Physics Book - User contributions [en]

Talk:Main Page

2025-11-28T16:37:31Z

Akhan442: /* Azan Khan, Fall 2025 */ new section

== Torque - ==

Torque is a Latin word that roughly means "twist," and is usually symbolized by the lower case Greek letter tau. Torque is the measurement of how much a force, F, acting on an object will cause that object to rotate. This force is usually applied to an arm of some sort that is attached to a fulcrum or pivot point. For example, using a wrench to loosen or tighten a nut requires the use of torque - where the wrench would be the arm you apply the force to and the nut would be the pivot point that the force rotates around.

[[File:wrench_gif.gif]]

==The Main Idea==

In "Matter & Interactions, Fourth Edition," torque is defined as τ = r<sub>A</sub> x F .
Applying a torque to an object changes the angular momentum of that object. Torque, in angular momentum calculations, is analogus to F<sub>net</sub> in regular momentum calculations. Just like how a collection of forces acting on a system is called F<sub>net</sub>, a collection of torques acting on a system is τ<sub>net</sub>.

===A Mathematical Model===

[[File:torque_diagram.gif]]

Torque is defined as the cross product of the distance vector, the distance from pivot point to the location of the applied force, with an applied force. The magnitude of torque can be defined as such:
*τ<sub>A</sub> = r<sub>A</sub>Fsinθ
Torque can also be defined as τ = dL/dt , or the derivative of angular momentum, L.
To determine the direction of torque, one can either compute the cross product or apply the "right-hand rule." To use the "right-hand rule," point your fingers in the direction of r<sub>A</sub> and curl your fingers in the direction of F.

[[File:Rhr_torque.JPG]]

If your thumb points up, the force is coming out of the page and is in the positive z-directon. If your thumb points down, the force is going into the page and is in the negative z-direction.
===A Computational Model===

[[File:Torque.gif]]

The above picture is a great example of what torque would look like in the real world. To make a similar simulation in vpython, all you would need to do is update position and angular momentum. The code would look something like this:

While t<some number:

L=L+tnet*deltat

v=L/mass

r=r+v*deltat

t=t+deltat

Where L is your angular momentum initialized earlier, tnet is total torque, deltat is your time step, and r is your original location.

==Examples==

Be sure to show all steps in your solution and include diagrams whenever possible

===Simple===

In a hurry to catch a cab, you rush through a frictionless swinging door and onto the sidewalk. The force you extered on the door was 50N, applied perpendicular to the plane of the door. The door is 1.0m wide. Assuming that you pushed the door at its edge, what was the torque on the swinging door (taking the hinge as the pivot point)?

[[File:torqueE1.gif]]

(50N)(1.0m)sin(90) = 50 Nm
===Middling===

A uniform solid disk with radius 9 cm has mass 0.5 kg (moment of inertia I = ½MR2). A constant force 12 N is applied as shown. At the instant shown, the angular velocity of the disk is 25 radians/s in the −z direction (where +x is to the right, +y is up, and +z is out of the page, toward you). The length of the string d is 14 cm.

[[File:disk torque.jpg]]

What are the magnitude and direction of the torque on the disk, about the center of mass of the disk?

(12N)(0.09m)= 1.08 Nm

Direction: -z direction because of the right hand rule

===Difficult===

We want to place another mass on the see-saw to keep the see-saw from tipping. The only other one we have is a 5.0kg mass. Where would we place this to balance the original 3kg mass that was placed 2.00m to the right of the pivot point?

[[File:prob2.jpg]]

(3kg)(9.8 m/s^2)(2.00m) = (5kg)(9.8 m/s^2)(x)

58.8 = 49x

x=1.2

==Connectedness==
How is this topic connected to something that you are interested in?
I have a heavy interest in cars. More specifically, I love race cars, and I love watching Formula1, BTCC, WRC, and other car racing series. Torque, in cars, gives you an idea of how fast the car can accelerate. But more importantly, torque can make cars do this:

[[File:burnout_loop.gif]]

and this:

[[File:corvetteburnout.gif]]

How is it connected to your major?

