Physics Book - User contributions [en]

Melting Point

2015-12-01T21:02:10Z

Cmaike3: /* Clausius-Clapeyron Equation */

Claimed by Clayton Maike

The melting point of a material is an intensive physical property that indicates the temperature at which the substance transforms from a solid to a liquid or vice versa.

==Properties of Matter==

On the most basic level, there are two types of properties of matter: chemical and physical properties. Chemical properties are classified as those that change when the substance or material undergoes a chemical reaction involving a fundamental change in the identity of the material. On the other hand, a physical property involves only a change in appearance of the material.

For example, consider the boiling a pot of water to cook a bowl of spaghetti. After sometime, the water begins to boil and form a vapor (i.e. steam). The water that boils off as steam has undergone a physical change in appearance, thus we can consider the boiling point of a substance as a physical property.

Now consider, a loaf of bread accidentally left out after a trip to the grocery store. Over the course of a week or two, mold will form on the bread indicating a chemical change in the identity of this bread molecules. The specific property that lead to this reaction would then be considered a chemical property.

===Physical Properties===

Physical properties are distinguished into two subgroups: intensive and extensive physical properties. Intensive properties are independent of the quantity of the material present where as extensive properties are not. For example, the density of a material is an intensive property while the mass of a material is an extensive property.

==Melting Point==

As mentioned previously, the melting point of a substance indicates the temperature at which the phase transition from solid to liquid or liquid to solid occurs. The melting point of a substance will be the same regardless of the amount of the material present thus making the melting point an intensive property. Most individuals are familiar with standard melting points of various substances such as water, ethanol, or nitrogen. This standard melting point refers to the temperature at which melting occurs at atmospheric pressure. This knowledge of standard conditions is often very useful as most transformations and reactions will occur in a open environment (atmospheric pressure), although it is important to note that melting point is not independent of pressure. That is, water at a pressure of 10 atmospheres will melt at a very different temperature than water at standard pressure.

===Clausius-Clapeyron Equation===

The melting and boiling point of a substance is dependent upon the pressure. This relationship can be modeled by the Clausius-Clapeyron equation.

It is written as:

<math>\frac{dP}{dT} = \frac{PL}{T^2R}</math>

Using separation of variables and integrating from <math>P_1</math> to <math>P_2</math> and <math>T_1</math> to <math>T_2</math> this equation becomes:

<math>\ln\frac{P_1}{P_2} = -\frac{H_F}{R}(\frac{1}{T_1}-\frac{1}{T_2})</math>

where <math>H_F</math> is equal the enthalpy of fusion, which is equal to the amount of energy that must be taken out or put into the system per mole of material for the phase transformation to occur. R is the gas constant.

''Note: This equation should be used only in idealized situations as it does not include the temperature dependence of the heat of fusion. For this reason, there is some inaccuracies involved in this calculation.''

===Melting Point Depression===

It is likely that you or someone you know has, at one point, spread salt over his or her driveway before the onset of a cold front. Somehow, this greatly reduces the amount of ice that forms on the covered surfaces. This helpful winter trick occurs due to a phenomenon know as melting point depression. While a much more in-depth explanation could be given, here is a easy way to think about. When a liquid freezes, the molecules are attempting to orient and pack themselves in a way so as to form a solid. If foreign particles are in the liquid, they will partially block the liquid particles from forming into a solid thereby lowering the freezing point of the liquid. To summarize, the melting point of a material will decrease when a foreign solute is added to the solution.

See [[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Freezing-point_depression Freezing-point Depression]] for a closer look on how this process occurs and the math behind calculating the change in melting point!

==Example==

Consider the hypothetical element Greconium, which is a liquid at room temperature and has a standard boiling point of 273.15K. If the pressure is increased to 5 atmospheres, what will be the boiling point of Greconium at this elevated pressure? ''Assume the heat of fusion is constant and equal to <math>45000\frac{J}{mol}</math> for this problem.''

Using the simplified version of the Clausius-Clapeyron equation derived above, we must solve for <math>T_2</math>:

<math>\ln\frac{P_1}{P_2} = -\frac{H_F}{R}(\frac{1}{T_1}-\frac{1}{T_2})</math>

Rearranging and solving for <math>T_2</math>:

<math>T_2 = \frac{1}{\frac{1}{T_1}+\ln(\frac{P_1}{P_2})\frac{R}{H_F}}</math>

Plugging in for known variables:

<math>T_2 = \frac{1}{\frac{1}{273.15}+\ln(\frac{1}{5})\frac{8.314}{45000}}</math>

We find:

<math>T_2 = 297.3 K </math>

In this case, the increase in pressure causes the boiling point of Greconium to rise to 297.3K.

''Note: This problem was meant only to demonstrate how to use the Clausius-Clapeyron equation.''

==Connectedness==

While the concept of a substance's melting point is relatively simple, it has far-reaching implications on many industries. These include the automotive, chemical manufacturing, and chemical storage industries. For example, consider a cold winter night during which ice forms. In order to prevent the fluids inside of your car's engine from freezing, automotive manufacturers created antifreeze, which is a direct application of freezing point depression. In many chemical manufacturing roles, it is extremely important to know both the chemical and physical properties of the materials being handled. The melting point of substance is one of these properties that must be taken into account to maintain a safe working environment.

With respect to the field of chemical engineering, a substance's melting point is deeply routed in the field of thermodynamics especially in relation to the concepts of Gibbs free energy, enthalpy, and entropy. Further investigation into these topics will offer a more scientific explanation of what is occur during phase transformation. Knowledge of the melting point of a substance also allows chemical engineers to create process and reactions used in the separations and manufacture of other chemicals. Even more commonly, the boiling point of a substance will be used in distillation and condensation, which involve the separation of compounds by boiling point.

==History==

The concept of melting points has been used for thousands of years, although only in the past few centuries have scientists developed an accurate way to pinpoint the temperature at which the phase transformation occurs.

== See also ==

For information on the transition of a substance from a liquid to a gas, see:

[[Boiling Point]]

===Further reading===

See this article from Cal Tech for more information on the:

[[http://www.its.caltech.edu/~matsci/btf/PTM_Book/chapter1.pdf Thermodynamic Explanation of Phase Transformations]]

==References==

[[http://chemwiki.ucdavis.edu/Analytical_Chemistry/Chemical_Reactions/Properties_of_Matter UCDavis ChemWiki Properties of Matter]]

[[http://chemwiki.ucdavis.edu/Physical_Chemistry/Physical_Properties_of_Matter/Phases_of_Matter/Phase_Transitions/Phase_Transitions/Clausius-Clapeyron_Equation UCDavis ChemWiki Clausuis-Clapeyron]]

[[http://www.scienceiscool.org/solutions/fpdepression.html Galen Lew the Science Dude!]]

[[Category:Properties of Matter]]

Melting Point

2015-12-01T15:36:01Z

Cmaike3: /* References */

Claimed by Clayton Maike

The melting point of a material is an intensive physical property that indicates the temperature at which the substance transforms from a solid to a liquid or vice versa.

==Properties of Matter==

On the most basic level, there are two types of properties of matter: chemical and physical properties. Chemical properties are classified as those that change when the substance or material undergoes a chemical reaction involving a fundamental change in the identity of the material. On the other hand, a physical property involves only a change in appearance of the material.

For example, consider the boiling a pot of water to cook a bowl of spaghetti. After sometime, the water begins to boil and form a vapor (i.e. steam). The water that boils off as steam has undergone a physical change in appearance, thus we can consider the boiling point of a substance as a physical property.

Now consider, a loaf of bread accidentally left out after a trip to the grocery store. Over the course of a week or two, mold will form on the bread indicating a chemical change in the identity of this bread molecules. The specific property that lead to this reaction would then be considered a chemical property.

===Physical Properties===

Physical properties are distinguished into two subgroups: intensive and extensive physical properties. Intensive properties are independent of the quantity of the material present where as extensive properties are not. For example, the density of a material is an intensive property while the mass of a material is an extensive property.

==Melting Point==

As mentioned previously, the melting point of a substance indicates the temperature at which the phase transition from solid to liquid or liquid to solid occurs. The melting point of a substance will be the same regardless of the amount of the material present thus making the melting point an intensive property. Most individuals are familiar with standard melting points of various substances such as water, ethanol, or nitrogen. This standard melting point refers to the temperature at which melting occurs at atmospheric pressure. This knowledge of standard conditions is often very useful as most transformations and reactions will occur in a open environment (atmospheric pressure), although it is important to note that melting point is not independent of pressure. That is, water at a pressure of 10 atmospheres will melt at a very different temperature than water at standard pressure.

===Clausius-Clapeyron Equation===

The melting and boiling point of a substance is dependent upon the pressure. This relationship is modeled by the Clausius-Clapeyron equation.

It is written as:

<math>\frac{dP}{dT} = \frac{PL}{T^2R}</math>

Using separation of variables and integrating from <math>P_1</math> to <math>P_2</math> and <math>T_1</math> to <math>T_2</math> this equation becomes:

<math>\ln\frac{P_1}{P_2} = -\frac{H_F}{R}(\frac{1}{T_1}-\frac{1}{T_2})</math>

where <math>H_F</math> is equal the enthalpy of fusion, which is equal to the amount of energy that must be taken out or put into the system per mole of material for the phase transformation to occur. R is the gas constant.

''Note: This equation should be used only in idealized situations as it does not include the temperature dependence of the heat of fusion. For this reason, there is some inaccuracies involved in this calculation.''

===Melting Point Depression===

It is likely that you or someone you know has, at one point, spread salt over his or her driveway before the onset of a cold front. Somehow, this greatly reduces the amount of ice that forms on the covered surfaces. This helpful winter trick occurs due to a phenomenon know as melting point depression. While a much more in-depth explanation could be given, here is a easy way to think about. When a liquid freezes, the molecules are attempting to orient and pack themselves in a way so as to form a solid. If foreign particles are in the liquid, they will partially block the liquid particles from forming into a solid thereby lowering the freezing point of the liquid. To summarize, the melting point of a material will decrease when a foreign solute is added to the solution.

See [[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Freezing-point_depression Freezing-point Depression]] for a closer look on how this process occurs and the math behind calculating the change in melting point!

==Example==

Consider the hypothetical element Greconium, which is a liquid at room temperature and has a standard boiling point of 273.15K. If the pressure is increased to 5 atmospheres, what will be the boiling point of Greconium at this elevated pressure? ''Assume the heat of fusion is constant and equal to <math>45000\frac{J}{mol}</math> for this problem.''

Using the simplified version of the Clausius-Clapeyron equation derived above, we must solve for <math>T_2</math>:

<math>\ln\frac{P_1}{P_2} = -\frac{H_F}{R}(\frac{1}{T_1}-\frac{1}{T_2})</math>

Rearranging and solving for <math>T_2</math>:

<math>T_2 = \frac{1}{\frac{1}{T_1}+\ln(\frac{P_1}{P_2})\frac{R}{H_F}}</math>

Plugging in for known variables:

<math>T_2 = \frac{1}{\frac{1}{273.15}+\ln(\frac{1}{5})\frac{8.314}{45000}}</math>

We find:

<math>T_2 = 297.3 K </math>

In this case, the increase in pressure causes the boiling point of Greconium to rise to 297.3K.

''Note: This problem was meant only to demonstrate how to use the Clausius-Clapeyron equation.''

==Connectedness==

While the concept of a substance's melting point is relatively simple, it has far-reaching implications on many industries. These include the automotive, chemical manufacturing, and chemical storage industries. For example, consider a cold winter night during which ice forms. In order to prevent the fluids inside of your car's engine from freezing, automotive manufacturers created antifreeze, which is a direct application of freezing point depression. In many chemical manufacturing roles, it is extremely important to know both the chemical and physical properties of the materials being handled. The melting point of substance is one of these properties that must be taken into account to maintain a safe working environment.

With respect to the field of chemical engineering, a substance's melting point is deeply routed in the field of thermodynamics especially in relation to the concepts of Gibbs free energy, enthalpy, and entropy. Further investigation into these topics will offer a more scientific explanation of what is occur during phase transformation. Knowledge of the melting point of a substance also allows chemical engineers to create process and reactions used in the separations and manufacture of other chemicals. Even more commonly, the boiling point of a substance will be used in distillation and condensation, which involve the separation of compounds by boiling point.

==History==

The concept of melting points has been used for thousands of years, although only in the past few centuries have scientists developed an accurate way to pinpoint the temperature at which the phase transformation occurs.

== See also ==

For information on the transition of a substance from a liquid to a gas, see:

[[Boiling Point]]

===Further reading===

See this article from Cal Tech for more information on the:

[[http://www.its.caltech.edu/~matsci/btf/PTM_Book/chapter1.pdf Thermodynamic Explanation of Phase Transformations]]

==References==

[[http://chemwiki.ucdavis.edu/Analytical_Chemistry/Chemical_Reactions/Properties_of_Matter UCDavis ChemWiki Properties of Matter]]

[[http://chemwiki.ucdavis.edu/Physical_Chemistry/Physical_Properties_of_Matter/Phases_of_Matter/Phase_Transitions/Phase_Transitions/Clausius-Clapeyron_Equation UCDavis ChemWiki Clausuis-Clapeyron]]

[[http://www.scienceiscool.org/solutions/fpdepression.html Galen Lew the Science Dude!]]

[[Category:Properties of Matter]]

Melting Point

2015-12-01T15:35:13Z

Cmaike3: /* References */

Claimed by Clayton Maike

The melting point of a material is an intensive physical property that indicates the temperature at which the substance transforms from a solid to a liquid or vice versa.

==Properties of Matter==

On the most basic level, there are two types of properties of matter: chemical and physical properties. Chemical properties are classified as those that change when the substance or material undergoes a chemical reaction involving a fundamental change in the identity of the material. On the other hand, a physical property involves only a change in appearance of the material.

For example, consider the boiling a pot of water to cook a bowl of spaghetti. After sometime, the water begins to boil and form a vapor (i.e. steam). The water that boils off as steam has undergone a physical change in appearance, thus we can consider the boiling point of a substance as a physical property.

Now consider, a loaf of bread accidentally left out after a trip to the grocery store. Over the course of a week or two, mold will form on the bread indicating a chemical change in the identity of this bread molecules. The specific property that lead to this reaction would then be considered a chemical property.

===Physical Properties===

Physical properties are distinguished into two subgroups: intensive and extensive physical properties. Intensive properties are independent of the quantity of the material present where as extensive properties are not. For example, the density of a material is an intensive property while the mass of a material is an extensive property.

==Melting Point==

As mentioned previously, the melting point of a substance indicates the temperature at which the phase transition from solid to liquid or liquid to solid occurs. The melting point of a substance will be the same regardless of the amount of the material present thus making the melting point an intensive property. Most individuals are familiar with standard melting points of various substances such as water, ethanol, or nitrogen. This standard melting point refers to the temperature at which melting occurs at atmospheric pressure. This knowledge of standard conditions is often very useful as most transformations and reactions will occur in a open environment (atmospheric pressure), although it is important to note that melting point is not independent of pressure. That is, water at a pressure of 10 atmospheres will melt at a very different temperature than water at standard pressure.

===Clausius-Clapeyron Equation===

The melting and boiling point of a substance is dependent upon the pressure. This relationship is modeled by the Clausius-Clapeyron equation.

It is written as:

<math>\frac{dP}{dT} = \frac{PL}{T^2R}</math>

Using separation of variables and integrating from <math>P_1</math> to <math>P_2</math> and <math>T_1</math> to <math>T_2</math> this equation becomes:

<math>\ln\frac{P_1}{P_2} = -\frac{H_F}{R}(\frac{1}{T_1}-\frac{1}{T_2})</math>

where <math>H_F</math> is equal the enthalpy of fusion, which is equal to the amount of energy that must be taken out or put into the system per mole of material for the phase transformation to occur. R is the gas constant.

''Note: This equation should be used only in idealized situations as it does not include the temperature dependence of the heat of fusion. For this reason, there is some inaccuracies involved in this calculation.''

===Melting Point Depression===

It is likely that you or someone you know has, at one point, spread salt over his or her driveway before the onset of a cold front. Somehow, this greatly reduces the amount of ice that forms on the covered surfaces. This helpful winter trick occurs due to a phenomenon know as melting point depression. While a much more in-depth explanation could be given, here is a easy way to think about. When a liquid freezes, the molecules are attempting to orient and pack themselves in a way so as to form a solid. If foreign particles are in the liquid, they will partially block the liquid particles from forming into a solid thereby lowering the freezing point of the liquid. To summarize, the melting point of a material will decrease when a foreign solute is added to the solution.

See [[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Freezing-point_depression Freezing-point Depression]] for a closer look on how this process occurs and the math behind calculating the change in melting point!

==Example==

Consider the hypothetical element Greconium, which is a liquid at room temperature and has a standard boiling point of 273.15K. If the pressure is increased to 5 atmospheres, what will be the boiling point of Greconium at this elevated pressure? ''Assume the heat of fusion is constant and equal to <math>45000\frac{J}{mol}</math> for this problem.''

Using the simplified version of the Clausius-Clapeyron equation derived above, we must solve for <math>T_2</math>:

<math>\ln\frac{P_1}{P_2} = -\frac{H_F}{R}(\frac{1}{T_1}-\frac{1}{T_2})</math>

Rearranging and solving for <math>T_2</math>:

<math>T_2 = \frac{1}{\frac{1}{T_1}+\ln(\frac{P_1}{P_2})\frac{R}{H_F}}</math>

Plugging in for known variables:

<math>T_2 = \frac{1}{\frac{1}{273.15}+\ln(\frac{1}{5})\frac{8.314}{45000}}</math>

We find:

<math>T_2 = 297.3 K </math>

In this case, the increase in pressure causes the boiling point of Greconium to rise to 297.3K.

''Note: This problem was meant only to demonstrate how to use the Clausius-Clapeyron equation.''

==Connectedness==

While the concept of a substance's melting point is relatively simple, it has far-reaching implications on many industries. These include the automotive, chemical manufacturing, and chemical storage industries. For example, consider a cold winter night during which ice forms. In order to prevent the fluids inside of your car's engine from freezing, automotive manufacturers created antifreeze, which is a direct application of freezing point depression. In many chemical manufacturing roles, it is extremely important to know both the chemical and physical properties of the materials being handled. The melting point of substance is one of these properties that must be taken into account to maintain a safe working environment.

With respect to the field of chemical engineering, a substance's melting point is deeply routed in the field of thermodynamics especially in relation to the concepts of Gibbs free energy, enthalpy, and entropy. Further investigation into these topics will offer a more scientific explanation of what is occur during phase transformation. Knowledge of the melting point of a substance also allows chemical engineers to create process and reactions used in the separations and manufacture of other chemicals. Even more commonly, the boiling point of a substance will be used in distillation and condensation, which involve the separation of compounds by boiling point.

==History==

The concept of melting points has been used for thousands of years, although only in the past few centuries have scientists developed an accurate way to pinpoint the temperature at which the phase transformation occurs.

== See also ==

For information on the transition of a substance from a liquid to a gas, see:

[[Boiling Point]]

===Further reading===

See this article from Cal Tech for more information on the:

[[http://www.its.caltech.edu/~matsci/btf/PTM_Book/chapter1.pdf Thermodynamic Explanation of Phase Transformations]]

==References==

[[http://chemwiki.ucdavis.edu/Analytical_Chemistry/Chemical_Reactions/Properties_of_Matter UCDavis ChemWiki Properties of Matter][[http://chemwiki.ucdavis.edu/Physical_Chemistry/Physical_Properties_of_Matter/Phases_of_Matter/Phase_Transitions/Phase_Transitions/Clausius-Clapeyron_Equation UCDavis ChemWiki Clausuis-Clapeyron]][[http://www.scienceiscool.org/solutions/fpdepression.html Galen Lew the Science Dude!]]

[[Category:Properties of Matter]]

Melting Point

2015-12-01T15:34:50Z

Cmaike3: /* Further reading */

Claimed by Clayton Maike

The melting point of a material is an intensive physical property that indicates the temperature at which the substance transforms from a solid to a liquid or vice versa.

==Properties of Matter==

On the most basic level, there are two types of properties of matter: chemical and physical properties. Chemical properties are classified as those that change when the substance or material undergoes a chemical reaction involving a fundamental change in the identity of the material. On the other hand, a physical property involves only a change in appearance of the material.

For example, consider the boiling a pot of water to cook a bowl of spaghetti. After sometime, the water begins to boil and form a vapor (i.e. steam). The water that boils off as steam has undergone a physical change in appearance, thus we can consider the boiling point of a substance as a physical property.

Now consider, a loaf of bread accidentally left out after a trip to the grocery store. Over the course of a week or two, mold will form on the bread indicating a chemical change in the identity of this bread molecules. The specific property that lead to this reaction would then be considered a chemical property.

===Physical Properties===

Physical properties are distinguished into two subgroups: intensive and extensive physical properties. Intensive properties are independent of the quantity of the material present where as extensive properties are not. For example, the density of a material is an intensive property while the mass of a material is an extensive property.

==Melting Point==

As mentioned previously, the melting point of a substance indicates the temperature at which the phase transition from solid to liquid or liquid to solid occurs. The melting point of a substance will be the same regardless of the amount of the material present thus making the melting point an intensive property. Most individuals are familiar with standard melting points of various substances such as water, ethanol, or nitrogen. This standard melting point refers to the temperature at which melting occurs at atmospheric pressure. This knowledge of standard conditions is often very useful as most transformations and reactions will occur in a open environment (atmospheric pressure), although it is important to note that melting point is not independent of pressure. That is, water at a pressure of 10 atmospheres will melt at a very different temperature than water at standard pressure.

===Clausius-Clapeyron Equation===

The melting and boiling point of a substance is dependent upon the pressure. This relationship is modeled by the Clausius-Clapeyron equation.

It is written as:

<math>\frac{dP}{dT} = \frac{PL}{T^2R}</math>

Using separation of variables and integrating from <math>P_1</math> to <math>P_2</math> and <math>T_1</math> to <math>T_2</math> this equation becomes:

<math>\ln\frac{P_1}{P_2} = -\frac{H_F}{R}(\frac{1}{T_1}-\frac{1}{T_2})</math>

where <math>H_F</math> is equal the enthalpy of fusion, which is equal to the amount of energy that must be taken out or put into the system per mole of material for the phase transformation to occur. R is the gas constant.

''Note: This equation should be used only in idealized situations as it does not include the temperature dependence of the heat of fusion. For this reason, there is some inaccuracies involved in this calculation.''

===Melting Point Depression===

It is likely that you or someone you know has, at one point, spread salt over his or her driveway before the onset of a cold front. Somehow, this greatly reduces the amount of ice that forms on the covered surfaces. This helpful winter trick occurs due to a phenomenon know as melting point depression. While a much more in-depth explanation could be given, here is a easy way to think about. When a liquid freezes, the molecules are attempting to orient and pack themselves in a way so as to form a solid. If foreign particles are in the liquid, they will partially block the liquid particles from forming into a solid thereby lowering the freezing point of the liquid. To summarize, the melting point of a material will decrease when a foreign solute is added to the solution.

See [[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Freezing-point_depression Freezing-point Depression]] for a closer look on how this process occurs and the math behind calculating the change in melting point!

==Example==

Consider the hypothetical element Greconium, which is a liquid at room temperature and has a standard boiling point of 273.15K. If the pressure is increased to 5 atmospheres, what will be the boiling point of Greconium at this elevated pressure? ''Assume the heat of fusion is constant and equal to <math>45000\frac{J}{mol}</math> for this problem.''

Using the simplified version of the Clausius-Clapeyron equation derived above, we must solve for <math>T_2</math>:

<math>\ln\frac{P_1}{P_2} = -\frac{H_F}{R}(\frac{1}{T_1}-\frac{1}{T_2})</math>

Rearranging and solving for <math>T_2</math>:

<math>T_2 = \frac{1}{\frac{1}{T_1}+\ln(\frac{P_1}{P_2})\frac{R}{H_F}}</math>

Plugging in for known variables:

<math>T_2 = \frac{1}{\frac{1}{273.15}+\ln(\frac{1}{5})\frac{8.314}{45000}}</math>

We find:

<math>T_2 = 297.3 K </math>

In this case, the increase in pressure causes the boiling point of Greconium to rise to 297.3K.

