Physics Book - User contributions [en]

Siméon Denis Poisson

2015-12-06T00:53:47Z

Bbierbaum3:

Siméon Denis Poisson

2015-12-06T00:17:56Z

Bbierbaum3:

Siméon Denis Poisson

2015-12-06T00:15:45Z

Bbierbaum3:

Siméon Denis Poisson

2015-12-06T00:15:25Z

Bbierbaum3:

Siméon Denis Poisson

2015-12-06T00:14:40Z

Bbierbaum3:

Siméon Denis Poisson

2015-12-05T23:27:52Z

Bbierbaum3:

Siméon Denis Poisson

2015-12-05T23:21:20Z

Bbierbaum3:

Siméon Denis Poisson

2015-12-05T23:15:32Z

Bbierbaum3: /* Scientific Contributions */

Siméon Denis Poisson

2015-12-05T23:07:38Z

Bbierbaum3:

Siméon Denis Poisson

2015-12-05T23:03:31Z

Bbierbaum3:

Siméon Denis Poisson

2015-12-05T22:56:24Z

Bbierbaum3:

Siméon Denis Poisson

2015-12-05T22:54:39Z

Bbierbaum3:

Created by Benjamin Bierbaum

Siméon Poisson was a French mathematician best known for his work on definite integrals and electromagnetic theory.
[[File:Simeon Poisson.jpg|thumb|250px|Simeon Poisson]]

==Personal Life==

===Early Life===

Poisson was born in Pithiviers, Loiret, France on June 21, 1781. The son of a soldier, he showed great promise in mathematics and science and started at Paris' École Polytechnique as first in his class. His focus was on mathematics, and at 18 was published in the esteemed journal ''Recueil des savants étrangers'' for his writings on finite difference equations.

===Life in Academia===

Poisson is most remembered for his work involving the application of mathematics to electricity, magnetism, mechanics, and other areas of physics. He is known for Poisson's equation, which is a partial differential equation that is useful in electrostatics, mechanical engineering and theoretical physics. For example, it can be used to describe the potential energy field caused by a given charge.

===Family Life===

Poisson married Nancy de Bardi in 1817. Together they had four children.

===Death and Legacy===

Poisson's health was weak throughout his lifetime - he had several older siblings that died during childhood, and he was entrusted to a nurse during his early life. His health declined rapidly in 1840, and although extremely impaired, he continued to attend meetings of the French Academy of Sciences.

Poisson died on April 25, 1840. Attendees of his funeral included numerous French scientists, as well as the youngest son of King Louis Philippe I, who studied under Poisson.

Poisson was President of the French Academy of Sciences at the time of his death, and was also a member of the Royal Society of London. His name is inscribed on the Eiffel Tower in Paris alongside 71 other prominent French scientists, mathematicians, and engineers.

==Scientific Contributions==

===A Mathematical Model===

Poisson's equation is

:<math>\Delta\varphi=f</math>

where <math>\Delta</math> is the Laplace operator, and ''f'' and ''φ'' are real or complex-valued functions on a manifold. Usually, ''f'' is given and ''φ'' is sought. When the manifold is Euclidean space, the Laplace operator is often denoted as ∇<sup>2</sup> and so Poisson's equation is often written as

:<math>\nabla^2 \varphi = f.</math>

==Electrostatics==

'''Poisson's equation''' for electrostatics, which is:

:<math>{\nabla}^2 \varphi = -\frac{\rho_f}{\varepsilon}.</math>

Solving Poisson's equation for the potential requires knowing the charge density distribution. If the charge density is zero, then Laplace's equation results. If the charge density follows a Boltzmann distribution, then the Poisson-Boltzmann equation results. The Poisson–Boltzmann equation plays a role in the development of the Debye–Hückel theory of dilute electrolyte solutions.

Using Green's Function, the potential at distance ''r'' from a central point charge ''Q'' (ie: the Fundamental Solution) is:
:<math>\varphi(r) = \dfrac {Q}{4 \pi \varepsilon r}.</math>
(For historic reasons and unlike gravity's model above, the <math>4 \pi</math> factor appears here and not in Gauss's law.)

The above discussion assumes that the magnetic field is not varying in time. The same Poisson equation arises even if it does vary in time, as long as the [[Coulomb gauge]] is used. In this more general context, computing ''φ'' is no longer sufficient to calculate '''E''', since '''E''' also depends on the [[magnetic vector potential]] '''A''', which must be independently computed. See [[Mathematical descriptions of the electromagnetic field#Maxwell's equations in potential formulation|Maxwell's equation in potential formulation]] for more on ''φ'' and '''A''' in Maxwell's equations and how Poisson's equation is obtained in this case.

=== Potential of a Gaussian charge density ===
If there is a static spherically symmetric [[Gaussian distribution|Gaussian]] charge density

:<math> \rho_f(r) = \frac{Q}{\sigma^3\sqrt{2\pi}^3}\,e^{-r^2/(2\sigma^2)},</math>

where ''Q'' is the total charge, then the solution ''φ''(''r'') of Poisson's equation,

:<math>{\nabla}^2 \varphi = - { \rho_f \over \varepsilon } </math>,

is given by

:<math> \varphi(r) = { 1 \over 4 \pi \varepsilon } \frac{Q}{r}\,\mbox{erf}\left(\frac{r}{\sqrt{2}\sigma}\right)</math>

where erf(''x'') is the [[error function]].

This solution can be checked explicitly by evaluating <math>{\nabla}^2 \varphi</math>. Note that, for ''r'' much greater than ''σ'', the erf function approaches unity and the potential φ (''r'') approaches the [[electrical potential|point charge]] potential

:<math> \varphi \approx { 1 \over 4 \pi \varepsilon } {Q \over r} </math>,

as one would expect. Furthermore the erf function approaches 1 extremely quickly as its argument increases; in practice for r > 3''σ'' the relative error is smaller than one part in a thousand.

==Connectedness==
#How is this topic connected to something that you are interested in?
#How is it connected to your major?
#Is there an interesting industrial application?

==History==

Put this idea in historical context. Give the reader the Who, What, When, Where, and Why.

== See also ==

Are there related topics or categories in this wiki resource for the curious reader to explore? How does this topic fit into that context?

===Further reading===

Books, Articles or other print media on this topic

===External links===
[http://www.scientificamerican.com/article/bring-science-home-reaction-time/]

==References==

#https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/Simeon_Poisson.jpg/800px-Simeon_Poisson.jpg

[[Category:Which Category did you place this in?]]
[[Category:Notable Scientists]]

Siméon Denis Poisson

2015-12-05T22:21:59Z

Bbierbaum3:

Created by Benjamin Bierbaum

Siméon Poisson was a French mathematician best known for his work on definite integrals and electromagnetic theory.
[[File:Simeon Poisson.jpg|thumb|250px|Simeon Poisson]]

==Personal Life==

===Early Life===

Poisson was born in Pithiviers, Loiret, France on June 21, 1781. The son of a soldier, he showed great promise in mathematics and science and started at Paris' École Polytechnique as first in his class. His focus was on mathematics, and at 18 was published in the esteemed journal ''Recueil des savants étrangers'' for his writings on finite difference equations.

===Life in Academia===

Poisson is most remembered for his work involving the application of mathematics to electricity, magnetism, mechanics, and other areas of physics. He is known for Poisson's equation, which is a partial differential equation that is useful in electrostatics, mechanical engineering and theoretical physics. For example, it can be used to describe the potential energy field caused by a given charge.

===Family Life===

Poisson married Nancy de Bardi in 1817. Together they had four children.

===Death and Legacy===

Poisson's health was weak throughout his lifetime - he had several older siblings that died during childhood, and he was entrusted to a nurse during his early life. His health declined rapidly in 1840, and although extremely impaired, he continued to attend meetings of the French Academy of Sciences.

Poisson died on April 25, 1840. Attendees of his funeral included numerous French scientists, as well as the youngest son of King Louis Philippe I, who studied under Poisson.

Poisson was President of the French Academy of Sciences at the time of his death, and was also a member of the Royal Society of London. His name is inscribed on the Eiffel Tower in Paris alongside 71 other prominent French scientists, mathematicians, and engineers.

==Scientific Contributions==

===A Mathematical Model===

Poisson's equation is

:<math>\Delta\varphi=f</math>

where <math>\Delta</math> is the [[Laplace operator]], and ''f'' and ''φ'' are [[real number|real]] or [[complex number|complex]]-valued [[function (mathematics)|functions]] on a [[manifold]]. Usually, ''f'' is given and ''φ'' is sought. When the manifold is [[Euclidean space]], the Laplace operator is often denoted as ∇<sup>2</sup> and so Poisson's equation is frequently written as

:<math>\nabla^2 \varphi = f.</math>

==Electrostatics==

'''Poisson's equation''' for electrostatics, which is:

:<math>{\nabla}^2 \varphi = -\frac{\rho_f}{\varepsilon}.</math>

Solving Poisson's equation for the potential requires knowing the charge density distribution. If the charge density is zero, then [[Laplace's equation]] results. If the charge density follows a [[Boltzmann distribution]], then the [[Poisson-Boltzmann equation]] results. The Poisson–Boltzmann equation plays a role in the development of the [[Debye–Hückel equation|Debye–Hückel theory of dilute electrolyte solutions]].

Using Green's Function, the potential at distance ''r'' from a central point charge ''Q'' (ie: the Fundamental Solution) is:
:<math>\varphi(r) = \dfrac {Q}{4 \pi \varepsilon r}.</math>
(For historic reasons and unlike gravity's model above, the <math>4 \pi</math> factor appears here and not in Gauss's law.)

The above discussion assumes that the magnetic field is not varying in time. The same Poisson equation arises even if it does vary in time, as long as the [[Coulomb gauge]] is used. In this more general context, computing ''φ'' is no longer sufficient to calculate '''E''', since '''E''' also depends on the [[magnetic vector potential]] '''A''', which must be independently computed. See [[Mathematical descriptions of the electromagnetic field#Maxwell's equations in potential formulation|Maxwell's equation in potential formulation]] for more on ''φ'' and '''A''' in Maxwell's equations and how Poisson's equation is obtained in this case.

=== Potential of a Gaussian charge density ===
If there is a static spherically symmetric [[Gaussian distribution|Gaussian]] charge density

:<math> \rho_f(r) = \frac{Q}{\sigma^3\sqrt{2\pi}^3}\,e^{-r^2/(2\sigma^2)},</math>

where ''Q'' is the total charge, then the solution ''φ''(''r'') of Poisson's equation,

:<math>{\nabla}^2 \varphi = - { \rho_f \over \varepsilon } </math>,

is given by

:<math> \varphi(r) = { 1 \over 4 \pi \varepsilon } \frac{Q}{r}\,\mbox{erf}\left(\frac{r}{\sqrt{2}\sigma}\right)</math>

where erf(''x'') is the [[error function]].