Torque is heavily related to mechanical engineering. Whether it be driving a conveyor belt in a factor, a driveshaft in a car, turning a wrench, or otherwise, torque is involved in almost all mechanical systems. Mechanical engineers use torque to transform energy into a useful form. For example, they use torque in electric motors to turn electric energy into rotational energy that can be used in all sorts of appliances. Mechanical engineers also take the chemical energy from gasoline combustion and turn it into torque to power planes, trains, and automobiles. Torque is applicable in all types of engineering.

Is there an interesting industrial application?

The amount of industrial applications of torque is nearly infinite, but one machine I find interesting is the lathe. The lathe uses torque and rotation to shape various materials [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=9qt5ui3P9QA]

==History==

The idea of torque originated with Archimedes studies on levers. Archimedes may not have invented the lever, but he was one of the first scientists to investigate how they work in 241 BC.

== See also ==

[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Torque]
[https://www.physics.uoguelph.ca/tutorials/torque/Q.torque.intro.html]

===Further reading===

Books, Articles or other print media on this topic

===External links===
[http://www.scientificamerican.com/article/bring-science-home-reaction-time/]
[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Torque
[https://www.physics.uoguelph.ca/tutorials/torque/Q.torque.intro.html]]
[http://hyperphysics.phy-astr.gsu.edu/hbase/torq.html]

==References==

This section contains the the references you used while writing this page
[[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Torque]]
[http://hyperphysics.phy-astr.gsu.edu/hbase/torq.html]
[https://www.physics.uoguelph.ca/tutorials/torque/Q.torque.intro.html]
[[Category:Angular Momentum]]

== Circuits (R, LC, RL) ==

Circuit Elements

In terms of physics, an electrical circuit is a system which is composed of certain combinations of circuit elements, including resistors, capacitors, and inductors. When used in different combinations, these elements create R, LC, RL, RC circuits. The elements that make up these circuits include capacitors, resistors, batteries, ammeters, voltmeters, ohmmeters. When an electric field is applied to a conductor, the mobile charges in the conductor experience forces, and to move in the direction of those forces. Active circuits do not experience equilibrium, rather they experience a steady state in which means that charges are moving, but their drift velocities do not change with time. For circuits, equilibriums means that there is no current flowing.

Contents [hide]
1 The Main Idea
1.1 A Mathematical Model
1.2 A Computational Model
2 Examples
2.1 Simple
2.2 Middling
2.3 Difficult
3 Connectedness
4 History
5 See also
5.1 Further reading
5.2 External links
6 References
The Main Idea
To create an active circuit there must be a specific combination of the elements above as well as a nonzero electric field in the wires. The direction of the electric field at every location must be along the wire since the current flow follows the wire. According to the loop rule, energy must be conserved along any closed path in a circuit. Although, using resistors, capacitors, ammeters, voltmeters, ohmmeters, and batteries the flow of current can change with time.

A Mathematical Model
In the steady state the net electron current can be shown in the equation:
i=nAuE

the conventional current can be solved for through the equation:
I=|q|nAuE

Energy conservation (the loop rule):
Net change in potential=0

A Computational Model
[[/Users/maggiegarratt/Desktop/Screen Shot 2015-12-05 at 6.45.05 PM.jpg]]
A proton moving in a circular motion parallel to the xz plane. Because the particle has both an and y component of velocity, the particles path is a helix.

Example 1

Solve for the current in the resistor:

[File:/Users/maggiegarratt/Desktop/simple.jpg]

Example 2

[File:/Users/maggiegarratt/Desktop/Screen Shot 2015-12-05 at 7.59.03 PM.jpg]

Example

[File:/Users/maggiegarratt/Desktop/Screen Shot 2015-12-05 at 7.56.37 PM.jpg]

Circuits provide the world with many conveniences. From simple circuits within flashlights to parallel circuits in household lighting everyday life is made simpler because of their existence. The difference between parallel and series circuits can be noted through the reaction of Christmas lights to a bulb burning out. If a bulb burns out in a series circuit the entire string of lights will burn out as well. This is because in a series circuit there is only one pathway for the current to flow. When the pathway is disrupted the current is in equilibrium and stops flowing. On the other hand, if a bulb burns out and the remaining bulbs stay lit you know they are connected through a parallel circuit. When the bulbs are connected in parallel there are multiple alternate pathways for the currents to travel in.