''Note: This problem was meant only to demonstrate how to use the Clausius-Clapeyron equation.''

==Connectedness==

While the concept of a substance's melting point is relatively simple, it has far-reaching implications on many industries. These include the automotive, chemical manufacturing, and chemical storage industries. For example, consider a cold winter night during which ice forms. In order to prevent the fluids inside of your car's engine from freezing, automotive manufacturers created antifreeze, which is a direct application of freezing point depression. In many chemical manufacturing roles, it is extremely important to know both the chemical and physical properties of the materials being handled. The melting point of substance is one of these properties that must be taken into account to maintain a safe working environment.

With respect to the field of chemical engineering, a substance's melting point is deeply routed in the field of thermodynamics especially in relation to the concepts of Gibbs free energy, enthalpy, and entropy. Further investigation into these topics will offer a more scientific explanation of what is occur during phase transformation. Knowledge of the melting point of a substance also allows chemical engineers to create process and reactions used in the separations and manufacture of other chemicals. Even more commonly, the boiling point of a substance will be used in distillation and condensation, which involve the separation of compounds by boiling point.

==History==

The concept of melting points has been used for thousands of years, although only in the past few centuries have scientists developed an accurate way to pinpoint the temperature at which the phase transformation occurs.

== See also ==

For information on the transition of a substance from a liquid to a gas, see:

[[Boiling Point]]

===Further reading===

See this article from Cal Tech for more information on the:

[[http://www.its.caltech.edu/~matsci/btf/PTM_Book/chapter1.pdf Thermodynamic Explanation of Phase Transformations]]

==References==

[[http://chemwiki.ucdavis.edu/Analytical_Chemistry/Chemical_Reactions/Properties_of_Matter UCDavis ChemWiki Properties of Matter]]

[[http://chemwiki.ucdavis.edu/Physical_Chemistry/Physical_Properties_of_Matter/Phases_of_Matter/Phase_Transitions/Phase_Transitions/Clausius-Clapeyron_Equation UCDavis ChemWiki Clausuis-Clapeyron]]

[[http://www.scienceiscool.org/solutions/fpdepression.html Galen Lew the Science Dude!]]

[[Category:Properties of Matter]]

Melting Point

2015-12-01T15:33:52Z

Cmaike3: /* Example */

Claimed by Clayton Maike

The melting point of a material is an intensive physical property that indicates the temperature at which the substance transforms from a solid to a liquid or vice versa.

==Properties of Matter==

On the most basic level, there are two types of properties of matter: chemical and physical properties. Chemical properties are classified as those that change when the substance or material undergoes a chemical reaction involving a fundamental change in the identity of the material. On the other hand, a physical property involves only a change in appearance of the material.

For example, consider the boiling a pot of water to cook a bowl of spaghetti. After sometime, the water begins to boil and form a vapor (i.e. steam). The water that boils off as steam has undergone a physical change in appearance, thus we can consider the boiling point of a substance as a physical property.

Now consider, a loaf of bread accidentally left out after a trip to the grocery store. Over the course of a week or two, mold will form on the bread indicating a chemical change in the identity of this bread molecules. The specific property that lead to this reaction would then be considered a chemical property.

===Physical Properties===

Physical properties are distinguished into two subgroups: intensive and extensive physical properties. Intensive properties are independent of the quantity of the material present where as extensive properties are not. For example, the density of a material is an intensive property while the mass of a material is an extensive property.

==Melting Point==

As mentioned previously, the melting point of a substance indicates the temperature at which the phase transition from solid to liquid or liquid to solid occurs. The melting point of a substance will be the same regardless of the amount of the material present thus making the melting point an intensive property. Most individuals are familiar with standard melting points of various substances such as water, ethanol, or nitrogen. This standard melting point refers to the temperature at which melting occurs at atmospheric pressure. This knowledge of standard conditions is often very useful as most transformations and reactions will occur in a open environment (atmospheric pressure), although it is important to note that melting point is not independent of pressure. That is, water at a pressure of 10 atmospheres will melt at a very different temperature than water at standard pressure.

===Clausius-Clapeyron Equation===

The melting and boiling point of a substance is dependent upon the pressure. This relationship is modeled by the Clausius-Clapeyron equation.

It is written as:

<math>\frac{dP}{dT} = \frac{PL}{T^2R}</math>

Using separation of variables and integrating from <math>P_1</math> to <math>P_2</math> and <math>T_1</math> to <math>T_2</math> this equation becomes:

<math>\ln\frac{P_1}{P_2} = -\frac{H_F}{R}(\frac{1}{T_1}-\frac{1}{T_2})</math>

where <math>H_F</math> is equal the enthalpy of fusion, which is equal to the amount of energy that must be taken out or put into the system per mole of material for the phase transformation to occur. R is the gas constant.

''Note: This equation should be used only in idealized situations as it does not include the temperature dependence of the heat of fusion. For this reason, there is some inaccuracies involved in this calculation.''

===Melting Point Depression===

It is likely that you or someone you know has, at one point, spread salt over his or her driveway before the onset of a cold front. Somehow, this greatly reduces the amount of ice that forms on the covered surfaces. This helpful winter trick occurs due to a phenomenon know as melting point depression. While a much more in-depth explanation could be given, here is a easy way to think about. When a liquid freezes, the molecules are attempting to orient and pack themselves in a way so as to form a solid. If foreign particles are in the liquid, they will partially block the liquid particles from forming into a solid thereby lowering the freezing point of the liquid. To summarize, the melting point of a material will decrease when a foreign solute is added to the solution.

See [[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Freezing-point_depression Freezing-point Depression]] for a closer look on how this process occurs and the math behind calculating the change in melting point!

==Example==

Consider the hypothetical element Greconium, which is a liquid at room temperature and has a standard boiling point of 273.15K. If the pressure is increased to 5 atmospheres, what will be the boiling point of Greconium at this elevated pressure? ''Assume the heat of fusion is constant and equal to <math>45000\frac{J}{mol}</math> for this problem.''

Using the simplified version of the Clausius-Clapeyron equation derived above, we must solve for <math>T_2</math>:

<math>\ln\frac{P_1}{P_2} = -\frac{H_F}{R}(\frac{1}{T_1}-\frac{1}{T_2})</math>

Rearranging and solving for <math>T_2</math>:

<math>T_2 = \frac{1}{\frac{1}{T_1}+\ln(\frac{P_1}{P_2})\frac{R}{H_F}}</math>

Plugging in for known variables:

<math>T_2 = \frac{1}{\frac{1}{273.15}+\ln(\frac{1}{5})\frac{8.314}{45000}}</math>

We find:

<math>T_2 = 297.3 K </math>

In this case, the increase in pressure causes the boiling point of Greconium to rise to 297.3K.

''Note: This problem was meant only to demonstrate how to use the Clausius-Clapeyron equation.''

==Connectedness==

While the concept of a substance's melting point is relatively simple, it has far-reaching implications on many industries. These include the automotive, chemical manufacturing, and chemical storage industries. For example, consider a cold winter night during which ice forms. In order to prevent the fluids inside of your car's engine from freezing, automotive manufacturers created antifreeze, which is a direct application of freezing point depression. In many chemical manufacturing roles, it is extremely important to know both the chemical and physical properties of the materials being handled. The melting point of substance is one of these properties that must be taken into account to maintain a safe working environment.

With respect to the field of chemical engineering, a substance's melting point is deeply routed in the field of thermodynamics especially in relation to the concepts of Gibbs free energy, enthalpy, and entropy. Further investigation into these topics will offer a more scientific explanation of what is occur during phase transformation. Knowledge of the melting point of a substance also allows chemical engineers to create process and reactions used in the separations and manufacture of other chemicals. Even more commonly, the boiling point of a substance will be used in distillation and condensation, which involve the separation of compounds by boiling point.

==History==

The concept of melting points has been used for thousands of years, although only in the past few centuries have scientists developed an accurate way to pinpoint the temperature at which the phase transformation occurs.

== See also ==

For information on the transition of a substance from a liquid to a gas, see:

[[Boiling Point]]

===Further reading===

See this article from Cal Tech for more information on the:

[[http://www.its.caltech.edu/~matsci/btf/PTM_Book/chapter1.pdf Thermodynamic Explanation of Phase Transformation]]

==References==

[[http://chemwiki.ucdavis.edu/Analytical_Chemistry/Chemical_Reactions/Properties_of_Matter UCDavis ChemWiki Properties of Matter]]

[[http://chemwiki.ucdavis.edu/Physical_Chemistry/Physical_Properties_of_Matter/Phases_of_Matter/Phase_Transitions/Phase_Transitions/Clausius-Clapeyron_Equation UCDavis ChemWiki Clausuis-Clapeyron]]

[[http://www.scienceiscool.org/solutions/fpdepression.html Galen Lew the Science Dude!]]

[[Category:Properties of Matter]]

Melting Point

2015-12-01T15:32:44Z

Cmaike3: /* References */

Claimed by Clayton Maike

The melting point of a material is an intensive physical property that indicates the temperature at which the substance transforms from a solid to a liquid or vice versa.

==Properties of Matter==

On the most basic level, there are two types of properties of matter: chemical and physical properties. Chemical properties are classified as those that change when the substance or material undergoes a chemical reaction involving a fundamental change in the identity of the material. On the other hand, a physical property involves only a change in appearance of the material.

For example, consider the boiling a pot of water to cook a bowl of spaghetti. After sometime, the water begins to boil and form a vapor (i.e. steam). The water that boils off as steam has undergone a physical change in appearance, thus we can consider the boiling point of a substance as a physical property.

Now consider, a loaf of bread accidentally left out after a trip to the grocery store. Over the course of a week or two, mold will form on the bread indicating a chemical change in the identity of this bread molecules. The specific property that lead to this reaction would then be considered a chemical property.

===Physical Properties===

Physical properties are distinguished into two subgroups: intensive and extensive physical properties. Intensive properties are independent of the quantity of the material present where as extensive properties are not. For example, the density of a material is an intensive property while the mass of a material is an extensive property.

==Melting Point==

As mentioned previously, the melting point of a substance indicates the temperature at which the phase transition from solid to liquid or liquid to solid occurs. The melting point of a substance will be the same regardless of the amount of the material present thus making the melting point an intensive property. Most individuals are familiar with standard melting points of various substances such as water, ethanol, or nitrogen. This standard melting point refers to the temperature at which melting occurs at atmospheric pressure. This knowledge of standard conditions is often very useful as most transformations and reactions will occur in a open environment (atmospheric pressure), although it is important to note that melting point is not independent of pressure. That is, water at a pressure of 10 atmospheres will melt at a very different temperature than water at standard pressure.

===Clausius-Clapeyron Equation===

The melting and boiling point of a substance is dependent upon the pressure. This relationship is modeled by the Clausius-Clapeyron equation.

It is written as:

<math>\frac{dP}{dT} = \frac{PL}{T^2R}</math>

Using separation of variables and integrating from <math>P_1</math> to <math>P_2</math> and <math>T_1</math> to <math>T_2</math> this equation becomes:

<math>\ln\frac{P_1}{P_2} = -\frac{H_F}{R}(\frac{1}{T_1}-\frac{1}{T_2})</math>

where <math>H_F</math> is equal the enthalpy of fusion, which is equal to the amount of energy that must be taken out or put into the system per mole of material for the phase transformation to occur. R is the gas constant.

''Note: This equation should be used only in idealized situations as it does not include the temperature dependence of the heat of fusion. For this reason, there is some inaccuracies involved in this calculation.''

===Melting Point Depression===

It is likely that you or someone you know has, at one point, spread salt over his or her driveway before the onset of a cold front. Somehow, this greatly reduces the amount of ice that forms on the covered surfaces. This helpful winter trick occurs due to a phenomenon know as melting point depression. While a much more in-depth explanation could be given, here is a easy way to think about. When a liquid freezes, the molecules are attempting to orient and pack themselves in a way so as to form a solid. If foreign particles are in the liquid, they will partially block the liquid particles from forming into a solid thereby lowering the freezing point of the liquid. To summarize, the melting point of a material will decrease when a foreign solute is added to the solution.

See [[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Freezing-point_depression Freezing-point Depression]] for a closer look on how this process occurs and the math behind calculating the change in melting point!

==Example==

Consider the hypothetical element Greconium, which is a liquid at room temperature and has a standard melting point of 273.15K. If the pressure is increased to 5 atmospheres, what will be the melting point of Greconium at this elevated pressure? ''Assume the heat of fusion is constant and equal to <math>45000\frac{J}{mol}</math> for this problem.''

Using the simplified version of the Clausius-Clapeyron equation derived above, we must solve for <math>T_2</math>:

<math>\ln\frac{P_1}{P_2} = -\frac{H_F}{R}(\frac{1}{T_1}-\frac{1}{T_2})</math>

Rearranging and solving for <math>T_2</math>:

<math>T_2 = \frac{1}{\frac{1}{T_1}+\ln(\frac{P_1}{P_2})\frac{R}{H_F}}</math>

Plugging in for known variables:

<math>T_2 = \frac{1}{\frac{1}{273.15}+\ln(\frac{1}{5})\frac{8.314}{45000}}</math>

We find:

<math>T_2 = 297.3 K </math>

In this case, the increase in pressure causes the melting point of Greconium to rise to 297.3K.

''Note: This problem was meant only to demonstrate how to use the Clausius-Clapeyron equation.''

==Connectedness==

While the concept of a substance's melting point is relatively simple, it has far-reaching implications on many industries. These include the automotive, chemical manufacturing, and chemical storage industries. For example, consider a cold winter night during which ice forms. In order to prevent the fluids inside of your car's engine from freezing, automotive manufacturers created antifreeze, which is a direct application of freezing point depression. In many chemical manufacturing roles, it is extremely important to know both the chemical and physical properties of the materials being handled. The melting point of substance is one of these properties that must be taken into account to maintain a safe working environment.

With respect to the field of chemical engineering, a substance's melting point is deeply routed in the field of thermodynamics especially in relation to the concepts of Gibbs free energy, enthalpy, and entropy. Further investigation into these topics will offer a more scientific explanation of what is occur during phase transformation. Knowledge of the melting point of a substance also allows chemical engineers to create process and reactions used in the separations and manufacture of other chemicals. Even more commonly, the boiling point of a substance will be used in distillation and condensation, which involve the separation of compounds by boiling point.

==History==

The concept of melting points has been used for thousands of years, although only in the past few centuries have scientists developed an accurate way to pinpoint the temperature at which the phase transformation occurs.

== See also ==

For information on the transition of a substance from a liquid to a gas, see:

[[Boiling Point]]

===Further reading===

See this article from Cal Tech for more information on the:

[[http://www.its.caltech.edu/~matsci/btf/PTM_Book/chapter1.pdf Thermodynamic Explanation of Phase Transformation]]

==References==

[[http://chemwiki.ucdavis.edu/Analytical_Chemistry/Chemical_Reactions/Properties_of_Matter UCDavis ChemWiki Properties of Matter]]

[[http://chemwiki.ucdavis.edu/Physical_Chemistry/Physical_Properties_of_Matter/Phases_of_Matter/Phase_Transitions/Phase_Transitions/Clausius-Clapeyron_Equation UCDavis ChemWiki Clausuis-Clapeyron]]

[[http://www.scienceiscool.org/solutions/fpdepression.html Galen Lew the Science Dude!]]

[[Category:Properties of Matter]]

Melting Point

2015-12-01T15:31:05Z

Cmaike3: /* References */

Claimed by Clayton Maike

The melting point of a material is an intensive physical property that indicates the temperature at which the substance transforms from a solid to a liquid or vice versa.

==Properties of Matter==

On the most basic level, there are two types of properties of matter: chemical and physical properties. Chemical properties are classified as those that change when the substance or material undergoes a chemical reaction involving a fundamental change in the identity of the material. On the other hand, a physical property involves only a change in appearance of the material.

For example, consider the boiling a pot of water to cook a bowl of spaghetti. After sometime, the water begins to boil and form a vapor (i.e. steam). The water that boils off as steam has undergone a physical change in appearance, thus we can consider the boiling point of a substance as a physical property.

Now consider, a loaf of bread accidentally left out after a trip to the grocery store. Over the course of a week or two, mold will form on the bread indicating a chemical change in the identity of this bread molecules. The specific property that lead to this reaction would then be considered a chemical property.

===Physical Properties===

Physical properties are distinguished into two subgroups: intensive and extensive physical properties. Intensive properties are independent of the quantity of the material present where as extensive properties are not. For example, the density of a material is an intensive property while the mass of a material is an extensive property.

==Melting Point==

As mentioned previously, the melting point of a substance indicates the temperature at which the phase transition from solid to liquid or liquid to solid occurs. The melting point of a substance will be the same regardless of the amount of the material present thus making the melting point an intensive property. Most individuals are familiar with standard melting points of various substances such as water, ethanol, or nitrogen. This standard melting point refers to the temperature at which melting occurs at atmospheric pressure. This knowledge of standard conditions is often very useful as most transformations and reactions will occur in a open environment (atmospheric pressure), although it is important to note that melting point is not independent of pressure. That is, water at a pressure of 10 atmospheres will melt at a very different temperature than water at standard pressure.

===Clausius-Clapeyron Equation===

The melting and boiling point of a substance is dependent upon the pressure. This relationship is modeled by the Clausius-Clapeyron equation.

It is written as:

<math>\frac{dP}{dT} = \frac{PL}{T^2R}</math>

Using separation of variables and integrating from <math>P_1</math> to <math>P_2</math> and <math>T_1</math> to <math>T_2</math> this equation becomes:

<math>\ln\frac{P_1}{P_2} = -\frac{H_F}{R}(\frac{1}{T_1}-\frac{1}{T_2})</math>

where <math>H_F</math> is equal the enthalpy of fusion, which is equal to the amount of energy that must be taken out or put into the system per mole of material for the phase transformation to occur. R is the gas constant.

''Note: This equation should be used only in idealized situations as it does not include the temperature dependence of the heat of fusion. For this reason, there is some inaccuracies involved in this calculation.''

===Melting Point Depression===

It is likely that you or someone you know has, at one point, spread salt over his or her driveway before the onset of a cold front. Somehow, this greatly reduces the amount of ice that forms on the covered surfaces. This helpful winter trick occurs due to a phenomenon know as melting point depression. While a much more in-depth explanation could be given, here is a easy way to think about. When a liquid freezes, the molecules are attempting to orient and pack themselves in a way so as to form a solid. If foreign particles are in the liquid, they will partially block the liquid particles from forming into a solid thereby lowering the freezing point of the liquid. To summarize, the melting point of a material will decrease when a foreign solute is added to the solution.

See [[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Freezing-point_depression Freezing-point Depression]] for a closer look on how this process occurs and the math behind calculating the change in melting point!

==Example==

Consider the hypothetical element Greconium, which is a liquid at room temperature and has a standard melting point of 273.15K. If the pressure is increased to 5 atmospheres, what will be the melting point of Greconium at this elevated pressure? ''Assume the heat of fusion is constant and equal to <math>45000\frac{J}{mol}</math> for this problem.''

Using the simplified version of the Clausius-Clapeyron equation derived above, we must solve for <math>T_2</math>:

<math>\ln\frac{P_1}{P_2} = -\frac{H_F}{R}(\frac{1}{T_1}-\frac{1}{T_2})</math>

Rearranging and solving for <math>T_2</math>:

<math>T_2 = \frac{1}{\frac{1}{T_1}+\ln(\frac{P_1}{P_2})\frac{R}{H_F}}</math>

Plugging in for known variables:

<math>T_2 = \frac{1}{\frac{1}{273.15}+\ln(\frac{1}{5})\frac{8.314}{45000}}</math>

We find:

<math>T_2 = 297.3 K </math>

In this case, the increase in pressure causes the melting point of Greconium to rise to 297.3K.

''Note: This problem was meant only to demonstrate how to use the Clausius-Clapeyron equation.''

==Connectedness==

While the concept of a substance's melting point is relatively simple, it has far-reaching implications on many industries. These include the automotive, chemical manufacturing, and chemical storage industries. For example, consider a cold winter night during which ice forms. In order to prevent the fluids inside of your car's engine from freezing, automotive manufacturers created antifreeze, which is a direct application of freezing point depression. In many chemical manufacturing roles, it is extremely important to know both the chemical and physical properties of the materials being handled. The melting point of substance is one of these properties that must be taken into account to maintain a safe working environment.

With respect to the field of chemical engineering, a substance's melting point is deeply routed in the field of thermodynamics especially in relation to the concepts of Gibbs free energy, enthalpy, and entropy. Further investigation into these topics will offer a more scientific explanation of what is occur during phase transformation. Knowledge of the melting point of a substance also allows chemical engineers to create process and reactions used in the separations and manufacture of other chemicals. Even more commonly, the boiling point of a substance will be used in distillation and condensation, which involve the separation of compounds by boiling point.

==History==

The concept of melting points has been used for thousands of years, although only in the past few centuries have scientists developed an accurate way to pinpoint the temperature at which the phase transformation occurs.

== See also ==

For information on the transition of a substance from a liquid to a gas, see:

[[Boiling Point]]

===Further reading===

See this article from Cal Tech for more information on the:

[[http://www.its.caltech.edu/~matsci/btf/PTM_Book/chapter1.pdf Thermodynamic Explanation of Phase Transformation]]

==References==

[[http://chemwiki.ucdavis.edu/Analytical_Chemistry/Chemical_Reactions/Properties_of_Matter]]

[[http://chemwiki.ucdavis.edu/Physical_Chemistry/Physical_Properties_of_Matter/Phases_of_Matter/Phase_Transitions/Phase_Transitions/Clausius-Clapeyron_Equation]]

[[http://www.scienceiscool.org/solutions/fpdepression.html]]

[[Category:Properties of Matter]]

Melting Point

2015-12-01T15:16:01Z

Cmaike3: /* See also */

Claimed by Clayton Maike

The melting point of a material is an intensive physical property that indicates the temperature at which the substance transforms from a solid to a liquid or vice versa.

==Properties of Matter==

On the most basic level, there are two types of properties of matter: chemical and physical properties. Chemical properties are classified as those that change when the substance or material undergoes a chemical reaction involving a fundamental change in the identity of the material. On the other hand, a physical property involves only a change in appearance of the material.

For example, consider the boiling a pot of water to cook a bowl of spaghetti. After sometime, the water begins to boil and form a vapor (i.e. steam). The water that boils off as steam has undergone a physical change in appearance, thus we can consider the boiling point of a substance as a physical property.

Now consider, a loaf of bread accidentally left out after a trip to the grocery store. Over the course of a week or two, mold will form on the bread indicating a chemical change in the identity of this bread molecules. The specific property that lead to this reaction would then be considered a chemical property.

===Physical Properties===

Physical properties are distinguished into two subgroups: intensive and extensive physical properties. Intensive properties are independent of the quantity of the material present where as extensive properties are not. For example, the density of a material is an intensive property while the mass of a material is an extensive property.

==Melting Point==

As mentioned previously, the melting point of a substance indicates the temperature at which the phase transition from solid to liquid or liquid to solid occurs. The melting point of a substance will be the same regardless of the amount of the material present thus making the melting point an intensive property. Most individuals are familiar with standard melting points of various substances such as water, ethanol, or nitrogen. This standard melting point refers to the temperature at which melting occurs at atmospheric pressure. This knowledge of standard conditions is often very useful as most transformations and reactions will occur in a open environment (atmospheric pressure), although it is important to note that melting point is not independent of pressure. That is, water at a pressure of 10 atmospheres will melt at a very different temperature than water at standard pressure.

===Clausius-Clapeyron Equation===

The melting and boiling point of a substance is dependent upon the pressure. This relationship is modeled by the Clausius-Clapeyron equation.