This solution can be checked explicitly by evaluating <math>{\nabla}^2 \varphi</math>. Note that, for ''r'' much greater than ''σ'', the erf function approaches unity and the potential φ (''r'') approaches the [[electrical potential|point charge]] potential

:<math> \varphi \approx { 1 \over 4 \pi \varepsilon } {Q \over r} </math>,

as one would expect. Furthermore the erf function approaches 1 extremely quickly as its argument increases; in practice for r > 3''σ'' the relative error is smaller than one part in a thousand.

==Connectedness==
#How is this topic connected to something that you are interested in?
#How is it connected to your major?
#Is there an interesting industrial application?

==History==

Put this idea in historical context. Give the reader the Who, What, When, Where, and Why.

== See also ==

Are there related topics or categories in this wiki resource for the curious reader to explore? How does this topic fit into that context?

===Further reading===

Books, Articles or other print media on this topic

===External links===
[http://www.scientificamerican.com/article/bring-science-home-reaction-time/]

==References==

#https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/Simeon_Poisson.jpg/800px-Simeon_Poisson.jpg

[[Category:Which Category did you place this in?]]
[[Category:Notable Scientists]]

Siméon Denis Poisson

2015-12-05T22:20:35Z

Bbierbaum3:

Created by Benjamin Bierbaum

Siméon Poisson was a French mathematician best known for his work on definite integrals and electromagnetic theory.
[[File:Simeon Poisson.jpg|thumb|250px|Simeon Poisson]]

==Personal Life==

===Early Life===

Poisson was born in Pithiviers, Loiret, France on June 21, 1781. The son of a soldier, he showed great promise in mathematics and science and started at Paris' École Polytechnique as first in his class. His focus was on mathematics, and at 18 was published in the esteemed journal ''Recueil des savants étrangers'' for his writings on finite difference equations.

===Life in Academia===

Poisson is most remembered for his work involving the application of mathematics to electricity, magnetism, mechanics, and other areas of physics. He is known for Poisson's equation, which is a partial differential equation that is useful in electrostatics, mechanical engineering and theoretical physics. For example, it can be used to describe the potential energy field caused by a given charge.

===Family Life===

Poisson married Nancy de Bardi in 1817. Together they had four children.

===Death and Legacy===

Poisson's health was weak throughout his lifetime - he had several older siblings that died during childhood, and he was entrusted to a nurse during his early life. His health declined rapidly in 1840, and although extremely impaired, he continued to attend meetings of the French Academy of Sciences.

Poisson died on April 25, 1840. Attendees of his funeral included numerous French scientists, as well as the youngest son of King Louis Philippe I, who studied under Poisson.

Poisson was President of the French Academy of Sciences at the time of his death, and was also a member of the Royal Society of London. His name is inscribed on the Eiffel Tower in Paris alongside 71 other prominent French scientists, mathematicians, and engineers.

==Scientific Contributions==

===A Mathematical Model===

Poisson's equation is

:<math>\Delta\varphi=f</math>

where <math>\Delta</math> is the [[Laplace operator]], and ''f'' and ''φ'' are [[real number|real]] or [[complex number|complex]]-valued [[function (mathematics)|functions]] on a [[manifold]]. Usually, ''f'' is given and ''φ'' is sought. When the manifold is [[Euclidean space]], the Laplace operator is often denoted as ∇<sup>2</sup> and so Poisson's equation is frequently written as

:<math>\nabla^2 \varphi = f.</math>

==Electrostatics==

{{main|Electrostatics}}

One of the cornerstones of [[electrostatics]] is setting up and solving problems described by the Poisson equation. Solving the Poisson equation amounts to finding the [[electric potential]] φ for a given [[electric charge|charge]] distribution ''<math>\rho_f</math>''.

The mathematical details behind Poisson's equation in electrostatics are as follows ([[SI]] units are used rather than [[Gaussian units]], which are also frequently used in [[electromagnetism]]).

Starting with [[Gauss's law]] for electricity (also one of [[Maxwell's equations]]) in differential form, we have:

:<math>\mathbf{\nabla} \cdot \mathbf{D} = \rho_f</math>

where <math>\mathbf{\nabla} \cdot</math> is the [[divergence|divergence operator]], '''D''' = [[electric displacement field]], and ''ρ<sub>f</sub>'' = [[free charge]] [[charge density|density]] (describing charges brought from outside). Assuming the medium is linear, isotropic, and homogeneous (see [[polarization density]]), we have the [[constitutive equation#Electromagnetism|constitutive equation]]:

:<math>\mathbf{D} = \varepsilon \mathbf{E}</math>

where ''ε'' = [[permittivity]] of the medium and '''E''' = [[electric field]]. Substituting this into Gauss's law and assuming ''ε'' is spatially constant in the region of interest obtains:

:<math>\mathbf{\nabla} \cdot \mathbf{E} = \frac{\rho_f}{\varepsilon}</math>

In the absence of a changing magnetic field, '''B''', [[Faraday's law of induction]] gives:

:<math>\nabla \times \mathbf{E} = -\dfrac{\partial \mathbf{B}} {\partial t} = 0</math>

where <math>\nabla \times</math> is the [[curl (mathematics)|curl operator]] and ''t'' is time. Since the [[Curl (mathematics)|curl]] of the electric field is zero, it is defined by a scalar electric potential field, <math>\varphi</math> (see [[Helmholtz decomposition]]).

:<math>\mathbf{E} = -\nabla \varphi</math>

The derivation of Poisson's equation under these circumstances is straightforward. Substituting the potential gradient for the electric field

:<math>\nabla \cdot \bold{E} = \nabla \cdot ( - \nabla \varphi ) = - {\nabla}^2 \varphi = \frac{\rho_f}{\varepsilon},</math>

directly obtains '''Poisson's equation''' for electrostatics, which is:

:<math>{\nabla}^2 \varphi = -\frac{\rho_f}{\varepsilon}.</math>

Solving Poisson's equation for the potential requires knowing the charge density distribution. If the charge density is zero, then [[Laplace's equation]] results. If the charge density follows a [[Boltzmann distribution]], then the [[Poisson-Boltzmann equation]] results. The Poisson–Boltzmann equation plays a role in the development of the [[Debye–Hückel equation|Debye–Hückel theory of dilute electrolyte solutions]].

Using Green's Function, the potential at distance ''r'' from a central point charge ''Q'' (ie: the Fundamental Solution) is:
:<math>\varphi(r) = \dfrac {Q}{4 \pi \varepsilon r}.</math>
(For historic reasons and unlike gravity's model above, the <math>4 \pi</math> factor appears here and not in Gauss's law.)

The above discussion assumes that the magnetic field is not varying in time. The same Poisson equation arises even if it does vary in time, as long as the [[Coulomb gauge]] is used. In this more general context, computing ''φ'' is no longer sufficient to calculate '''E''', since '''E''' also depends on the [[magnetic vector potential]] '''A''', which must be independently computed. See [[Mathematical descriptions of the electromagnetic field#Maxwell's equations in potential formulation|Maxwell's equation in potential formulation]] for more on ''φ'' and '''A''' in Maxwell's equations and how Poisson's equation is obtained in this case.

=== Potential of a Gaussian charge density ===
If there is a static spherically symmetric [[Gaussian distribution|Gaussian]] charge density

:<math> \rho_f(r) = \frac{Q}{\sigma^3\sqrt{2\pi}^3}\,e^{-r^2/(2\sigma^2)},</math>

where ''Q'' is the total charge, then the solution ''φ''(''r'') of Poisson's equation,

:<math>{\nabla}^2 \varphi = - { \rho_f \over \varepsilon } </math>,

is given by

:<math> \varphi(r) = { 1 \over 4 \pi \varepsilon } \frac{Q}{r}\,\mbox{erf}\left(\frac{r}{\sqrt{2}\sigma}\right)</math>

where erf(''x'') is the [[error function]].

This solution can be checked explicitly by evaluating <math>{\nabla}^2 \varphi</math>. Note that, for ''r'' much greater than ''σ'', the erf function approaches unity and the potential φ (''r'') approaches the [[electrical potential|point charge]] potential

:<math> \varphi \approx { 1 \over 4 \pi \varepsilon } {Q \over r} </math>,

as one would expect. Furthermore the erf function approaches 1 extremely quickly as its argument increases; in practice for r > 3''σ'' the relative error is smaller than one part in a thousand.

==Connectedness==
#How is this topic connected to something that you are interested in?
#How is it connected to your major?
#Is there an interesting industrial application?

==History==

Put this idea in historical context. Give the reader the Who, What, When, Where, and Why.

== See also ==

Are there related topics or categories in this wiki resource for the curious reader to explore? How does this topic fit into that context?

===Further reading===

Books, Articles or other print media on this topic

===External links===
[http://www.scientificamerican.com/article/bring-science-home-reaction-time/]

==References==

#https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/Simeon_Poisson.jpg/800px-Simeon_Poisson.jpg

[[Category:Which Category did you place this in?]]
[[Category:Notable Scientists]]

Siméon Denis Poisson

2015-12-05T22:01:25Z

Bbierbaum3:

Siméon Denis Poisson

2015-12-05T21:16:50Z

Bbierbaum3:

Siméon Denis Poisson

2015-12-05T21:14:43Z

Bbierbaum3:

Siméon Denis Poisson

2015-12-05T20:32:11Z

Bbierbaum3:

Created by Benjamin Bierbaum

Christian Doppler was an Austrian physicist and mathematician best known for his namesake scientific phenomenon - the Doppler Effect.
[[File:Simeon Poisson.jpg|thumb|250px|Simeon Poisson]]

==The Main Idea==

State, in your own words, the main idea for this topic

===A Mathematical Model===

What are the mathematical equations that allow us to model this topic. For example <math>{\frac{d\vec{p}}{dt}}_{system} = \vec{F}_{net}</math> where '''p''' is the momentum of the system and '''F''' is the net force from the surroundings.

===A Computational Model===

How do we visualize or predict using this topic. Consider embedding some vpython code here [https://trinket.io/glowscript/31d0f9ad9e Teach hands-on with GlowScript]

==Examples==

Be sure to show all steps in your solution and include diagrams whenever possible

===Simple===
===Middling===
===Difficult===

==Connectedness==
#How is this topic connected to something that you are interested in?
#How is it connected to your major?
#Is there an interesting industrial application?

==History==

Put this idea in historical context. Give the reader the Who, What, When, Where, and Why.

== See also ==

Are there related topics or categories in this wiki resource for the curious reader to explore? How does this topic fit into that context?