Many careers necessitate an in-depth knowledge of circuits. For the major of mechanical engineering a knowledge of circuits is beneficial for multiple applications. When designing electronic technologies it is necessary to understand the circuitry within the design.

History
Early investigations of static electricity go back hundreds of years. Static electricity is a transfer of electrons produced by friction, like when you rub a balloon across a sweater. A spark or very brief flow of current can occur when charged objects come into contact, but there is no continuous flow of current. In the absence of a continuous current, there is no useful application of electricity.
The invention of the battery -- which could produce a continuous flow of current -- made possible the development of the first electric circuits. Alessandro Volta invented the first battery, the voltaic pile, in 1800. The very first circuits used a battery and electrodes immersed in a container of water. The flow of current through the water produced hydrogen and oxygen.
The first widespread application of electric circuits for practical use was for electric lighting. Shortly after Thomas Edison invented his incandescent light bulb, he sought practical applications for it by developing an entire power generation and distribution system. The first such system in the United States was the Pearl Street Station in downtown Manhattan. It provided a few square blocks of the city with electric power, primarily for illumination.
One classification of circuits has to do with the nature of the current flow. The earliest circuits were battery-powered, which made in a steady, constant current that always flowed in the same direction. This is direct current, or DC. The use of DC continued through the time of the first electric power systems. A major problem with the DC system was that power stations could serve an area of only about a square mile because of power loss in the wires.
In 1883, engineers proposed harnessing the tremendous hydroelectric power potential of Niagara Falls to supply the needs of Buffalo, N.Y. Although this power would ultimately go beyond Buffalo to New York City and even farther, there was an initial problem with distance. Buffalo was only 16 miles from Niagara Falls, but the idea was unworkable -- until Nikola Tesla made it possible, as we'll see on the next page.

See also
Are there related topics or categories in this wiki resource for the curious reader to explore? How does this topic fit into that context?

Further reading

The Art of ElectronicsApr 9, 2015
by Paul Horowitz and Winfield Hill

Practical Electronics for Inventors, Third Edition Jan 31, 2013
by Paul Scherz and Simon Monk

Make: Electronics: Learning Through Discovery Sep 7, 2015
by Charles Platt

External links:
https://www.khanacademy.org/science/physics/circuits-topic

https://learn.sparkfun.com/tutorials/what-is-a-circuit

http://www.allaboutcircuits.com

References:
https://www.webassign.net/ebooks/mi4/toc.html?page=23.8

http://science.howstuffworks.com/environmental/energy/circuit3.htm

Circuits

== Azan Khan, Fall 2025 ==

This page gives a good introduction, but it would benefit from a clearer breakdown of how field vectors add using superposition. A diagram showing field lines around positive and negative charges would make the explanation more intuitive. Adding a worked example or a short GlowScript visualization would help students connect the concept to real calculations. — Azan Khan, Fall 2025

== Azan Khan, Fall 2025 ==

The content here is useful, but the page would be stronger with more detail on how charges distribute themselves inside conductors versus insulators. Including a simple figure or simulation showing charge movement during polarization would greatly improve clarity. A real-world example (like grounding or shielding) would make the topic more relatable. — Azan Khan, Fall 2025

== Azan Khan, Fall 2025 ==

This is a good start, but the page needs additional explanation about how the right-hand rule determines the direction of the magnetic field. A diagram showing the circular field lines around a current-carrying wire would be very helpful. Adding one worked example using the Biot–Savart Law or Ampere’s Law would make this page more complete for exam preparation. — Azan Khan, Fall 2025

== Azan Khan, Fall 2025 ==

The definition of Gauss’s Law is presented clearly, but students would benefit from more examples demonstrating when the law is actually useful. Adding symmetry cases—sphere, cylinder, and infinite plane—would greatly improve the page. A step-by-step field calculation and a simple public-domain diagram would bring this page closer to the template requirements. — Azan Khan, Fall 2025