It is written as:

<math>\frac{dP}{dT} = \frac{PL}{T^2R}</math>

Using separation of variables and integrating from <math>P_1</math> to <math>P_2</math> and <math>T_1</math> to <math>T_2</math> this equation becomes:

<math>\ln\frac{P_1}{P_2} = -\frac{H_F}{R}(\frac{1}{T_1}-\frac{1}{T_2})</math>

where <math>H_F</math> is equal the enthalpy of fusion, which is equal to the amount of energy that must be taken out or put into the system per mole of material for the phase transformation to occur. R is the gas constant.

''Note: This equation should be used only in idealized situations as it does not include the temperature dependence of the heat of fusion. For this reason, there is some inaccuracies involved in this calculation.''

===Melting Point Depression===

It is likely that you or someone you know has, at one point, spread salt over his or her driveway before the onset of a cold front. Somehow, this greatly reduces the amount of ice that forms on the covered surfaces. This helpful winter trick occurs due to a phenomenon know as melting point depression. While a much more in-depth explanation could be given, here is a easy way to think about. When a liquid freezes, the molecules are attempting to orient and pack themselves in a way so as to form a solid. If foreign particles are in the liquid, they will partially block the liquid particles from forming into a solid thereby lowering the freezing point of the liquid. To summarize, the melting point of a material will decrease when a foreign solute is added to the solution.

See [[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Freezing-point_depression Freezing-point Depression]] for a closer look on how this process occurs and the math behind calculating the change in melting point!

==Example==

Consider the hypothetical element Greconium, which is a liquid at room temperature and has a standard melting point of 273.15K. If the pressure is increased to 5 atmospheres, what will be the melting point of Greconium at this elevated pressure? ''Assume the heat of fusion is constant and equal to <math>45000\frac{J}{mol}</math> for this problem.''

Using the simplified version of the Clausius-Clapeyron equation derived above, we must solve for <math>T_2</math>:

<math>\ln\frac{P_1}{P_2} = -\frac{H_F}{R}(\frac{1}{T_1}-\frac{1}{T_2})</math>

Rearranging and solving for <math>T_2</math>:

<math>T_2 = \frac{1}{\frac{1}{T_1}+\ln(\frac{P_1}{P_2})\frac{R}{H_F}}</math>

Plugging in for known variables:

<math>T_2 = \frac{1}{\frac{1}{273.15}+\ln(\frac{1}{5})\frac{8.314}{45000}}</math>

We find:

<math>T_2 = 297.3 K </math>

In this case, the increase in pressure causes the melting point of Greconium to rise to 297.3K.

''Note: This problem was meant only to demonstrate how to use the Clausius-Clapeyron equation.''

==Connectedness==

While the concept of a substance's melting point is relatively simple, it has far-reaching implications on many industries. These include the automotive, chemical manufacturing, and chemical storage industries. For example, consider a cold winter night during which ice forms. In order to prevent the fluids inside of your car's engine from freezing, automotive manufacturers created antifreeze, which is a direct application of freezing point depression. In many chemical manufacturing roles, it is extremely important to know both the chemical and physical properties of the materials being handled. The melting point of substance is one of these properties that must be taken into account to maintain a safe working environment.

With respect to the field of chemical engineering, a substance's melting point is deeply routed in the field of thermodynamics especially in relation to the concepts of Gibbs free energy, enthalpy, and entropy. Further investigation into these topics will offer a more scientific explanation of what is occur during phase transformation. Knowledge of the melting point of a substance also allows chemical engineers to create process and reactions used in the separations and manufacture of other chemicals. Even more commonly, the boiling point of a substance will be used in distillation and condensation, which involve the separation of compounds by boiling point.

==History==

The concept of melting points has been used for thousands of years, although only in the past few centuries have scientists developed an accurate way to pinpoint the temperature at which the phase transformation occurs.

== See also ==

For information on the transition of a substance from a liquid to a gas, see:

[[Boiling Point]]

===Further reading===

See this article from Cal Tech for more information on the:

[[http://www.its.caltech.edu/~matsci/btf/PTM_Book/chapter1.pdf Thermodynamic Explanation of Phase Transformation]]

==References==

This section contains the the references you used while writing this page

[[Category:Properties of Matter]]

Melting Point

2015-12-01T15:15:22Z

Cmaike3: /* Further reading */

Claimed by Clayton Maike

The melting point of a material is an intensive physical property that indicates the temperature at which the substance transforms from a solid to a liquid or vice versa.

==Properties of Matter==

On the most basic level, there are two types of properties of matter: chemical and physical properties. Chemical properties are classified as those that change when the substance or material undergoes a chemical reaction involving a fundamental change in the identity of the material. On the other hand, a physical property involves only a change in appearance of the material.

For example, consider the boiling a pot of water to cook a bowl of spaghetti. After sometime, the water begins to boil and form a vapor (i.e. steam). The water that boils off as steam has undergone a physical change in appearance, thus we can consider the boiling point of a substance as a physical property.

Now consider, a loaf of bread accidentally left out after a trip to the grocery store. Over the course of a week or two, mold will form on the bread indicating a chemical change in the identity of this bread molecules. The specific property that lead to this reaction would then be considered a chemical property.

===Physical Properties===

Physical properties are distinguished into two subgroups: intensive and extensive physical properties. Intensive properties are independent of the quantity of the material present where as extensive properties are not. For example, the density of a material is an intensive property while the mass of a material is an extensive property.

==Melting Point==

As mentioned previously, the melting point of a substance indicates the temperature at which the phase transition from solid to liquid or liquid to solid occurs. The melting point of a substance will be the same regardless of the amount of the material present thus making the melting point an intensive property. Most individuals are familiar with standard melting points of various substances such as water, ethanol, or nitrogen. This standard melting point refers to the temperature at which melting occurs at atmospheric pressure. This knowledge of standard conditions is often very useful as most transformations and reactions will occur in a open environment (atmospheric pressure), although it is important to note that melting point is not independent of pressure. That is, water at a pressure of 10 atmospheres will melt at a very different temperature than water at standard pressure.

===Clausius-Clapeyron Equation===

The melting and boiling point of a substance is dependent upon the pressure. This relationship is modeled by the Clausius-Clapeyron equation.

It is written as:

<math>\frac{dP}{dT} = \frac{PL}{T^2R}</math>

Using separation of variables and integrating from <math>P_1</math> to <math>P_2</math> and <math>T_1</math> to <math>T_2</math> this equation becomes:

<math>\ln\frac{P_1}{P_2} = -\frac{H_F}{R}(\frac{1}{T_1}-\frac{1}{T_2})</math>

where <math>H_F</math> is equal the enthalpy of fusion, which is equal to the amount of energy that must be taken out or put into the system per mole of material for the phase transformation to occur. R is the gas constant.

''Note: This equation should be used only in idealized situations as it does not include the temperature dependence of the heat of fusion. For this reason, there is some inaccuracies involved in this calculation.''

===Melting Point Depression===

It is likely that you or someone you know has, at one point, spread salt over his or her driveway before the onset of a cold front. Somehow, this greatly reduces the amount of ice that forms on the covered surfaces. This helpful winter trick occurs due to a phenomenon know as melting point depression. While a much more in-depth explanation could be given, here is a easy way to think about. When a liquid freezes, the molecules are attempting to orient and pack themselves in a way so as to form a solid. If foreign particles are in the liquid, they will partially block the liquid particles from forming into a solid thereby lowering the freezing point of the liquid. To summarize, the melting point of a material will decrease when a foreign solute is added to the solution.

See [[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Freezing-point_depression Freezing-point Depression]] for a closer look on how this process occurs and the math behind calculating the change in melting point!

==Example==

Consider the hypothetical element Greconium, which is a liquid at room temperature and has a standard melting point of 273.15K. If the pressure is increased to 5 atmospheres, what will be the melting point of Greconium at this elevated pressure? ''Assume the heat of fusion is constant and equal to <math>45000\frac{J}{mol}</math> for this problem.''

Using the simplified version of the Clausius-Clapeyron equation derived above, we must solve for <math>T_2</math>:

<math>\ln\frac{P_1}{P_2} = -\frac{H_F}{R}(\frac{1}{T_1}-\frac{1}{T_2})</math>

Rearranging and solving for <math>T_2</math>:

<math>T_2 = \frac{1}{\frac{1}{T_1}+\ln(\frac{P_1}{P_2})\frac{R}{H_F}}</math>

Plugging in for known variables:

<math>T_2 = \frac{1}{\frac{1}{273.15}+\ln(\frac{1}{5})\frac{8.314}{45000}}</math>

We find:

<math>T_2 = 297.3 K </math>

In this case, the increase in pressure causes the melting point of Greconium to rise to 297.3K.

''Note: This problem was meant only to demonstrate how to use the Clausius-Clapeyron equation.''

==Connectedness==

While the concept of a substance's melting point is relatively simple, it has far-reaching implications on many industries. These include the automotive, chemical manufacturing, and chemical storage industries. For example, consider a cold winter night during which ice forms. In order to prevent the fluids inside of your car's engine from freezing, automotive manufacturers created antifreeze, which is a direct application of freezing point depression. In many chemical manufacturing roles, it is extremely important to know both the chemical and physical properties of the materials being handled. The melting point of substance is one of these properties that must be taken into account to maintain a safe working environment.

With respect to the field of chemical engineering, a substance's melting point is deeply routed in the field of thermodynamics especially in relation to the concepts of Gibbs free energy, enthalpy, and entropy. Further investigation into these topics will offer a more scientific explanation of what is occur during phase transformation. Knowledge of the melting point of a substance also allows chemical engineers to create process and reactions used in the separations and manufacture of other chemicals. Even more commonly, the boiling point of a substance will be used in distillation and condensation, which involve the separation of compounds by boiling point.

==History==

The concept of melting points has been used for thousands of years, although only in the past few centuries have scientists developed an accurate way to pinpoint the temperature at which the phase transformation occurs.

== See also ==

For information on the transition of a substance from a liquid to a gas, see:

[[Boiling Point]]

===Further reading===

See this article from Cal Tech for more information on the:

[[http://www.its.caltech.edu/~matsci/btf/PTM_Book/chapter1.pdf Thermodynamic Explanation of Phase Transformation]]

===External links===

Internet resources on this topic

==References==

This section contains the the references you used while writing this page

[[Category:Properties of Matter]]

Melting Point

2015-12-01T15:11:36Z

Cmaike3: /* Further reading */

Claimed by Clayton Maike

The melting point of a material is an intensive physical property that indicates the temperature at which the substance transforms from a solid to a liquid or vice versa.

==Properties of Matter==

On the most basic level, there are two types of properties of matter: chemical and physical properties. Chemical properties are classified as those that change when the substance or material undergoes a chemical reaction involving a fundamental change in the identity of the material. On the other hand, a physical property involves only a change in appearance of the material.

For example, consider the boiling a pot of water to cook a bowl of spaghetti. After sometime, the water begins to boil and form a vapor (i.e. steam). The water that boils off as steam has undergone a physical change in appearance, thus we can consider the boiling point of a substance as a physical property.

Now consider, a loaf of bread accidentally left out after a trip to the grocery store. Over the course of a week or two, mold will form on the bread indicating a chemical change in the identity of this bread molecules. The specific property that lead to this reaction would then be considered a chemical property.

===Physical Properties===

Physical properties are distinguished into two subgroups: intensive and extensive physical properties. Intensive properties are independent of the quantity of the material present where as extensive properties are not. For example, the density of a material is an intensive property while the mass of a material is an extensive property.

==Melting Point==

As mentioned previously, the melting point of a substance indicates the temperature at which the phase transition from solid to liquid or liquid to solid occurs. The melting point of a substance will be the same regardless of the amount of the material present thus making the melting point an intensive property. Most individuals are familiar with standard melting points of various substances such as water, ethanol, or nitrogen. This standard melting point refers to the temperature at which melting occurs at atmospheric pressure. This knowledge of standard conditions is often very useful as most transformations and reactions will occur in a open environment (atmospheric pressure), although it is important to note that melting point is not independent of pressure. That is, water at a pressure of 10 atmospheres will melt at a very different temperature than water at standard pressure.

===Clausius-Clapeyron Equation===

The melting and boiling point of a substance is dependent upon the pressure. This relationship is modeled by the Clausius-Clapeyron equation.

It is written as:

<math>\frac{dP}{dT} = \frac{PL}{T^2R}</math>

Using separation of variables and integrating from <math>P_1</math> to <math>P_2</math> and <math>T_1</math> to <math>T_2</math> this equation becomes:

<math>\ln\frac{P_1}{P_2} = -\frac{H_F}{R}(\frac{1}{T_1}-\frac{1}{T_2})</math>

where <math>H_F</math> is equal the enthalpy of fusion, which is equal to the amount of energy that must be taken out or put into the system per mole of material for the phase transformation to occur. R is the gas constant.

''Note: This equation should be used only in idealized situations as it does not include the temperature dependence of the heat of fusion. For this reason, there is some inaccuracies involved in this calculation.''

===Melting Point Depression===

It is likely that you or someone you know has, at one point, spread salt over his or her driveway before the onset of a cold front. Somehow, this greatly reduces the amount of ice that forms on the covered surfaces. This helpful winter trick occurs due to a phenomenon know as melting point depression. While a much more in-depth explanation could be given, here is a easy way to think about. When a liquid freezes, the molecules are attempting to orient and pack themselves in a way so as to form a solid. If foreign particles are in the liquid, they will partially block the liquid particles from forming into a solid thereby lowering the freezing point of the liquid. To summarize, the melting point of a material will decrease when a foreign solute is added to the solution.

See [[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Freezing-point_depression Freezing-point Depression]] for a closer look on how this process occurs and the math behind calculating the change in melting point!

==Example==

Consider the hypothetical element Greconium, which is a liquid at room temperature and has a standard melting point of 273.15K. If the pressure is increased to 5 atmospheres, what will be the melting point of Greconium at this elevated pressure? ''Assume the heat of fusion is constant and equal to <math>45000\frac{J}{mol}</math> for this problem.''

Using the simplified version of the Clausius-Clapeyron equation derived above, we must solve for <math>T_2</math>:

<math>\ln\frac{P_1}{P_2} = -\frac{H_F}{R}(\frac{1}{T_1}-\frac{1}{T_2})</math>

Rearranging and solving for <math>T_2</math>:

<math>T_2 = \frac{1}{\frac{1}{T_1}+\ln(\frac{P_1}{P_2})\frac{R}{H_F}}</math>

Plugging in for known variables:

<math>T_2 = \frac{1}{\frac{1}{273.15}+\ln(\frac{1}{5})\frac{8.314}{45000}}</math>

We find:

<math>T_2 = 297.3 K </math>

In this case, the increase in pressure causes the melting point of Greconium to rise to 297.3K.

''Note: This problem was meant only to demonstrate how to use the Clausius-Clapeyron equation.''

==Connectedness==

While the concept of a substance's melting point is relatively simple, it has far-reaching implications on many industries. These include the automotive, chemical manufacturing, and chemical storage industries. For example, consider a cold winter night during which ice forms. In order to prevent the fluids inside of your car's engine from freezing, automotive manufacturers created antifreeze, which is a direct application of freezing point depression. In many chemical manufacturing roles, it is extremely important to know both the chemical and physical properties of the materials being handled. The melting point of substance is one of these properties that must be taken into account to maintain a safe working environment.

With respect to the field of chemical engineering, a substance's melting point is deeply routed in the field of thermodynamics especially in relation to the concepts of Gibbs free energy, enthalpy, and entropy. Further investigation into these topics will offer a more scientific explanation of what is occur during phase transformation. Knowledge of the melting point of a substance also allows chemical engineers to create process and reactions used in the separations and manufacture of other chemicals. Even more commonly, the boiling point of a substance will be used in distillation and condensation, which involve the separation of compounds by boiling point.

==History==

The concept of melting points has been used for thousands of years, although only in the past few centuries have scientists developed an accurate way to pinpoint the temperature at which the phase transformation occurs.

== See also ==

For information on the transition of a substance from a liquid to a gas, see:

[[Boiling Point]]

===Further reading===

See this article from Cal Tech for more information on the
[[http://www.its.caltech.edu/~matsci/btf/PTM_Book/chapter1.pdf Thermodynamic Explanation of Phase Transformation]]
Books, Articles or other print media on this topic

===External links===

Internet resources on this topic

==References==

This section contains the the references you used while writing this page

[[Category:Properties of Matter]]

Melting Point

2015-12-01T15:06:44Z

Cmaike3: /* See also */

Claimed by Clayton Maike

The melting point of a material is an intensive physical property that indicates the temperature at which the substance transforms from a solid to a liquid or vice versa.

==Properties of Matter==

On the most basic level, there are two types of properties of matter: chemical and physical properties. Chemical properties are classified as those that change when the substance or material undergoes a chemical reaction involving a fundamental change in the identity of the material. On the other hand, a physical property involves only a change in appearance of the material.

For example, consider the boiling a pot of water to cook a bowl of spaghetti. After sometime, the water begins to boil and form a vapor (i.e. steam). The water that boils off as steam has undergone a physical change in appearance, thus we can consider the boiling point of a substance as a physical property.

Now consider, a loaf of bread accidentally left out after a trip to the grocery store. Over the course of a week or two, mold will form on the bread indicating a chemical change in the identity of this bread molecules. The specific property that lead to this reaction would then be considered a chemical property.

===Physical Properties===

Physical properties are distinguished into two subgroups: intensive and extensive physical properties. Intensive properties are independent of the quantity of the material present where as extensive properties are not. For example, the density of a material is an intensive property while the mass of a material is an extensive property.

==Melting Point==

As mentioned previously, the melting point of a substance indicates the temperature at which the phase transition from solid to liquid or liquid to solid occurs. The melting point of a substance will be the same regardless of the amount of the material present thus making the melting point an intensive property. Most individuals are familiar with standard melting points of various substances such as water, ethanol, or nitrogen. This standard melting point refers to the temperature at which melting occurs at atmospheric pressure. This knowledge of standard conditions is often very useful as most transformations and reactions will occur in a open environment (atmospheric pressure), although it is important to note that melting point is not independent of pressure. That is, water at a pressure of 10 atmospheres will melt at a very different temperature than water at standard pressure.

===Clausius-Clapeyron Equation===

The melting and boiling point of a substance is dependent upon the pressure. This relationship is modeled by the Clausius-Clapeyron equation.

It is written as:

<math>\frac{dP}{dT} = \frac{PL}{T^2R}</math>

Using separation of variables and integrating from <math>P_1</math> to <math>P_2</math> and <math>T_1</math> to <math>T_2</math> this equation becomes:

<math>\ln\frac{P_1}{P_2} = -\frac{H_F}{R}(\frac{1}{T_1}-\frac{1}{T_2})</math>

where <math>H_F</math> is equal the enthalpy of fusion, which is equal to the amount of energy that must be taken out or put into the system per mole of material for the phase transformation to occur. R is the gas constant.

''Note: This equation should be used only in idealized situations as it does not include the temperature dependence of the heat of fusion. For this reason, there is some inaccuracies involved in this calculation.''

===Melting Point Depression===

It is likely that you or someone you know has, at one point, spread salt over his or her driveway before the onset of a cold front. Somehow, this greatly reduces the amount of ice that forms on the covered surfaces. This helpful winter trick occurs due to a phenomenon know as melting point depression. While a much more in-depth explanation could be given, here is a easy way to think about. When a liquid freezes, the molecules are attempting to orient and pack themselves in a way so as to form a solid. If foreign particles are in the liquid, they will partially block the liquid particles from forming into a solid thereby lowering the freezing point of the liquid. To summarize, the melting point of a material will decrease when a foreign solute is added to the solution.

See [[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Freezing-point_depression Freezing-point Depression]] for a closer look on how this process occurs and the math behind calculating the change in melting point!

==Example==

Consider the hypothetical element Greconium, which is a liquid at room temperature and has a standard melting point of 273.15K. If the pressure is increased to 5 atmospheres, what will be the melting point of Greconium at this elevated pressure? ''Assume the heat of fusion is constant and equal to <math>45000\frac{J}{mol}</math> for this problem.''

Using the simplified version of the Clausius-Clapeyron equation derived above, we must solve for <math>T_2</math>:

<math>\ln\frac{P_1}{P_2} = -\frac{H_F}{R}(\frac{1}{T_1}-\frac{1}{T_2})</math>

Rearranging and solving for <math>T_2</math>:

<math>T_2 = \frac{1}{\frac{1}{T_1}+\ln(\frac{P_1}{P_2})\frac{R}{H_F}}</math>

Plugging in for known variables:

<math>T_2 = \frac{1}{\frac{1}{273.15}+\ln(\frac{1}{5})\frac{8.314}{45000}}</math>

We find:

<math>T_2 = 297.3 K </math>

In this case, the increase in pressure causes the melting point of Greconium to rise to 297.3K.

''Note: This problem was meant only to demonstrate how to use the Clausius-Clapeyron equation.''

==Connectedness==

While the concept of a substance's melting point is relatively simple, it has far-reaching implications on many industries. These include the automotive, chemical manufacturing, and chemical storage industries. For example, consider a cold winter night during which ice forms. In order to prevent the fluids inside of your car's engine from freezing, automotive manufacturers created antifreeze, which is a direct application of freezing point depression. In many chemical manufacturing roles, it is extremely important to know both the chemical and physical properties of the materials being handled. The melting point of substance is one of these properties that must be taken into account to maintain a safe working environment.

With respect to the field of chemical engineering, a substance's melting point is deeply routed in the field of thermodynamics especially in relation to the concepts of Gibbs free energy, enthalpy, and entropy. Further investigation into these topics will offer a more scientific explanation of what is occur during phase transformation. Knowledge of the melting point of a substance also allows chemical engineers to create process and reactions used in the separations and manufacture of other chemicals. Even more commonly, the boiling point of a substance will be used in distillation and condensation, which involve the separation of compounds by boiling point.

==History==

The concept of melting points has been used for thousands of years, although only in the past few centuries have scientists developed an accurate way to pinpoint the temperature at which the phase transformation occurs.

== See also ==

For information on the transition of a substance from a liquid to a gas, see:

[[Boiling Point]]

===Further reading===

Books, Articles or other print media on this topic

===External links===

Internet resources on this topic

==References==

This section contains the the references you used while writing this page

[[Category:Properties of Matter]]

Melting Point

2015-12-01T15:04:46Z

Cmaike3: /* History */

Claimed by Clayton Maike

The melting point of a material is an intensive physical property that indicates the temperature at which the substance transforms from a solid to a liquid or vice versa.

==Properties of Matter==

On the most basic level, there are two types of properties of matter: chemical and physical properties. Chemical properties are classified as those that change when the substance or material undergoes a chemical reaction involving a fundamental change in the identity of the material. On the other hand, a physical property involves only a change in appearance of the material.

For example, consider the boiling a pot of water to cook a bowl of spaghetti. After sometime, the water begins to boil and form a vapor (i.e. steam). The water that boils off as steam has undergone a physical change in appearance, thus we can consider the boiling point of a substance as a physical property.

Now consider, a loaf of bread accidentally left out after a trip to the grocery store. Over the course of a week or two, mold will form on the bread indicating a chemical change in the identity of this bread molecules. The specific property that lead to this reaction would then be considered a chemical property.

===Physical Properties===

Physical properties are distinguished into two subgroups: intensive and extensive physical properties. Intensive properties are independent of the quantity of the material present where as extensive properties are not. For example, the density of a material is an intensive property while the mass of a material is an extensive property.

==Melting Point==

As mentioned previously, the melting point of a substance indicates the temperature at which the phase transition from solid to liquid or liquid to solid occurs. The melting point of a substance will be the same regardless of the amount of the material present thus making the melting point an intensive property. Most individuals are familiar with standard melting points of various substances such as water, ethanol, or nitrogen. This standard melting point refers to the temperature at which melting occurs at atmospheric pressure. This knowledge of standard conditions is often very useful as most transformations and reactions will occur in a open environment (atmospheric pressure), although it is important to note that melting point is not independent of pressure. That is, water at a pressure of 10 atmospheres will melt at a very different temperature than water at standard pressure.

