [[Friction]]
* [[Tension]]
* [[Hooke's Law]]
*[[Centripetal Force and Curving Motion]]
*[[Compression or Normal Force]]
* [[Length and Stiffness of an Interatomic Bond]]
* [[Speed of Sound in a Solid]]
* [[Iterative Prediction of Spring-Mass System]]
</div>
</div>

<div class="toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">

===Momentum===
<div class="mw-collapsible-content">
* [[Vectors]]
* [[Kinematics]]
* [[Conservation of Momentum]]
* [[Predicting Change in multiple dimensions]]
* [[Derivation of the Momentum Principle]]
* [[Momentum Principle]]
* [[Impulse Momentum]]
* [[Curving Motion]]
* [[Projectile Motion]]
* [[Multi-particle Analysis of Momentum]]
* [[Iterative Prediction]]
* [[Analytical Prediction]]
* [[Newton's Laws and Linear Momentum]]
* [[Net Force]]
* [[Center of Mass]]
* [[Momentum at High Speeds]]
* [[Change in Momentum in Time for Curving Motion]]
* [[Momentum with respect to external Forces]]
</div>
</div>

<div class="toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">

===Angular Momentum===
<div class="mw-collapsible-content">
* [[The Moments of Inertia]]
* [[Moment of Inertia for a cylinder]]
* [[Rotation]]
* [[Torque]]
* [[Systems with Zero Torque]]
* [[Systems with Nonzero Torque]]
* [[Torque vs Work]]
* [[Angular Impulse]]
* [[Right Hand Rule]]
* [[Angular Velocity]]
* [[Predicting the Position of a Rotating System]]
* [[Translational Angular Momentum]]
* [[The Angular Momentum Principle]]
* [[Angular Momentum of Multiparticle Systems]]
* [[Rotational Angular Momentum]]
* [[Total Angular Momentum]]
* [[Gyroscopes]]
* [[Angular Momentum Compared to Linear Momentum]]

</div>
</div>

<div class="toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">

===Energy===
<div class="mw-collapsible-content">
*[[The Photoelectric Effect]]
*[[Photons]]
*[[The Energy Principle]]
*[[Predicting Change]]
*[[Rest Mass Energy]]
*[[Kinetic Energy]]
*[[Potential Energy]]
**[[Potential Energy for a Magnetic Dipole]]
**[[Potential Energy of a Multiparticle System]]
*[[Work]]
**[[Work Done By A Nonconstant Force]]
*[[Work and Energy for an Extended System]]
*[[Thermal Energy]]
*[[Conservation of Energy]]
*[[Electric Potential]]
*[[Energy Transfer due to a Temperature Difference]]
*[[Gravitational Potential Energy]]
*[[Point Particle Systems]]
*[[Real Systems]]
*[[Spring Potential Energy]]
**[[Ball and Spring Model]]
*[[Internal Energy]]
**[[Potential Energy of a Pair of Neutral Atoms]]
*[[Translational, Rotational and Vibrational Energy]]
*[[Franck-Hertz Experiment]]
*[[Power (Mechanical)]]
*[[Transformation of Energy]]

*[[Energy Graphs]]
**[[Energy graphs and the Bohr model]]
*[[Air Resistance]]
*[[Electronic Energy Levels]]
*[[Second Law of Thermodynamics and Entropy]]
*[[Specific Heat Capacity]]
*[[The Maxwell-Boltzmann Distribution]]
*[[Electronic Energy Levels and Photons]]
*[[Energy Density]]
*[[Bohr Model]]
*[[Quantized energy levels]]
**[[Spontaneous Photon Emission]]
*[[Path Independence of Electric Potential]]
</div>
</div>