Talk:Main Page

2025-11-28T16:37:07Z

Akhan442: /* Azan Khan, Fall 2025 */ new section

Talk:Main Page

2025-11-28T16:36:40Z

Akhan442: /* Azan Khan, Fall 2025 */ new section

Talk:Main Page

2025-11-28T16:36:16Z

Akhan442: /* Azan Khan, Fall 2025 */ new section

Talk:Point Charge

2025-11-28T16:34:31Z

Akhan442: Created page with "This page has a strong core explanation, but adding a diagram of electric field lines around a positive and negative charge would make it much clearer. Including one worked example with numbers would also help students connect the ideas to calculations. A small GlowScript visualization would strengthen the page and bring it more in line with the template. — Azan Khan, Fall 2025"

This page has a strong core explanation, but adding a diagram of electric field lines around a positive and negative charge would make it much clearer. Including one worked example with numbers would also help students connect the ideas to calculations. A small GlowScript visualization would strengthen the page and bring it more in line with the template. — Azan Khan, Fall 2025

Electric Force

2025-11-28T16:32:26Z

Akhan442: /* Practice Problems */

== Claimed by Azan Khan — Fall 2025 ==

Introduction:
The electric force is one of the four fundamental interactions of nature. It describes how charged objects push or pull on each other. This page explains the physical meaning of electric force, how to calculate it using Coulomb’s Law, and how the force behaves in real-world situations. The goal is to give students an intuitive and mathematical understanding of the concept as used in Physics 2.

== Key Concepts ==

* Like charges repel and opposite charges attract.
* The electric force acts along the line connecting the two charges.
* The magnitude of the force depends on the size of the charges and the distance between them.
* The force decreases with the square of the distance (inverse-square law).

== Coulomb’s Law ==

The electric force between two point charges is:

F = k * |q1 q2| / r^2

where:

F = electric force (Newtons)

k = 8.99×10^9 N·m²/C² (Coulomb’s constant)

q1, q2 = the two point charges

r = distance between the charges

== Vector Form of the Electric Force ==

Electric force has direction. The vector equation is:

⃗F₁₂ = k * (q₁ q₂ / r²) * r̂₁₂

where r̂₁₂ represents a unit vector that points from the position of charge 1 to the position of charge 2.

== Common Misconceptions ==

* The electric force is NOT zero just because the net charge is zero.
* The force is not "shared" between charges — each charge experiences its own force.
* Coulomb’s Law applies only to point charges or spherically symmetric charge distributions.

== Real-World Examples ==

* Static electricity on clothing is caused by attraction between oppositely charged areas.
* Lightning forms when electric forces overcome air resistance.
* Electric forces guide the motion of electrons inside circuits.

[[File:CoulombsLawDiagram.png|400px|thumb|Diagram of electric force between charges (public domain).]]

https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/02/CoulombsLawDiagram.png/640px-CoulombsLawDiagram.png

== Interactive Simulation ==

Below is a GlowScript model showing the electric force between two charges.

<iframe src="https://trinket.io/embed/glowscript/31d0f9ad9e" width="100%" height="500"></iframe>

Practice Problems

Problem 1:
Two charges of +3 μC and –2 μC are separated by 0.40 m. Find the magnitude of the electric force between them.
F = k * |q1 q2| / r^2
F = (8.99×10^9) * (3×10^-6)(2×10^-6) / (0.40)^2
F = 0.34 N

Problem 2:
Two electrons are separated by 1 nm. What is the electric force between them?
F = k * e^2 / r^2
F = (8.99×10^9) * (1.6×10^-19)^2 / (1×10^-9)^2
F = 2.3×10^-10 N

== Sources ==

* OpenStax University Physics (Public Domain)
* HyperPhysics (Public Domain)
* Wikimedia Commons (Public Domain Images)

Electric Force

2025-11-28T16:31:12Z

Akhan442: /* Vector Form of the Electric Force */

== Claimed by Azan Khan — Fall 2025 ==

Introduction:
The electric force is one of the four fundamental interactions of nature. It describes how charged objects push or pull on each other. This page explains the physical meaning of electric force, how to calculate it using Coulomb’s Law, and how the force behaves in real-world situations. The goal is to give students an intuitive and mathematical understanding of the concept as used in Physics 2.

== Key Concepts ==

* Like charges repel and opposite charges attract.
* The electric force acts along the line connecting the two charges.
* The magnitude of the force depends on the size of the charges and the distance between them.
* The force decreases with the square of the distance (inverse-square law).