===Clausius-Clapeyron Equation===

The melting and boiling point of a substance is dependent upon the pressure. This relationship is modeled by the Clausius-Clapeyron equation.

It is written as:

<math>\frac{dP}{dT} = \frac{PL}{T^2R}</math>

Using separation of variables and integrating from <math>P_1</math> to <math>P_2</math> and <math>T_1</math> to <math>T_2</math> this equation becomes:

<math>\ln\frac{P_1}{P_2} = -\frac{H_F}{R}(\frac{1}{T_1}-\frac{1}{T_2})</math>

where <math>H_F</math> is equal the enthalpy of fusion, which is equal to the amount of energy that must be taken out or put into the system per mole of material for the phase transformation to occur. R is the gas constant.

''Note: This equation should be used only in idealized situations as it does not include the temperature dependence of the heat of fusion. For this reason, there is some inaccuracies involved in this calculation.''

===Melting Point Depression===

It is likely that you or someone you know has, at one point, spread salt over his or her driveway before the onset of a cold front. Somehow, this greatly reduces the amount of ice that forms on the covered surfaces. This helpful winter trick occurs due to a phenomenon know as melting point depression. While a much more in-depth explanation could be given, here is a easy way to think about. When a liquid freezes, the molecules are attempting to orient and pack themselves in a way so as to form a solid. If foreign particles are in the liquid, they will partially block the liquid particles from forming into a solid thereby lowering the freezing point of the liquid. To summarize, the melting point of a material will decrease when a foreign solute is added to the solution.

See [[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Freezing-point_depression Freezing-point Depression]] for a closer look on how this process occurs and the math behind calculating the change in melting point!

==Example==

Consider the hypothetical element Greconium, which is a liquid at room temperature and has a standard melting point of 273.15K. If the pressure is increased to 5 atmospheres, what will be the melting point of Greconium at this elevated pressure? ''Assume the heat of fusion is constant and equal to <math>45000\frac{J}{mol}</math> for this problem.''

Using the simplified version of the Clausius-Clapeyron equation derived above, we must solve for <math>T_2</math>:

<math>\ln\frac{P_1}{P_2} = -\frac{H_F}{R}(\frac{1}{T_1}-\frac{1}{T_2})</math>

Rearranging and solving for <math>T_2</math>:

<math>T_2 = \frac{1}{\frac{1}{T_1}+\ln(\frac{P_1}{P_2})\frac{R}{H_F}}</math>

Plugging in for known variables:

<math>T_2 = \frac{1}{\frac{1}{273.15}+\ln(\frac{1}{5})\frac{8.314}{45000}}</math>

We find:

<math>T_2 = 297.3 K </math>

In this case, the increase in pressure causes the melting point of Greconium to rise to 297.3K.

''Note: This problem was meant only to demonstrate how to use the Clausius-Clapeyron equation.''

==Connectedness==

While the concept of a substance's melting point is relatively simple, it has far-reaching implications on many industries. These include the automotive, chemical manufacturing, and chemical storage industries. For example, consider a cold winter night during which ice forms. In order to prevent the fluids inside of your car's engine from freezing, automotive manufacturers created antifreeze, which is a direct application of freezing point depression. In many chemical manufacturing roles, it is extremely important to know both the chemical and physical properties of the materials being handled. The melting point of substance is one of these properties that must be taken into account to maintain a safe working environment.

With respect to the field of chemical engineering, a substance's melting point is deeply routed in the field of thermodynamics especially in relation to the concepts of Gibbs free energy, enthalpy, and entropy. Further investigation into these topics will offer a more scientific explanation of what is occur during phase transformation. Knowledge of the melting point of a substance also allows chemical engineers to create process and reactions used in the separations and manufacture of other chemicals. Even more commonly, the boiling point of a substance will be used in distillation and condensation, which involve the separation of compounds by boiling point.

==History==

The concept of melting points has been used for thousands of years, although only in the past few centuries have scientists developed an accurate way to pinpoint the temperature at which the phase transformation occurs.

== See also ==

Are there related topics or categories in this wiki resource for the curious reader to explore? How does this topic fit into that context?

===Further reading===

Books, Articles or other print media on this topic

===External links===

Internet resources on this topic

==References==

This section contains the the references you used while writing this page

[[Category:Properties of Matter]]

Melting Point

2015-12-01T14:59:09Z

Cmaike3: /* Connectedness */

Claimed by Clayton Maike

The melting point of a material is an intensive physical property that indicates the temperature at which the substance transforms from a solid to a liquid or vice versa.

==Properties of Matter==

On the most basic level, there are two types of properties of matter: chemical and physical properties. Chemical properties are classified as those that change when the substance or material undergoes a chemical reaction involving a fundamental change in the identity of the material. On the other hand, a physical property involves only a change in appearance of the material.

For example, consider the boiling a pot of water to cook a bowl of spaghetti. After sometime, the water begins to boil and form a vapor (i.e. steam). The water that boils off as steam has undergone a physical change in appearance, thus we can consider the boiling point of a substance as a physical property.

Now consider, a loaf of bread accidentally left out after a trip to the grocery store. Over the course of a week or two, mold will form on the bread indicating a chemical change in the identity of this bread molecules. The specific property that lead to this reaction would then be considered a chemical property.

===Physical Properties===

Physical properties are distinguished into two subgroups: intensive and extensive physical properties. Intensive properties are independent of the quantity of the material present where as extensive properties are not. For example, the density of a material is an intensive property while the mass of a material is an extensive property.

==Melting Point==

As mentioned previously, the melting point of a substance indicates the temperature at which the phase transition from solid to liquid or liquid to solid occurs. The melting point of a substance will be the same regardless of the amount of the material present thus making the melting point an intensive property. Most individuals are familiar with standard melting points of various substances such as water, ethanol, or nitrogen. This standard melting point refers to the temperature at which melting occurs at atmospheric pressure. This knowledge of standard conditions is often very useful as most transformations and reactions will occur in a open environment (atmospheric pressure), although it is important to note that melting point is not independent of pressure. That is, water at a pressure of 10 atmospheres will melt at a very different temperature than water at standard pressure.

===Clausius-Clapeyron Equation===

The melting and boiling point of a substance is dependent upon the pressure. This relationship is modeled by the Clausius-Clapeyron equation.

It is written as:

<math>\frac{dP}{dT} = \frac{PL}{T^2R}</math>

Using separation of variables and integrating from <math>P_1</math> to <math>P_2</math> and <math>T_1</math> to <math>T_2</math> this equation becomes:

<math>\ln\frac{P_1}{P_2} = -\frac{H_F}{R}(\frac{1}{T_1}-\frac{1}{T_2})</math>

where <math>H_F</math> is equal the enthalpy of fusion, which is equal to the amount of energy that must be taken out or put into the system per mole of material for the phase transformation to occur. R is the gas constant.

''Note: This equation should be used only in idealized situations as it does not include the temperature dependence of the heat of fusion. For this reason, there is some inaccuracies involved in this calculation.''

===Melting Point Depression===

It is likely that you or someone you know has, at one point, spread salt over his or her driveway before the onset of a cold front. Somehow, this greatly reduces the amount of ice that forms on the covered surfaces. This helpful winter trick occurs due to a phenomenon know as melting point depression. While a much more in-depth explanation could be given, here is a easy way to think about. When a liquid freezes, the molecules are attempting to orient and pack themselves in a way so as to form a solid. If foreign particles are in the liquid, they will partially block the liquid particles from forming into a solid thereby lowering the freezing point of the liquid. To summarize, the melting point of a material will decrease when a foreign solute is added to the solution.

See [[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Freezing-point_depression Freezing-point Depression]] for a closer look on how this process occurs and the math behind calculating the change in melting point!

==Example==

Consider the hypothetical element Greconium, which is a liquid at room temperature and has a standard melting point of 273.15K. If the pressure is increased to 5 atmospheres, what will be the melting point of Greconium at this elevated pressure? ''Assume the heat of fusion is constant and equal to <math>45000\frac{J}{mol}</math> for this problem.''

Using the simplified version of the Clausius-Clapeyron equation derived above, we must solve for <math>T_2</math>:

<math>\ln\frac{P_1}{P_2} = -\frac{H_F}{R}(\frac{1}{T_1}-\frac{1}{T_2})</math>

Rearranging and solving for <math>T_2</math>:

<math>T_2 = \frac{1}{\frac{1}{T_1}+\ln(\frac{P_1}{P_2})\frac{R}{H_F}}</math>

Plugging in for known variables:

<math>T_2 = \frac{1}{\frac{1}{273.15}+\ln(\frac{1}{5})\frac{8.314}{45000}}</math>

We find:

<math>T_2 = 297.3 K </math>

In this case, the increase in pressure causes the melting point of Greconium to rise to 297.3K.

''Note: This problem was meant only to demonstrate how to use the Clausius-Clapeyron equation.''

==Connectedness==

While the concept of a substance's melting point is relatively simple, it has far-reaching implications on many industries. These include the automotive, chemical manufacturing, and chemical storage industries. For example, consider a cold winter night during which ice forms. In order to prevent the fluids inside of your car's engine from freezing, automotive manufacturers created antifreeze, which is a direct application of freezing point depression. In many chemical manufacturing roles, it is extremely important to know both the chemical and physical properties of the materials being handled. The melting point of substance is one of these properties that must be taken into account to maintain a safe working environment.

With respect to the field of chemical engineering, a substance's melting point is deeply routed in the field of thermodynamics especially in relation to the concepts of Gibbs free energy, enthalpy, and entropy. Further investigation into these topics will offer a more scientific explanation of what is occur during phase transformation. Knowledge of the melting point of a substance also allows chemical engineers to create process and reactions used in the separations and manufacture of other chemicals. Even more commonly, the boiling point of a substance will be used in distillation and condensation, which involve the separation of compounds by boiling point.

==History==

Put this idea in historical context. Give the reader the Who, What, When, Where, and Why.

== See also ==

Are there related topics or categories in this wiki resource for the curious reader to explore? How does this topic fit into that context?

===Further reading===

Books, Articles or other print media on this topic

===External links===

Internet resources on this topic

==References==

This section contains the the references you used while writing this page

[[Category:Properties of Matter]]

Melting Point

2015-12-01T14:58:26Z

Cmaike3: /* Connectedness */

Claimed by Clayton Maike

The melting point of a material is an intensive physical property that indicates the temperature at which the substance transforms from a solid to a liquid or vice versa.

==Properties of Matter==

On the most basic level, there are two types of properties of matter: chemical and physical properties. Chemical properties are classified as those that change when the substance or material undergoes a chemical reaction involving a fundamental change in the identity of the material. On the other hand, a physical property involves only a change in appearance of the material.

For example, consider the boiling a pot of water to cook a bowl of spaghetti. After sometime, the water begins to boil and form a vapor (i.e. steam). The water that boils off as steam has undergone a physical change in appearance, thus we can consider the boiling point of a substance as a physical property.

Now consider, a loaf of bread accidentally left out after a trip to the grocery store. Over the course of a week or two, mold will form on the bread indicating a chemical change in the identity of this bread molecules. The specific property that lead to this reaction would then be considered a chemical property.

===Physical Properties===

Physical properties are distinguished into two subgroups: intensive and extensive physical properties. Intensive properties are independent of the quantity of the material present where as extensive properties are not. For example, the density of a material is an intensive property while the mass of a material is an extensive property.

==Melting Point==

As mentioned previously, the melting point of a substance indicates the temperature at which the phase transition from solid to liquid or liquid to solid occurs. The melting point of a substance will be the same regardless of the amount of the material present thus making the melting point an intensive property. Most individuals are familiar with standard melting points of various substances such as water, ethanol, or nitrogen. This standard melting point refers to the temperature at which melting occurs at atmospheric pressure. This knowledge of standard conditions is often very useful as most transformations and reactions will occur in a open environment (atmospheric pressure), although it is important to note that melting point is not independent of pressure. That is, water at a pressure of 10 atmospheres will melt at a very different temperature than water at standard pressure.

===Clausius-Clapeyron Equation===

The melting and boiling point of a substance is dependent upon the pressure. This relationship is modeled by the Clausius-Clapeyron equation.

It is written as:

<math>\frac{dP}{dT} = \frac{PL}{T^2R}</math>

Using separation of variables and integrating from <math>P_1</math> to <math>P_2</math> and <math>T_1</math> to <math>T_2</math> this equation becomes:

<math>\ln\frac{P_1}{P_2} = -\frac{H_F}{R}(\frac{1}{T_1}-\frac{1}{T_2})</math>

where <math>H_F</math> is equal the enthalpy of fusion, which is equal to the amount of energy that must be taken out or put into the system per mole of material for the phase transformation to occur. R is the gas constant.

''Note: This equation should be used only in idealized situations as it does not include the temperature dependence of the heat of fusion. For this reason, there is some inaccuracies involved in this calculation.''

===Melting Point Depression===

It is likely that you or someone you know has, at one point, spread salt over his or her driveway before the onset of a cold front. Somehow, this greatly reduces the amount of ice that forms on the covered surfaces. This helpful winter trick occurs due to a phenomenon know as melting point depression. While a much more in-depth explanation could be given, here is a easy way to think about. When a liquid freezes, the molecules are attempting to orient and pack themselves in a way so as to form a solid. If foreign particles are in the liquid, they will partially block the liquid particles from forming into a solid thereby lowering the freezing point of the liquid. To summarize, the melting point of a material will decrease when a foreign solute is added to the solution.

See [[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Freezing-point_depression Freezing-point Depression]] for a closer look on how this process occurs and the math behind calculating the change in melting point!

==Example==

Consider the hypothetical element Greconium, which is a liquid at room temperature and has a standard melting point of 273.15K. If the pressure is increased to 5 atmospheres, what will be the melting point of Greconium at this elevated pressure? ''Assume the heat of fusion is constant and equal to <math>45000\frac{J}{mol}</math> for this problem.''

Using the simplified version of the Clausius-Clapeyron equation derived above, we must solve for <math>T_2</math>:

<math>\ln\frac{P_1}{P_2} = -\frac{H_F}{R}(\frac{1}{T_1}-\frac{1}{T_2})</math>

Rearranging and solving for <math>T_2</math>:

<math>T_2 = \frac{1}{\frac{1}{T_1}+\ln(\frac{P_1}{P_2})\frac{R}{H_F}}</math>

Plugging in for known variables:

<math>T_2 = \frac{1}{\frac{1}{273.15}+\ln(\frac{1}{5})\frac{8.314}{45000}}</math>

We find:

<math>T_2 = 297.3 K </math>

In this case, the increase in pressure causes the melting point of Greconium to rise to 297.3K.

''Note: This problem was meant only to demonstrate how to use the Clausius-Clapeyron equation.''

==Connectedness==

While the concept of a substance's melting point is relatively simple, it has far-reaching implications on many industries. These include the automotive, chemical manufacturing, and chemical storage industries. For example, consider a cold winter night during which ice forms. In order to prevent the fluids inside of your car's engine from freezing, automotive manufacturers created antifreeze, which is a direct application of freezing point depression. In many chemical manufacturing roles, it is extremely important to know both the chemical and physical properties of the materials being handled. The melting point of substance is one of these properties that must be taken into account to maintain a safe working environment.

With respect to the field of chemical engineering, a substance's melting point is deeply routed in the field of thermodynamics especially in relation to the concepts of Gibbs free energy, enthalpy, and entropy. Further investigation into these topics will offer a more scientific explanation of what is occur during this phase transformation. Knowledge of the melting point of a substance also allows chemical engineers to create process and reactions used in the separations and manufacture of other chemicals. Even more commonly, the boiling point of a substance will be used in distillation and condensation, which involve the separation of compounds by boiling point.

==History==

Put this idea in historical context. Give the reader the Who, What, When, Where, and Why.

== See also ==

Are there related topics or categories in this wiki resource for the curious reader to explore? How does this topic fit into that context?

===Further reading===

Books, Articles or other print media on this topic

===External links===

Internet resources on this topic

==References==

This section contains the the references you used while writing this page

[[Category:Properties of Matter]]

Melting Point

2015-12-01T13:34:34Z

Cmaike3:

Claimed by Clayton Maike

The melting point of a material is an intensive physical property that indicates the temperature at which the substance transforms from a solid to a liquid or vice versa.

==Properties of Matter==

On the most basic level, there are two types of properties of matter: chemical and physical properties. Chemical properties are classified as those that change when the substance or material undergoes a chemical reaction involving a fundamental change in the identity of the material. On the other hand, a physical property involves only a change in appearance of the material.

For example, consider the boiling a pot of water to cook a bowl of spaghetti. After sometime, the water begins to boil and form a vapor (i.e. steam). The water that boils off as steam has undergone a physical change in appearance, thus we can consider the boiling point of a substance as a physical property.

Now consider, a loaf of bread accidentally left out after a trip to the grocery store. Over the course of a week or two, mold will form on the bread indicating a chemical change in the identity of this bread molecules. The specific property that lead to this reaction would then be considered a chemical property.

===Physical Properties===

Physical properties are distinguished into two subgroups: intensive and extensive physical properties. Intensive properties are independent of the quantity of the material present where as extensive properties are not. For example, the density of a material is an intensive property while the mass of a material is an extensive property.

==Melting Point==

As mentioned previously, the melting point of a substance indicates the temperature at which the phase transition from solid to liquid or liquid to solid occurs. The melting point of a substance will be the same regardless of the amount of the material present thus making the melting point an intensive property. Most individuals are familiar with standard melting points of various substances such as water, ethanol, or nitrogen. This standard melting point refers to the temperature at which melting occurs at atmospheric pressure. This knowledge of standard conditions is often very useful as most transformations and reactions will occur in a open environment (atmospheric pressure), although it is important to note that melting point is not independent of pressure. That is, water at a pressure of 10 atmospheres will melt at a very different temperature than water at standard pressure.

===Clausius-Clapeyron Equation===

The melting and boiling point of a substance is dependent upon the pressure. This relationship is modeled by the Clausius-Clapeyron equation.

It is written as:

<math>\frac{dP}{dT} = \frac{PL}{T^2R}</math>

Using separation of variables and integrating from <math>P_1</math> to <math>P_2</math> and <math>T_1</math> to <math>T_2</math> this equation becomes:

<math>\ln\frac{P_1}{P_2} = -\frac{H_F}{R}(\frac{1}{T_1}-\frac{1}{T_2})</math>

where <math>H_F</math> is equal the enthalpy of fusion, which is equal to the amount of energy that must be taken out or put into the system per mole of material for the phase transformation to occur. R is the gas constant.

''Note: This equation should be used only in idealized situations as it does not include the temperature dependence of the heat of fusion. For this reason, there is some inaccuracies involved in this calculation.''

===Melting Point Depression===

It is likely that you or someone you know has, at one point, spread salt over his or her driveway before the onset of a cold front. Somehow, this greatly reduces the amount of ice that forms on the covered surfaces. This helpful winter trick occurs due to a phenomenon know as melting point depression. While a much more in-depth explanation could be given, here is a easy way to think about. When a liquid freezes, the molecules are attempting to orient and pack themselves in a way so as to form a solid. If foreign particles are in the liquid, they will partially block the liquid particles from forming into a solid thereby lowering the freezing point of the liquid. To summarize, the melting point of a material will decrease when a foreign solute is added to the solution.

See [[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Freezing-point_depression Freezing-point Depression]] for a closer look on how this process occurs and the math behind calculating the change in melting point!

==Example==

Consider the hypothetical element Greconium, which is a liquid at room temperature and has a standard melting point of 273.15K. If the pressure is increased to 5 atmospheres, what will be the melting point of Greconium at this elevated pressure? ''Assume the heat of fusion is constant and equal to <math>45000\frac{J}{mol}</math> for this problem.''

Using the simplified version of the Clausius-Clapeyron equation derived above, we must solve for <math>T_2</math>:

<math>\ln\frac{P_1}{P_2} = -\frac{H_F}{R}(\frac{1}{T_1}-\frac{1}{T_2})</math>

Rearranging and solving for <math>T_2</math>:

<math>T_2 = \frac{1}{\frac{1}{T_1}+\ln(\frac{P_1}{P_2})\frac{R}{H_F}}</math>

Plugging in for known variables:

<math>T_2 = \frac{1}{\frac{1}{273.15}+\ln(\frac{1}{5})\frac{8.314}{45000}}</math>

We find:

<math>T_2 = 297.3 K </math>

In this case, the increase in pressure causes the melting point of Greconium to rise to 297.3K.

''Note: This problem was meant only to demonstrate how to use the Clausius-Clapeyron equation.''

==Connectedness==
#How is this topic connected to something that you are interested in?
#How is it connected to your major?
#Is there an interesting industrial application?

==History==

Put this idea in historical context. Give the reader the Who, What, When, Where, and Why.

== See also ==

Are there related topics or categories in this wiki resource for the curious reader to explore? How does this topic fit into that context?

===Further reading===

Books, Articles or other print media on this topic

===External links===

Internet resources on this topic

==References==

This section contains the the references you used while writing this page

[[Category:Properties of Matter]]

Melting Point

2015-12-01T13:34:01Z

Cmaike3: /* Melting Point Depression */

Written by Clayton Maike

The melting point of a material is an intensive physical property that indicates the temperature at which the substance transforms from a solid to a liquid or vice versa.

==Properties of Matter==

On the most basic level, there are two types of properties of matter: chemical and physical properties. Chemical properties are classified as those that change when the substance or material undergoes a chemical reaction involving a fundamental change in the identity of the material. On the other hand, a physical property involves only a change in appearance of the material.

For example, consider the boiling a pot of water to cook a bowl of spaghetti. After sometime, the water begins to boil and form a vapor (i.e. steam). The water that boils off as steam has undergone a physical change in appearance, thus we can consider the boiling point of a substance as a physical property.

Now consider, a loaf of bread accidentally left out after a trip to the grocery store. Over the course of a week or two, mold will form on the bread indicating a chemical change in the identity of this bread molecules. The specific property that lead to this reaction would then be considered a chemical property.

===Physical Properties===

Physical properties are distinguished into two subgroups: intensive and extensive physical properties. Intensive properties are independent of the quantity of the material present where as extensive properties are not. For example, the density of a material is an intensive property while the mass of a material is an extensive property.

==Melting Point==

As mentioned previously, the melting point of a substance indicates the temperature at which the phase transition from solid to liquid or liquid to solid occurs. The melting point of a substance will be the same regardless of the amount of the material present thus making the melting point an intensive property. Most individuals are familiar with standard melting points of various substances such as water, ethanol, or nitrogen. This standard melting point refers to the temperature at which melting occurs at atmospheric pressure. This knowledge of standard conditions is often very useful as most transformations and reactions will occur in a open environment (atmospheric pressure), although it is important to note that melting point is not independent of pressure. That is, water at a pressure of 10 atmospheres will melt at a very different temperature than water at standard pressure.

===Clausius-Clapeyron Equation===

The melting and boiling point of a substance is dependent upon the pressure. This relationship is modeled by the Clausius-Clapeyron equation.

It is written as:

<math>\frac{dP}{dT} = \frac{PL}{T^2R}</math>

Using separation of variables and integrating from <math>P_1</math> to <math>P_2</math> and <math>T_1</math> to <math>T_2</math> this equation becomes:

<math>\ln\frac{P_1}{P_2} = -\frac{H_F}{R}(\frac{1}{T_1}-\frac{1}{T_2})</math>

where <math>H_F</math> is equal the enthalpy of fusion, which is equal to the amount of energy that must be taken out or put into the system per mole of material for the phase transformation to occur. R is the gas constant.

''Note: This equation should be used only in idealized situations as it does not include the temperature dependence of the heat of fusion. For this reason, there is some inaccuracies involved in this calculation.''