===Further reading===

Books, Articles or other print media on this topic

===External links===
[http://www.scientificamerican.com/article/bring-science-home-reaction-time/]

==References==

#https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/Simeon_Poisson.jpg/800px-Simeon_Poisson.jpg

[[Category:Which Category did you place this in?]]
[[Category:Notable Scientists]]

Siméon Denis Poisson

2015-12-05T20:28:02Z

Bbierbaum3: Created page with "Created by Benjamin Bierbaum Christian Doppler was an Austrian physicist and mathematician best known for his namesake scientific phenomenon - the Doppler Effect. File:Chri..."

Created by Benjamin Bierbaum

Christian Doppler was an Austrian physicist and mathematician best known for his namesake scientific phenomenon - the Doppler Effect.
[[File:Christian Doppler.jpg|thumb|250px|Christian Doppler]]

==The Main Idea==

State, in your own words, the main idea for this topic

===A Mathematical Model===

What are the mathematical equations that allow us to model this topic. For example <math>{\frac{d\vec{p}}{dt}}_{system} = \vec{F}_{net}</math> where '''p''' is the momentum of the system and '''F''' is the net force from the surroundings.

===A Computational Model===

How do we visualize or predict using this topic. Consider embedding some vpython code here [https://trinket.io/glowscript/31d0f9ad9e Teach hands-on with GlowScript]

==Examples==

Be sure to show all steps in your solution and include diagrams whenever possible

===Simple===
===Middling===
===Difficult===

==Connectedness==
#How is this topic connected to something that you are interested in?
#How is it connected to your major?
#Is there an interesting industrial application?

==History==

Put this idea in historical context. Give the reader the Who, What, When, Where, and Why.

== See also ==

Are there related topics or categories in this wiki resource for the curious reader to explore? How does this topic fit into that context?

===Further reading===

Books, Articles or other print media on this topic

===External links===
[http://www.scientificamerican.com/article/bring-science-home-reaction-time/]

==References==

This section contains the the references you used while writing this page

[[Category:Which Category did you place this in?]]

Main Page

2015-12-05T20:23:54Z

Bbierbaum3: /* Simple Circuits */

__NOTOC__
Welcome to the Georgia Tech Wiki for Intro Physics. This resources was created so that students can contribute and curate content to help those with limited or no access to a textbook. When reading this website, please correct any errors you may come across. If you read something that isn't clear, please consider revising it!

Looking to make a contribution?
#Pick a specific topic from intro physics
#Add that topic, as a link to a new page, under the appropriate category listed below by editing this page.
#Copy and paste the default [[Template]] into your new page and start editing.

Please remember that this is not a textbook and you are not limited to expressing your ideas with only text and equations. Whenever possible embed: pictures, videos, diagrams, simulations, computational models (e.g. Glowscript), and whatever content you think makes learning physics easier for other students.

== Source Material ==
All of the content added to this resource must be in the public domain or similar free resource. If you are unsure about a source, contact the original author for permission. That said, there is a surprisingly large amount of introductory physics content scattered across the web. Here is an incomplete list of intro physics resources (please update as needed).
* A physics resource written by experts for an expert audience [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:Physics Physics Portal]
* A wiki book on modern physics [https://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Modern_Physics Modern Physics Wiki]
* The MIT open courseware for intro physics [http://ocw.mit.edu/resources/res-8-002-a-wikitextbook-for-introductory-mechanics-fall-2009/index.htm MITOCW Wiki]
* An online concept map of intro physics [http://hyperphysics.phy-astr.gsu.edu/hbase/hph.html HyperPhysics]
* Interactive physics simulations [https://phet.colorado.edu/en/simulations/category/physics PhET]
* OpenStax algebra based intro physics textbook [https://openstaxcollege.org/textbooks/college-physics College Physics]
* The Open Source Physics project is a collection of online physics resources [http://www.opensourcephysics.org/ OSP]
* A resource guide compiled by the [http://www.aapt.org/ AAPT] for educators [http://www.compadre.org/ ComPADRE]

== Organizing Categories ==
These are the broad, overarching categories, that we cover in two semester of introductory physics. You can add subcategories or make a new category as needed. A single topic should direct readers to a page in one of these catagories.

<div class="toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">
===Interactions===
<div class="mw-collapsible-content">
*[[Kinds of Matter]]
**[[Ball and Spring Model of Matter]]
*[[Detecting Interactions]]
*[[Escape Velocity]]
*[[Fundamental Interactions]]
*[[Determinism]]
*[[System & Surroundings]]
*[[Free Body Diagram]]
*[[Newton's First Law of Motion]]
*[[Newton's Second Law of Motion]]
*[[Newton's Third Law of Motion]]
*[[Gravitational Force]]
*[[Electric Force]]
*[[Conservation of Energy]]
*[[Conservation of Charge]]
*[[Terminal Speed]]
*[[Simple Harmonic Motion]]
*[[Speed and Velocity]]
*[[Electric Polarization]]
*[[Perpetual Freefall (Orbit)]]
*[[2-Dimensional Motion]]
*[[Center of Mass]]
*[[Reaction Time]]
*[[Time Dilation]]
</div>
</div>

<div class="toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">

===Modeling with VPython===
<div class="mw-collapsible-content">
*[[VPython]]
*[[VPython basics]]
*[[VPython Common Errors and Troubleshooting]]
*[[VPython Functions]]
*[[VPython Lists]]
*[[VPython Multithreading]]
*[[VPython Animation]]
</div>
</div>

<div class="toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">

===Theory===
<div class="mw-collapsible-content">
*[[Einstein's Theory of Special Relativity]]
*[[Einstein's Theory of General Relativity]]
*[[Quantum Theory]]
*[[Maxwell's Electromagnetic Theory]]
*[[Atomic Theory]]
*[[String Theory]]
*[[Elementary Particles and Particle Physics Theory]]
*[[Law of Gravitation]]
*[[Newton's Laws]]
</div>
</div>

<div class="toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">

===Notable Scientists===
<div class="mw-collapsible-content">
*[[Alexei Alexeyevich Abrikosov]]
*[[Christian Doppler]]
*[[Albert Einstein]]
*[[Ernest Rutherford]]
*[[Joseph Henry]]
*[[Michael Faraday]]
*[[J.J. Thomson]]
*[[James Maxwell]]
*[[Robert Hooke]]
*[[Carl Friedrich Gauss]]
*[[Nikola Tesla]]
*[[Andre Marie Ampere]]
*[[Sir Isaac Newton]]
*[[J. Robert Oppenheimer]]
*[[Oliver Heaviside]]
*[[Rosalind Franklin]]
*[[Enrico Fermi]]
*[[Robert J. Van de Graaff]]
*[[Charles de Coulomb]]
*[[Hans Christian Ørsted]]
*[[Philo Farnsworth]]
*[[Niels Bohr]]
*[[Georg Ohm]]
*[[Galileo Galilei]]
*[[Gustav Kirchhoff]]
*[[Max Planck]]
*[[Heinrich Hertz]]
*[[Edwin Hall]]
*[[James Watt]]
*[[Count Alessandro Volta]]
*[[Josiah Willard Gibbs]]
*[[Richard Phillips Feynman]]
*[[Sir David Brewster]]
*[[Daniel Bernoulli]]
*[[William Thomson]]
*[[Leonhard Euler]]
*[[Robert Fox Bacher]]
*[[Stephen Hawking]]
*[[Amedeo Avogadro]]
*[[Wilhelm Conrad Roentgen]]
*[[Pierre Laplace]]
*[[Thomas Edison]]
*[[Hendrik Lorentz]]
*[[Jean-Baptiste Biot]]
*[[Lise Meitner]]
*[[Lisa Randall]]
*[[Felix Savart]]
*[[Heinrich Lenz]]
*[[Max Born]]
*[[Archimedes]]
*[[Jean Baptiste Biot]]
*[[Carl Sagan]]
*[[Eugene Wigner]]
*[[Marie Curie]]
*[[Pierre Curie]]
*[[Werner Heisenberg]]
*[[Johannes Diderik van der Waals]]
*[[Louis de Broglie]]
*[[Aristotle]]
*[[Émilie du Châtelet]]
*[[Blaise Pascal]]
*[[Siméon Denis Poisson]]
*[[Benjamin Franklin]]
*[[James Chadwick]]
*[[Henry Cavendish]]
*[[Thomas Young]]
*[[James Prescott Joule]]
*[[John Bardeen]]
*[[Leo Baekeland]]
*[[Alhazen]]
*[[Willebrord Snell]]
*[[Fritz Walther Meissner]]
*[[Johannes Kepler]]
*[[Johann Wilhelm Ritter]]
*[[Philipp Lenard]]
*[[Robert A. Millikan]]
*[[Joseph Louis Gay-Lussac]]
*[[Guglielmo Marconi]]
*[[William Lawrence Bragg]]
*[[Robert Goddard]]
*[[Léon Foucault]]
*[[Henri Poincaré]]
*[[Steven Weinberg]]
*[[Arthur Compton]]
*[[Pythagoras of Samos]]
*[[Subrahmanyan Chandrasekhar]]
*[[Wilhelm Eduard Weber]]
*[[Edmond Becquerel]]
*[[Joseph Rotblat]]
*[[Carl David Anderson]]
*[[Hermann von Helmholtz]]
*[[Nicolas Leonard Sadi Carnot]]
*[[Wallace Carothers]]
*[[David J. Wineland]]
*[[Rudolf Clausius]]
*[[Edward L. Norton]]
*[[Shuji Nakamura]]
*[[Pierre Laplace Pt. 2]]
*[[William B. Shockley]]
*[[Osborne Reynolds]]

</div>
</div>

<div class="toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">

===Properties of Matter===
<div class="mw-collapsible-content">
*[[Mass]]
*[[Velocity]]
*[[Relative Velocity]]
*[[Density]]
*[[Charge]]
*[[Spin]]
*[[SI Units]]
*[[Heat Capacity]]
*[[Specific Heat]]
*[[Wavelength]]
*[[Conductivity]]
*[[Malleability]]
*[[Weight]]
*[[Boiling Point]]
*[[Melting Point]]
*[[Inertia]]
*[[Non-Newtonian Fluids]]
*[[Ferrofluids]]
*[[Color]]
*[[Temperature]]
</div>
</div>

<div class="toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">

===Contact Interactions===
<div class="mw-collapsible-content">
* [[Young's Modulus]]
* [[Friction]]
* [[Tension]]
* [[Hooke's Law]]
*[[Centripetal Force and Curving Motion]]
*[[Compression or Normal Force]]
* [[Length and Stiffness of an Interatomic Bond]]
* [[Speed of Sound in a Solid]]
* [[Iterative Prediction of Spring-Mass System]]
</div>
</div>