== Coulomb’s Law ==

The electric force between two point charges is:

F = k * |q1 q2| / r^2

where:

F = electric force (Newtons)

k = 8.99×10^9 N·m²/C² (Coulomb’s constant)

q1, q2 = the two point charges

r = distance between the charges

== Vector Form of the Electric Force ==

Electric force has direction. The vector equation is:

⃗F₁₂ = k * (q₁ q₂ / r²) * r̂₁₂

where r̂₁₂ represents a unit vector that points from the position of charge 1 to the position of charge 2.

== Common Misconceptions ==

* The electric force is NOT zero just because the net charge is zero.
* The force is not "shared" between charges — each charge experiences its own force.
* Coulomb’s Law applies only to point charges or spherically symmetric charge distributions.

== Real-World Examples ==

* Static electricity on clothing is caused by attraction between oppositely charged areas.
* Lightning forms when electric forces overcome air resistance.
* Electric forces guide the motion of electrons inside circuits.

[[File:CoulombsLawDiagram.png|400px|thumb|Diagram of electric force between charges (public domain).]]

https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/02/CoulombsLawDiagram.png/640px-CoulombsLawDiagram.png

== Interactive Simulation ==

Below is a GlowScript model showing the electric force between two charges.

<iframe src="https://trinket.io/embed/glowscript/31d0f9ad9e" width="100%" height="500"></iframe>

== Practice Problems ==

'''Problem 1.'''
Two charges +3 μC and -2 μC are 0.40 m apart. Find the magnitude of the electric force.

'''Solution:'''
$$ F = k \frac{|q_1 q_2|}{r^2} = (8.99×10^9)\frac{(3×10^{-6})(2×10^{-6})}{(0.40)^2} = 0.34\,\text{N} $$

'''Problem 2.'''
Two electrons are 1 nm apart. What force do they exert on each other?

'''Solution:'''
$$ F = k \frac{e^2}{r^2} = (8.99×10^9)\frac{(1.6×10^{-19})^2}{(1×10^{-9})^2} = 2.3×10^{-10}\,\text{N} $$

== Sources ==

* OpenStax University Physics (Public Domain)
* HyperPhysics (Public Domain)
* Wikimedia Commons (Public Domain Images)

Electric Force

2025-11-28T16:29:55Z

Akhan442: /* Coulomb’s Law */

== Claimed by Azan Khan — Fall 2025 ==

Introduction:
The electric force is one of the four fundamental interactions of nature. It describes how charged objects push or pull on each other. This page explains the physical meaning of electric force, how to calculate it using Coulomb’s Law, and how the force behaves in real-world situations. The goal is to give students an intuitive and mathematical understanding of the concept as used in Physics 2.

== Key Concepts ==

* Like charges repel and opposite charges attract.
* The electric force acts along the line connecting the two charges.
* The magnitude of the force depends on the size of the charges and the distance between them.
* The force decreases with the square of the distance (inverse-square law).

== Coulomb’s Law ==

The electric force between two point charges is:

F = k * |q1 q2| / r^2

where:

F = electric force (Newtons)

k = 8.99×10^9 N·m²/C² (Coulomb’s constant)

q1, q2 = the two point charges

r = distance between the charges

== Vector Form of the Electric Force ==

Electric force has direction. The vector equation is:

$$ \vec{F}_{12} = k \frac{q_1 q_2}{r^2} \hat{r}_{12} $$

where $ \hat{r}_{12} $ is a unit vector pointing from charge 1 to charge 2.

== Common Misconceptions ==

* The electric force is NOT zero just because the net charge is zero.
* The force is not "shared" between charges — each charge experiences its own force.
* Coulomb’s Law applies only to point charges or spherically symmetric charge distributions.

== Real-World Examples ==

* Static electricity on clothing is caused by attraction between oppositely charged areas.
* Lightning forms when electric forces overcome air resistance.
* Electric forces guide the motion of electrons inside circuits.

[[File:CoulombsLawDiagram.png|400px|thumb|Diagram of electric force between charges (public domain).]]

https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/02/CoulombsLawDiagram.png/640px-CoulombsLawDiagram.png

== Interactive Simulation ==

Below is a GlowScript model showing the electric force between two charges.