===Melting Point Depression===

It is likely that you or someone you know has, at one point, spread salt over his or her driveway before the onset of a cold front. Somehow, this greatly reduces the amount of ice that forms on the covered surfaces. This helpful winter trick occurs due to a phenomenon know as melting point depression. While a much more in-depth explanation could be given, here is a easy way to think about. When a liquid freezes, the molecules are attempting to orient and pack themselves in a way so as to form a solid. If foreign particles are in the liquid, they will partially block the liquid particles from forming into a solid thereby lowering the freezing point of the liquid. To summarize, the melting point of a material will decrease when a foreign solute is added to the solution.

See [[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Freezing-point_depression Freezing-point Depression]] for a closer look on how this process occurs and the math behind calculating the change in melting point!

==Example==

Consider the hypothetical element Greconium, which is a liquid at room temperature and has a standard melting point of 273.15K. If the pressure is increased to 5 atmospheres, what will be the melting point of Greconium at this elevated pressure? ''Assume the heat of fusion is constant and equal to <math>45000\frac{J}{mol}</math> for this problem.''

Using the simplified version of the Clausius-Clapeyron equation derived above, we must solve for <math>T_2</math>:

<math>\ln\frac{P_1}{P_2} = -\frac{H_F}{R}(\frac{1}{T_1}-\frac{1}{T_2})</math>

Rearranging and solving for <math>T_2</math>:

<math>T_2 = \frac{1}{\frac{1}{T_1}+\ln(\frac{P_1}{P_2})\frac{R}{H_F}}</math>

Plugging in for known variables:

<math>T_2 = \frac{1}{\frac{1}{273.15}+\ln(\frac{1}{5})\frac{8.314}{45000}}</math>

We find:

<math>T_2 = 297.3 K </math>

In this case, the increase in pressure causes the melting point of Greconium to rise to 297.3K.

''Note: This problem was meant only to demonstrate how to use the Clausius-Clapeyron equation.''

==Connectedness==
#How is this topic connected to something that you are interested in?
#How is it connected to your major?
#Is there an interesting industrial application?

==History==

Put this idea in historical context. Give the reader the Who, What, When, Where, and Why.

== See also ==

Are there related topics or categories in this wiki resource for the curious reader to explore? How does this topic fit into that context?

===Further reading===

Books, Articles or other print media on this topic

===External links===

Internet resources on this topic

==References==

This section contains the the references you used while writing this page

[[Category:Properties of Matter]]

Melting Point

2015-12-01T05:14:52Z

Cmaike3:

Written by Clayton Maike

The melting point of a material is an intensive physical property that indicates the temperature at which the substance transforms from a solid to a liquid or vice versa.

==Properties of Matter==

On the most basic level, there are two types of properties of matter: chemical and physical properties. Chemical properties are classified as those that change when the substance or material undergoes a chemical reaction involving a fundamental change in the identity of the material. On the other hand, a physical property involves only a change in appearance of the material.

For example, consider the boiling a pot of water to cook a bowl of spaghetti. After sometime, the water begins to boil and form a vapor (i.e. steam). The water that boils off as steam has undergone a physical change in appearance, thus we can consider the boiling point of a substance as a physical property.

Now consider, a loaf of bread accidentally left out after a trip to the grocery store. Over the course of a week or two, mold will form on the bread indicating a chemical change in the identity of this bread molecules. The specific property that lead to this reaction would then be considered a chemical property.

===Physical Properties===

Physical properties are distinguished into two subgroups: intensive and extensive physical properties. Intensive properties are independent of the quantity of the material present where as extensive properties are not. For example, the density of a material is an intensive property while the mass of a material is an extensive property.

==Melting Point==

As mentioned previously, the melting point of a substance indicates the temperature at which the phase transition from solid to liquid or liquid to solid occurs. The melting point of a substance will be the same regardless of the amount of the material present thus making the melting point an intensive property. Most individuals are familiar with standard melting points of various substances such as water, ethanol, or nitrogen. This standard melting point refers to the temperature at which melting occurs at atmospheric pressure. This knowledge of standard conditions is often very useful as most transformations and reactions will occur in a open environment (atmospheric pressure), although it is important to note that melting point is not independent of pressure. That is, water at a pressure of 10 atmospheres will melt at a very different temperature than water at standard pressure.

===Clausius-Clapeyron Equation===

The melting and boiling point of a substance is dependent upon the pressure. This relationship is modeled by the Clausius-Clapeyron equation.

It is written as:

<math>\frac{dP}{dT} = \frac{PL}{T^2R}</math>

Using separation of variables and integrating from <math>P_1</math> to <math>P_2</math> and <math>T_1</math> to <math>T_2</math> this equation becomes:

<math>\ln\frac{P_1}{P_2} = -\frac{H_F}{R}(\frac{1}{T_1}-\frac{1}{T_2})</math>

where <math>H_F</math> is equal the enthalpy of fusion, which is equal to the amount of energy that must be taken out or put into the system per mole of material for the phase transformation to occur. R is the gas constant.

''Note: This equation should be used only in idealized situations as it does not include the temperature dependence of the heat of fusion. For this reason, there is some inaccuracies involved in this calculation.''

===Melting Point Depression===

It is likely that you or someone you know has, at one point, spread salt on the his or her driveway before the onset of a cold front. Somehow, this greatly reduces the amount of ice that forms on the covered surfaces. This helpful winter trick occurs due to a phenomenon know as melting point depression. While a much more in-depth explanation could be given, here is a easy way to think about. When a liquid freezes, the molecules are attempting to orient and pack themselves in a way so as to form a solid. If foreign particles are in the liquid, they will partially block the liquid particles from forming into a solid thereby lowering the freezing point of the liquid.

See [[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Freezing-point_depression Freezing-point Depression]] for a closer look on how this process occurs and the math behind calculating the change in melting point!

==Example==

Consider the hypothetical element Greconium, which is a liquid at room temperature and has a standard melting point of 273.15K. If the pressure is increased to 5 atmospheres, what will be the melting point of Greconium at this elevated pressure? ''Assume the heat of fusion is constant and equal to <math>45000\frac{J}{mol}</math> for this problem.''

Using the simplified version of the Clausius-Clapeyron equation derived above, we must solve for <math>T_2</math>:

<math>\ln\frac{P_1}{P_2} = -\frac{H_F}{R}(\frac{1}{T_1}-\frac{1}{T_2})</math>

Rearranging and solving for <math>T_2</math>:

<math>T_2 = \frac{1}{\frac{1}{T_1}+\ln(\frac{P_1}{P_2})\frac{R}{H_F}}</math>

Plugging in for known variables:

<math>T_2 = \frac{1}{\frac{1}{273.15}+\ln(\frac{1}{5})\frac{8.314}{45000}}</math>

We find:

<math>T_2 = 297.3 K </math>

In this case, the increase in pressure causes the melting point of Greconium to rise to 297.3K.

''Note: This problem was meant only to demonstrate how to use the Clausius-Clapeyron equation.''

==Connectedness==
#How is this topic connected to something that you are interested in?
#How is it connected to your major?
#Is there an interesting industrial application?

==History==

Put this idea in historical context. Give the reader the Who, What, When, Where, and Why.

== See also ==

Are there related topics or categories in this wiki resource for the curious reader to explore? How does this topic fit into that context?

===Further reading===

Books, Articles or other print media on this topic

===External links===

Internet resources on this topic

==References==

This section contains the the references you used while writing this page

[[Category:Properties of Matter]]

Melting Point

2015-12-01T05:14:04Z

Cmaike3: /* Examples */

Written by Clayton Maike

The melting point of a material is an intensive physical property that indicates the temperature at which the substance transforms from a solid to a liquid or vice versa.

==Properties of Matter==

On the most basic level, there are two types of properties of matter: chemical and physical properties. Chemical properties are classified as those that change when the substance or material undergoes a chemical reaction involving a fundamental change in the identity of the material. On the other hand, a physical property involves only a change in appearance of the material.

For example, consider the boiling a pot of water to cook a bowl of spaghetti. After sometime, the water begins to boil and form a vapor (i.e. steam). The water that boils off as steam has undergone a physical change in appearance, thus we can consider the boiling point of a substance as a physical property.

Now consider, a loaf of bread accidentally left out after a trip to the grocery store. Over the course of a week or two, mold will form on the bread indicating a chemical change in the identity of this bread molecules. The specific property that lead to this reaction would then be considered a chemical property.

===Physical Properties===

Physical properties are distinguished into two subgroups: intensive and extensive physical properties. Intensive properties are independent of the quantity of the material present where as extensive properties are not. For example, the density of a material is an intensive property while the mass of a material is an extensive property.

==Melting Point==

As mentioned previously, the melting point of a substance indicates the temperature at which the phase transition from solid to liquid or liquid to solid occurs. The melting point of a substance will be the same regardless of the amount of the material present thus making the melting point an intensive property. Most individuals are familiar with standard melting points of various substances such as water, ethanol, or nitrogen. This standard melting point refers to the temperature at which melting occurs at atmospheric pressure. This knowledge of standard conditions is often very useful as most transformations and reactions will occur in a open environment (atmospheric pressure), although it is important to note that melting point is not independent of pressure. That is, water at a pressure of 10 atmospheres will melt at a very different temperature than water at standard pressure.

===Clausius-Clapeyron Equation===

The melting and boiling point of a substance is dependent upon the pressure. This relationship is modeled by the Clausius-Clapeyron equation.

It is written as:

<math>\frac{dP}{dT} = \frac{PL}{T^2R}</math>

Using separation of variables and integrating from <math>P_1</math> to <math>P_2</math> and <math>T_1</math> to <math>T_2</math> this equation becomes:

<math>\ln\frac{P_1}{P_2} = -\frac{H_F}{R}(\frac{1}{T_1}-\frac{1}{T_2})</math>

where <math>H_F</math> is equal the enthalpy of fusion, which is equal to the amount of energy that must be taken out or put into the system per mole of material for the phase transformation to occur. R is the gas constant.

''Note: This equation should be used only in idealized situations as it does not include the temperature dependence of the heat of fusion. For this reason, there is some inaccuracies involved in this calculation.''

===Melting Point Depression===

It is likely that you or someone you know has, at one point, spread salt on the his or her driveway before the onset of a cold front. Somehow, this greatly reduces the amount of ice that forms on the covered surfaces. This helpful winter trick occurs due to a phenomenon know as melting point depression. While a much more in-depth explanation could be given, here is a easy way to think about. When a liquid freezes, the molecules are attempting to orient and pack themselves in a way so as to form a solid. If foreign particles are in the liquid, they will partially block the liquid particles from forming into a solid thereby lowering the freezing point of the liquid.

See [[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Freezing-point_depression Freezing-point Depression]] for a closer look on how this process occurs and the math behind calculating the change in melting point!

==Examples==

Consider the hypothetical element Greconium, which is a liquid at room temperature and has a standard melting point of 273.15K. If the pressure is increased to 5 atmospheres, what will be the melting point of Greconium at this elevated pressure? ''Assume the heat of fusion is constant and equal to <math>45000\frac{J}{mol}</math> for this problem.''

Using the simplified version of the Clausius-Clapeyron equation derived above, we must solve for <math>T_2</math>:

<math>\ln\frac{P_1}{P_2} = -\frac{H_F}{R}(\frac{1}{T_1}-\frac{1}{T_2})</math>

Rearranging and solving for <math>T_2</math>:

<math>T_2 = \frac{1}{\frac{1}{T_1}+\ln(\frac{P_1}{P_2})\frac{R}{H_F}}</math>

Plugging in for known variables:

<math>T_2 = \frac{1}{\frac{1}{273.15}+\ln(\frac{1}{5})\frac{8.314}{45000}}</math>

We find:

<math>T_2 = 297.3 K </math>

In this case, the increase in pressure causes the melting point of Greconium to rise to 297.3K.

''Note: This problem was meant only to demonstrate how to use the Clausius-Clapeyron equation.''

===Simple===
===Middling===
===Difficult===

==Connectedness==
#How is this topic connected to something that you are interested in?
#How is it connected to your major?
#Is there an interesting industrial application?

==History==

Put this idea in historical context. Give the reader the Who, What, When, Where, and Why.

== See also ==

Are there related topics or categories in this wiki resource for the curious reader to explore? How does this topic fit into that context?

===Further reading===

Books, Articles or other print media on this topic

===External links===

Internet resources on this topic

==References==

This section contains the the references you used while writing this page

[[Category:Properties of Matter]]

Melting Point

2015-12-01T05:13:50Z

Cmaike3: /* Examples */

Written by Clayton Maike

The melting point of a material is an intensive physical property that indicates the temperature at which the substance transforms from a solid to a liquid or vice versa.

==Properties of Matter==

On the most basic level, there are two types of properties of matter: chemical and physical properties. Chemical properties are classified as those that change when the substance or material undergoes a chemical reaction involving a fundamental change in the identity of the material. On the other hand, a physical property involves only a change in appearance of the material.

For example, consider the boiling a pot of water to cook a bowl of spaghetti. After sometime, the water begins to boil and form a vapor (i.e. steam). The water that boils off as steam has undergone a physical change in appearance, thus we can consider the boiling point of a substance as a physical property.

Now consider, a loaf of bread accidentally left out after a trip to the grocery store. Over the course of a week or two, mold will form on the bread indicating a chemical change in the identity of this bread molecules. The specific property that lead to this reaction would then be considered a chemical property.

===Physical Properties===

Physical properties are distinguished into two subgroups: intensive and extensive physical properties. Intensive properties are independent of the quantity of the material present where as extensive properties are not. For example, the density of a material is an intensive property while the mass of a material is an extensive property.

==Melting Point==

As mentioned previously, the melting point of a substance indicates the temperature at which the phase transition from solid to liquid or liquid to solid occurs. The melting point of a substance will be the same regardless of the amount of the material present thus making the melting point an intensive property. Most individuals are familiar with standard melting points of various substances such as water, ethanol, or nitrogen. This standard melting point refers to the temperature at which melting occurs at atmospheric pressure. This knowledge of standard conditions is often very useful as most transformations and reactions will occur in a open environment (atmospheric pressure), although it is important to note that melting point is not independent of pressure. That is, water at a pressure of 10 atmospheres will melt at a very different temperature than water at standard pressure.

===Clausius-Clapeyron Equation===

The melting and boiling point of a substance is dependent upon the pressure. This relationship is modeled by the Clausius-Clapeyron equation.

It is written as:

<math>\frac{dP}{dT} = \frac{PL}{T^2R}</math>

Using separation of variables and integrating from <math>P_1</math> to <math>P_2</math> and <math>T_1</math> to <math>T_2</math> this equation becomes:

<math>\ln\frac{P_1}{P_2} = -\frac{H_F}{R}(\frac{1}{T_1}-\frac{1}{T_2})</math>

where <math>H_F</math> is equal the enthalpy of fusion, which is equal to the amount of energy that must be taken out or put into the system per mole of material for the phase transformation to occur. R is the gas constant.

''Note: This equation should be used only in idealized situations as it does not include the temperature dependence of the heat of fusion. For this reason, there is some inaccuracies involved in this calculation.''

===Melting Point Depression===

It is likely that you or someone you know has, at one point, spread salt on the his or her driveway before the onset of a cold front. Somehow, this greatly reduces the amount of ice that forms on the covered surfaces. This helpful winter trick occurs due to a phenomenon know as melting point depression. While a much more in-depth explanation could be given, here is a easy way to think about. When a liquid freezes, the molecules are attempting to orient and pack themselves in a way so as to form a solid. If foreign particles are in the liquid, they will partially block the liquid particles from forming into a solid thereby lowering the freezing point of the liquid.

See [[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Freezing-point_depression Freezing-point Depression]] for a closer look on how this process occurs and the math behind calculating the change in melting point!

==Examples==

Consider the hypothetical element Greconium, which is a liquid at room temperature and has a standard melting point of 273.15K. If the pressure is increased to 5 atmospheres, what will be the melting point of Greconium at this elevated pressure? ''Assume the heat of fusion is constant and equal to <math>45000\frac{J}{mol}</math> for this problem.''

Using the simplified version of the Clausius-Clapeyron equation derived above, we must solve for <math>T_2</math>:

<math>\ln\frac{P_1}{P_2} = -\frac{H_F}{R}(\frac{1}{T_1}-\frac{1}{T_2})</math>

Rearranging and solving for <math>T_2</math>:

<math>T_2 = \frac{1}{\frac{1}{T_1}+\ln(\frac{P_1}{P_2})\frac{R}{H_F}}</math>

Plugging in for known variables:

<math>T_2 = \frac{1}{\frac{1}{273.15}+\ln(\frac{1}{5})\frac{8.314}{45000}}</math>

We find:

<math>T_2 = 297.3 K </math>

In this case, the increase in pressure causes the melting point of Greconium to rise to 297.3K.

''Note: This problem was meant only to demonstrate how to use the Clausius-Clapeyron equation.''

===Simple===
===Middling===
===Difficult===

==Connectedness==
#How is this topic connected to something that you are interested in?
#How is it connected to your major?
#Is there an interesting industrial application?

==History==

Put this idea in historical context. Give the reader the Who, What, When, Where, and Why.

== See also ==

Are there related topics or categories in this wiki resource for the curious reader to explore? How does this topic fit into that context?

===Further reading===

Books, Articles or other print media on this topic

===External links===

Internet resources on this topic

==References==

This section contains the the references you used while writing this page

[[Category:Properties of Matter]]

Melting Point

2015-12-01T05:13:13Z

Cmaike3: /* Examples */

Written by Clayton Maike

The melting point of a material is an intensive physical property that indicates the temperature at which the substance transforms from a solid to a liquid or vice versa.

==Properties of Matter==

On the most basic level, there are two types of properties of matter: chemical and physical properties. Chemical properties are classified as those that change when the substance or material undergoes a chemical reaction involving a fundamental change in the identity of the material. On the other hand, a physical property involves only a change in appearance of the material.

For example, consider the boiling a pot of water to cook a bowl of spaghetti. After sometime, the water begins to boil and form a vapor (i.e. steam). The water that boils off as steam has undergone a physical change in appearance, thus we can consider the boiling point of a substance as a physical property.

Now consider, a loaf of bread accidentally left out after a trip to the grocery store. Over the course of a week or two, mold will form on the bread indicating a chemical change in the identity of this bread molecules. The specific property that lead to this reaction would then be considered a chemical property.

===Physical Properties===

Physical properties are distinguished into two subgroups: intensive and extensive physical properties. Intensive properties are independent of the quantity of the material present where as extensive properties are not. For example, the density of a material is an intensive property while the mass of a material is an extensive property.

==Melting Point==

As mentioned previously, the melting point of a substance indicates the temperature at which the phase transition from solid to liquid or liquid to solid occurs. The melting point of a substance will be the same regardless of the amount of the material present thus making the melting point an intensive property. Most individuals are familiar with standard melting points of various substances such as water, ethanol, or nitrogen. This standard melting point refers to the temperature at which melting occurs at atmospheric pressure. This knowledge of standard conditions is often very useful as most transformations and reactions will occur in a open environment (atmospheric pressure), although it is important to note that melting point is not independent of pressure. That is, water at a pressure of 10 atmospheres will melt at a very different temperature than water at standard pressure.

===Clausius-Clapeyron Equation===

The melting and boiling point of a substance is dependent upon the pressure. This relationship is modeled by the Clausius-Clapeyron equation.

It is written as:

<math>\frac{dP}{dT} = \frac{PL}{T^2R}</math>

Using separation of variables and integrating from <math>P_1</math> to <math>P_2</math> and <math>T_1</math> to <math>T_2</math> this equation becomes:

<math>\ln\frac{P_1}{P_2} = -\frac{H_F}{R}(\frac{1}{T_1}-\frac{1}{T_2})</math>

where <math>H_F</math> is equal the enthalpy of fusion, which is equal to the amount of energy that must be taken out or put into the system per mole of material for the phase transformation to occur. R is the gas constant.

''Note: This equation should be used only in idealized situations as it does not include the temperature dependence of the heat of fusion. For this reason, there is some inaccuracies involved in this calculation.''

===Melting Point Depression===

It is likely that you or someone you know has, at one point, spread salt on the his or her driveway before the onset of a cold front. Somehow, this greatly reduces the amount of ice that forms on the covered surfaces. This helpful winter trick occurs due to a phenomenon know as melting point depression. While a much more in-depth explanation could be given, here is a easy way to think about. When a liquid freezes, the molecules are attempting to orient and pack themselves in a way so as to form a solid. If foreign particles are in the liquid, they will partially block the liquid particles from forming into a solid thereby lowering the freezing point of the liquid.

See [[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Freezing-point_depression Freezing-point Depression]] for a closer look on how this process occurs and the math behind calculating the change in melting point!

==Examples==

Consider the hypothetical element Greconium, which is a liquid at room temperature and has a standard melting point of 273.15K. If the pressure is increased to 5 atmospheres, what will be the melting point of Greconium at this elevated pressure? Assume the heat of fusion is constant and equal to <math>45000\frac{J}{mol}</math> for this problem.

Using the simplified version of the Clausius-Clapeyron equation derived above, we must solve for <math>T_2</math>:

<math>\ln\frac{P_1}{P_2} = -\frac{H_F}{R}(\frac{1}{T_1}-\frac{1}{T_2})</math>

Rearranging and solving for <math>T_2</math>:

<math>T_2 = \frac{1}{\frac{1}{T_1}+\ln(\frac{P_1}{P_2})\frac{R}{H_F}}</math>

Plugging in for known variables:

<math>T_2 = \frac{1}{\frac{1}{273.15}+\ln(\frac{1}{5})\frac{8.314}{45000}}</math>

We find:

<math>T_2 = 297.3 K </math>

In this case, the increase in pressure causes the melting point of Greconium to rise to 297.3K.

''Note: This problem was meant only to demonstrate how to use the Clausius-Clapeyron equation.''

===Simple===
===Middling===
===Difficult===

==Connectedness==
#How is this topic connected to something that you are interested in?
#How is it connected to your major?
#Is there an interesting industrial application?

==History==

Put this idea in historical context. Give the reader the Who, What, When, Where, and Why.

== See also ==

Are there related topics or categories in this wiki resource for the curious reader to explore? How does this topic fit into that context?

===Further reading===

Books, Articles or other print media on this topic

===External links===

Internet resources on this topic

==References==

This section contains the the references you used while writing this page

[[Category:Properties of Matter]]

Melting Point

2015-12-01T05:12:02Z

Cmaike3: /* Examples */

Written by Clayton Maike

The melting point of a material is an intensive physical property that indicates the temperature at which the substance transforms from a solid to a liquid or vice versa.

==Properties of Matter==

On the most basic level, there are two types of properties of matter: chemical and physical properties. Chemical properties are classified as those that change when the substance or material undergoes a chemical reaction involving a fundamental change in the identity of the material. On the other hand, a physical property involves only a change in appearance of the material.

For example, consider the boiling a pot of water to cook a bowl of spaghetti. After sometime, the water begins to boil and form a vapor (i.e. steam). The water that boils off as steam has undergone a physical change in appearance, thus we can consider the boiling point of a substance as a physical property.

Now consider, a loaf of bread accidentally left out after a trip to the grocery store. Over the course of a week or two, mold will form on the bread indicating a chemical change in the identity of this bread molecules. The specific property that lead to this reaction would then be considered a chemical property.

===Physical Properties===

Physical properties are distinguished into two subgroups: intensive and extensive physical properties. Intensive properties are independent of the quantity of the material present where as extensive properties are not. For example, the density of a material is an intensive property while the mass of a material is an extensive property.

==Melting Point==

As mentioned previously, the melting point of a substance indicates the temperature at which the phase transition from solid to liquid or liquid to solid occurs. The melting point of a substance will be the same regardless of the amount of the material present thus making the melting point an intensive property. Most individuals are familiar with standard melting points of various substances such as water, ethanol, or nitrogen. This standard melting point refers to the temperature at which melting occurs at atmospheric pressure. This knowledge of standard conditions is often very useful as most transformations and reactions will occur in a open environment (atmospheric pressure), although it is important to note that melting point is not independent of pressure. That is, water at a pressure of 10 atmospheres will melt at a very different temperature than water at standard pressure.