<div class="toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">

===Momentum===
<div class="mw-collapsible-content">
* [[Vectors]]
* [[Kinematics]]
* [[Conservation of Momentum]]
* [[Predicting Change in multiple dimensions]]
* [[Derivation of the Momentum Principle]]
* [[Momentum Principle]]
* [[Impulse Momentum]]
* [[Curving Motion]]
* [[Projectile Motion]]
* [[Multi-particle Analysis of Momentum]]
* [[Iterative Prediction]]
* [[Analytical Prediction]]
* [[Newton's Laws and Linear Momentum]]
* [[Net Force]]
* [[Center of Mass]]
* [[Momentum at High Speeds]]
* [[Change in Momentum in Time for Curving Motion]]
* [[Momentum with respect to external Forces]]
</div>
</div>

<div class="toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">

===Angular Momentum===
<div class="mw-collapsible-content">
* [[The Moments of Inertia]]
* [[Moment of Inertia for a cylinder]]
* [[Rotation]]
* [[Torque]]
* [[Systems with Zero Torque]]
* [[Systems with Nonzero Torque]]
* [[Torque vs Work]]
* [[Angular Impulse]]
* [[Right Hand Rule]]
* [[Angular Velocity]]
* [[Predicting the Position of a Rotating System]]
* [[Translational Angular Momentum]]
* [[The Angular Momentum Principle]]
* [[Angular Momentum of Multiparticle Systems]]
* [[Rotational Angular Momentum]]
* [[Total Angular Momentum]]
* [[Gyroscopes]]
* [[Angular Momentum Compared to Linear Momentum]]

</div>
</div>

<div class="toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">

===Energy===
<div class="mw-collapsible-content">
*[[The Photoelectric Effect]]
*[[Photons]]
*[[The Energy Principle]]
*[[Predicting Change]]
*[[Rest Mass Energy]]
*[[Kinetic Energy]]
*[[Potential Energy]]
**[[Potential Energy for a Magnetic Dipole]]
**[[Potential Energy of a Multiparticle System]]
*[[Work]]
**[[Work Done By A Nonconstant Force]]
*[[Work and Energy for an Extended System]]
*[[Thermal Energy]]
*[[Conservation of Energy]]
*[[Electric Potential]]
*[[Energy Transfer due to a Temperature Difference]]
*[[Gravitational Potential Energy]]
*[[Point Particle Systems]]
*[[Real Systems]]
*[[Spring Potential Energy]]
**[[Ball and Spring Model]]
*[[Internal Energy]]
**[[Potential Energy of a Pair of Neutral Atoms]]
*[[Translational, Rotational and Vibrational Energy]]
*[[Franck-Hertz Experiment]]
*[[Power (Mechanical)]]
*[[Transformation of Energy]]

*[[Energy Graphs]]
**[[Energy graphs and the Bohr model]]
*[[Air Resistance]]
*[[Electronic Energy Levels]]
*[[Second Law of Thermodynamics and Entropy]]
*[[Specific Heat Capacity]]
*[[The Maxwell-Boltzmann Distribution]]
*[[Electronic Energy Levels and Photons]]
*[[Energy Density]]
*[[Bohr Model]]
*[[Quantized energy levels]]
**[[Spontaneous Photon Emission]]
*[[Path Independence of Electric Potential]]
</div>
</div>

<div class="toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">

===Collisions===
<div class="mw-collapsible-content">

*[[Collisions]]
Collisions are events that happen very frequently in our day-to-day world. In the realm of Physics, a collision is defined as any sort of process in which before and after a short time interval there is little interaction, but during that short time interval there are large interactions. When looking at collisions, it is first important to understand two very important principles: the Momentum Principle and the Energy Principle. Both principles serve use when talking of collisions because they provide a way in which to analyze these collisions. Collisions themselves can be categorized into 3 main different types: elastic collisions, inelastic collisions, maximally inelastic collisions. All 3 collisions will get touched on in more detail further on.

*[[Elastic Collisions]]
A collision is deemed "elastic" when the internal energy of the objects in the system does not change (in other words, change in internal energy equals 0). Because in an elastic collision no kinetic energy is converted over to internal energy, in any elastic collision Kfinal always equals Kinitial.

*[[Inelastic Collisions]]
A collision is said to be "inelastic" when it is not elastic; therefore, an inelastic collision is an interaction in which some change in internal energy occurs between the colliding objects (in other words, change in internal energy does not equal 0). Examples of such changes that occur between colliding objects include, but are not limited to, things like they get hot, or they vibrate/rotate, or they deform. Because some of the kinetic energy is converted to internal energy during an inelastic collision, Kfinal does not equal Kinitial.
There are a few characteristics that one can search for when identifying inelasticity. These indications include things such as:
*Objects stick together after the collision
*An object is in an excited state after the collision
*An object becomes deformed after the collision
*The objects become hotter after the collision
*There exists more vibration or rotation after the collision

*[[Maximally Inelastic Collision]]
Maximally inelastic collisions, also known as "sticking collisions", are the most extreme kinds of inelastic collisions. Just as its secondary name implies, a maximally inelastic collision is one in which the colliding objects stick together creating maximum dissipation. This does not automatically mean that the colliding objects stop dead because the law of conservation of momentum. In a maximally inelastic collision, the remaining kinetic energy is present only because total momentum can't change and must be conserved.
*[[Head-on Collision of Equal Masses]]
*[[Head-on Collision of Unequal Masses]]
*[[Frame of Reference]]
*[[Scattering: Collisions in 2D and 3D]]
*[[Rutherford Experiment and Atomic Collisions]]
*[[Coefficient of Restitution]]
*[[testing123]]
</div>
</div>

<div class="toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">

===Fields===
<div class="mw-collapsible-content">
* [[Electric Field]] of a
** [[Point Charge]]
** [[Electric Dipole]]
** [[Capacitor]]
** [[Charged Rod]]
** [[Charged Ring]]
** [[Charged Disk]]
** [[Charged Spherical Shell]]
** [[Charged Cylinder]]
** [[Charge Density]]
**[[A Solid Sphere Charged Throughout Its Volume]]
*[[Superposition Principle]]
*[[Electric Potential]]
**[[Potential Difference Path Independence]]
**[[Potential Difference in a Uniform Field]]
**[[Potential Difference of point charge in a non-Uniform Field]]
**[[Potential Difference at One Location]]
**[[Sign of Potential Difference]]
**[[Potential Difference in an Insulator]]
**[[Energy Density and Electric Field]]
** [[Systems of Charged Objects]]
*[[Electric Force]]
*[[Polarization]]
**[[Polarization of an Atom]]
*[[Charge Motion in Metals]]
*[[Charge Transfer]]
*[[Magnetic Field]]
**[[Right-Hand Rule]]
**[[Direction of Magnetic Field]]
**[[Magnetic Field of a Long Straight Wire]]
**[[Magnetic Field of a Loop]]
**[[Magnetic Field of a Solenoid]]
**[[Bar Magnet]]
**[[Magnetic Dipole Moment]]
***[[Stern-Gerlach Experiment]]
**[[Magnetic Torque]]
**[[Magnetic Force]]
**[[Earth's Magnetic Field]]
**[[Atomic Structure of Magnets]]
*[[Combining Electric and Magnetic Forces]]
**[[Hall Effect]]
**[[Lorentz Force]]
**[[Biot-Savart Law]]
**[[Biot-Savart Law for Currents]]
**[[Integration Techniques for Magnetic Field]]
**[[Sparks in Air]]
**[[Motional Emf]]
**[[Detecting a Magnetic Field]]
**[[Moving Point Charge]]
**[[Non-Coulomb Electric Field]]
**[[Motors and Generators]]
**[[Solenoid Applications]]
</div>
</div>

<div class="toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">

===Simple Circuits===
<div class="mw-collapsible-content">
*[[Components]]
*[[Steady State]]
*[[Non Steady State]]
*[[Charging and Discharging a Capacitor]]
*[[Work and Power In A Circuit]]
*[[Thin and Thick Wires]]
*[[Node Rule]]
*[[Loop Rule]]
*[[Resistivity]]
*[[Power in a circuit]]
*[[Ammeters,Voltmeters,Ohmmeters]]
*[[Current]]
**[[AC]]
*[[Ohm's Law]]
*[[Series Circuits]]
*[[Parallel Circuits]]
*[[RC]]
*[[AC vs DC]]
*[[Charge in a RC Circuit]]
*[[Current in a RC circuit]]
*[[Circular Loop of Wire]]
*[[Current in a RL Circuit]]
*[[RL Circuit]]
*[[Feedback]]
*[[Transformers (Circuits)]]
*[[Resistors and Conductivity]]
*[[Semiconductor Devices]]
*[[Insulators]]
</div>
</div>

<div class="toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">

===Maxwell's Equations===
<div class="mw-collapsible-content">
*[[Gauss's Flux Theorem]]
**[[Electric Fields]]
***[[Examples of Flux Through Surfaces and Objects]]
**[[Magnetic Fields]]
**[[Proof of Gauss's Law]]
*[[Ampere's Law]]
**[[Magnetic Field of Coaxial Cable Using Ampere's Law]]
**[[Magnetic Field of a Long Thick Wire Using Ampere's Law]]
**[[Magnetic Field of a Toroid Using Ampere's Law]]
*[[Faraday's Law]]
**[[Curly Electric Fields]]
**[[Inductance]]
***[[Transformers (Physics)]]
***[[Energy Density]]
**[[Lenz's Law]]
***[[Lenz Effect and the Jumping Ring]]
**[[Lenz's Rule]]
**[[Motional Emf using Faraday's Law]]
*[[Ampere-Maxwell Law]]
*[[Superconductors]]
**[[Meissner effect]]
</div>
</div>

<div class="toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">

===Radiation===
<div class="mw-collapsible-content">
*[[Producing a Radiative Electric Field]]
*[[Sinusoidal Electromagnetic Radiaton]]
*[[Lenses]]
*[[Energy and Momentum Analysis in Radiation]]
**[[Poynting Vector]]
*[[Electromagnetic Propagation]]
**[[Wavelength and Frequency]]
*[[Snell's Law]]
*[[Effects of Radiation on Matter]]
*[[Light Propagation Through a Medium]]
*[[Light Scaterring: Why is the Sky Blue]]
*[[Light Refraction: Bending of light]]
*[[Cherenkov Radiation]]
*[[Rayleigh Effect]]
</div>
</div>
<div class="toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">

===Sound===
<div class="mw-collapsible-content">
*[[Doppler Effect]]
*[[Nature, Behavior, and Properties of Sound]]
*[[Speed of Sound]]
*[[Resonance]]
*[[Sound Barrier]]
</div>
</div>
<div class="toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">

===Waves===
<div class="mw-collapsible-content">
*[[Bragg's Law]]
*[[Multisource Interference: Diffraction]]
*[[Standing waves]]
*[[Gravitational waves]]
*[[Plasma waves]]
*[[Wave-Particle Duality]]
*[[Electromagnetic Spectrum]]
*[[Color Light Wave]]
*[[Mechanical Waves]]
*[[Pendulum Motion]]
*[[Transverse and Longitudinal Waves]]
*[[Planck's Relation]]
*[[Polarization of Waves]]
</div>
</div>
<div class="toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">

===Real Life Applications of Electromagnetic Principles===
<div class="mw-collapsible-content">
*[[Electromagnetic Junkyard Cranes]]
*[[Maglev Trains]]
*[[Spark Plugs]]
*[[Metal Detectors]]
*[[Speakers]]
*[[Radios]]
*[[Ampullae of Lorenzini]]
*[[Electrocytes]]
*[[Generator]]
*[[Measuring Water Level]]
*[[Cyclotron]]
*[[Railgun]]
*[[Magnetic Resonance Imaging]]
*[[Electric Eels]]
*[[Lightning]]

</div>
</div>

<div class="toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">

===Optics===
<div class="mw-collapsible-content">
*[[Mirrors]]
*[[Refraction]]
*[[Quantum Properties of Light]]
*[[Lasers]]

</div>
</div>

== Resources ==
* Commonly used wiki commands [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:Cheatsheet Wiki Cheatsheet]
* A guide to representing equations in math mode [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:Displaying_a_formula Wiki Math Mode]
* A page to keep track of all the physics [[Constants]]
* A page for review of [[Vectors]] and vector operations

Main Page

2015-12-05T20:23:37Z

Bbierbaum3: /* Notable Scientists */

__NOTOC__
Welcome to the Georgia Tech Wiki for Intro Physics. This resources was created so that students can contribute and curate content to help those with limited or no access to a textbook. When reading this website, please correct any errors you may come across. If you read something that isn't clear, please consider revising it!