<div class="toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">

===Collisions===
<div class="mw-collapsible-content">
*[[Collisions]]
Collisions are events that happen very frequently in our day-to-day world. In the realm of Physics, a collision is defined as any sort of process in which before and after a short time interval there is little interaction, but during that short time interval there are large interactions. When looking at collisions, it is first important to understand two very important principles: the Momentum Principle and the Energy Principle. Both principles serve use when talking of collisions because they provide a way in which to analyze these collisions. Collisions themselves can be categorized into 3 main different types: elastic collisions, inelastic collisions, maximally inelastic collisions. All 3 collisions will get touched on in more detail further on.
*[[Elastic Collisions]]
A collision is deemed "elastic" when the internal energy of the objects in the system does not change (in other words, change in internal energy equals 0). Because in an elastic collision no kinetic energy is converted over to internal energy, in any elastic collision Kfinal always equals Kinitial.
*[[Inelastic Collisions]]
A collision is said to be "inelastic" when it is not elastic; therefore, an inelastic collision is an interaction in which some change in internal energy occurs between the colliding objects (in other words, change in internal energy does not equal 0). Examples of such changes that occur between colliding objects include, but are not limited to, things like they get hot, or they vibrate/rotate, or they deform. Because some of the kinetic energy is converted to internal energy during an inelastic collision, Kfinal does not equal Kinitial.
*[[Maximally Inelastic Collision]]
*[[Head-on Collision of Equal Masses]]
*[[Head-on Collision of Unequal Masses]]
*[[Frame of Reference]]
*[[Scattering: Collisions in 2D and 3D]]
*[[Rutherford Experiment and Atomic Collisions]]
*[[Coefficient of Restitution]]
*[[testing123]]
</div>
</div>

<div class="toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">

===Fields===
<div class="mw-collapsible-content">
* [[Electric Field]] of a
** [[Point Charge]]
** [[Electric Dipole]]
** [[Capacitor]]
** [[Charged Rod]]
** [[Charged Ring]]
** [[Charged Disk]]
** [[Charged Spherical Shell]]
** [[Charged Cylinder]]
** [[Charge Density]]
**[[A Solid Sphere Charged Throughout Its Volume]]
*[[Superposition Principle]]
*[[Electric Potential]]
**[[Potential Difference Path Independence]]
**[[Potential Difference in a Uniform Field]]
**[[Potential Difference of point charge in a non-Uniform Field]]
**[[Potential Difference at One Location]]
**[[Sign of Potential Difference]]
**[[Potential Difference in an Insulator]]
**[[Energy Density and Electric Field]]
** [[Systems of Charged Objects]]
*[[Electric Force]]
*[[Polarization]]
**[[Polarization of an Atom]]
*[[Charge Motion in Metals]]
*[[Charge Transfer]]
*[[Magnetic Field]]
**[[Right-Hand Rule]]
**[[Direction of Magnetic Field]]
**[[Magnetic Field of a Long Straight Wire]]
**[[Magnetic Field of a Loop]]
**[[Magnetic Field of a Solenoid]]
**[[Bar Magnet]]
**[[Magnetic Dipole Moment]]
***[[Stern-Gerlach Experiment]]
**[[Magnetic Torque]]
**[[Magnetic Force]]
**[[Earth's Magnetic Field]]
**[[Atomic Structure of Magnets]]
*[[Combining Electric and Magnetic Forces]]
**[[Hall Effect]]
**[[Lorentz Force]]
**[[Biot-Savart Law]]
**[[Biot-Savart Law for Currents]]
**[[Integration Techniques for Magnetic Field]]
**[[Sparks in Air]]
**[[Motional Emf]]
**[[Detecting a Magnetic Field]]
**[[Moving Point Charge]]
**[[Non-Coulomb Electric Field]]
**[[Motors and Generators]]
**[[Solenoid Applications]]
</div>
</div>