===Clausius-Clapeyron Equation===

The melting and boiling point of a substance is dependent upon the pressure. This relationship is modeled by the Clausius-Clapeyron equation.

It is written as:

<math>\frac{dP}{dT} = \frac{PL}{T^2R}</math>

Using separation of variables and integrating from <math>P_1</math> to <math>P_2</math> and <math>T_1</math> to <math>T_2</math> this equation becomes:

<math>\ln\frac{P_1}{P_2} = -\frac{H_F}{R}(\frac{1}{T_1}-\frac{1}{T_2})</math>

where <math>H_F</math> is equal the enthalpy of fusion, which is equal to the amount of energy that must be taken out or put into the system per mole of material for the phase transformation to occur. R is the gas constant.

''Note: This equation should be used only in idealized situations as it does not include the temperature dependence of the heat of fusion. For this reason, there is some inaccuracies involved in this calculation.''

===Melting Point Depression===

It is likely that you or someone you know has, at one point, spread salt on the his or her driveway before the onset of a cold front. Somehow, this greatly reduces the amount of ice that forms on the covered surfaces. This helpful winter trick occurs due to a phenomenon know as melting point depression. While a much more in-depth explanation could be given, here is a easy way to think about. When a liquid freezes, the molecules are attempting to orient and pack themselves in a way so as to form a solid. If foreign particles are in the liquid, they will partially block the liquid particles from forming into a solid thereby lowering the freezing point of the liquid.

See [[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Freezing-point_depression Freezing-point Depression]] for a closer look on how this process occurs and the math behind calculating the change in melting point!

==Examples==

Consider the hypothetical element Greconium, which is a liquid at room temperature and has a standard melting point of 273.15K. If the pressure is increased to 5 atmospheres, what will be the melting point of Greconium at this elevated pressure? Assume the heat of fusion is constant and equal to <math>13000\frac{J}{mol}</math> for this problem.

Using the simplified version of the Clausius-Clapeyron equation derived above, we must solve for <math>T_2</math>:

<math>\ln\frac{P_1}{P_2} = -\frac{H_F}{R}(\frac{1}{T_1}-\frac{1}{T_2})</math>

Rearranging and solving for <math>T_2</math>:

<math>T_2 = \frac{1}{\frac{1}{T_1}+\ln(\frac{P_1}{P_2})\frac{R}{H_F}}</math>

Plugging in for known variables:

<math>T_2 = \frac{1}{\frac{1}{273.15}+\ln(\frac{1}{5})\frac{8.314}{13000}}</math>

We find:

<math>T_2 = 379.98 K </math>

In this case, the increase in pressure causes the melting point of Greconium to rise to 379.98K.

''Note: This problem was meant only to demonstrate how to use the Clausius-Clapeyron equation.''

===Simple===
===Middling===
===Difficult===

==Connectedness==
#How is this topic connected to something that you are interested in?
#How is it connected to your major?
#Is there an interesting industrial application?

==History==

Put this idea in historical context. Give the reader the Who, What, When, Where, and Why.

== See also ==

Are there related topics or categories in this wiki resource for the curious reader to explore? How does this topic fit into that context?

===Further reading===

Books, Articles or other print media on this topic

===External links===

Internet resources on this topic

==References==

This section contains the the references you used while writing this page

[[Category:Properties of Matter]]

Melting Point

2015-12-01T05:11:38Z

Cmaike3: /* Examples */

Written by Clayton Maike

The melting point of a material is an intensive physical property that indicates the temperature at which the substance transforms from a solid to a liquid or vice versa.

==Properties of Matter==

On the most basic level, there are two types of properties of matter: chemical and physical properties. Chemical properties are classified as those that change when the substance or material undergoes a chemical reaction involving a fundamental change in the identity of the material. On the other hand, a physical property involves only a change in appearance of the material.

For example, consider the boiling a pot of water to cook a bowl of spaghetti. After sometime, the water begins to boil and form a vapor (i.e. steam). The water that boils off as steam has undergone a physical change in appearance, thus we can consider the boiling point of a substance as a physical property.

Now consider, a loaf of bread accidentally left out after a trip to the grocery store. Over the course of a week or two, mold will form on the bread indicating a chemical change in the identity of this bread molecules. The specific property that lead to this reaction would then be considered a chemical property.

===Physical Properties===

Physical properties are distinguished into two subgroups: intensive and extensive physical properties. Intensive properties are independent of the quantity of the material present where as extensive properties are not. For example, the density of a material is an intensive property while the mass of a material is an extensive property.

==Melting Point==

As mentioned previously, the melting point of a substance indicates the temperature at which the phase transition from solid to liquid or liquid to solid occurs. The melting point of a substance will be the same regardless of the amount of the material present thus making the melting point an intensive property. Most individuals are familiar with standard melting points of various substances such as water, ethanol, or nitrogen. This standard melting point refers to the temperature at which melting occurs at atmospheric pressure. This knowledge of standard conditions is often very useful as most transformations and reactions will occur in a open environment (atmospheric pressure), although it is important to note that melting point is not independent of pressure. That is, water at a pressure of 10 atmospheres will melt at a very different temperature than water at standard pressure.

===Clausius-Clapeyron Equation===

The melting and boiling point of a substance is dependent upon the pressure. This relationship is modeled by the Clausius-Clapeyron equation.

It is written as:

<math>\frac{dP}{dT} = \frac{PL}{T^2R}</math>

Using separation of variables and integrating from <math>P_1</math> to <math>P_2</math> and <math>T_1</math> to <math>T_2</math> this equation becomes:

<math>\ln\frac{P_1}{P_2} = -\frac{H_F}{R}(\frac{1}{T_1}-\frac{1}{T_2})</math>

where <math>H_F</math> is equal the enthalpy of fusion, which is equal to the amount of energy that must be taken out or put into the system per mole of material for the phase transformation to occur. R is the gas constant.

''Note: This equation should be used only in idealized situations as it does not include the temperature dependence of the heat of fusion. For this reason, there is some inaccuracies involved in this calculation.''

===Melting Point Depression===

It is likely that you or someone you know has, at one point, spread salt on the his or her driveway before the onset of a cold front. Somehow, this greatly reduces the amount of ice that forms on the covered surfaces. This helpful winter trick occurs due to a phenomenon know as melting point depression. While a much more in-depth explanation could be given, here is a easy way to think about. When a liquid freezes, the molecules are attempting to orient and pack themselves in a way so as to form a solid. If foreign particles are in the liquid, they will partially block the liquid particles from forming into a solid thereby lowering the freezing point of the liquid.

See [[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Freezing-point_depression Freezing-point Depression]] for a closer look on how this process occurs and the math behind calculating the change in melting point!

==Examples==

Consider the hypothetical element Greconium, which is a liquid at room temperature and has a standard melting point of 273.15K. If the pressure is increased to 5 atmospheres, what will be the melting point of Greconium at this elevated pressure? Assume the heat of fusion is constant and equal to <math>13\frac{KJ}{mol}</math> for this problem.

Using the simplified version of the Clausius-Clapeyron equation derived above, we must solve for <math>T_2</math>:

<math>\ln\frac{P_1}{P_2} = -\frac{H_F}{R}(\frac{1}{T_1}-\frac{1}{T_2})</math>

Rearranging and solving for <math>T_2</math>:

<math>T_2 = \frac{1}{\frac{1}{T_1}+\ln(\frac{P_1}{P_2})\frac{R}{H_F}}</math>

Plugging in for known variables:

<math>T_2 = \frac{1}{\frac{1}{273.15}+\ln(\frac{1}{5})\frac{8.314}{13000}}</math>

We find:

<math>T_2 = 379.98 K </math>

In this case, the increase in pressure causes the melting point of Greconium to rise to 379.98K.

''Note: This problem was meant only to demonstrate how to use the Clausius-Clapeyron equation.''

===Simple===
===Middling===
===Difficult===

==Connectedness==
#How is this topic connected to something that you are interested in?
#How is it connected to your major?
#Is there an interesting industrial application?

==History==

Put this idea in historical context. Give the reader the Who, What, When, Where, and Why.

== See also ==

Are there related topics or categories in this wiki resource for the curious reader to explore? How does this topic fit into that context?

===Further reading===

Books, Articles or other print media on this topic

===External links===

Internet resources on this topic

==References==

This section contains the the references you used while writing this page

[[Category:Properties of Matter]]

Melting Point

2015-12-01T04:58:57Z

Cmaike3: /* Examples */

Written by Clayton Maike

The melting point of a material is an intensive physical property that indicates the temperature at which the substance transforms from a solid to a liquid or vice versa.

==Properties of Matter==

On the most basic level, there are two types of properties of matter: chemical and physical properties. Chemical properties are classified as those that change when the substance or material undergoes a chemical reaction involving a fundamental change in the identity of the material. On the other hand, a physical property involves only a change in appearance of the material.

For example, consider the boiling a pot of water to cook a bowl of spaghetti. After sometime, the water begins to boil and form a vapor (i.e. steam). The water that boils off as steam has undergone a physical change in appearance, thus we can consider the boiling point of a substance as a physical property.

Now consider, a loaf of bread accidentally left out after a trip to the grocery store. Over the course of a week or two, mold will form on the bread indicating a chemical change in the identity of this bread molecules. The specific property that lead to this reaction would then be considered a chemical property.

===Physical Properties===

Physical properties are distinguished into two subgroups: intensive and extensive physical properties. Intensive properties are independent of the quantity of the material present where as extensive properties are not. For example, the density of a material is an intensive property while the mass of a material is an extensive property.

==Melting Point==

As mentioned previously, the melting point of a substance indicates the temperature at which the phase transition from solid to liquid or liquid to solid occurs. The melting point of a substance will be the same regardless of the amount of the material present thus making the melting point an intensive property. Most individuals are familiar with standard melting points of various substances such as water, ethanol, or nitrogen. This standard melting point refers to the temperature at which melting occurs at atmospheric pressure. This knowledge of standard conditions is often very useful as most transformations and reactions will occur in a open environment (atmospheric pressure), although it is important to note that melting point is not independent of pressure. That is, water at a pressure of 10 atmospheres will melt at a very different temperature than water at standard pressure.

===Clausius-Clapeyron Equation===

The melting and boiling point of a substance is dependent upon the pressure. This relationship is modeled by the Clausius-Clapeyron equation.

It is written as:

<math>\frac{dP}{dT} = \frac{PL}{T^2R}</math>

Using separation of variables and integrating from <math>P_1</math> to <math>P_2</math> and <math>T_1</math> to <math>T_2</math> this equation becomes:

<math>\ln\frac{P_1}{P_2} = -\frac{H_F}{R}(\frac{1}{T_1}-\frac{1}{T_2})</math>

where <math>H_F</math> is equal the enthalpy of fusion, which is equal to the amount of energy that must be taken out or put into the system per mole of material for the phase transformation to occur. R is the gas constant.

''Note: This equation should be used only in idealized situations as it does not include the temperature dependence of the heat of fusion. For this reason, there is some inaccuracies involved in this calculation.''

===Melting Point Depression===

It is likely that you or someone you know has, at one point, spread salt on the his or her driveway before the onset of a cold front. Somehow, this greatly reduces the amount of ice that forms on the covered surfaces. This helpful winter trick occurs due to a phenomenon know as melting point depression. While a much more in-depth explanation could be given, here is a easy way to think about. When a liquid freezes, the molecules are attempting to orient and pack themselves in a way so as to form a solid. If foreign particles are in the liquid, they will partially block the liquid particles from forming into a solid thereby lowering the freezing point of the liquid.

See [[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Freezing-point_depression Freezing-point Depression]] for a closer look on how this process occurs and the math behind calculating the change in melting point!

==Examples==

Consider the hypothetical element Greconium, which is a liquid at room temperature and has a standard melting point of 273.15K. If the pressure is increased to 5 atmospheres, what will be the melting point of Greconium at this elevated pressure? Assume the heat of fusion is constant and equal to <math>275\frac{J}{mol}</math> for this problem.

Using the simplified version of the Clausius-Clapeyron equation derived above, we must solve for <math>T_2</math>:

<math>\ln\frac{P_1}{P_2} = -\frac{H_F}{R}(\frac{1}{T_1}-\frac{1}{T_2})</math>

\cfrac{2}{c + \cfrac{2}{d + \cfrac{2}{4}}}

<math>T_2 = \frac{1}{\frac{1}{T_1}+\ln\frac{P_1}{P_2}\frac{R}{H_F}}</math>

<math>T_2 = \frac{1}{\frac{1}{273.15}+\ln\frac{1}{5}\frac{8.314}{275}}</math>

<math>T_2 = \frac{1}{\frac{1}{273.15}+\ln\frac{1}{5}\frac{8.314}{275}}</math>

Plugging in for known variables, we find:

<math>T_2 =</math>

===Simple===
===Middling===
===Difficult===

==Connectedness==
#How is this topic connected to something that you are interested in?
#How is it connected to your major?
#Is there an interesting industrial application?

==History==

Put this idea in historical context. Give the reader the Who, What, When, Where, and Why.

== See also ==

Are there related topics or categories in this wiki resource for the curious reader to explore? How does this topic fit into that context?

===Further reading===

Books, Articles or other print media on this topic

===External links===

Internet resources on this topic

==References==

This section contains the the references you used while writing this page

[[Category:Properties of Matter]]

Melting Point

2015-12-01T04:56:04Z

Cmaike3:

Written by Clayton Maike

The melting point of a material is an intensive physical property that indicates the temperature at which the substance transforms from a solid to a liquid or vice versa.

==Properties of Matter==

On the most basic level, there are two types of properties of matter: chemical and physical properties. Chemical properties are classified as those that change when the substance or material undergoes a chemical reaction involving a fundamental change in the identity of the material. On the other hand, a physical property involves only a change in appearance of the material.

For example, consider the boiling a pot of water to cook a bowl of spaghetti. After sometime, the water begins to boil and form a vapor (i.e. steam). The water that boils off as steam has undergone a physical change in appearance, thus we can consider the boiling point of a substance as a physical property.

Now consider, a loaf of bread accidentally left out after a trip to the grocery store. Over the course of a week or two, mold will form on the bread indicating a chemical change in the identity of this bread molecules. The specific property that lead to this reaction would then be considered a chemical property.

===Physical Properties===

Physical properties are distinguished into two subgroups: intensive and extensive physical properties. Intensive properties are independent of the quantity of the material present where as extensive properties are not. For example, the density of a material is an intensive property while the mass of a material is an extensive property.

==Melting Point==

As mentioned previously, the melting point of a substance indicates the temperature at which the phase transition from solid to liquid or liquid to solid occurs. The melting point of a substance will be the same regardless of the amount of the material present thus making the melting point an intensive property. Most individuals are familiar with standard melting points of various substances such as water, ethanol, or nitrogen. This standard melting point refers to the temperature at which melting occurs at atmospheric pressure. This knowledge of standard conditions is often very useful as most transformations and reactions will occur in a open environment (atmospheric pressure), although it is important to note that melting point is not independent of pressure. That is, water at a pressure of 10 atmospheres will melt at a very different temperature than water at standard pressure.

===Clausius-Clapeyron Equation===

The melting and boiling point of a substance is dependent upon the pressure. This relationship is modeled by the Clausius-Clapeyron equation.

It is written as:

<math>\frac{dP}{dT} = \frac{PL}{T^2R}</math>

Using separation of variables and integrating from <math>P_1</math> to <math>P_2</math> and <math>T_1</math> to <math>T_2</math> this equation becomes:

<math>\ln\frac{P_1}{P_2} = -\frac{H_F}{R}(\frac{1}{T_1}-\frac{1}{T_2})</math>

where <math>H_F</math> is equal the enthalpy of fusion, which is equal to the amount of energy that must be taken out or put into the system per mole of material for the phase transformation to occur. R is the gas constant.

''Note: This equation should be used only in idealized situations as it does not include the temperature dependence of the heat of fusion. For this reason, there is some inaccuracies involved in this calculation.''

===Melting Point Depression===

It is likely that you or someone you know has, at one point, spread salt on the his or her driveway before the onset of a cold front. Somehow, this greatly reduces the amount of ice that forms on the covered surfaces. This helpful winter trick occurs due to a phenomenon know as melting point depression. While a much more in-depth explanation could be given, here is a easy way to think about. When a liquid freezes, the molecules are attempting to orient and pack themselves in a way so as to form a solid. If foreign particles are in the liquid, they will partially block the liquid particles from forming into a solid thereby lowering the freezing point of the liquid.

See [[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Freezing-point_depression Freezing-point Depression]] for a closer look on how this process occurs and the math behind calculating the change in melting point!

==Examples==

Consider the hypothetical element Greconium, which is a liquid at room temperature and has a standard melting point of 273.15K. If the pressure is increased to 5 atmospheres, what will be the melting point of Greconium at this elevated pressure? Assume the heat of fusion is constant and equal to <math>275\frac{J}{mol}</math> for this problem.

Using the simplified version of the Clausius-Clapeyron equation derived above, we must solve for <math>T_2</math>:

<math>\ln\frac{P_1}{P_2} = -\frac{H_F}{R}(\frac{1}{T_1}-\frac{1}{T_2})</math>

<math>T_2 = \frac{1}{\frac{1}{T_1}+\ln\frac{P_1}{P_2}\frac{R}{H_F})</math>

<math>T_2 = \frac{1}{\frac{1}{273.15}+\ln\frac{1}{5}\frac{8.314}{275})</math>

<math>T_2 = \frac{1}{\frac{1}{273.15}+\ln\frac{1}{5}\frac{8.314}{275})</math>

Plugging in for known variables, we find:

<math>T_2 =</math>

===Simple===
===Middling===
===Difficult===

==Connectedness==
#How is this topic connected to something that you are interested in?
#How is it connected to your major?
#Is there an interesting industrial application?

==History==

Put this idea in historical context. Give the reader the Who, What, When, Where, and Why.

== See also ==

Are there related topics or categories in this wiki resource for the curious reader to explore? How does this topic fit into that context?

===Further reading===

Books, Articles or other print media on this topic

===External links===

Internet resources on this topic

==References==

This section contains the the references you used while writing this page

[[Category:Properties of Matter]]

Melting Point

2015-12-01T04:35:53Z

Cmaike3: /* Melting Point Depression */

Written by Clayton Maike

The melting point of a material is an intensive physical property that indicates the temperature at which the substance transforms from a solid to a liquid or vice versa.

==Properties of Matter==

On the most basic level, there are two types of properties of matter: chemical and physical properties. Chemical properties are classified as those that change when the substance or material undergoes a chemical reaction involving a fundamental change in the identity of the material. On the other hand, a physical property involves only a change in appearance of the material.

For example, consider the boiling a pot of water to cook a bowl of spaghetti. After sometime, the water begins to boil and form a vapor (i.e. steam). The water that boils off as steam has undergone a physical change in appearance, thus we can consider the boiling point of a substance as a physical property.

Now consider, a loaf of bread accidentally left out after a trip to the grocery store. Over the course of a week or two, mold will form on the bread indicating a chemical change in the identity of this bread molecules. The specific property that lead to this reaction would then be considered a chemical property.

===Physical Properties===

Physical properties are distinguished into two subgroups: intensive and extensive physical properties. Intensive properties are independent of the quantity of the material present where as extensive properties are not. For example, the density of a material is an intensive property while the mass of a material is an extensive property.

==Melting Point==

As mentioned previously, the melting point of a substance indicates the temperature at which the phase transition from solid to liquid or liquid to solid occurs. The melting point of a substance will be the same regardless of the amount of the material present thus making the melting point an intensive property. Most individuals are familiar with standard melting points of various substances such as water, ethanol, or nitrogen. This standard melting point refers to the temperature at which melting occurs at atmospheric pressure. This knowledge of standard conditions is often very useful as most transformations and reactions will occur in a open environment (atmospheric pressure), although it is important to note that melting point is not independent of pressure. That is, water at a pressure of 10 atmospheres will melt at a very different temperature than water at standard pressure.

===Clausius-Clapeyron Equation===

The melting and boiling point of a substance is dependent upon the pressure. This relationship is modeled by the Clausius-Clapeyron equation.

It is written as:

<math>\frac{dP}{dT} = \frac{PL}{T^2R}</math>

Using separation of variables and integrating from <math>P_1</math> to <math>P_2</math> and <math>T_1</math> to <math>T_2</math> this equation becomes:

<math>\ln\frac{P_1}{P_2} = -\frac{H_F}{R}(\frac{1}{T_1}-\frac{1}{T_2})</math>

where <math>H_F</math> is equal the enthalpy of fusion, which is equal to the amount of energy that must be taken out or put into the system per mole of material for the phase transformation to occur. R is the gas constant.

''Note: This equation should be used only in idealized situations as it does not include the temperature dependence of the heat of fusion. For this reason, there is some inaccuracies involved in this calculation.''

===Melting Point Depression===

It is likely that you or someone you know has, at one point, spread salt on the his or her driveway before the onset of a cold front. Somehow, this greatly reduces the amount of ice that forms on the covered surfaces. This helpful winter trick occurs due to a phenomenon know as melting point depression. While a much more in-depth explanation could be given, here is a easy way to think about. When a liquid freezes, the molecules are attempting to orient and pack themselves in a way so as to form a solid. If foreign particles are in the liquid, they will partially block the liquid particles from forming into a solid thereby lowering the freezing point of the liquid.

See [[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Freezing-point_depression Freezing-point Depression]] for a closer look on how this process occurs and the math behind calculating the change in melting point!

==Examples==

Be sure to show all steps in your solution and include diagrams whenever possible

===Simple===
===Middling===
===Difficult===

==Connectedness==
#How is this topic connected to something that you are interested in?
#How is it connected to your major?
#Is there an interesting industrial application?

==History==

Put this idea in historical context. Give the reader the Who, What, When, Where, and Why.

== See also ==

Are there related topics or categories in this wiki resource for the curious reader to explore? How does this topic fit into that context?

===Further reading===

Books, Articles or other print media on this topic

===External links===

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==References==

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[[Category:Which Category did you place this in?]]

Melting Point

2015-12-01T04:35:33Z

Cmaike3: /* Melting Point Depression */

Written by Clayton Maike

The melting point of a material is an intensive physical property that indicates the temperature at which the substance transforms from a solid to a liquid or vice versa.

==Properties of Matter==

On the most basic level, there are two types of properties of matter: chemical and physical properties. Chemical properties are classified as those that change when the substance or material undergoes a chemical reaction involving a fundamental change in the identity of the material. On the other hand, a physical property involves only a change in appearance of the material.

For example, consider the boiling a pot of water to cook a bowl of spaghetti. After sometime, the water begins to boil and form a vapor (i.e. steam). The water that boils off as steam has undergone a physical change in appearance, thus we can consider the boiling point of a substance as a physical property.

Now consider, a loaf of bread accidentally left out after a trip to the grocery store. Over the course of a week or two, mold will form on the bread indicating a chemical change in the identity of this bread molecules. The specific property that lead to this reaction would then be considered a chemical property.

===Physical Properties===

Physical properties are distinguished into two subgroups: intensive and extensive physical properties. Intensive properties are independent of the quantity of the material present where as extensive properties are not. For example, the density of a material is an intensive property while the mass of a material is an extensive property.

==Melting Point==

As mentioned previously, the melting point of a substance indicates the temperature at which the phase transition from solid to liquid or liquid to solid occurs. The melting point of a substance will be the same regardless of the amount of the material present thus making the melting point an intensive property. Most individuals are familiar with standard melting points of various substances such as water, ethanol, or nitrogen. This standard melting point refers to the temperature at which melting occurs at atmospheric pressure. This knowledge of standard conditions is often very useful as most transformations and reactions will occur in a open environment (atmospheric pressure), although it is important to note that melting point is not independent of pressure. That is, water at a pressure of 10 atmospheres will melt at a very different temperature than water at standard pressure.

===Clausius-Clapeyron Equation===

The melting and boiling point of a substance is dependent upon the pressure. This relationship is modeled by the Clausius-Clapeyron equation.