Looking to make a contribution?
#Pick a specific topic from intro physics
#Add that topic, as a link to a new page, under the appropriate category listed below by editing this page.
#Copy and paste the default [[Template]] into your new page and start editing.

Please remember that this is not a textbook and you are not limited to expressing your ideas with only text and equations. Whenever possible embed: pictures, videos, diagrams, simulations, computational models (e.g. Glowscript), and whatever content you think makes learning physics easier for other students.

== Source Material ==
All of the content added to this resource must be in the public domain or similar free resource. If you are unsure about a source, contact the original author for permission. That said, there is a surprisingly large amount of introductory physics content scattered across the web. Here is an incomplete list of intro physics resources (please update as needed).
* A physics resource written by experts for an expert audience [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:Physics Physics Portal]
* A wiki book on modern physics [https://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Modern_Physics Modern Physics Wiki]
* The MIT open courseware for intro physics [http://ocw.mit.edu/resources/res-8-002-a-wikitextbook-for-introductory-mechanics-fall-2009/index.htm MITOCW Wiki]
* An online concept map of intro physics [http://hyperphysics.phy-astr.gsu.edu/hbase/hph.html HyperPhysics]
* Interactive physics simulations [https://phet.colorado.edu/en/simulations/category/physics PhET]
* OpenStax algebra based intro physics textbook [https://openstaxcollege.org/textbooks/college-physics College Physics]
* The Open Source Physics project is a collection of online physics resources [http://www.opensourcephysics.org/ OSP]
* A resource guide compiled by the [http://www.aapt.org/ AAPT] for educators [http://www.compadre.org/ ComPADRE]

== Organizing Categories ==
These are the broad, overarching categories, that we cover in two semester of introductory physics. You can add subcategories or make a new category as needed. A single topic should direct readers to a page in one of these catagories.

<div class="toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">
===Interactions===
<div class="mw-collapsible-content">
*[[Kinds of Matter]]
**[[Ball and Spring Model of Matter]]
*[[Detecting Interactions]]
*[[Escape Velocity]]
*[[Fundamental Interactions]]
*[[Determinism]]
*[[System & Surroundings]]
*[[Free Body Diagram]]
*[[Newton's First Law of Motion]]
*[[Newton's Second Law of Motion]]
*[[Newton's Third Law of Motion]]
*[[Gravitational Force]]
*[[Electric Force]]
*[[Conservation of Energy]]
*[[Conservation of Charge]]
*[[Terminal Speed]]
*[[Simple Harmonic Motion]]
*[[Speed and Velocity]]
*[[Electric Polarization]]
*[[Perpetual Freefall (Orbit)]]
*[[2-Dimensional Motion]]
*[[Center of Mass]]
*[[Reaction Time]]
*[[Time Dilation]]
</div>
</div>

<div class="toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">

===Modeling with VPython===
<div class="mw-collapsible-content">
*[[VPython]]
*[[VPython basics]]
*[[VPython Common Errors and Troubleshooting]]
*[[VPython Functions]]
*[[VPython Lists]]
*[[VPython Multithreading]]
*[[VPython Animation]]
</div>
</div>

<div class="toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">

===Theory===
<div class="mw-collapsible-content">
*[[Einstein's Theory of Special Relativity]]
*[[Einstein's Theory of General Relativity]]
*[[Quantum Theory]]
*[[Maxwell's Electromagnetic Theory]]
*[[Atomic Theory]]
*[[String Theory]]
*[[Elementary Particles and Particle Physics Theory]]
*[[Law of Gravitation]]
*[[Newton's Laws]]
</div>
</div>

<div class="toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">

===Notable Scientists===
<div class="mw-collapsible-content">
*[[Alexei Alexeyevich Abrikosov]]
*[[Christian Doppler]]
*[[Albert Einstein]]
*[[Ernest Rutherford]]
*[[Joseph Henry]]
*[[Michael Faraday]]
*[[J.J. Thomson]]
*[[James Maxwell]]
*[[Robert Hooke]]
*[[Carl Friedrich Gauss]]
*[[Nikola Tesla]]
*[[Andre Marie Ampere]]
*[[Sir Isaac Newton]]
*[[J. Robert Oppenheimer]]
*[[Oliver Heaviside]]
*[[Rosalind Franklin]]
*[[Enrico Fermi]]
*[[Robert J. Van de Graaff]]
*[[Charles de Coulomb]]
*[[Hans Christian Ørsted]]
*[[Philo Farnsworth]]
*[[Niels Bohr]]
*[[Georg Ohm]]
*[[Galileo Galilei]]
*[[Gustav Kirchhoff]]
*[[Max Planck]]
*[[Heinrich Hertz]]
*[[Edwin Hall]]
*[[James Watt]]
*[[Count Alessandro Volta]]
*[[Josiah Willard Gibbs]]
*[[Richard Phillips Feynman]]
*[[Sir David Brewster]]
*[[Daniel Bernoulli]]
*[[William Thomson]]
*[[Leonhard Euler]]
*[[Robert Fox Bacher]]
*[[Stephen Hawking]]
*[[Amedeo Avogadro]]
*[[Wilhelm Conrad Roentgen]]
*[[Pierre Laplace]]
*[[Thomas Edison]]
*[[Hendrik Lorentz]]
*[[Jean-Baptiste Biot]]
*[[Lise Meitner]]
*[[Lisa Randall]]
*[[Felix Savart]]
*[[Heinrich Lenz]]
*[[Max Born]]
*[[Archimedes]]
*[[Jean Baptiste Biot]]
*[[Carl Sagan]]
*[[Eugene Wigner]]
*[[Marie Curie]]
*[[Pierre Curie]]
*[[Werner Heisenberg]]
*[[Johannes Diderik van der Waals]]
*[[Louis de Broglie]]
*[[Aristotle]]
*[[Émilie du Châtelet]]
*[[Blaise Pascal]]
*[[Siméon Denis Poisson]]
*[[Benjamin Franklin]]
*[[James Chadwick]]
*[[Henry Cavendish]]
*[[Thomas Young]]
*[[James Prescott Joule]]
*[[John Bardeen]]
*[[Leo Baekeland]]
*[[Alhazen]]
*[[Willebrord Snell]]
*[[Fritz Walther Meissner]]
*[[Johannes Kepler]]
*[[Johann Wilhelm Ritter]]
*[[Philipp Lenard]]
*[[Robert A. Millikan]]
*[[Joseph Louis Gay-Lussac]]
*[[Guglielmo Marconi]]
*[[William Lawrence Bragg]]
*[[Robert Goddard]]
*[[Léon Foucault]]
*[[Henri Poincaré]]
*[[Steven Weinberg]]
*[[Arthur Compton]]
*[[Pythagoras of Samos]]
*[[Subrahmanyan Chandrasekhar]]
*[[Wilhelm Eduard Weber]]
*[[Edmond Becquerel]]
*[[Joseph Rotblat]]
*[[Carl David Anderson]]
*[[Hermann von Helmholtz]]
*[[Nicolas Leonard Sadi Carnot]]
*[[Wallace Carothers]]
*[[David J. Wineland]]
*[[Rudolf Clausius]]
*[[Edward L. Norton]]
*[[Shuji Nakamura]]
*[[Pierre Laplace Pt. 2]]
*[[William B. Shockley]]
*[[Osborne Reynolds]]

</div>
</div>

<div class="toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">

===Properties of Matter===
<div class="mw-collapsible-content">
*[[Mass]]
*[[Velocity]]
*[[Relative Velocity]]
*[[Density]]
*[[Charge]]
*[[Spin]]
*[[SI Units]]
*[[Heat Capacity]]
*[[Specific Heat]]
*[[Wavelength]]
*[[Conductivity]]
*[[Malleability]]
*[[Weight]]
*[[Boiling Point]]
*[[Melting Point]]
*[[Inertia]]
*[[Non-Newtonian Fluids]]
*[[Ferrofluids]]
*[[Color]]
*[[Temperature]]
</div>
</div>

<div class="toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">

===Contact Interactions===
<div class="mw-collapsible-content">
* [[Young's Modulus]]
* [[Friction]]
* [[Tension]]
* [[Hooke's Law]]
*[[Centripetal Force and Curving Motion]]
*[[Compression or Normal Force]]
* [[Length and Stiffness of an Interatomic Bond]]
* [[Speed of Sound in a Solid]]
* [[Iterative Prediction of Spring-Mass System]]
</div>
</div>

<div class="toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">

===Momentum===
<div class="mw-collapsible-content">
* [[Vectors]]
* [[Kinematics]]
* [[Conservation of Momentum]]
* [[Predicting Change in multiple dimensions]]
* [[Derivation of the Momentum Principle]]
* [[Momentum Principle]]
* [[Impulse Momentum]]
* [[Curving Motion]]
* [[Projectile Motion]]
* [[Multi-particle Analysis of Momentum]]
* [[Iterative Prediction]]
* [[Analytical Prediction]]
* [[Newton's Laws and Linear Momentum]]
* [[Net Force]]
* [[Center of Mass]]
* [[Momentum at High Speeds]]
* [[Change in Momentum in Time for Curving Motion]]
* [[Momentum with respect to external Forces]]
</div>
</div>