<div class="toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">

===Simple Circuits===
<div class="mw-collapsible-content">
*[[Components]]
*[[Steady State]]
*[[Non Steady State]]
*[[Charging and Discharging a Capacitor]]
*[[Thin and Thick Wires]]
*[[Node Rule]]
*[[Loop Rule]]
*[[Resistivity]]
*[[Power in a circuit]]
*[[Ammeters,Voltmeters,Ohmmeters]]
*[[Current]]
**[[AC]]
*[[Ohm's Law]]
*[[Series Circuits]]
*[[Parallel Circuits]]
*[[RC]]
*[[AC vs DC]]
*[[Charge in a RC Circuit]]
*[[Current in a RC circuit]]
*[[Circular Loop of Wire]]
*[[Current in a RL Circuit]]
*[[RL Circuit]]
*[[Feedback]]
*[[Transformers (Circuits)]]
*[[Resistors and Conductivity]]
*[[Semiconductor Devices]]
</div>
</div>

<div class="toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">

===Maxwell's Equations===
<div class="mw-collapsible-content">
*[[Gauss's Flux Theorem]]
**[[Electric Fields]]
***[[Examples of Flux Through Surfaces and Objects]]
**[[Magnetic Fields]]
*[[Ampere's Law]]
**[[Magnetic Field of Coaxial Cable Using Ampere's Law]]
**[[Magnetic Field of a Long Thick Wire Using Ampere's Law]]
**[[Magnetic Field of a Toroid Using Ampere's Law]]
*[[Faraday's Law]]
**[[Curly Electric Fields]]
**[[Inductance]]
***[[Transformers (Physics)]]
***[[Energy Density]]
**[[Lenz's Law]]
***[[Lenz Effect and the Jumping Ring]]
**[[Lenz's Rule]]
**[[Motional Emf using Faraday's Law]]
*[[Ampere-Maxwell Law]]
*[[Superconductors]]
**[[Meissner effect]]
</div>
</div>

<div class="toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">

===Radiation===
<div class="mw-collapsible-content">
*[[Producing a Radiative Electric Field]]
*[[Sinusoidal Electromagnetic Radiaton]]
*[[Lenses]]
*[[Energy and Momentum Analysis in Radiation]]
**[[Poynting Vector]]
*[[Electromagnetic Propagation]]
**[[Wavelength and Frequency]]
*[[Snell's Law]]
*[[Effects of Radiation on Matter]]
*[[Light Propagation Through a Medium]]
*[[Light Scaterring: Why is the Sky Blue]]
*[[Light Refraction: Bending of light]]
*[[Cherenkov Radiation]]
</div>
</div>
<div class="toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">

===Sound===
<div class="mw-collapsible-content">
*[[Doppler Effect]]
*[[Nature, Behavior, and Properties of Sound]]
*[[Speed of Sound]]
*[[Resonance]]
*[[Sound Barrier]]
</div>
</div>
<div class="toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">

===Waves===
<div class="mw-collapsible-content">
*[[Bragg's Law]]
*[[Multisource Interference: Diffraction]]
*[[Standing waves]]
*[[Gravitational waves]]
*[[Plasma waves]]
*[[Wave-Particle Duality]]
*[[Electromagnetic Spectrum]]
*[[Color Light Wave]]
*[[Mechanical Waves]]
*[[Pendulum Motion]]
*[[Transverse and Longitudinal Waves]]
*[[Planck's Relation]]
</div>
</div>
<div class="toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">

===Real Life Applications of Electromagnetic Principles===
<div class="mw-collapsible-content">
*[[Electromagnetic Junkyard Cranes]]
*[[Maglev Trains]]
*[[Spark Plugs]]
*[[Metal Detectors]]
*[[Speakers]]
*[[Radios]]
*[[Ampullae of Lorenzini]]
*[[Electrocytes]]
*[[Generator]]
*[[Measuring Water Level]]
*[[Electroscope]]
</div>
</div>

<div class="toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">

===Optics===
<div class="mw-collapsible-content">
*[[Mirrors]]
*[[Refraction]]
*[[Quantum Properties of Light]]
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== Resources ==
* Commonly used wiki commands [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:Cheatsheet Wiki Cheatsheet]
* A guide to representing equations in math mode [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:Displaying_a_formula Wiki Math Mode]
* A page to keep track of all the physics [[Constants]]
* A page for review of [[Vectors]] and vector operations