Melting Point

Written by Clayton Maike

The melting point of a material is an intensive physical property that indicates the temperature at which the substance transforms from a solid to a liquid or vice versa.

Properties of Matter

On the most basic level, there are two types of properties of matter: chemical and physical properties. Chemical properties are classified as those that change when the substance or material undergoes a chemical reaction involving a fundamental change in the identity of the material. On the other hand, a physical property involves only a change in appearance of the material.

For example, consider the boiling a pot of water to cook a bowl of spaghetti. After sometime, the water begins to boil and form a vapor (i.e. steam). The water that boils off as steam has undergone a physical change in appearance, thus we can consider the boiling point of a substance as a physical property.

Now consider, a loaf of bread accidentally left out after a trip to the grocery store. Over the course of a week or two, mold will form on the bread indicating a chemical change in the identity of this bread molecules. The specific property that lead to this reaction would then be considered a chemical property.

Physical Properties

Physical properties are distinguished into two subgroups: intensive and extensive physical properties. Intensive properties are independent of the quantity of the material present where as extensive properties are not. For example, the density of a material is an intensive property while the mass of a material is an extensive property.

Melting Point

As mentioned previously, the melting point of a substance indicates the temperature at which the phase transition from solid to liquid or liquid to solid occurs. The melting point of a substance will be the same regardless of the amount of the material present thus making the melting point an intensive property. Most individuals are familiar with standard melting points of various substances such as water, ethanol, or nitrogen. This standard melting point refers to the temperature at which melting occurs at atmospheric pressure. This knowledge of standard conditions is often very useful as most transformations and reactions will occur in a open environment (atmospheric pressure), although it is important to note that melting point is not independent of pressure. That is, water at a pressure of 10 atmospheres will melt at a very different temperature than water at standard pressure.

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