<div class="toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">

===Angular Momentum===
<div class="mw-collapsible-content">
* [[The Moments of Inertia]]
* [[Moment of Inertia for a cylinder]]
* [[Rotation]]
* [[Torque]]
* [[Systems with Zero Torque]]
* [[Systems with Nonzero Torque]]
* [[Torque vs Work]]
* [[Angular Impulse]]
* [[Right Hand Rule]]
* [[Angular Velocity]]
* [[Predicting the Position of a Rotating System]]
* [[Translational Angular Momentum]]
* [[The Angular Momentum Principle]]
* [[Angular Momentum of Multiparticle Systems]]
* [[Rotational Angular Momentum]]
* [[Total Angular Momentum]]
* [[Gyroscopes]]
* [[Angular Momentum Compared to Linear Momentum]]

</div>
</div>

<div class="toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">

===Energy===
<div class="mw-collapsible-content">
*[[The Photoelectric Effect]]
*[[Photons]]
*[[The Energy Principle]]
*[[Predicting Change]]
*[[Rest Mass Energy]]
*[[Kinetic Energy]]
*[[Potential Energy]]
**[[Potential Energy for a Magnetic Dipole]]
**[[Potential Energy of a Multiparticle System]]
*[[Work]]
**[[Work Done By A Nonconstant Force]]
*[[Work and Energy for an Extended System]]
*[[Thermal Energy]]
*[[Conservation of Energy]]
*[[Electric Potential]]
*[[Energy Transfer due to a Temperature Difference]]
*[[Gravitational Potential Energy]]
*[[Point Particle Systems]]
*[[Real Systems]]
*[[Spring Potential Energy]]
**[[Ball and Spring Model]]
*[[Internal Energy]]
**[[Potential Energy of a Pair of Neutral Atoms]]
*[[Translational, Rotational and Vibrational Energy]]
*[[Franck-Hertz Experiment]]
*[[Power (Mechanical)]]
*[[Transformation of Energy]]

*[[Energy Graphs]]
**[[Energy graphs and the Bohr model]]
*[[Air Resistance]]
*[[Electronic Energy Levels]]
*[[Second Law of Thermodynamics and Entropy]]
*[[Specific Heat Capacity]]
*[[The Maxwell-Boltzmann Distribution]]
*[[Electronic Energy Levels and Photons]]
*[[Energy Density]]
*[[Bohr Model]]
*[[Quantized energy levels]]
**[[Spontaneous Photon Emission]]
*[[Path Independence of Electric Potential]]
</div>
</div>

<div class="toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">

===Collisions===
<div class="mw-collapsible-content">

*[[Collisions]]
Collisions are events that happen very frequently in our day-to-day world. In the realm of Physics, a collision is defined as any sort of process in which before and after a short time interval there is little interaction, but during that short time interval there are large interactions. When looking at collisions, it is first important to understand two very important principles: the Momentum Principle and the Energy Principle. Both principles serve use when talking of collisions because they provide a way in which to analyze these collisions. Collisions themselves can be categorized into 3 main different types: elastic collisions, inelastic collisions, maximally inelastic collisions. All 3 collisions will get touched on in more detail further on.

*[[Elastic Collisions]]
A collision is deemed "elastic" when the internal energy of the objects in the system does not change (in other words, change in internal energy equals 0). Because in an elastic collision no kinetic energy is converted over to internal energy, in any elastic collision Kfinal always equals Kinitial.

*[[Inelastic Collisions]]
A collision is said to be "inelastic" when it is not elastic; therefore, an inelastic collision is an interaction in which some change in internal energy occurs between the colliding objects (in other words, change in internal energy does not equal 0). Examples of such changes that occur between colliding objects include, but are not limited to, things like they get hot, or they vibrate/rotate, or they deform. Because some of the kinetic energy is converted to internal energy during an inelastic collision, Kfinal does not equal Kinitial.
There are a few characteristics that one can search for when identifying inelasticity. These indications include things such as:
*Objects stick together after the collision
*An object is in an excited state after the collision
*An object becomes deformed after the collision
*The objects become hotter after the collision
*There exists more vibration or rotation after the collision

*[[Maximally Inelastic Collision]]
Maximally inelastic collisions, also known as "sticking collisions", are the most extreme kinds of inelastic collisions. Just as its secondary name implies, a maximally inelastic collision is one in which the colliding objects stick together creating maximum dissipation. This does not automatically mean that the colliding objects stop dead because the law of conservation of momentum. In a maximally inelastic collision, the remaining kinetic energy is present only because total momentum can't change and must be conserved.
*[[Head-on Collision of Equal Masses]]
*[[Head-on Collision of Unequal Masses]]
*[[Frame of Reference]]
*[[Scattering: Collisions in 2D and 3D]]
*[[Rutherford Experiment and Atomic Collisions]]
*[[Coefficient of Restitution]]
*[[testing123]]
</div>
</div>

<div class="toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">

===Fields===
<div class="mw-collapsible-content">
* [[Electric Field]] of a
** [[Point Charge]]
** [[Electric Dipole]]
** [[Capacitor]]
** [[Charged Rod]]
** [[Charged Ring]]
** [[Charged Disk]]
** [[Charged Spherical Shell]]
** [[Charged Cylinder]]
** [[Charge Density]]
**[[A Solid Sphere Charged Throughout Its Volume]]
*[[Superposition Principle]]
*[[Electric Potential]]
**[[Potential Difference Path Independence]]
**[[Potential Difference in a Uniform Field]]
**[[Potential Difference of point charge in a non-Uniform Field]]
**[[Potential Difference at One Location]]
**[[Sign of Potential Difference]]
**[[Potential Difference in an Insulator]]
**[[Energy Density and Electric Field]]
** [[Systems of Charged Objects]]
*[[Electric Force]]
*[[Polarization]]
**[[Polarization of an Atom]]
*[[Charge Motion in Metals]]
*[[Charge Transfer]]
*[[Magnetic Field]]
**[[Right-Hand Rule]]
**[[Direction of Magnetic Field]]
**[[Magnetic Field of a Long Straight Wire]]
**[[Magnetic Field of a Loop]]
**[[Magnetic Field of a Solenoid]]
**[[Bar Magnet]]
**[[Magnetic Dipole Moment]]
***[[Stern-Gerlach Experiment]]
**[[Magnetic Torque]]
**[[Magnetic Force]]
**[[Earth's Magnetic Field]]
**[[Atomic Structure of Magnets]]
*[[Combining Electric and Magnetic Forces]]
**[[Hall Effect]]
**[[Lorentz Force]]
**[[Biot-Savart Law]]
**[[Biot-Savart Law for Currents]]
**[[Integration Techniques for Magnetic Field]]
**[[Sparks in Air]]
**[[Motional Emf]]
**[[Detecting a Magnetic Field]]
**[[Moving Point Charge]]
**[[Non-Coulomb Electric Field]]
**[[Motors and Generators]]
**[[Solenoid Applications]]
</div>
</div>

<div class="toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">

===Simple Circuits===
<div class="mw-collapsible-content">
*[[Components]]
*[[Equilibrium]]
*[[Steady State]]
*[[Non Steady State]]
*[[Charging and Discharging a Capacitor]]
*[[Work and Power In A Circuit]]
*[[Thin and Thick Wires]]
*[[Node Rule]]
*[[Loop Rule]]
*[[Resistivity]]
*[[Power in a circuit]]
*[[Ammeters,Voltmeters,Ohmmeters]]
*[[Current]]
**[[AC]]
*[[Ohm's Law]]
*[[Series Circuits]]
*[[Parallel Circuits]]
*[[RC]]
*[[AC vs DC]]
*[[Charge in a RC Circuit]]
*[[Current in a RC circuit]]
*[[Circular Loop of Wire]]
*[[Current in a RL Circuit]]
*[[RL Circuit]]
*[[Feedback]]
*[[Transformers (Circuits)]]
*[[Resistors and Conductivity]]
*[[Semiconductor Devices]]
*[[Insulators]]
</div>
</div>

<div class="toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">

===Maxwell's Equations===
<div class="mw-collapsible-content">
*[[Gauss's Flux Theorem]]
**[[Electric Fields]]
***[[Examples of Flux Through Surfaces and Objects]]
**[[Magnetic Fields]]
**[[Proof of Gauss's Law]]
*[[Ampere's Law]]
**[[Magnetic Field of Coaxial Cable Using Ampere's Law]]
**[[Magnetic Field of a Long Thick Wire Using Ampere's Law]]
**[[Magnetic Field of a Toroid Using Ampere's Law]]
*[[Faraday's Law]]
**[[Curly Electric Fields]]
**[[Inductance]]
***[[Transformers (Physics)]]
***[[Energy Density]]
**[[Lenz's Law]]
***[[Lenz Effect and the Jumping Ring]]
**[[Lenz's Rule]]
**[[Motional Emf using Faraday's Law]]
*[[Ampere-Maxwell Law]]
*[[Superconductors]]
**[[Meissner effect]]
</div>
</div>

<div class="toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">

===Radiation===
<div class="mw-collapsible-content">
*[[Producing a Radiative Electric Field]]
*[[Sinusoidal Electromagnetic Radiaton]]
*[[Lenses]]
*[[Energy and Momentum Analysis in Radiation]]
**[[Poynting Vector]]
*[[Electromagnetic Propagation]]
**[[Wavelength and Frequency]]
*[[Snell's Law]]
*[[Effects of Radiation on Matter]]
*[[Light Propagation Through a Medium]]
*[[Light Scaterring: Why is the Sky Blue]]
*[[Light Refraction: Bending of light]]
*[[Cherenkov Radiation]]
*[[Rayleigh Effect]]
</div>
</div>
<div class="toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">

===Sound===
<div class="mw-collapsible-content">
*[[Doppler Effect]]
*[[Nature, Behavior, and Properties of Sound]]
*[[Speed of Sound]]
*[[Resonance]]
*[[Sound Barrier]]
</div>
</div>
<div class="toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">

===Waves===
<div class="mw-collapsible-content">
*[[Bragg's Law]]
*[[Multisource Interference: Diffraction]]
*[[Standing waves]]
*[[Gravitational waves]]
*[[Plasma waves]]
*[[Wave-Particle Duality]]
*[[Electromagnetic Spectrum]]
*[[Color Light Wave]]
*[[Mechanical Waves]]
*[[Pendulum Motion]]
*[[Transverse and Longitudinal Waves]]
*[[Planck's Relation]]
*[[Polarization of Waves]]
</div>
</div>
<div class="toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">

===Real Life Applications of Electromagnetic Principles===
<div class="mw-collapsible-content">
*[[Electromagnetic Junkyard Cranes]]
*[[Maglev Trains]]
*[[Spark Plugs]]
*[[Metal Detectors]]
*[[Speakers]]
*[[Radios]]
*[[Ampullae of Lorenzini]]
*[[Electrocytes]]
*[[Generator]]
*[[Measuring Water Level]]
*[[Cyclotron]]
*[[Railgun]]
*[[Magnetic Resonance Imaging]]
*[[Electric Eels]]
*[[Lightning]]

</div>
</div>

<div class="toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">

===Optics===
<div class="mw-collapsible-content">
*[[Mirrors]]
*[[Refraction]]
*[[Quantum Properties of Light]]
*[[Lasers]]

</div>
</div>

== Resources ==
* Commonly used wiki commands [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:Cheatsheet Wiki Cheatsheet]
* A guide to representing equations in math mode [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:Displaying_a_formula Wiki Math Mode]
* A page to keep track of all the physics [[Constants]]
* A page for review of [[Vectors]] and vector operations

Main Page

2015-12-05T19:57:17Z

Bbierbaum3: /* Simple Circuits */

__NOTOC__
Welcome to the Georgia Tech Wiki for Intro Physics. This resources was created so that students can contribute and curate content to help those with limited or no access to a textbook. When reading this website, please correct any errors you may come across. If you read something that isn't clear, please consider revising it!