It is written as:

<math>\frac{dP}{dT} = \frac{PL}{T^2R}</math>

Using separation of variables and integrating from <math>P_1</math> to <math>P_2</math> and <math>T_1</math> to <math>T_2</math> this equation becomes:

<math>\ln\frac{P_1}{P_2} = -\frac{H_F}{R}(\frac{1}{T_1}-\frac{1}{T_2})</math>

where <math>H_F</math> is equal the enthalpy of fusion, which is equal to the amount of energy that must be taken out or put into the system per mole of material for the phase transformation to occur. R is the gas constant.

''Note: This equation should be used only in idealized situations as it does not include the temperature dependence of the heat of fusion. For this reason, there is some inaccuracies involved in this calculation.''

===Melting Point Depression===

It is likely that you or someone you know has, at one point, spread salt on the his or her driveway before the onset of a cold front. Somehow, this greatly reduces the amount of ice that forms on the covered surfaces. This helpful winter trick occurs due to a phenomenon know as melting point depression. While a much more in-depth explanation could be given, here is a easy way to think about. When a liquid freezes, the molecules are attempting to orient and pack themselves in a way so as to form a solid. If foreign particles are in the liquid, they will partially block the liquid particles from forming into a solid thereby lowering the freezing point of the liquid.

See [[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Freezing-point_depression | Freezing-point Depression]] for a closer look on how this process occurs and the math behind calculating the change in melting point!

==Examples==

Be sure to show all steps in your solution and include diagrams whenever possible

===Simple===
===Middling===
===Difficult===

==Connectedness==
#How is this topic connected to something that you are interested in?
#How is it connected to your major?
#Is there an interesting industrial application?

==History==

Put this idea in historical context. Give the reader the Who, What, When, Where, and Why.

== See also ==

Are there related topics or categories in this wiki resource for the curious reader to explore? How does this topic fit into that context?

===Further reading===

Books, Articles or other print media on this topic

===External links===

Internet resources on this topic

==References==

This section contains the the references you used while writing this page

[[Category:Which Category did you place this in?]]

Melting Point

2015-12-01T04:34:15Z

Cmaike3: /* Melting Point Depression */

Written by Clayton Maike

The melting point of a material is an intensive physical property that indicates the temperature at which the substance transforms from a solid to a liquid or vice versa.

==Properties of Matter==

On the most basic level, there are two types of properties of matter: chemical and physical properties. Chemical properties are classified as those that change when the substance or material undergoes a chemical reaction involving a fundamental change in the identity of the material. On the other hand, a physical property involves only a change in appearance of the material.

For example, consider the boiling a pot of water to cook a bowl of spaghetti. After sometime, the water begins to boil and form a vapor (i.e. steam). The water that boils off as steam has undergone a physical change in appearance, thus we can consider the boiling point of a substance as a physical property.

Now consider, a loaf of bread accidentally left out after a trip to the grocery store. Over the course of a week or two, mold will form on the bread indicating a chemical change in the identity of this bread molecules. The specific property that lead to this reaction would then be considered a chemical property.

===Physical Properties===

Physical properties are distinguished into two subgroups: intensive and extensive physical properties. Intensive properties are independent of the quantity of the material present where as extensive properties are not. For example, the density of a material is an intensive property while the mass of a material is an extensive property.

==Melting Point==

As mentioned previously, the melting point of a substance indicates the temperature at which the phase transition from solid to liquid or liquid to solid occurs. The melting point of a substance will be the same regardless of the amount of the material present thus making the melting point an intensive property. Most individuals are familiar with standard melting points of various substances such as water, ethanol, or nitrogen. This standard melting point refers to the temperature at which melting occurs at atmospheric pressure. This knowledge of standard conditions is often very useful as most transformations and reactions will occur in a open environment (atmospheric pressure), although it is important to note that melting point is not independent of pressure. That is, water at a pressure of 10 atmospheres will melt at a very different temperature than water at standard pressure.

===Clausius-Clapeyron Equation===

The melting and boiling point of a substance is dependent upon the pressure. This relationship is modeled by the Clausius-Clapeyron equation.

It is written as:

<math>\frac{dP}{dT} = \frac{PL}{T^2R}</math>

Using separation of variables and integrating from <math>P_1</math> to <math>P_2</math> and <math>T_1</math> to <math>T_2</math> this equation becomes:

<math>\ln\frac{P_1}{P_2} = -\frac{H_F}{R}(\frac{1}{T_1}-\frac{1}{T_2})</math>

where <math>H_F</math> is equal the enthalpy of fusion, which is equal to the amount of energy that must be taken out or put into the system per mole of material for the phase transformation to occur. R is the gas constant.

''Note: This equation should be used only in idealized situations as it does not include the temperature dependence of the heat of fusion. For this reason, there is some inaccuracies involved in this calculation.''

===Melting Point Depression===

It is likely that you or someone you know has, at one point, spread salt on the his or her driveway before the onset of a cold front. Somehow, this greatly reduces the amount of ice that forms on the covered surfaces. This helpful winter trick occurs due to a phenomenon know as melting point depression. While a much more in-depth explanation could be given, here is a easy way to think about. When a liquid freezes, the molecules are attempting to orient and pack themselves in a way so as to form a solid. If foreign particles are in the liquid, they will partially block the liquid particles from forming into a solid thereby lowering the freezing point of the liquid.

See [[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Freezing-point_depression|Freezing-point Depression]] for a closer look on how this process occurs and the math behind calculating the change in melting point!

==Examples==

Be sure to show all steps in your solution and include diagrams whenever possible

===Simple===
===Middling===
===Difficult===

==Connectedness==
#How is this topic connected to something that you are interested in?
#How is it connected to your major?
#Is there an interesting industrial application?

==History==

Put this idea in historical context. Give the reader the Who, What, When, Where, and Why.

== See also ==

Are there related topics or categories in this wiki resource for the curious reader to explore? How does this topic fit into that context?

===Further reading===

Books, Articles or other print media on this topic

===External links===

Internet resources on this topic

==References==

This section contains the the references you used while writing this page

[[Category:Which Category did you place this in?]]

Melting Point

2015-12-01T04:30:28Z

Cmaike3: /* Melting Point Depression */

Written by Clayton Maike

The melting point of a material is an intensive physical property that indicates the temperature at which the substance transforms from a solid to a liquid or vice versa.

==Properties of Matter==

On the most basic level, there are two types of properties of matter: chemical and physical properties. Chemical properties are classified as those that change when the substance or material undergoes a chemical reaction involving a fundamental change in the identity of the material. On the other hand, a physical property involves only a change in appearance of the material.

For example, consider the boiling a pot of water to cook a bowl of spaghetti. After sometime, the water begins to boil and form a vapor (i.e. steam). The water that boils off as steam has undergone a physical change in appearance, thus we can consider the boiling point of a substance as a physical property.

Now consider, a loaf of bread accidentally left out after a trip to the grocery store. Over the course of a week or two, mold will form on the bread indicating a chemical change in the identity of this bread molecules. The specific property that lead to this reaction would then be considered a chemical property.

===Physical Properties===

Physical properties are distinguished into two subgroups: intensive and extensive physical properties. Intensive properties are independent of the quantity of the material present where as extensive properties are not. For example, the density of a material is an intensive property while the mass of a material is an extensive property.

==Melting Point==

As mentioned previously, the melting point of a substance indicates the temperature at which the phase transition from solid to liquid or liquid to solid occurs. The melting point of a substance will be the same regardless of the amount of the material present thus making the melting point an intensive property. Most individuals are familiar with standard melting points of various substances such as water, ethanol, or nitrogen. This standard melting point refers to the temperature at which melting occurs at atmospheric pressure. This knowledge of standard conditions is often very useful as most transformations and reactions will occur in a open environment (atmospheric pressure), although it is important to note that melting point is not independent of pressure. That is, water at a pressure of 10 atmospheres will melt at a very different temperature than water at standard pressure.

===Clausius-Clapeyron Equation===

The melting and boiling point of a substance is dependent upon the pressure. This relationship is modeled by the Clausius-Clapeyron equation.

It is written as:

<math>\frac{dP}{dT} = \frac{PL}{T^2R}</math>

Using separation of variables and integrating from <math>P_1</math> to <math>P_2</math> and <math>T_1</math> to <math>T_2</math> this equation becomes:

<math>\ln\frac{P_1}{P_2} = -\frac{H_F}{R}(\frac{1}{T_1}-\frac{1}{T_2})</math>

where <math>H_F</math> is equal the enthalpy of fusion, which is equal to the amount of energy that must be taken out or put into the system per mole of material for the phase transformation to occur. R is the gas constant.

''Note: This equation should be used only in idealized situations as it does not include the temperature dependence of the heat of fusion. For this reason, there is some inaccuracies involved in this calculation.''

===Melting Point Depression===

It is likely that you or someone you know has, at one point, spread salt on the his or her driveway before the onset of a cold front. Somehow, this greatly reduces the amount of ice that forms on the covered surfaces. This helpful winter trick occurs due to a phenomenon know as melting point depression. While a much more in-depth explanation could be given, here is a easy way to think about. When a liquid freezes, the molecules are attempting to orient and pack themselves in a way so as to form a solid. If foreign particles are in the liquid, they will partially block the liquid particles from forming into a solid thereby lowering the freezing point of the liquid.

See [[Sandbox]] for a closer look on how this process occurs and the math behind calculating the change in melting point!

==Examples==

Be sure to show all steps in your solution and include diagrams whenever possible

===Simple===
===Middling===
===Difficult===

==Connectedness==
#How is this topic connected to something that you are interested in?
#How is it connected to your major?
#Is there an interesting industrial application?

==History==

Put this idea in historical context. Give the reader the Who, What, When, Where, and Why.

== See also ==

Are there related topics or categories in this wiki resource for the curious reader to explore? How does this topic fit into that context?

===Further reading===

Books, Articles or other print media on this topic

===External links===

Internet resources on this topic

==References==

This section contains the the references you used while writing this page

[[Category:Which Category did you place this in?]]

Melting Point

2015-12-01T04:29:47Z

Cmaike3: /* Melting Point Depression */

Written by Clayton Maike

The melting point of a material is an intensive physical property that indicates the temperature at which the substance transforms from a solid to a liquid or vice versa.

==Properties of Matter==

On the most basic level, there are two types of properties of matter: chemical and physical properties. Chemical properties are classified as those that change when the substance or material undergoes a chemical reaction involving a fundamental change in the identity of the material. On the other hand, a physical property involves only a change in appearance of the material.

For example, consider the boiling a pot of water to cook a bowl of spaghetti. After sometime, the water begins to boil and form a vapor (i.e. steam). The water that boils off as steam has undergone a physical change in appearance, thus we can consider the boiling point of a substance as a physical property.

Now consider, a loaf of bread accidentally left out after a trip to the grocery store. Over the course of a week or two, mold will form on the bread indicating a chemical change in the identity of this bread molecules. The specific property that lead to this reaction would then be considered a chemical property.

===Physical Properties===

Physical properties are distinguished into two subgroups: intensive and extensive physical properties. Intensive properties are independent of the quantity of the material present where as extensive properties are not. For example, the density of a material is an intensive property while the mass of a material is an extensive property.

==Melting Point==

As mentioned previously, the melting point of a substance indicates the temperature at which the phase transition from solid to liquid or liquid to solid occurs. The melting point of a substance will be the same regardless of the amount of the material present thus making the melting point an intensive property. Most individuals are familiar with standard melting points of various substances such as water, ethanol, or nitrogen. This standard melting point refers to the temperature at which melting occurs at atmospheric pressure. This knowledge of standard conditions is often very useful as most transformations and reactions will occur in a open environment (atmospheric pressure), although it is important to note that melting point is not independent of pressure. That is, water at a pressure of 10 atmospheres will melt at a very different temperature than water at standard pressure.

===Clausius-Clapeyron Equation===

The melting and boiling point of a substance is dependent upon the pressure. This relationship is modeled by the Clausius-Clapeyron equation.

It is written as:

<math>\frac{dP}{dT} = \frac{PL}{T^2R}</math>

Using separation of variables and integrating from <math>P_1</math> to <math>P_2</math> and <math>T_1</math> to <math>T_2</math> this equation becomes:

<math>\ln\frac{P_1}{P_2} = -\frac{H_F}{R}(\frac{1}{T_1}-\frac{1}{T_2})</math>

where <math>H_F</math> is equal the enthalpy of fusion, which is equal to the amount of energy that must be taken out or put into the system per mole of material for the phase transformation to occur. R is the gas constant.

''Note: This equation should be used only in idealized situations as it does not include the temperature dependence of the heat of fusion. For this reason, there is some inaccuracies involved in this calculation.''

===Melting Point Depression===

It is likely that you or someone you know has, at one point, spread salt on the his or her driveway before the onset of a cold front. Somehow, this greatly reduces the amount of ice that forms on the covered surfaces. This helpful winter trick occurs due to a phenomenon know as melting point depression. While a much more in-depth explanation could be given, here is a easy way to think about. When a liquid freezes, the molecules are attempting to orient and pack themselves in a way so as to form a solid. If foreign particles are in the liquid, they will partially block the liquid particles from forming into a solid thereby lowering the freezing point of the liquid.

See [[Freezing-point depression]] for a closer look on how this process occurs and the math behind calculating the change in melting point!

==Examples==

Be sure to show all steps in your solution and include diagrams whenever possible

===Simple===
===Middling===
===Difficult===

==Connectedness==
#How is this topic connected to something that you are interested in?
#How is it connected to your major?
#Is there an interesting industrial application?

==History==

Put this idea in historical context. Give the reader the Who, What, When, Where, and Why.

== See also ==

Are there related topics or categories in this wiki resource for the curious reader to explore? How does this topic fit into that context?

===Further reading===

Books, Articles or other print media on this topic

===External links===

Internet resources on this topic

==References==

This section contains the the references you used while writing this page

[[Category:Which Category did you place this in?]]

Melting Point

2015-12-01T04:28:04Z

Cmaike3: /* Melting Point Depression */

Written by Clayton Maike

The melting point of a material is an intensive physical property that indicates the temperature at which the substance transforms from a solid to a liquid or vice versa.

==Properties of Matter==

On the most basic level, there are two types of properties of matter: chemical and physical properties. Chemical properties are classified as those that change when the substance or material undergoes a chemical reaction involving a fundamental change in the identity of the material. On the other hand, a physical property involves only a change in appearance of the material.

For example, consider the boiling a pot of water to cook a bowl of spaghetti. After sometime, the water begins to boil and form a vapor (i.e. steam). The water that boils off as steam has undergone a physical change in appearance, thus we can consider the boiling point of a substance as a physical property.

Now consider, a loaf of bread accidentally left out after a trip to the grocery store. Over the course of a week or two, mold will form on the bread indicating a chemical change in the identity of this bread molecules. The specific property that lead to this reaction would then be considered a chemical property.

===Physical Properties===

Physical properties are distinguished into two subgroups: intensive and extensive physical properties. Intensive properties are independent of the quantity of the material present where as extensive properties are not. For example, the density of a material is an intensive property while the mass of a material is an extensive property.

==Melting Point==

As mentioned previously, the melting point of a substance indicates the temperature at which the phase transition from solid to liquid or liquid to solid occurs. The melting point of a substance will be the same regardless of the amount of the material present thus making the melting point an intensive property. Most individuals are familiar with standard melting points of various substances such as water, ethanol, or nitrogen. This standard melting point refers to the temperature at which melting occurs at atmospheric pressure. This knowledge of standard conditions is often very useful as most transformations and reactions will occur in a open environment (atmospheric pressure), although it is important to note that melting point is not independent of pressure. That is, water at a pressure of 10 atmospheres will melt at a very different temperature than water at standard pressure.

===Clausius-Clapeyron Equation===

The melting and boiling point of a substance is dependent upon the pressure. This relationship is modeled by the Clausius-Clapeyron equation.

It is written as:

<math>\frac{dP}{dT} = \frac{PL}{T^2R}</math>

Using separation of variables and integrating from <math>P_1</math> to <math>P_2</math> and <math>T_1</math> to <math>T_2</math> this equation becomes:

<math>\ln\frac{P_1}{P_2} = -\frac{H_F}{R}(\frac{1}{T_1}-\frac{1}{T_2})</math>

where <math>H_F</math> is equal the enthalpy of fusion, which is equal to the amount of energy that must be taken out or put into the system per mole of material for the phase transformation to occur. R is the gas constant.

''Note: This equation should be used only in idealized situations as it does not include the temperature dependence of the heat of fusion. For this reason, there is some inaccuracies involved in this calculation.''

===Melting Point Depression===

It is likely that you or someone you know has, at one point, spread salt on the his or her driveway before the onset of a cold front. Somehow, this greatly reduces the amount of ice that forms on the covered surfaces. This helpful winter trick occurs due to a phenomenon know as melting point depression. While a much more in-depth explanation could be given, here is a easy way to think about. When a liquid freezes, the molecules are attempting to orient and pack themselves in a way so as to form a solid. If foreign particles are in the liquid, they will partially block the liquid particles from forming into a solid thereby lowering the freezing point of the liquid.

See [ [Freezing-point depression] ] for a closer look on how this process occurs and the math behind calculating the change in melting point!

==Examples==

Be sure to show all steps in your solution and include diagrams whenever possible

===Simple===
===Middling===
===Difficult===

==Connectedness==
#How is this topic connected to something that you are interested in?
#How is it connected to your major?
#Is there an interesting industrial application?

==History==

Put this idea in historical context. Give the reader the Who, What, When, Where, and Why.

== See also ==

Are there related topics or categories in this wiki resource for the curious reader to explore? How does this topic fit into that context?

===Further reading===

Books, Articles or other print media on this topic

===External links===

Internet resources on this topic

==References==

This section contains the the references you used while writing this page

[[Category:Which Category did you place this in?]]

Melting Point

2015-12-01T04:25:09Z

Cmaike3: /* Melting Point Depression */

Written by Clayton Maike

The melting point of a material is an intensive physical property that indicates the temperature at which the substance transforms from a solid to a liquid or vice versa.

==Properties of Matter==

On the most basic level, there are two types of properties of matter: chemical and physical properties. Chemical properties are classified as those that change when the substance or material undergoes a chemical reaction involving a fundamental change in the identity of the material. On the other hand, a physical property involves only a change in appearance of the material.

For example, consider the boiling a pot of water to cook a bowl of spaghetti. After sometime, the water begins to boil and form a vapor (i.e. steam). The water that boils off as steam has undergone a physical change in appearance, thus we can consider the boiling point of a substance as a physical property.

Now consider, a loaf of bread accidentally left out after a trip to the grocery store. Over the course of a week or two, mold will form on the bread indicating a chemical change in the identity of this bread molecules. The specific property that lead to this reaction would then be considered a chemical property.

===Physical Properties===

Physical properties are distinguished into two subgroups: intensive and extensive physical properties. Intensive properties are independent of the quantity of the material present where as extensive properties are not. For example, the density of a material is an intensive property while the mass of a material is an extensive property.

==Melting Point==

As mentioned previously, the melting point of a substance indicates the temperature at which the phase transition from solid to liquid or liquid to solid occurs. The melting point of a substance will be the same regardless of the amount of the material present thus making the melting point an intensive property. Most individuals are familiar with standard melting points of various substances such as water, ethanol, or nitrogen. This standard melting point refers to the temperature at which melting occurs at atmospheric pressure. This knowledge of standard conditions is often very useful as most transformations and reactions will occur in a open environment (atmospheric pressure), although it is important to note that melting point is not independent of pressure. That is, water at a pressure of 10 atmospheres will melt at a very different temperature than water at standard pressure.

===Clausius-Clapeyron Equation===

The melting and boiling point of a substance is dependent upon the pressure. This relationship is modeled by the Clausius-Clapeyron equation.

It is written as:

<math>\frac{dP}{dT} = \frac{PL}{T^2R}</math>

Using separation of variables and integrating from <math>P_1</math> to <math>P_2</math> and <math>T_1</math> to <math>T_2</math> this equation becomes:

<math>\ln\frac{P_1}{P_2} = -\frac{H_F}{R}(\frac{1}{T_1}-\frac{1}{T_2})</math>

where <math>H_F</math> is equal the enthalpy of fusion, which is equal to the amount of energy that must be taken out or put into the system per mole of material for the phase transformation to occur. R is the gas constant.

''Note: This equation should be used only in idealized situations as it does not include the temperature dependence of the heat of fusion. For this reason, there is some inaccuracies involved in this calculation.''

===Melting Point Depression===

It is likely that you or someone you know has, at one point, spread salt on the his or her driveway before the onset of a cold front. Somehow, this greatly reduces the amount of ice that forms on the covered surfaces. This helpful winter trick occurs due to a phenomenon know as melting point depression. While a much more in-depth explanation could be given, here is a easy way to think about. When a liquid freezes, the molecules are attempting to orient and pack themselves in a way so as to form a solid. If foreign particles are in the liquid, they will partially block the liquid particles from forming into a solid thereby lowering the freezing point of the liquid.

See [[melting-point depression]] for a closer look on how this process occurs and the math behind calculating the change in melting point!

==Examples==

Be sure to show all steps in your solution and include diagrams whenever possible

===Simple===
===Middling===
===Difficult===

==Connectedness==
#How is this topic connected to something that you are interested in?
#How is it connected to your major?
#Is there an interesting industrial application?

==History==

Put this idea in historical context. Give the reader the Who, What, When, Where, and Why.

== See also ==

Are there related topics or categories in this wiki resource for the curious reader to explore? How does this topic fit into that context?

===Further reading===

Books, Articles or other print media on this topic

===External links===

Internet resources on this topic

==References==

This section contains the the references you used while writing this page

[[Category:Which Category did you place this in?]]

Melting Point

2015-12-01T04:24:10Z

Cmaike3:

Written by Clayton Maike

The melting point of a material is an intensive physical property that indicates the temperature at which the substance transforms from a solid to a liquid or vice versa.

==Properties of Matter==

On the most basic level, there are two types of properties of matter: chemical and physical properties. Chemical properties are classified as those that change when the substance or material undergoes a chemical reaction involving a fundamental change in the identity of the material. On the other hand, a physical property involves only a change in appearance of the material.

For example, consider the boiling a pot of water to cook a bowl of spaghetti. After sometime, the water begins to boil and form a vapor (i.e. steam). The water that boils off as steam has undergone a physical change in appearance, thus we can consider the boiling point of a substance as a physical property.

Now consider, a loaf of bread accidentally left out after a trip to the grocery store. Over the course of a week or two, mold will form on the bread indicating a chemical change in the identity of this bread molecules. The specific property that lead to this reaction would then be considered a chemical property.

===Physical Properties===

Physical properties are distinguished into two subgroups: intensive and extensive physical properties. Intensive properties are independent of the quantity of the material present where as extensive properties are not. For example, the density of a material is an intensive property while the mass of a material is an extensive property.

==Melting Point==

As mentioned previously, the melting point of a substance indicates the temperature at which the phase transition from solid to liquid or liquid to solid occurs. The melting point of a substance will be the same regardless of the amount of the material present thus making the melting point an intensive property. Most individuals are familiar with standard melting points of various substances such as water, ethanol, or nitrogen. This standard melting point refers to the temperature at which melting occurs at atmospheric pressure. This knowledge of standard conditions is often very useful as most transformations and reactions will occur in a open environment (atmospheric pressure), although it is important to note that melting point is not independent of pressure. That is, water at a pressure of 10 atmospheres will melt at a very different temperature than water at standard pressure.

===Clausius-Clapeyron Equation===

The melting and boiling point of a substance is dependent upon the pressure. This relationship is modeled by the Clausius-Clapeyron equation.

It is written as:

<math>\frac{dP}{dT} = \frac{PL}{T^2R}</math>

Using separation of variables and integrating from <math>P_1</math> to <math>P_2</math> and <math>T_1</math> to <math>T_2</math> this equation becomes:

<math>\ln\frac{P_1}{P_2} = -\frac{H_F}{R}(\frac{1}{T_1}-\frac{1}{T_2})</math>

where <math>H_F</math> is equal the enthalpy of fusion, which is equal to the amount of energy that must be taken out or put into the system per mole of material for the phase transformation to occur. R is the gas constant.