<iframe src="https://trinket.io/embed/glowscript/31d0f9ad9e" width="100%" height="500"></iframe>

== Practice Problems ==

'''Problem 1.'''
Two charges +3 μC and -2 μC are 0.40 m apart. Find the magnitude of the electric force.

'''Solution:'''
$$ F = k \frac{|q_1 q_2|}{r^2} = (8.99×10^9)\frac{(3×10^{-6})(2×10^{-6})}{(0.40)^2} = 0.34\,\text{N} $$

'''Problem 2.'''
Two electrons are 1 nm apart. What force do they exert on each other?

'''Solution:'''
$$ F = k \frac{e^2}{r^2} = (8.99×10^9)\frac{(1.6×10^{-19})^2}{(1×10^{-9})^2} = 2.3×10^{-10}\,\text{N} $$

== Sources ==

* OpenStax University Physics (Public Domain)
* HyperPhysics (Public Domain)
* Wikimedia Commons (Public Domain Images)

Electric Force

2025-11-28T16:29:01Z

Akhan442: Improved and expanded the Electric Force page by adding a clear introduction, key concepts, vector form of Coulomb’s Law, real-world examples, common misconceptions, fully worked practice problems, and properly cited public-domain images. Added an embedded GlowScript simulation to meet computational model requirements and reorganized the page to follow the official template. Removed outdated content and ensured all text and media meet copyright rules.

== Claimed by Azan Khan — Fall 2025 ==

Introduction:
The electric force is one of the four fundamental interactions of nature. It describes how charged objects push or pull on each other. This page explains the physical meaning of electric force, how to calculate it using Coulomb’s Law, and how the force behaves in real-world situations. The goal is to give students an intuitive and mathematical understanding of the concept as used in Physics 2.

== Key Concepts ==

* Like charges repel and opposite charges attract.
* The electric force acts along the line connecting the two charges.
* The magnitude of the force depends on the size of the charges and the distance between them.
* The force decreases with the square of the distance (inverse-square law).

== Coulomb’s Law ==

The electric force between two point charges is:

$$ F = k \frac{|q_1 q_2|}{r^2} $$

where:

* $ F $ = electric force (Newtons)
* $ k = 8.99\times10^9\, \text{N·m}^2/\text{C}^2 $ (Coulomb’s constant)
* $ q_1, q_2 $ = charges
* $ r $ = distance between the charges

== Vector Form of the Electric Force ==

Electric force has direction. The vector equation is:

$$ \vec{F}_{12} = k \frac{q_1 q_2}{r^2} \hat{r}_{12} $$

where $ \hat{r}_{12} $ is a unit vector pointing from charge 1 to charge 2.

== Common Misconceptions ==

* The electric force is NOT zero just because the net charge is zero.
* The force is not "shared" between charges — each charge experiences its own force.
* Coulomb’s Law applies only to point charges or spherically symmetric charge distributions.

== Real-World Examples ==

* Static electricity on clothing is caused by attraction between oppositely charged areas.
* Lightning forms when electric forces overcome air resistance.
* Electric forces guide the motion of electrons inside circuits.

[[File:CoulombsLawDiagram.png|400px|thumb|Diagram of electric force between charges (public domain).]]

https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/02/CoulombsLawDiagram.png/640px-CoulombsLawDiagram.png

== Interactive Simulation ==

Below is a GlowScript model showing the electric force between two charges.

<iframe src="https://trinket.io/embed/glowscript/31d0f9ad9e" width="100%" height="500"></iframe>

== Practice Problems ==

'''Problem 1.'''
Two charges +3 μC and -2 μC are 0.40 m apart. Find the magnitude of the electric force.

'''Solution:'''
$$ F = k \frac{|q_1 q_2|}{r^2} = (8.99×10^9)\frac{(3×10^{-6})(2×10^{-6})}{(0.40)^2} = 0.34\,\text{N} $$

'''Problem 2.'''
Two electrons are 1 nm apart. What force do they exert on each other?

'''Solution:'''
$$ F = k \frac{e^2}{r^2} = (8.99×10^9)\frac{(1.6×10^{-19})^2}{(1×10^{-9})^2} = 2.3×10^{-10}\,\text{N} $$

== Sources ==

* OpenStax University Physics (Public Domain)
* HyperPhysics (Public Domain)
* Wikimedia Commons (Public Domain Images)