Looking to make a contribution?
#Pick a specific topic from intro physics
#Add that topic, as a link to a new page, under the appropriate category listed below by editing this page.
#Copy and paste the default [[Template]] into your new page and start editing.

Please remember that this is not a textbook and you are not limited to expressing your ideas with only text and equations. Whenever possible embed: pictures, videos, diagrams, simulations, computational models (e.g. Glowscript), and whatever content you think makes learning physics easier for other students.

== Source Material ==
All of the content added to this resource must be in the public domain or similar free resource. If you are unsure about a source, contact the original author for permission. That said, there is a surprisingly large amount of introductory physics content scattered across the web. Here is an incomplete list of intro physics resources (please update as needed).
* A physics resource written by experts for an expert audience [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:Physics Physics Portal]
* A wiki book on modern physics [https://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Modern_Physics Modern Physics Wiki]
* The MIT open courseware for intro physics [http://ocw.mit.edu/resources/res-8-002-a-wikitextbook-for-introductory-mechanics-fall-2009/index.htm MITOCW Wiki]
* An online concept map of intro physics [http://hyperphysics.phy-astr.gsu.edu/hbase/hph.html HyperPhysics]
* Interactive physics simulations [https://phet.colorado.edu/en/simulations/category/physics PhET]
* OpenStax algebra based intro physics textbook [https://openstaxcollege.org/textbooks/college-physics College Physics]
* The Open Source Physics project is a collection of online physics resources [http://www.opensourcephysics.org/ OSP]
* A resource guide compiled by the [http://www.aapt.org/ AAPT] for educators [http://www.compadre.org/ ComPADRE]

== Organizing Categories ==
These are the broad, overarching categories, that we cover in two semester of introductory physics. You can add subcategories or make a new category as needed. A single topic should direct readers to a page in one of these catagories.

<div class="toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">
===Interactions===
<div class="mw-collapsible-content">
*[[Kinds of Matter]]
**[[Ball and Spring Model of Matter]]
*[[Detecting Interactions]]
*[[Escape Velocity]]
*[[Fundamental Interactions]]
*[[Determinism]]
*[[System & Surroundings]]
*[[Free Body Diagram]]
*[[Newton's First Law of Motion]]
*[[Newton's Second Law of Motion]]
*[[Newton's Third Law of Motion]]
*[[Gravitational Force]]
*[[Electric Force]]
*[[Conservation of Energy]]
*[[Conservation of Charge]]
*[[Terminal Speed]]
*[[Simple Harmonic Motion]]
*[[Speed and Velocity]]
*[[Electric Polarization]]
*[[Perpetual Freefall (Orbit)]]
*[[2-Dimensional Motion]]
*[[Center of Mass]]
*[[Reaction Time]]
*[[Time Dilation]]
</div>
</div>

<div class="toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">

===Modeling with VPython===
<div class="mw-collapsible-content">
*[[VPython]]
*[[VPython basics]]
*[[VPython Common Errors and Troubleshooting]]
*[[VPython Functions]]
*[[VPython Lists]]
*[[VPython Multithreading]]
*[[VPython Animation]]
</div>
</div>

<div class="toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">

===Theory===
<div class="mw-collapsible-content">
*[[Einstein's Theory of Special Relativity]]
*[[Einstein's Theory of General Relativity]]
*[[Quantum Theory]]
*[[Maxwell's Electromagnetic Theory]]
*[[Atomic Theory]]
*[[String Theory]]
*[[Elementary Particles and Particle Physics Theory]]
*[[Law of Gravitation]]
*[[Newton's Laws]]
</div>
</div>

<div class="toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">

===Notable Scientists===
<div class="mw-collapsible-content">
*[[Alexei Alexeyevich Abrikosov]]
*[[Christian Doppler]]
*[[Albert Einstein]]
*[[Ernest Rutherford]]
*[[Joseph Henry]]
*[[Michael Faraday]]
*[[J.J. Thomson]]
*[[James Maxwell]]
*[[Robert Hooke]]
*[[Carl Friedrich Gauss]]
*[[Nikola Tesla]]
*[[Andre Marie Ampere]]
*[[Sir Isaac Newton]]
*[[J. Robert Oppenheimer]]
*[[Oliver Heaviside]]
*[[Rosalind Franklin]]
*[[Enrico Fermi]]
*[[Robert J. Van de Graaff]]
*[[Charles de Coulomb]]
*[[Hans Christian Ørsted]]
*[[Philo Farnsworth]]
*[[Niels Bohr]]
*[[Georg Ohm]]
*[[Galileo Galilei]]
*[[Gustav Kirchhoff]]
*[[Max Planck]]
*[[Heinrich Hertz]]
*[[Edwin Hall]]
*[[James Watt]]
*[[Count Alessandro Volta]]
*[[Josiah Willard Gibbs]]
*[[Richard Phillips Feynman]]
*[[Sir David Brewster]]
*[[Daniel Bernoulli]]
*[[William Thomson]]
*[[Leonhard Euler]]
*[[Robert Fox Bacher]]
*[[Stephen Hawking]]
*[[Amedeo Avogadro]]
*[[Wilhelm Conrad Roentgen]]
*[[Pierre Laplace]]
*[[Thomas Edison]]
*[[Hendrik Lorentz]]
*[[Jean-Baptiste Biot]]
*[[Lise Meitner]]
*[[Lisa Randall]]
*[[Felix Savart]]
*[[Heinrich Lenz]]
*[[Max Born]]
*[[Archimedes]]
*[[Jean Baptiste Biot]]
*[[Carl Sagan]]
*[[Eugene Wigner]]
*[[Marie Curie]]
*[[Pierre Curie]]
*[[Werner Heisenberg]]
*[[Johannes Diderik van der Waals]]
*[[Louis de Broglie]]
*[[Aristotle]]
*[[Émilie du Châtelet]]
*[[Blaise Pascal]]
*[[Benjamin Franklin]]
*[[James Chadwick]]
*[[Henry Cavendish]]
*[[Thomas Young]]
*[[James Prescott Joule]]
*[[John Bardeen]]
*[[Leo Baekeland]]
*[[Alhazen]]
*[[Willebrord Snell]]
*[[Fritz Walther Meissner]]
*[[Johannes Kepler]]
*[[Johann Wilhelm Ritter]]
*[[Philipp Lenard]]
*[[Robert A. Millikan]]
*[[Joseph Louis Gay-Lussac]]
*[[Guglielmo Marconi]]
*[[William Lawrence Bragg]]
*[[Robert Goddard]]
*[[Léon Foucault]]
*[[Henri Poincaré]]
*[[Steven Weinberg]]
*[[Arthur Compton]]
*[[Pythagoras of Samos]]
*[[Subrahmanyan Chandrasekhar]]
*[[Wilhelm Eduard Weber]]
*[[Edmond Becquerel]]
*[[Joseph Rotblat]]
*[[Carl David Anderson]]
*[[Hermann von Helmholtz]]
*[[Nicolas Leonard Sadi Carnot]]
*[[Wallace Carothers]]
*[[David J. Wineland]]
*[[Rudolf Clausius]]
*[[Edward L. Norton]]
*[[Shuji Nakamura]]
*[[Pierre Laplace Pt. 2]]

</div>
</div>

<div class="toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">

===Properties of Matter===
<div class="mw-collapsible-content">
*[[Mass]]
*[[Velocity]]
*[[Relative Velocity]]
*[[Density]]
*[[Charge]]
*[[Spin]]
*[[SI Units]]
*[[Heat Capacity]]
*[[Specific Heat]]
*[[Wavelength]]
*[[Conductivity]]
*[[Malleability]]
*[[Weight]]
*[[Boiling Point]]
*[[Melting Point]]
*[[Inertia]]
*[[Non-Newtonian Fluids]]
*[[Ferrofluids]]
*[[Color]]
*[[Temperature]]
</div>
</div>

<div class="toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">

===Contact Interactions===
<div class="mw-collapsible-content">
* [[Young's Modulus]]
* [[Friction]]
* [[Tension]]
* [[Hooke's Law]]
*[[Centripetal Force and Curving Motion]]
*[[Compression or Normal Force]]
* [[Length and Stiffness of an Interatomic Bond]]
* [[Speed of Sound in a Solid]]
* [[Iterative Prediction of Spring-Mass System]]
</div>
</div>

<div class="toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">

===Momentum===
<div class="mw-collapsible-content">
* [[Vectors]]
* [[Kinematics]]
* [[Conservation of Momentum]]
* [[Predicting Change in multiple dimensions]]
* [[Derivation of the Momentum Principle]]
* [[Momentum Principle]]
* [[Impulse Momentum]]
* [[Curving Motion]]
* [[Projectile Motion]]
* [[Multi-particle Analysis of Momentum]]
* [[Iterative Prediction]]
* [[Analytical Prediction]]
* [[Newton's Laws and Linear Momentum]]
* [[Net Force]]
* [[Center of Mass]]
* [[Momentum at High Speeds]]
* [[Change in Momentum in Time for Curving Motion]]
* [[Momentum with respect to external Forces]]
</div>
</div>

<div class="toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">

===Angular Momentum===
<div class="mw-collapsible-content">
* [[The Moments of Inertia]]
* [[Moment of Inertia for a cylinder]]
* [[Rotation]]
* [[Torque]]
* [[Systems with Zero Torque]]
* [[Systems with Nonzero Torque]]
* [[Torque vs Work]]
* [[Angular Impulse]]
* [[Right Hand Rule]]
* [[Angular Velocity]]
* [[Predicting the Position of a Rotating System]]
* [[Translational Angular Momentum]]
* [[The Angular Momentum Principle]]
* [[Angular Momentum of Multiparticle Systems]]
* [[Rotational Angular Momentum]]
* [[Total Angular Momentum]]
* [[Gyroscopes]]
* [[Angular Momentum Compared to Linear Momentum]]