''Note: This equation should be used only in idealized situations as it does not include the temperature dependence of the heat of fusion. For this reason, there is some inaccuracies involved in this calculation.''

===Melting Point Depression===

It is likely that you or someone you know has, at one point, spread salt on the his or her driveway before the onset of a cold front. Somehow, this greatly reduces the amount of ice that forms on the covered surfaces. This helpful winter trick occurs due to a phenomenon know as melting point depression. While a much more in-depth explanation could be given, here is a easy way to think about. When a liquid freezes, the molecules are attempting to orient and pack themselves in a way so as to form a solid. If foreign particles are in the liquid, they will partially block the liquid particles from forming into a solid thereby lowering the freezing point of the liquid.

See [[Freezing-point depression]] for a closer look on how this process occurs and the math behind calculating the change in melting point!

==Examples==

Be sure to show all steps in your solution and include diagrams whenever possible

===Simple===
===Middling===
===Difficult===

==Connectedness==
#How is this topic connected to something that you are interested in?
#How is it connected to your major?
#Is there an interesting industrial application?

==History==

Put this idea in historical context. Give the reader the Who, What, When, Where, and Why.

== See also ==

Are there related topics or categories in this wiki resource for the curious reader to explore? How does this topic fit into that context?

===Further reading===

Books, Articles or other print media on this topic

===External links===

Internet resources on this topic

==References==

This section contains the the references you used while writing this page

[[Category:Which Category did you place this in?]]

Melting Point

2015-12-01T04:22:18Z

Cmaike3: /* Melting Point Depression */

Written by Clayton Maike

The melting point of a material is an intensive physical property that indicates the temperature at which the substance transforms from a solid to a liquid or vice versa.

==Properties of Matter==

On the most basic level, there are two types of properties of matter: chemical and physical properties. Chemical properties are classified as those that change when the substance or material undergoes a chemical reaction involving a fundamental change in the identity of the material. On the other hand, a physical property involves only a change in appearance of the material.

For example, consider the boiling a pot of water to cook a bowl of spaghetti. After sometime, the water begins to boil and form a vapor (i.e. steam). The water that boils off as steam has undergone a physical change in appearance, thus we can consider the boiling point of a substance as a physical property.

Now consider, a loaf of bread accidentally left out after a trip to the grocery store. Over the course of a week or two, mold will form on the bread indicating a chemical change in the identity of this bread molecules. The specific property that lead to this reaction would then be considered a chemical property.

===Physical Properties===

Physical properties are distinguished into two subgroups: intensive and extensive physical properties. Intensive properties are independent of the quantity of the material present where as extensive properties are not. For example, the density of a material is an intensive property while the mass of a material is an extensive property.

==Melting Point==

As mentioned previously, the melting point of a substance indicates the temperature at which the phase transition from solid to liquid or liquid to solid occurs. The melting point of a substance will be the same regardless of the amount of the material present thus making the melting point an intensive property. Most individuals are familiar with standard melting points of various substances such as water, ethanol, or nitrogen. This standard melting point refers to the temperature at which melting occurs at atmospheric pressure. This knowledge of standard conditions is often very useful as most transformations and reactions will occur in a open environment (atmospheric pressure), although it is important to note that melting point is not independent of pressure. That is, water at a pressure of 10 atmospheres will melt at a very different temperature than water at standard pressure.

===Clausius-Clapeyron Equation===

The melting and boiling point of a substance is dependent upon the pressure. This relationship is modeled by the Clausius-Clapeyron equation.

It is written as:

<math>\frac{dP}{dT} = \frac{PL}{T^2R}</math>

Using separation of variables and integrating from <math>P_1</math> to <math>P_2</math> and <math>T_1</math> to <math>T_2</math> this equation becomes:

<math>\ln\frac{P_1}{P_2} = -\frac{H_F}{R}(\frac{1}{T_1}-\frac{1}{T_2})</math>

where <math>H_F</math> is equal the enthalpy of fusion, which is equal to the amount of energy that must be taken out or put into the system per mole of material for the phase transformation to occur. R is the gas constant.

''Note: This equation should be used only in idealized situations as it does not include the temperature dependence of the heat of fusion. For this reason, there is some inaccuracies involved in this calculation.''

===Melting Point Depression===

It is likely that you or someone you know has, at one point, spread salt on the his or her driveway before the onset of a cold front. Somehow, this greatly reduces the amount of ice that forms on the covered surfaces. This helpful winter trick occurs due to a phenomenon know as melting point depression. While a much more in-depth explanation could be given, here is a easy way to think about. When a liquid freezes, the molecules are attempting to orient and pack themselves in a way so as to form a solid. If foreign particles are in the liquid, they will partially block the liquid particles from forming into a solid thereby lowering the freezing point of the liquid.

See [[freezing-point depression]] for a closer look on how this process occurs and the math behind calculating the change in melting point!

==Examples==

Be sure to show all steps in your solution and include diagrams whenever possible

===Simple===
===Middling===
===Difficult===

==Connectedness==
#How is this topic connected to something that you are interested in?
#How is it connected to your major?
#Is there an interesting industrial application?

==History==

Put this idea in historical context. Give the reader the Who, What, When, Where, and Why.

== See also ==

Are there related topics or categories in this wiki resource for the curious reader to explore? How does this topic fit into that context?

===Further reading===

Books, Articles or other print media on this topic

===External links===

Internet resources on this topic

==References==

This section contains the the references you used while writing this page

[[Category:Which Category did you place this in?]]

Melting Point

2015-12-01T04:18:00Z

Cmaike3:

Written by Clayton Maike

The melting point of a material is an intensive physical property that indicates the temperature at which the substance transforms from a solid to a liquid or vice versa.

==Properties of Matter==

On the most basic level, there are two types of properties of matter: chemical and physical properties. Chemical properties are classified as those that change when the substance or material undergoes a chemical reaction involving a fundamental change in the identity of the material. On the other hand, a physical property involves only a change in appearance of the material.

For example, consider the boiling a pot of water to cook a bowl of spaghetti. After sometime, the water begins to boil and form a vapor (i.e. steam). The water that boils off as steam has undergone a physical change in appearance, thus we can consider the boiling point of a substance as a physical property.

Now consider, a loaf of bread accidentally left out after a trip to the grocery store. Over the course of a week or two, mold will form on the bread indicating a chemical change in the identity of this bread molecules. The specific property that lead to this reaction would then be considered a chemical property.

===Physical Properties===

Physical properties are distinguished into two subgroups: intensive and extensive physical properties. Intensive properties are independent of the quantity of the material present where as extensive properties are not. For example, the density of a material is an intensive property while the mass of a material is an extensive property.

==Melting Point==

As mentioned previously, the melting point of a substance indicates the temperature at which the phase transition from solid to liquid or liquid to solid occurs. The melting point of a substance will be the same regardless of the amount of the material present thus making the melting point an intensive property. Most individuals are familiar with standard melting points of various substances such as water, ethanol, or nitrogen. This standard melting point refers to the temperature at which melting occurs at atmospheric pressure. This knowledge of standard conditions is often very useful as most transformations and reactions will occur in a open environment (atmospheric pressure), although it is important to note that melting point is not independent of pressure. That is, water at a pressure of 10 atmospheres will melt at a very different temperature than water at standard pressure.

===Clausius-Clapeyron Equation===

The melting and boiling point of a substance is dependent upon the pressure. This relationship is modeled by the Clausius-Clapeyron equation.

It is written as:

<math>\frac{dP}{dT} = \frac{PL}{T^2R}</math>

Using separation of variables and integrating from <math>P_1</math> to <math>P_2</math> and <math>T_1</math> to <math>T_2</math> this equation becomes:

<math>\ln\frac{P_1}{P_2} = -\frac{H_F}{R}(\frac{1}{T_1}-\frac{1}{T_2})</math>

where <math>H_F</math> is equal the enthalpy of fusion, which is equal to the amount of energy that must be taken out or put into the system per mole of material for the phase transformation to occur. R is the gas constant.

''Note: This equation should be used only in idealized situations as it does not include the temperature dependence of the heat of fusion. For this reason, there is some inaccuracies involved in this calculation.''

===Melting Point Depression===

It is likely that you or someone you know has, at one point, spread salt on the his or her driveway before the onset of a cold front. Somehow, this greatly reduces the amount of ice that forms on the covered surfaces. This helpful winter trick occurs due to a phenomenon know as melting point depression. While a much more in-depth explanation could be given, here is a easy way to think about. When a liquid freezes, the molecules are attempting to orient and pack themselves in a way so as to form a solid. If foreign particles are in the liquid, they will partially block the liquid particles from forming into a solid thereby lowering the freezing point of the liquid.

See [[Freezing-point depression]] for a closer look on how this process occurs and the math behind calculating the change in melting point!

==Examples==

Be sure to show all steps in your solution and include diagrams whenever possible

===Simple===
===Middling===
===Difficult===

==Connectedness==
#How is this topic connected to something that you are interested in?
#How is it connected to your major?
#Is there an interesting industrial application?

==History==

Put this idea in historical context. Give the reader the Who, What, When, Where, and Why.

== See also ==

Are there related topics or categories in this wiki resource for the curious reader to explore? How does this topic fit into that context?

===Further reading===

Books, Articles or other print media on this topic

===External links===

Internet resources on this topic

==References==

This section contains the the references you used while writing this page

[[Category:Which Category did you place this in?]]

Melting Point

2015-12-01T03:41:54Z

Cmaike3:

Melting Point

2015-12-01T03:19:49Z

Cmaike3:

Melting Point

2015-12-01T02:56:06Z

Cmaike3:

Melting Point

2015-12-01T02:31:53Z

Cmaike3:

Written by Clayton Maike

The melting point of a material is an intensive physical property that indicates the temperature at which the substance transforms from a solid to a liquid or vice versa.

==The Main Idea==

State, in your own words, the main idea for this topic
Electric Field of Capacitor

===A Mathematical Model===

What are the mathematical equations that allow us to model this topic. For example <math>{\frac{d\vec{p}}{dt}}_{system} = \vec{F}_{net}</math> where '''p''' is the momentum of the system and '''F''' is the net force from the surroundings.

===A Computational Model===

How do we visualize or predict using this topic. Consider embedding some vpython code here [https://trinket.io/glowscript/31d0f9ad9e Teach hands-on with GlowScript]

==Examples==

Be sure to show all steps in your solution and include diagrams whenever possible

===Simple===
===Middling===
===Difficult===

==Connectedness==
#How is this topic connected to something that you are interested in?
#How is it connected to your major?
#Is there an interesting industrial application?

==History==

Put this idea in historical context. Give the reader the Who, What, When, Where, and Why.

== See also ==

Are there related topics or categories in this wiki resource for the curious reader to explore? How does this topic fit into that context?

===Further reading===

Books, Articles or other print media on this topic

===External links===

Internet resources on this topic

==References==

This section contains the the references you used while writing this page

[[Category:Which Category did you place this in?]]

Melting Point

2015-12-01T01:11:58Z

Cmaike3:

Melting Point

claimed by Clayton Maike

Short Description of Topic

==The Main Idea==

State, in your own words, the main idea for this topic
Electric Field of Capacitor

===A Mathematical Model===

What are the mathematical equations that allow us to model this topic. For example <math>{\frac{d\vec{p}}{dt}}_{system} = \vec{F}_{net}</math> where '''p''' is the momentum of the system and '''F''' is the net force from the surroundings.

===A Computational Model===

How do we visualize or predict using this topic. Consider embedding some vpython code here [https://trinket.io/glowscript/31d0f9ad9e Teach hands-on with GlowScript]

==Examples==

Be sure to show all steps in your solution and include diagrams whenever possible

===Simple===
===Middling===
===Difficult===

==Connectedness==
#How is this topic connected to something that you are interested in?
#How is it connected to your major?
#Is there an interesting industrial application?

==History==

Put this idea in historical context. Give the reader the Who, What, When, Where, and Why.

== See also ==

Are there related topics or categories in this wiki resource for the curious reader to explore? How does this topic fit into that context?

===Further reading===

Books, Articles or other print media on this topic

===External links===

Internet resources on this topic

==References==

This section contains the the references you used while writing this page

[[Category:Which Category did you place this in?]]

Melting Point

2015-12-01T01:09:15Z

Cmaike3: Created page with "Melting Point claimed by Clayton Maike"

Melting Point

claimed by Clayton Maike

Main Page

2015-12-01T01:08:29Z

Cmaike3: /* Properties of Matter */

__NOTOC__
Welcome to the Georgia Tech Wiki for Intro Physics. This resources was created so that students can contribute and curate content to help those with limited or no access to a textbook. When reading this website, please correct any errors you may come across. If you read something that isn't clear, please consider revising it!

Looking to make a contribution?
#Pick a specific topic from intro physics
#Add that topic, as a link to a new page, under the appropriate category listed below by editing this page.
#Copy and paste the default [[Template]] into your new page and start editing.

Please remember that this is not a textbook and you are not limited to expressing your ideas with only text and equations. Whenever possible embed: pictures, videos, diagrams, simulations, computational models (e.g. Glowscript), and whatever content you think makes learning physics easier for other students.

== Source Material ==
All of the content added to this resource must be in the public domain or similar free resource. If you are unsure about a source, contact the original author for permission. That said, there is a surprisingly large amount of introductory physics content scattered across the web. Here is an incomplete list of intro physics resources (please update as needed).
* A physics resource written by experts for an expert audience [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:Physics Physics Portal]
* A wiki book on modern physics [https://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Modern_Physics Modern Physics Wiki]
* The MIT open courseware for intro physics [http://ocw.mit.edu/resources/res-8-002-a-wikitextbook-for-introductory-mechanics-fall-2009/index.htm MITOCW Wiki]
* An online concept map of intro physics [http://hyperphysics.phy-astr.gsu.edu/hbase/hph.html HyperPhysics]
* Interactive physics simulations [https://phet.colorado.edu/en/simulations/category/physics PhET]
* OpenStax algebra based intro physics textbook [https://openstaxcollege.org/textbooks/college-physics College Physics]
* The Open Source Physics project is a collection of online physics resources [http://www.opensourcephysics.org/ OSP]
* A resource guide compiled by the [http://www.aapt.org/ AAPT] for educators [http://www.compadre.org/ ComPADRE]

== Organizing Categories ==
These are the broad, overarching categories, that we cover in two semester of introductory physics. You can add subcategories or make a new category as needed. A single topic should direct readers to a page in one of these catagories.

<div class="toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">
===Interactions===
<div class="mw-collapsible-content">
*[[Kinds of Matter]]
*[[Detecting Interactions]]
*[[Fundamental Interactions]]
*[[System & Surroundings]]
*[[Newton's First Law of Motion]]
*[[Newton's Second Law of Motion]]
*[[Newton's Third Law of Motion]]
*[[Gravitational Force]]
*[[Electric Force]]
*[[Terminal Speed]]
*[[Simple Harmonic Motion]]
*[[Speed and Velocity]]
*[[Electric Polarization]]

</div>
</div>

<div class="toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">

===Theory===
<div class="mw-collapsible-content">
*[[Einstein's Theory of Special Relativity]]
*[[Quantum Theory]]
*[[Big Bang Theory]]

</div>
</div>

<div class="toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">

===Notable Scientists===
<div class="mw-collapsible-content">
*[[Albert Einstein]]
*[[Ernest Rutherford]]
*[[Joseph Henry]]
*[[Michael Faraday]]
*[[J.J. Thomson]]
*[[James Maxwell]]
*[[Robert Hooke]]
*[[Carl Friedrich Gauss]]
*[[Nikola Tesla]]
*[[Andre Marie Ampere]]
*[[Sir Isaac Newton]]
*[[J. Robert Oppenheimer]]
*[[Oliver Heaviside]]
*[[Rosalind Franklin]]
*[[Erwin Schrödinger]]
*[[Enrico Fermi]]
*[[Robert J. Van de Graaff]]
*[[Charles de Coulomb]]
*[[Hans Christian Ørsted]]
*[[Philo Farnsworth]]
*[[Niels Bohr]]
*[[Georg Ohm]]
*[[Galileo Galilei]]
*[[Gustav Kirchhoff]]
*[[Max Planck]]
*[[Heinrich Hertz]]
*[[Edwin Hall]]
*[[James Watt]]
*[[Count Alessandro Volta]]
*[[Josiah Willard Gibbs]]
*[[Richard Phillips Feynman]]
*[[Sir David Brewster]]
*[[Daniel Bernoulli]]
*[[William Thomson]]
*[[Leonhard Euler]]
*[[Robert Fox Bacher]]
*[[Stephen Hawking]]
*[[Amedeo Avogadro]]
*[[Wilhelm Conrad Roentgen]]
</div>
</div>

<div class="toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">

===Properties of Matter===
<div class="mw-collapsible-content">
*[[Mass]]
*[[Velocity]]
*[[Relative Velocity]]
*[[Density]]
*[[Charge]]
*[[Spin]]
*[[SI Units]]
*[[Heat Capacity]]
*[[Specific Heat]]
*[[Wavelength]]
*[[Conductivity]]
*[[Weight]]
*[[Boiling Point]]
*[[Melting Point]]
</div>
</div>

<div class="toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">

===Contact Interactions===
<div class="mw-collapsible-content">
* [[Young's Modulus]]
* [[Friction]]
* [[Tension]]
* [[Hooke's Law]]
*[[Centripetal Force and Curving Motion]]
*[[Compression or Normal Force]]
* [[Length and Stiffness of an Interatomic Bond]]
</div>
</div>

<div class="toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">

===Momentum===
<div class="mw-collapsible-content">
* [[Vectors]]
* [[Kinematics]]
* [[Conservation of Momentum]]
* [[Predicting Change in multiple dimensions]]
* [[Momentum Principle]]
* [[Impulse Momentum]]
* [[Curving Motion]]
* [[Multi-particle Analysis of Momentum]]
* [[Iterative Prediction]]
* [[Newton's Laws and Linear Momentum]]
* [[Net Force]]
* [[Center of Mass]]
</div>
</div>

<div class="toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">

===Angular Momentum===
<div class="mw-collapsible-content">
* [[The Moments of Inertia]]
* [[Moment of Inertia for a ring]]
* [[Rotation]]
* [[Torque]]
* [[Systems with Zero Torque]]
* [[Systems with Nonzero Torque]]
* [[Right Hand Rule]]
* [[Angular Velocity]]
* [[Predicting a Change in Rotation]]
* [[The Angular Momentum Principle]]
* [[Rotational Angular Momentum]]
* [[Total Angular Momentum]]

</div>
</div>

<div class="toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">

===Energy===
<div class="mw-collapsible-content">
*[[The Energy Principle]]
*[[Predicting Change]]
*[[Rest Mass Energy]]
*[[Kinetic Energy]]
*[[Potential Energy]]
*[[Work]]
*[[Thermal Energy]]
*[[Conservation of Energy]]
*[[Electric Potential]]
*[[Energy Transfer due to a Temperature Difference]]
*[[Gravitational Potential Energy]]
*[[Point Particle Systems]]
*[[Real Systems]]
*[[Spring Potential Energy]]
**[[Ball and Spring Model]]
*[[Internal Energy]]
**[[Potential Energy of a Pair of Neutral Atoms]]
*[[Translational, Rotational and Vibrational Energy]]
*[[Franck-Hertz Experiment]]
*[[Power]]
*[[Energy Graphs]]
*[[Air Resistance]]
*[[Electronic Energy Levels]]
*[[Second Law of Thermodynamics and Entropy]]
*[[Specific Heat Capacity]]
*[[Quantized Energy Levels]]
*[[Energy Density]]
*[[Relativistic Kinetic Energy]]
</div>
</div>

<div class="toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">

===Collisions===
<div class="mw-collapsible-content">
*[[Collisions]]
*[[Maximally Inelastic Collision]]
*[[Elastic Collisions]]
*[[Inelastic Collisions]]
*[[Head-on Collision of Equal Masses]]
*[[Head-on Collision of Unequal Masses]]
*[[Rutherford Experiment and Atomic Collisions]]
</div>
</div>

<div class="toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">

===Fields===
<div class="mw-collapsible-content">
* [[Electric Field]] of a
** [[Point Charge]]
** [[Electric Dipole]]
** [[Capacitor]]
** [[Charged Rod]]
** [[Charged Ring]]
** [[Charged Disk]]
** [[Charged Spherical Shell]]
** [[Charged Cylinder]]
**[[A Solid Sphere Charged Throughout Its Volume]]
*[[Electric Potential]]
**[[Potential Difference in a Uniform Field]]
**[[Potential Difference of point charge in a non-Uniform Field]]
**[[Sign of Potential Difference]]
**[[Potential Difference in an Insulator]]
**[[Energy Density and Electric Field]]
*[[Electric Force]]
*[[Polarization]]
*[[Charge Motion in Metals]]
*[[Magnetic Field]]
**[[Right-Hand Rule]]
**[[Direction of Magnetic Field]]
**[[Magnetic Field of a Long Straight Wire]]
**[[Magnetic Field of a Loop]]
**[[Magnetic Field of a Solenoid]]
**[[Bar Magnet]]
**[[Magnetic Force]]
**[[Hall Effect]]
**[[Lorentz Force]]
**[[Biot-Savart Law]]
**[[Biot-Savart Law for Currents]]
**[[Integration Techniques for Magnetic Field]]
**[[Sparks in Air]]
**[[Motional Emf]]
**[[Detecting a Magnetic Field]]
**[[Moving Point Charge]]
**[[Non-Coulomb Electric Field]]
**[[Motors and Generators]]
</div>
</div>

<div class="toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">

===Simple Circuits===
<div class="mw-collapsible-content">
*[[Components]]
*[[Steady State]]
*[[Non Steady State]]
*[[Node Rule]]
*[[Loop Rule]]
*[[Power in a circuit]]
*[[Ammeters,Voltmeters,Ohmmeters]]
*[[Current]]
*[[Ohm's Law]]
*[[Series Circuits]]
*[[RC]]
*[[Circular Loop of Wire]]
*[[RL Circuit]]
*[[LC Circuit]]
*[[Surface Charge Distributions]]
*[[Feedback]]
*[[Transformers]]
*[[Kirchoff's Circuit Laws]]
</div>

<div class="toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">

===Maxwell's Equations===
<div class="mw-collapsible-content">
*[[Gauss's Flux Theorem]]
**[[Electric Fields]]
**[[Magnetic Fields]]
*[[Ampere's Law]]
**[[Magnetic Field of Coaxial Cable Using Ampere's Law]]
*[[Faraday's Law]]
**[[Curly Electric Fields]]
**[[Inductance]]
**[[Lenz's Law]]
***[[Lenz Effect and the Jumping Ring]]
**[[Motional Emf using Faraday's Law]]
*[[Ampere-Maxwell Law]]
*[[Superconductors]]
**[[Meissner effect]]
</div>
</div>

<div class="toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">

===Radiation===
<div class="mw-collapsible-content">
*[[Producing a Radiative Electric Field]]
*[[Sinusoidal Electromagnetic Radiaton]]
*[[Lenses]]
*[[Energy and Momentum Analysis in Radiation]]
*[[Electromagnetic Propagation]]
*[[Snell's Law]]
*[[Light Propagation Through a Medium]]
*[[Light Scaterring: Why is the Sky Blue]]
</div>
</div>
<div class="toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">

===Sound===
<div class="mw-collapsible-content">
*[[Doppler Effect]]
*[[Nature, Behavior, and Properties of Sound]]
*[[Resonance]]
*[[Sound Barrier]]
</div>
</div>
*[[blahb]]
</div>
</div>

== Resources ==
* Commonly used wiki commands [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:Cheatsheet Wiki Cheatsheet]
* A guide to representing equations in math mode [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:Displaying_a_formula Wiki Math Mode]
* A page to keep track of all the physics [[Constants]]
* An overview of [[VPython]]