</div>
</div>

<div class="toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">

===Energy===
<div class="mw-collapsible-content">
*[[The Photoelectric Effect]]
*[[Photons]]
*[[The Energy Principle]]
*[[Predicting Change]]
*[[Rest Mass Energy]]
*[[Kinetic Energy]]
*[[Potential Energy]]
**[[Potential Energy for a Magnetic Dipole]]
**[[Potential Energy of a Multiparticle System]]
*[[Work]]
**[[Work Done By A Nonconstant Force]]
*[[Work and Energy for an Extended System]]
*[[Thermal Energy]]
*[[Conservation of Energy]]
*[[Electric Potential]]
*[[Energy Transfer due to a Temperature Difference]]
*[[Gravitational Potential Energy]]
*[[Point Particle Systems]]
*[[Real Systems]]
*[[Spring Potential Energy]]
**[[Ball and Spring Model]]
*[[Internal Energy]]
**[[Potential Energy of a Pair of Neutral Atoms]]
*[[Translational, Rotational and Vibrational Energy]]
*[[Franck-Hertz Experiment]]
*[[Power (Mechanical)]]
*[[Transformation of Energy]]

*[[Energy Graphs]]
**[[Energy graphs and the Bohr model]]
*[[Air Resistance]]
*[[Electronic Energy Levels]]
*[[Second Law of Thermodynamics and Entropy]]
*[[Specific Heat Capacity]]
*[[The Maxwell-Boltzmann Distribution]]
*[[Electronic Energy Levels and Photons]]
*[[Energy Density]]
*[[Bohr Model]]
*[[Quantized energy levels]]
**[[Spontaneous Photon Emission]]
*[[Path Independence of Electric Potential]]
</div>
</div>

<div class="toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">

===Collisions===
<div class="mw-collapsible-content">
*[[Collisions]]
Collisions are events that happen very frequently in our day-to-day world. In the realm of Physics, a collision is defined as any sort of process in which before and after a short time interval there is little interaction, but during that short time interval there are large interactions. When looking at collisions, it is first important to understand two very important principles: the Momentum Principle and the Energy Principle. Both principles serve use when talking of collisions because they provide a way in which to analyze these collisions. Collisions themselves can be categorized into 3 main different types: elastic collisions, inelastic collisions, maximally inelastic collisions. All 3 collisions will get touched on in more detail further on.
*[[Elastic Collisions]]
A collision is deemed "elastic" when the internal energy of the objects in the system does not change (in other words, change in internal energy equals 0). Because in an elastic collision no kinetic energy is converted over to internal energy, in any elastic collision Kfinal always equals Kinitial.
*[[Inelastic Collisions]]
A collision is said to be "inelastic" when it is not elastic; therefore, an inelastic collision is an interaction in which some change in internal energy occurs between the colliding objects (in other words, change in internal energy does not equal 0). Examples of such changes that occur between colliding objects include, but are not limited to, things like they get hot, or they vibrate/rotate, or they deform. Because some of the kinetic energy is converted to internal energy during an inelastic collision, Kfinal does not equal Kinitial.
There are a few characteristics that one can search for when identifying inelasticity. These indications include things such as:
*Objects stick together after the collision
*An object is in an excited state after the collision
*An object becomes deformed after the collision
*The objects become hotter after the collision
*There exists more vibration or rotation after the collision

*[[Maximally Inelastic Collision]]
Maximally inelastic collisions, also known as "sticking collisions", are the most extreme kinds of inelastic collisions. Just as its secondary name implies, a maximally inelastic collision is one in which the colliding objects stick together creating maximum dissipation. This does not automatically mean that the colliding objects stop dead because the law of conservation of momentum. In a maximally inelastic collision, the remaining kinetic energy is present only because total momentum can't change and must be conserved.
*[[Head-on Collision of Equal Masses]]
*[[Head-on Collision of Unequal Masses]]
*[[Frame of Reference]]
*[[Scattering: Collisions in 2D and 3D]]
*[[Rutherford Experiment and Atomic Collisions]]
*[[Coefficient of Restitution]]
*[[testing123]]
</div>
</div>

<div class="toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">

===Fields===
<div class="mw-collapsible-content">
* [[Electric Field]] of a
** [[Point Charge]]
** [[Electric Dipole]]
** [[Capacitor]]
** [[Charged Rod]]
** [[Charged Ring]]
** [[Charged Disk]]
** [[Charged Spherical Shell]]
** [[Charged Cylinder]]
** [[Charge Density]]
**[[A Solid Sphere Charged Throughout Its Volume]]
*[[Superposition Principle]]
*[[Electric Potential]]
**[[Potential Difference Path Independence]]
**[[Potential Difference in a Uniform Field]]
**[[Potential Difference of point charge in a non-Uniform Field]]
**[[Potential Difference at One Location]]
**[[Sign of Potential Difference]]
**[[Potential Difference in an Insulator]]
**[[Energy Density and Electric Field]]
** [[Systems of Charged Objects]]
*[[Electric Force]]
*[[Polarization]]
**[[Polarization of an Atom]]
*[[Charge Motion in Metals]]
*[[Charge Transfer]]
*[[Magnetic Field]]
**[[Right-Hand Rule]]
**[[Direction of Magnetic Field]]
**[[Magnetic Field of a Long Straight Wire]]
**[[Magnetic Field of a Loop]]
**[[Magnetic Field of a Solenoid]]
**[[Bar Magnet]]
**[[Magnetic Dipole Moment]]
***[[Stern-Gerlach Experiment]]
**[[Magnetic Torque]]
**[[Magnetic Force]]
**[[Earth's Magnetic Field]]
**[[Atomic Structure of Magnets]]
*[[Combining Electric and Magnetic Forces]]
**[[Hall Effect]]
**[[Lorentz Force]]
**[[Biot-Savart Law]]
**[[Biot-Savart Law for Currents]]
**[[Integration Techniques for Magnetic Field]]
**[[Sparks in Air]]
**[[Motional Emf]]
**[[Detecting a Magnetic Field]]
**[[Moving Point Charge]]
**[[Non-Coulomb Electric Field]]
**[[Motors and Generators]]
**[[Solenoid Applications]]
</div>
</div>

<div class="toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">

===Simple Circuits===
<div class="mw-collapsible-content">
*[[Components]]
*[[Equilibrium]]
*[[Steady State]]
*[[Non Steady State]]
*[[Charging and Discharging a Capacitor]]
*[[Thin and Thick Wires]]
*[[Node Rule]]
*[[Loop Rule]]
*[[Resistivity]]
*[[Power in a circuit]]
*[[Ammeters,Voltmeters,Ohmmeters]]
*[[Current]]
**[[AC]]
*[[Ohm's Law]]
*[[Series Circuits]]
*[[Parallel Circuits]]
*[[RC]]
*[[AC vs DC]]
*[[Charge in a RC Circuit]]
*[[Current in a RC circuit]]
*[[Circular Loop of Wire]]
*[[Current in a RL Circuit]]
*[[RL Circuit]]
*[[Feedback]]
*[[Transformers (Circuits)]]
*[[Resistors and Conductivity]]
*[[Semiconductor Devices]]
*[[Inductors]]
</div>
</div>

<div class="toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">

===Maxwell's Equations===
<div class="mw-collapsible-content">
*[[Gauss's Flux Theorem]]
**[[Electric Fields]]
***[[Examples of Flux Through Surfaces and Objects]]
**[[Magnetic Fields]]
**[[Proof of Gauss's Law]]
*[[Ampere's Law]]
**[[Magnetic Field of Coaxial Cable Using Ampere's Law]]
**[[Magnetic Field of a Long Thick Wire Using Ampere's Law]]
**[[Magnetic Field of a Toroid Using Ampere's Law]]
*[[Faraday's Law]]
**[[Curly Electric Fields]]
**[[Inductance]]
***[[Transformers (Physics)]]
***[[Energy Density]]
**[[Lenz's Law]]
***[[Lenz Effect and the Jumping Ring]]
**[[Lenz's Rule]]
**[[Motional Emf using Faraday's Law]]
*[[Ampere-Maxwell Law]]
*[[Superconductors]]
**[[Meissner effect]]
</div>
</div>

<div class="toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">

===Radiation===
<div class="mw-collapsible-content">
*[[Producing a Radiative Electric Field]]
*[[Sinusoidal Electromagnetic Radiaton]]
*[[Lenses]]
*[[Energy and Momentum Analysis in Radiation]]
**[[Poynting Vector]]
*[[Electromagnetic Propagation]]
**[[Wavelength and Frequency]]
*[[Snell's Law]]
*[[Effects of Radiation on Matter]]
*[[Light Propagation Through a Medium]]
*[[Light Scaterring: Why is the Sky Blue]]
*[[Light Refraction: Bending of light]]
*[[Cherenkov Radiation]]
*[[Rayleigh Effect]]
</div>
</div>
<div class="toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">

===Sound===
<div class="mw-collapsible-content">
*[[Doppler Effect]]
*[[Nature, Behavior, and Properties of Sound]]
*[[Speed of Sound]]
*[[Resonance]]
*[[Sound Barrier]]
</div>
</div>
<div class="toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">

===Waves===
<div class="mw-collapsible-content">
*[[Bragg's Law]]
*[[Multisource Interference: Diffraction]]
*[[Standing waves]]
*[[Gravitational waves]]
*[[Plasma waves]]
*[[Wave-Particle Duality]]
*[[Electromagnetic Spectrum]]
*[[Color Light Wave]]
*[[Mechanical Waves]]
*[[Pendulum Motion]]
*[[Transverse and Longitudinal Waves]]
*[[Planck's Relation]]
*[[Polarization of Waves]]
</div>
</div>
<div class="toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">

===Real Life Applications of Electromagnetic Principles===
<div class="mw-collapsible-content">
*[[Electromagnetic Junkyard Cranes]]
*[[Maglev Trains]]
*[[Spark Plugs]]
*[[Metal Detectors]]
*[[Speakers]]
*[[Radios]]
*[[Ampullae of Lorenzini]]
*[[Electrocytes]]
*[[Generator]]
*[[Measuring Water Level]]
*[[Cyclotron]]
*[[Railgun]]
*[[Magnetic Resonance Imaging]]
*[[Electric Eels]]
*[[Lightning]]

</div>
</div>

<div class="toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">

===Optics===
<div class="mw-collapsible-content">
*[[Mirrors]]
*[[Refraction]]
*[[Quantum Properties of Light]]
*[[Lasers]]

</div>
</div>

== Resources ==
* Commonly used wiki commands [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:Cheatsheet Wiki Cheatsheet]
* A guide to representing equations in math mode [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:Displaying_a_formula Wiki Math Mode]
* A page to keep track of all the physics [[Constants]]
* A page for review of [[Vectors]] and vector operations